Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

1-1 Magnetism
Magnets apply forces on each other just like charges. You can draw
magnetic field lines just like you drew electric field lines. Magnetic north
and south pole’s behavior is not unlike electric charges. For magnets, like
poles repel and opposite poles attract. A permanent magnet will attract a
metal like iron with either the north or South Pole.

‫َنِ سعٌ خط٘غ اىَداه‬ٝٗ . ‫ اىشحْاخ‬ٜ‫ تؼعٖا اىثؼط مَا ٕ٘ اىحاه ف‬ٚ‫ ػي‬ٙ٘‫ػ ق‬ّٞ‫ذغيػ اىَغا‬
ٜٕ ٔٞ‫ٔ ٗ اىدْ٘ت‬ٞ‫ٔ اهشَاى‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫ ٗاُ اقطاب اىَغْاغ‬ٜ‫ مَا ّشعٌ خط٘غ اىَداه اىنٖشتائ‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫اىَغْاغ‬
ُ‫ٔ اىَرشاتٔ ذرْافش ٗ اىَخريفٔ ذردارب ٗا‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫ اُ االقطاب اىَغْاغ‬ٛ‫ٔ ا‬ٞ‫ٔ باالقطاب اىنٖشتائ‬ٞ‫شث‬
.‫ذ‬ٝ‫ ذدزب اىَؼذُ ٍثو اىحذ‬ٜ‫ اٗ اىدْ٘ت‬ٜ‫ٖا اىشَاى‬ٞ‫ٔ تقطث‬َٞ‫ػ اىذائ‬ّٞ‫اىَغا‬

Electric field:
1) A distribution of electric charge at rest creates an electric field 𝐸 In the
surrounding space.

.𝐸 ٜ‫ٔ اىغامْٔ 𝑞 ٍداه مٖشتائ‬ٞ‫ر٘ىذ ح٘ه اىشحْاخ اىنٖشتائ‬ٝ

2) The electric field exerts a force 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 On any other charges in

presence of that field.

.‫ اىَداه‬ٜ‫ اىشحْاخ 𝑞 اىَ٘خ٘دٓ ف‬ٚ‫ 𝐸 ق٘ٓ 𝑒𝐹 ػي‬ٜ‫غيػ اىَداه اىنٖشتائ‬ٝ

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 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

Magnetic field:
1) A moving charge or current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding
space (in addition to 𝐸 ). ‫ذ٘ىذ‬

ٔ‫ 𝐵 ح٘ه اىشحْٔ اىَرحشمٔ غثؼا ٕزا تاالظاف‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ٍغْاغ‬

‫ا‬ ‫اس ٍداال‬ٞ‫ذ٘ىذ اىشحْاخ اىَرحشمٔ 𝑞 ٗاىر‬
𝐸 ٜ‫ اىَداه اىنٖشتائ‬ٚ‫اى‬

2) The magnetic field exerts a force 𝐹𝑚 On any other moving charge or

current present in that field.

‫ اىَداه‬ٜ‫ اىشحْاخ اىَرحشمٔ اىَ٘خ٘دٓ ف‬ٚ‫ 𝐵 ق٘ٓ 𝑚𝐹 ػي‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫غيػ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٝ

- The magnetic force is a vector quantity associated with each point in space
𝐹𝑚 Is always perpendicular to ((𝑣) And (𝐵 ).

.ْٔ‫ مو ٍِ اىَداه ٗ اىشح‬ٚ‫ ػي‬ٛٗ‫ اىحا‬ٛ٘‫ اىَغر‬ٚ‫ٔ ػي‬ٝ‫ٔ ٗػَ٘د‬ٕٞ‫ٔ اذدا‬َٞ‫ م‬ٜٕ ٔٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫اىق٘ج اىَغْاغ‬

𝐹𝑚 =|q| ν⊥ B…………. (1)

=|q| (𝜈 ×𝐵) ………(2)

Remember that in cross products: 𝑎 × 𝑏= 𝑎b sin Ɵ

𝐹𝑚 =|q| 𝜈𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ɵ……….(3)

1-2 Magnetic Field Lines

1-Magnetic field lines may be traced
from N to S (similar to the
electric field lines).
2- At each point they are tangent to
magnetic field vector.
3- The more densely packed the field lines,
the stronger the field at a point.
4- Field lines never intersect.
5- The field lines point in the same direction as a compass (from N to S).
6- Magnetic field lines are not “lines of force” Magnetic field lines have no
ends, they continue through the interior of the magnet.

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 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

‫ اىدْ٘ب‬ٚ‫ 𝐵 ٍِ اىشَاه اى‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ – ذْثغ خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬1

.ٔ‫ ذيل اىْقط‬ٜ‫ٔ 𝑚𝐹ٕ٘ اذدآ اىََاط ف‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫ خط٘غ اىَداه اذدآ اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٚ‫ مو ّقطٔ ػي‬ٜ‫ – ف‬2

.ٔ‫ ذيل اىْقط‬ٜ‫ شذج اىَداه ف‬ٚ‫شاى‬ٞ‫– مثافٔ خط٘غ اىَداه ذش‬3

‫ ال ذرقاغغ اتذا‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ – خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬4

.ٔ‫ٖا ت٘اعطٔ اىث٘صي‬ٞ‫َنِ االعرذاله ػي‬ٝ ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ – خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬5

.‫ظ‬ٞ‫ ٍغرَشٓ داخو اىَغْاغ‬ٜٖ‫ٔ ف‬ٝ‫ٔ اٗ ّٖا‬ٝ‫غد ىٖا تذا‬ٞ‫ ى‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ – خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬6

1-3 Magnetic Fields and Forces

Experiments on various charged particles moving in a magnetic field give
the following results:

1. The magnitude of the magnetic force 𝐹𝑚 Applied to the particle is

proportional to the charge q and to the speed v of the particle.

.ْٔ‫ٔ 𝑚𝐹 ذرْاعة ٍغ اىشحْٔ ٗ اىغشػٔ ىيشح‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫َح اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ – اُ ق‬1

2. The magnitude and direction of 𝐹𝑚 Depend on the velocity of the particle

and on the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field B.

ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫َح ٗاذدآ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ عشػح اىشحْح ق‬ٚ‫ؼرَذ ػي‬ٝ ‫ٔ 𝑚𝐹 ٗ اذدإٖا‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫َح اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ – ق‬2

3. When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field vector, the
magnetic force acting on the particle is zero.

‫ٔ صفشا‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫َح اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ ذنُ٘ ق‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٛ‫ – ػْذٍا ذرحشمٔ اىشحْٔ تشنو ٍ٘اص‬3

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 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

Notes:

1. When the particle’s velocity vector makes any angle 𝜃 ≠ 0 with the
magnetic field, the magnetic force acts in a direction perpendicular to both v
and B; that is, 𝐹𝑚 is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B.

‫ ≠ 𝜃 ٍغ ٍردٔ اىَداه‬0 ‫ صفشا‬ٛٗ‫ٔ ال ذغا‬ٝٗ‫ صا‬ٛ‫صْغ ٍردٔ اىغشػٔ 𝑣 ىيشحْٔ ا‬ٝ ‫ ػْذٍا‬- 1
ٍِ ‫ ىنو‬ٛٗ‫ اىحا‬ٛ٘‫ ٍغر‬ٚ‫ا ػي‬ٝ‫ٔ 𝑚𝐹 ػَ٘د‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫نُ٘ ٍردٔ اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ ػْذٕا ع‬B ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫اىَغْاغ‬
.‫اىغشػٔ ٗ اىَداه‬

2. The magnetic force applied to a positive charge is in the direction

opposite the direction of the magnetic force applied on a negative charge
moving in the same direction.

ٔ‫ٔ اىَغيط‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫ ػنظ اذدآ اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٜٕ ٔ‫ اىشحْٔ اىَ٘خث‬ٚ‫ٔ 𝑚𝐹 اىَغيطٔ ػي‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫ – اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬2
.ٓ‫ ّفظ االذدا‬ٜ‫ اىشحْٔ اىغاىثٔ ٗ اىَرحشمٔ ف‬ٚ‫ػي‬

3. The magnitude of the magnetic force applied to the moving particle is

proportional to sinθ, where θ is the angle the particle’s velocity vector makes
with the direction of B. We can summarize these observations by writing the
magnetic force in the form:

ٔٝٗ‫ اىضا‬ٜٕ θ ‫ث‬ٞ‫ ح‬sinθ ‫ اىشحْٔ اىَرحشمٔ ذرْاعة ٍغ‬ٚ‫ٔ اىَغيطٔ ػي‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫َح اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ – ق‬3
ٍِ ٓ‫ص اىَشإذاخ ٕز‬ٞ‫َنِ ذيخ‬ٝٗ ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ ٗ ٍردٔ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬v ٔ‫ِ ٍردٔ اىغشػ‬ٞ‫اىَحص٘سٓ ت‬
.ٔٞ‫ٔ اىراى‬ٞ‫اظ‬ٝ‫غٔ اىش‬ٞ‫خاله ص‬
𝐹
As 𝐸 = ……….(5)
𝑞

𝐹
𝐵= …..……(6)
𝑞𝑣 sin 𝜃

𝐹 = 𝐵(𝑞𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) or
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵)

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 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

1-4 Right Hand Rule

The magnitude of the magnetic force on a

charged particle is:

𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 𝜈 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
where 𝜙 is the smallest angle between v
and B. From this expression, we see that
FB is zero when v is parallel or antiparallel
to B (𝜙 = 0 or 180°) and maximum when v is perpendicular to B (𝜙 = 90°).
𝑁 𝑁
In the SI unit 1𝑇 = = 1Gauss = 10-4T
𝐶.𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴𝑚𝑝 .𝑚

Example1: An electron in a television picture tube moves toward the front

of the tube with a speed of 8x106 m/s along the x-axis
show in the Figure. Surrounding the neck of the tube
are coils of wire that create a magnetic field of
magnitude 0.025 T, directed at an angle of 60°
to the x- axis and lying in the x, y plane.
Calculate the magnetic force on the electron.

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 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

Solution: 𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 𝜈 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙

𝐹𝑚 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 × 8 × 106 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 0.025𝑇 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°

𝐹𝑚 = 2.8 × 10−14 𝑁

Example 2:

A regular magnetic field in which B = 0.12 T to the east, proton at a speed of

5x105 m / Sec was thrown into the magnetic field. Find out the amount of
magnetic force 𝐹𝐵 Attached to the proton for the following cases:

a. Towards the south? b. Westward? c-Northward? d-East?

e - Towards making the corner 60 to the east ?

Solution:

The proton charge is 1.6×10-19 C, and the magnetic force is 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞 𝜈 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

a) Towards the south, then the angle between the magnetic field and the
proton is 90o

𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 𝜈 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

= (1.6×10-19) × (5×105m/ Sec) × (0.12T) × sin90

= 9.6 ×10-15 N

b) Westward, then the angle between the magnetic field and the proton is
180o
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 𝜈 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

= (1.6×10-19) × (5×105m/ Sec) × (0.12T) × sin180

=0

H. W.: find (c), (d) and (e)

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 ‫‪Chapter one‬‬ ‫‪The Magnetic field and forces‬‬

‫‪1-5 Magnetic Flux and Gauss’s Law for Magnetism‬‬

‫‪- The magnetic field is equal to the flux per unit area across an area at right‬‬
‫‪angles to the magnetic field = magnetic flux density. That represents the‬‬
‫‪integral Gaussian Equation for closed surface.‬‬

‫اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٝ ٜ‬غاٗ‪ ٛ‬اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ Ф𝐵 ٜ‬ى٘حذج اىَغاحٔ 𝐴𝑑 ىخط٘غ اىَداه‬

‫اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬اىؼَ٘د‪ ٔٝ‬ػي‪ٗ ٚ‬حذج اىَغاحٔ ٗ‪ٝ‬ؼثش ػْٖا‬
‫تاىؼالقٔ (‪ ٗ )7‬اىر‪ ٜ‬ذَثو اىقالقٔ اىرناٍي‪ ٔٞ‬ىناٗط ىغطح‬
‫ٍغيق‬
‫∅𝑠𝑜𝑐𝐴𝑑 ‪Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 ⊥ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵.‬‬

‫)‪1 Weber (1 Wb = 1 T.m2 = 1 N .m / A‬‬

‫‪For non- uniform magnetic field‬‬

‫ح‪ٞ‬ث اُ اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬مَ‪ ٔٞ‬ػذد‪ ( ٔٝ‬اىؼالقٔ اىغاتقٔ‬
‫ٕ‪ ٜ‬ىيَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬اىغ‪ٞ‬ش ٍْرظٌ ٗ ‪ٝ‬ؼثش ػِ اىَداه‬
‫‪ ٜٕ θ‬اىضاٗ‪ٔٝ‬‬ ‫غ‪ٞ‬ش اىَْرظٌ تاىرناٍو اىَغيق ٗ اىضاٗ‪ٔٝ‬‬
‫اىَحص٘سٓ ت‪ ً ِٞ‬ذدٔ خط٘غ اىَداه ٗ ٍردٔ اىَغاحٔ‬
‫‪If 𝐵 Is uniform:‬‬
‫𝜃 ‪Ф𝐵 = 𝐵⊥ 𝐴 = 𝐵 𝐴 Cos‬‬
‫اٍا ارا ماُ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٍْ ٜ‬رظٌ ‪ .‬ف‪ٞ‬نُ٘ اىف‪ٞ‬ط ٕ٘ ػثاسٓ ػِ حاصو ظشب اىَشمثٔ‬
‫اىؼَ٘د‪ ٔٝ‬ف‪ ٜ‬اىَغاحٔ ٗ خ‪ٞ‬ة ذَاً اىضاٗ‪ ٔٝ‬اىَحص٘سٓ ت‪َْٖٞ‬ا‪.‬‬

‫‪- Difference with respect to electric flux ⇒ the total flux through a closed‬‬
‫‪surface is always zero. This is because there is no isolated magnetic charge‬‬
‫‪(“monopole”) that can be enclosed by the Gaussian surface.‬‬

‫= 𝐵‪Ф‬‬ ‫= 𝐴𝑑 ‪𝐵 .‬‬
‫ٗػْذ ٍقاسّح اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٍ ٜ‬غ اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىنٖشتائ‪ّ ٜ‬دذ اُ اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬ىغطح ٍغيق‬
‫‪ٝ‬غاٗ‪ ٛ‬صفشا الُ خط٘غ اىَداه ذْثغ ٍِ اىقطة اىشَاى‪ٗ ٜ‬ذردٔ اى‪ ٚ‬اىقطة اىدْ٘ت‪ٗ ٜ‬خعرَش داخو‬
‫اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬ظ ٗتاىراى‪ٝ ٜ‬نُ٘ صاف‪ ٜ‬اىف‪ٞ‬ط صفشا ‪ .‬اٍا اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىنٖشتائ‪ ٜ‬فاُ ٍدَ٘ع اىف‪ٞ‬ط ػي‪ٚ‬‬
‫اىغطح ‪ٝ‬غاٗ‪ ٛ‬اىشحْٔ اىني‪ ٔٞ‬داخو اىغطح ٍقغٍ٘ا ػي‪ ٚ‬اىغَاح‪ ٔٞ‬اىنٖشتائ‪ ٔٞ‬ىيفشاؽ (‪.) ε o‬‬

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 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

Magnetic flux Electric flux

𝑄
Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 = 0 Ф𝐸 = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀𝑂
‫ ىغطح ٍغيق‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ط اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ٍدَ٘ع اىف‬ ٛٗ‫ ذغا‬ٜ‫ط اىنٖشتائ‬ٞ‫ٍدَ٘ع خط٘غ اىف‬
ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ صفشا ( الٗخ٘د ىيقطة اىَغْاغ‬ٛٗ‫ذغا‬ ٔٞ‫ اىغَاح‬ٚ‫ٔ ىيدغٌ ٍقغٍ٘را ػي‬ٞ‫اىشحْٔ اىني‬
)‫اى٘احذ‬ ٚ‫ٔ ىيفشاؽ ( ٍِ اىََنِ اىحص٘ه ػي‬ٞ‫اىْغث‬
)‫شحْٔ عاىثٔ اٗ ٍ٘خثٔ تشنو ٍْفشد‬

1-6 Motion of Charged Particles in a

Magnetic Field
- Magnetic force perpendicular to 𝑣 It
cannot change the magnitude of the
velocity, only its direction.

ِ‫َن‬ٝ‫ ال‬υ ٔ‫ ٍردٔ اىغشػ‬ٚ‫ٔ ػي‬ٝ‫ٔ اىؼَ٘د‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫اىق٘ج اىَغْاغ‬

‫َح اىغشػٔ ٗهمِ فقػ اذدإٖا‬ٞ‫ش ٍِ ق‬ٞ‫اُ ذغ‬

𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 𝜈 × 𝐵

- 𝐹 Does not have a component parallel to particle’s motion ⇒ cannot do

work.

‫َنِ اُ ذْدض شغال‬ٝ‫ٌ ارا ال‬ٞ‫ٔ ىحشمح اىدغ‬ٝ‫ال ذَريل 𝐹 ٍشمثٔ ٍ٘اص‬

- The magnitudes of F and ν are constant (ν perpendicular 𝐵 ) ⇒ uniform

circular motion.

‫ اىَداه ارا‬ٚ‫ٔ ػي‬ٝ‫ِ ٗاُ اىغشػٔ ػَ٘د‬ٞ‫ٔ 𝑚𝐹 ٗ اىغشػٔ 𝜈 ثاتر‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫َح اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ارا عرنُ٘ ق‬
.َٔ‫ٔ ٍْرظ‬ٝ‫عرر٘ىذ حشمٔ دائش‬
𝜈2
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 . 𝜈. 𝐵 = 𝑚 ………(10)
𝑅

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 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

Radius of circular orbit in magnetic field:

𝑚𝑣
𝑅=
𝑞𝐵

+ Particle ⇒ counter-clockwise rotation. ٔ‫ارا اىشحْٔ ٍ٘خثٔ ػنظ ػقاسب اىغاػ‬

ُ‫دٗسا‬

- Particle ⇒ clockwise rotation. ٔ‫ارا اىشحْٔ عاىثٔ اىذٗساُ ٍغ ػقاسب اىغاػ‬

Angular speed:

𝜈 𝑞𝐵
𝜔= =𝜈
𝑅 𝑚𝜈
-If ν is not perpendicular to 𝐵 𝜈 parallel to 𝐵 Constant because F = 0
particles move in a helix. (R same as before, with ν = 𝜈⊥ ).

ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٚ‫ٔ ػي‬ٝ‫ش ػَ٘د‬ٞ‫اٍا ارا ماّد اىغشػٔ غ‬

ُ‫َرٖا ٗا‬ٞ‫ اذدآ اىغشػٔ ٗ ق‬ٜ‫ش ف‬ٞٞ‫نُ٘ ْٕاىل ذغ‬ٞ‫ارا ع‬
‫ْا‬ٝ‫نُ٘ ىذ‬ٝ ِ‫ ى‬ٜ‫ ٗتاىراى‬. ِٞ‫ر‬ٞ‫ ٍشمث‬ٚ‫اىغشػٔ ع٘ف ذرحيو اى‬
)‫شه‬ٝ‫ ( اعثا‬ٜ‫ ٍْرظٌ تو ٍغاس ى٘ىث‬ٛ‫ٍغاس دائش‬

9
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

1-7 Ampere’ Law: states that the line integral of B and dl over a closed
path is 𝜇𝑜 Times the current enclosed in that loop:

ٛٗ‫غا‬ٝ ‫ ىَغاس ٍغيق‬dl ٔ‫ ٗ ٍردٔ االصاح‬B ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ ىحاصو ظشب اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٜ‫اىرناٍو اىخط‬
)𝑖 enclosed ( ‫اىَغيق‬
ٓ ٓ‫ اىذائش‬ٜ‫اس ف‬ٞ‫ اىر‬ٜ‫ٔ ىيفشاؽ 𝑜𝜇 ٗظشتح ف‬ٞ‫غ‬ٞ‫ٔ اىَغْاغ‬ٝ‫حاصو ظشب اىْفار‬

𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 . 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 ……….(11)

𝜇𝑜 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 T. m/A is the magnetic permeability of free space.

And to find the field around a long straight wire:

‫و‬ٝ٘‫ ح٘ه عيل ٍ٘صو غ‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫داد اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٝ‫ٗال‬

𝐵 . 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜇𝑜 . 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

𝑑𝑠 =
2𝜋𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝

𝐵. 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇𝑜 . 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝜇 𝑜 .𝑖 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐵= ………..(12)
2𝜋𝑟

1-8 Solenoid: A solenoid is a helical coil of wire with the same current I
passing through each loop in the coil. A uniform magnetic field can be
generated by a solenoid.

‫ذ‬ٞ‫َنِ ذ٘ى‬ٝ ‫ مو ىفٔ ٍِ ىفاخ اىَيف ارا‬ٜ‫اس ف‬ٞ‫َش ّفظ اىر‬ٝ ‫ ٍِ عيل ٍ٘صو‬ٜ‫ٕ٘ ػثاسٓ ػِ ٍيف ى٘ىث‬
.‫ذ‬ٝ‫ ٍْرظٌ ٍِ اىغ٘ىّ٘ا‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ٍداه ٍغْاغ‬
Current
out

Along the bottom

(bc,da) the line integral
is zero since B is Current
perpendicular to the in
path
Along the bottom (ab) the The loop
line integral is zero since abcda
10
B=0 outside the solenoid
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

𝑩 . 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝒐 . 𝑰 …………(13)

There are N loops with current I enclosed by an Amperian loop, so

‫ اىحيقاخ‬ٜ‫اس اىَرظَِ ف‬ٞ‫ ٍِ اىيفاخ ٗتْفظ اىر‬N ‫ٍٗغ ٗخ٘د‬

𝑰𝒊𝒏 = 𝑵. 𝑰 ………….(13)
𝒅
𝑩 𝒄
𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝒐 . 𝑵. 𝑰 ……….(14)

𝝁𝒐 . 𝑵. 𝑰 𝑵
𝑩 𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 . 𝑵. 𝑰 ⇒ 𝑩 = 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐧 =
𝒍 𝒍
n is the number of turns per unit length. ‫ث ذَثو ػذد اىيفاخ ى٘حذٓ اىط٘ه‬ٞ‫ح‬

𝑩 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒅 = 𝝁𝒐 . 𝒏. 𝑰 ……….(15)

Example: What current is required in the windings of a long solenoid that

has 1000 turns uniformly distributed over a length of 0.4m, to produce at the
center of the solenoid a magnetic field of magnitude 1x10-4 T?

Solution:
𝜇𝑜 . 𝑁. 𝐼
𝐵 =
𝑙
𝑩. 𝒍
𝑰=
𝝁𝒐 . 𝑵.

11
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

(1 × 10−4 𝑇) × 0.4𝑚
𝐼= = 31.8 mA
−7 𝑇. 𝑚
4𝜋 × 10 × 1000
𝐴𝑚𝑝

1-9 Sources of Magnetic Fields

Biot-Savart Law

Currents, which arise due to the motion of charges, are the source of
magnetic fields. When charges move in a conducting wire and produce a
current I, the magnetic field at any point P due to the current can be
calculated by adding up the magnetic field contributions, 𝑑𝐵 , from small
segments of the wire 𝑑𝑠, see the figure

‫ عيل ٍ٘صو‬ٜ‫ ٗػْذٍا ذرحشك اىشحْاخ ف‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫اُ اىشحْاخ اىَرحشمٔ ذَثو ٍصذسا ىيَداه اٍغْاغ‬
ٚ‫ خاسج اىغيل ّغثح اى‬P ‫ ػْذ ّقطٔ ٍثو‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫نُ٘ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ ارا ع‬. ‫ا‬ٞ‫اسا مٖشتائ‬ٞ‫ع٘ف ذ٘ىذ ذ‬
ٓ‫َنِ حغاتٖا ٍِ خاله ٍدَ٘ع االعٖاٍاخ ىنو ٍردٔ اىَداه ح٘ه اىغيل ٗىنو ٗحذ‬ٝ ‫ اىغيل‬ٜ‫اس ف‬ٞ‫اىر‬
.‫اٗ ٍردٔ غ٘ه ىيغيل‬

The infinitesimal current source can then be written as 𝐼𝑑𝑠 .Let r denote as
the distance from the current source to the field point P, and 𝒓
The corresponding unit vector. The Biot-Savart law gives an expression for
the magnetic field contribution, 𝑑𝐵, from the current source, 𝐼𝑑𝑠

‫ ّقطٔ اىَداه‬ٚ‫ ذَثو اىَغافٔ ٍِ ٍردٔ االصاحٔ اى‬r ِ‫ن‬ٞ‫ ى‬. 𝐼𝑑𝑠 ‫ ب‬ّٜ‫اس اال‬ٞ‫ش ػِ اىر‬ٞ‫َنِ اىرؼث‬ٝ ‫ارا‬
‫ا‬ٞ‫اظ‬ٝ‫شا س‬ٞ‫ْا ذؼث‬ٞ‫ؼط‬ٝ ُ‫شخ ا‬ٞ‫٘ عف‬ٝ‫َنِ ىقاُّ٘ تا‬ٝ . ٔ‫ ٍردٔ االصاحٔ اىَشافق ىالصاح‬ٜٕ r ٗ P
𝐼𝑑𝑠 ‫اس‬ٞ‫𝐵𝑑 اىْاذدٔ ٍِ ٍصذس اىر‬, ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫غ اعٖاٍاخ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬َٞ‫ىد‬

12
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

𝜇 𝑜 𝐼𝑑 𝑠 ×𝑟
𝑑𝐵 = ………… (16)
4𝜋 𝑟2

Where 𝝁𝒐 Is constant called the permeability of free space:

𝜇𝑜 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 T. m/A

Adding up these contributions to find the magnetic field at the point P

requires integrating over the current source:

‫دة اخز اىرناٍو ىنو اىغيل‬ٝ ‫ ػِ اىغيل‬r ٔ‫ ذثؼذ ٍغاف‬p ‫ ّقطٔ ٍثو‬ٜ‫ ف‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫داد اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٝ‫ٗال‬

𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓
𝑩= 𝒅𝑩 =
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆

1-10 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge

According to the definition of electric current: (which is the flow of electric
charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second).

‫ٔ خاله ٗحذج اىَغاحٔ ىَ٘صو تَؼذه‬ٞ‫ حشمح اىشحْاخ اىنٖشتائ‬:ّٔ‫ با‬ٛ‫اس اىنٖشتائ‬ٞ‫ف اىر‬ٝ‫ػش‬ٛ
𝒅𝒒
𝑰= A: ampere ّٔٞ‫ اىثا‬ٜ‫م٘ىٍ٘ة ٗاحذ ف‬
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒒 𝒅𝒔
𝑰𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒒 = 𝒅𝒒𝝂
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Where υ is the velocity at which the charge carriers move down the wire. In
the limiting case where the length segment 𝒅𝒔 Contains just a single charge
carrier carrying a charge q, the deck becomes q and
𝑑𝑞𝜈 = 𝑞𝜈

‫اس حاىٔ خاصٔ ذْص‬ٞ‫ داخو اىَ٘صو ٗػْذ اخر‬ٜ‫رحشك تٖا اىشحْٔ ف‬ٝ ٜ‫ اىغشػٔ اىر‬ٜٕ υ ُ‫ث ا‬ٞ‫ح‬
dq ‫ ارا ذناٍو‬q ‫ اىنرشُٗ ٗاحذ فقػ‬ٚ‫ ػي‬ٛ٘‫حر‬ٝ length segment ‫ افرشاض اُ اىَقطغ اىط٘ه‬ٚ‫ػي‬
ٔ‫غ‬ٞ‫ اىص‬ٚ‫٘ عفشخ اى‬ٝ‫نُ٘ قاُّ٘ تا‬ٞ‫ ارا ع‬. q ْٔ‫ْرح ػ‬ٝ ‫ع٘ف‬

13
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

𝝁𝒐 𝒒𝝂 × 𝒓
𝑩= … … … … . 17 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
Let us now, use the Biot-Savart law to field an expression for the magnetic
field caused by charged particles moving at constant velocity. Consider first
a straight wire carrying a current of magnitude I and aligned with the x axis,
as in the Figure. The magnetic field generated at point P by a small segment
is given by:

‫ٔ ذرحشك‬ٞ‫ اىْاذدٔ ٍِ شحْٔ مٖشتائ‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫٘ عفشخ ىحغاب اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٝ‫غٔ ىقاُّ٘ تا‬ٞ‫داد ص‬ٝ‫االُ ال‬
‫رحشك تاذدآ اىَ٘خة‬ٝٗ I ‫اس‬ٞ‫حَو ذ‬ٝ ٌٞ‫و ٍٗغرق‬ٝ٘‫ْا عيل ٍ٘صو غ‬ٝ‫تغشػٔ ٍْرظَٔ ٗىْفشض اُ ىذ‬
P ٔ‫ ػْذ ّقط‬ds ٔ‫ اىَر٘ىذ ٍِ ٍقطغ االصاح‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ ارا اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬. ‫ اىشنو‬ٜ‫ مَا ٍ٘ظح ف‬x axis ‫ىـ‬
ٛٗ‫غا‬ٝ

𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝜈 × 𝑟
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 2

Where 𝑟 Is a unit vector pointing from the segment to the point at which we
wish to determine the magnetic field, and r is the distance between the
segment and the point P. suppose the segment contains an amount of charge
dq. Let the charge carriers responsible for the current take a time interval dt
to have displacement. According to the definition of current we have.

‫ اىَشاد حغاب‬P ٔ‫ اىْقط‬ٚ‫ اى‬ds ٔ‫ ذردٔ ٍِ ٍقطغ االصاح‬unit vector ٔ‫ ٗحذج اىَرد‬ٜٕ 𝑟 ‫ث‬ٞ‫ح‬
ُ‫ ٗىْفشض ا‬P ٔ‫ِ ٍقطغ االصاحٔ ٗ اىْقط‬ٞ‫ ذَثو اىَغافٔ ت‬r ُ‫ ٗا‬.‫ 𝐵 ػْذٕا‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬
‫ ىؼث٘س ٍقطغ‬dt ٍِ‫ ص‬ٚ‫اس ذحراج اى‬ٞ‫ ٗاُ اىشحْٔ اىحاٍئ ىير‬dq ٕ٘ P ٔ‫ ػْذ اىْقط‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬
‫اس‬ٞ‫ف اىر‬ٝ‫ ٗغثقا ىرؼش‬ds ٔ‫االصاح‬
𝑑𝑞
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑞𝜈
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

14
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

𝐼𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞𝜈

Substituting this result into Biot-Savart law, we obtain an expression for the
magnetic field of a single moving charged particle:

ٜ‫ ف‬ٜ‫غ‬ٝ‫َح اىَداه اىَغْاغ‬ٞ‫ قاُّ٘ ىحغاب ق‬ٚ‫٘ عفشخ عْحصو ػي‬ٝ‫ٗتاعرثذاه ٕزٓ اىْرائح تقاُّ٘ تا‬
‫اس‬ٞ‫حَو ذ‬ٝ ‫و‬ٝ٘‫ٌ غ‬ٞ‫ّقطٔ ذثؼذ ٍغافٔ ػِ ٍ٘صو ٍغرق‬

𝝁 𝒒𝝂×𝒓
𝑩 = 𝟒𝝅𝒐 ………(18)
𝒓𝟐

Example: An electron carrying a charge e= –1.6 x10 -19 C moves in a

straight line at a speed ν = 3x107 m/s. What are the magnitude and direction
of the magnetic field caused by the electron at a point P 10 mm ahead of the
electron and 20 mm away from its line of motion?

The magnitude of 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙

𝑟= 102 + 202 = 22𝑚𝑚

𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝜈 × 𝑟
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 2
(4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑚 𝐴) (1.6 × 10−19 𝐶)(3 × 107 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐) × 22 × 10−3 𝑚
𝐵=
4𝜋 (22 × 10−3 𝑚)2

𝐵 = 8.6 × 10−16 T

15
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

Problems Ch 1
1- The North-Pole end of a bar magnet is held near a
positively charged piece of plastic. Is the plastic (a)
attracted, (b) repelled, or (c) unaffected (d) rotates by
the magnet?
Why (c) the positive charge in the piece of plastic is in
the rest so there is no magnetic field to interact.
2-A charged particle moves with velocity v in a magnetic
field B. The magnetic force on the particle is a maximum
when v is (a) parallel to𝐵,
(b) Perpendicular to𝐵, (c) zero (d) θ= 60o.
Why (b) 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑣 × 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ……..Sin 90 = 1
3- An electron moves in the plane of this paper toward the top of the page. A
magnetic field is also in the plane of the page and directed toward the
right. The direction of the magnetic force on the electron is (a) toward the
top of the page, (b) toward the bottom of the page, (c) toward the left edge
of the page, (d) toward the right edge of the page, (e) upward out of the
page, (f) downward into the page.

4- A wire carries current in the plane of this paper toward the top of the page.
The wire experiences a magnetic force toward the right edge of the page.
The direction of the magnetic field causing this force is (a) in the plane of

16
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

the page and toward the left edge, (b) in

the plane of the page and toward the
bottom edge, (c) upward out of the page,
(d) downward into the page.

5- A charged particle is moving perpendicular to a

magnetic field in a circle with a radius r. An
identical particle enters the field, with v
perpendicular to 𝐵, but with a higher speed v than
the first particle. Compared to the radius of the
circle of the first particle, the radius of the circle for
the second particle is (a) smaller (b) larger (c) equal
in size.

6- Charged particle is moving perpendicular to a

magnetic field in a circle with a radius r. The
magnitude of the magnetic field is increased.
Compared to the initial radius of the circular
path, the radius of the new path is (a) smaller
(b) larger (c) equal in size.

17
 ‫‪Chapter one‬‬ ‫‪The Magnetic field and forces‬‬

‫?‪7- Comparison between the magnetic field and the electric field‬‬
‫‪Magnetic field‬‬ ‫‪Electric field‬‬
‫‪ٝ – 1‬ر٘ىذ اىَداه اىنٖشتائ‪ ٜ‬ح٘ه اىشحْاخ حر‪ – 1 ٚ‬فقػ اىشحْاخ اىَرحشمٔ ‪ٝ‬ر٘ىذ ح٘ىٖا‬
‫ٍداه ٍغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬تاالظافٔ اى‪ ٚ‬اىَداه‬ ‫ف‪ ٜ‬حاىح اىغنُ٘ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ق‪َٞ‬ح اىَداه اىنٖشتائ‪ ٜ‬اذدإ‪ٗ ٔٞ‬ذؼرَذ ػي‪ ٚ‬اىنٖشتائ‪ٜ‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ق‪َٞ‬ح اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬اذدإ‪ٗ ٔٞ‬ذؼرَذ‬ ‫اىؼالقٔ ‪Fe = qE‬‬
‫ػي‪ ٚ‬اىؼالقٔ)𝜃𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑞(𝐵 = 𝐹‬

‫‪8- State the magnetic field lines properties‬‬

‫‪ –1‬ذْثغ خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٍِ 𝐵 ٜ‬اىشَاه اى‪ ٚ‬اىدْ٘ب‬

‫‪ – 2‬ف‪ ٜ‬مو ّقطٔ ػي‪ ٚ‬خط٘غ اىَداه اذدآ اىق٘ٓ اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٕ٘𝐹𝑚 ٔٞ‬اذدآ اىََاط ف‪ ٜ‬ذيل اىْقطٔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ –3‬مثافٔ خط٘غ اىَداه ذش‪ٞ‬شاى‪ ٚ‬شذج اىَداه ف‪ ٜ‬ذيل اىْقطٔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 4‬خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬ال ذرقاغغ اتذا‬

‫‪ – 5‬خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪َٝ ٜ‬نِ االعرذاله ػي‪ٖٞ‬ا ت٘اعطٔ اىث٘صئ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 6‬خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬ى‪ٞ‬غد ىٖا تذا‪ ٔٝ‬اٗ ّٖا‪ ٔٝ‬فٖ‪ٍ ٜ‬غرَشٓ داخو اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬ظ‪.‬‬

‫?‪9- Define the magnetic flux and Gauss’s law‬‬

‫‪The magnetic field is equal to the flux per unit area across an area at right‬‬
‫‪angles to the magnetic field = magnetic flux density.‬‬

‫اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٝ ٜ‬غاٗ‪ ٛ‬اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ Ф𝐵 ٜ‬ى٘حذج اىَغاحٔ 𝐴𝑑 ىخط٘غ اىَداه‬

‫اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬اىؼَ٘د‪ ٔٝ‬ػي‪ٗ ٚ‬حذج اىَغاحٔ ٗ‪ٝ‬ؼثش ػْٖا تاىؼالقٔ‬
‫𝐴𝑑 ‪Ф𝐵 = 𝐵⊥ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅.‬‬
‫‪For non- uniform magnetic field‬‬
‫ح‪ٞ‬ث اُ اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬مَ‪ ٔٞ‬ػذد‪ ( ٔٝ‬اىؼالقٔ اىغاتقٔ ٕ‪ ٜ‬ىيَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬اىغ‪ٞ‬ش ٍْرظٌ ٗ‬
‫‪ٝ‬ؼثش ػِ اىَداه غ‪ٞ‬ش اىَْرظٌ تاىرناٍو اىَغيق ٗ اىضاٗ‪ ٜٕ θ ٔٝ‬اىضاٗ‪ ٔٝ‬اىَحص٘سٓ ت‪ ِٞ‬مردٔ خط٘غ‬
‫اىَداه ٗ ٍردٔ اىَغاحٔ‬
‫‪If 𝐵 Is uniform:‬‬
‫𝜃 ‪Ф𝐵 = 𝐵⊥ 𝐴 = 𝐵 𝐴 Cos‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫‪Chapter one‬‬ ‫‪The Magnetic field and forces‬‬

‫اٍا ارا ماُ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٍْ ٜ‬رظٌ ‪ .‬ف‪ٞ‬نُ٘ اىف‪ٞ‬ط ٕ٘ ػثاسٓ ػِ حاصو ظشب اىَشمثٔ‬
‫اىؼَ٘د‪ ٔٝ‬ف‪ ٜ‬اىَغاحٔ ٗ خ‪ٞ‬ة ذَاً اىضاٗ‪ ٔٝ‬اىَحص٘سٓ ت‪َْٖٞ‬ا‪.‬‬
‫‪- Difference with respect to electric flux ⇒ the total flux through a closed‬‬
‫‪surface is always zero. This is because there is no isolated magnetic charge‬‬
‫‪(“monopole”) that can be enclosed by the Gaussian surface.‬‬

‫= 𝐵‪Ф‬‬ ‫= 𝐴𝑑 ‪𝐵 .‬‬
‫ٗػْذ ٍقاسّح اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٍ ٜ‬غ اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىنٖشتائ‪ّ ٜ‬دذ اُ اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬ىغطح ٍغيق‬
‫‪ٝ‬غاٗ‪ ٛ‬صفشا الُ خط٘غ اىَداه ذْثغ ٍِ اىقطة اىشَاى‪ٗ ٜ‬ذردٔ اى‪ ٚ‬اىقطة اىدْ٘ت‪ٗ ٜ‬ذغرَش داخو‬
‫اهٍغْاغ‪ٞ‬ظ ٗتاىراى‪ٝ ٜ‬نُ٘ صاف‪ ٜ‬اىف‪ٞ‬ط صفشا ‪ .‬اٍا اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىنٖشتائ‪ ٜ‬فاُ ٍدَ٘ع اىف‪ٞ‬ط ػي‪ٚ‬‬
‫اىغطح ‪ٝ‬غاٗ‪ ٛ‬اىشحْٔ اىني‪ ٔٞ‬داخو اىغطح ٍقغٍ٘ا ػي‪ ٚ‬اىغَاح‪ ٔٞ‬اىنٖشتائ‪ ٔٞ‬ىيفشاؽ (‪ ) ε o‬ا‪ ٛ‬ال‬
‫‪ٝ‬غاٗ‪ ٛ‬صفشا‪.‬‬

‫‪Magnetic flux‬‬ ‫‪Electric flux‬‬

‫𝑄‬
‫= 𝐵‪Ф‬‬ ‫‪𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 = 0‬‬ ‫= 𝐸‪Ф‬‬ ‫= 𝐴𝑑 ‪𝐸 .‬‬
‫𝑂𝜀‬
‫ٍدَ٘ع اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬ىغطح ٍغيق‬ ‫ٍدَ٘ع خط٘غ اىف‪ٞ‬ط اىنٖشتائ‪ ٜ‬ذغاٗ‪ٛ‬‬
‫ذغاٗ‪ ٛ‬صفشا ( الٗخ٘د ىيقطة اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٜ‬‬ ‫اىشحْٔ اىني‪ ٔٞ‬ىيدغٌ ٍقغٍ٘را ػي‪ ٚ‬اىغَاح‪ٔٞ‬‬
‫اى٘احذ)‬ ‫اىْغث‪ ٔٞ‬ىيفشاؽ ( ٍِ اىََنِ اىحص٘ه ػي‪ٚ‬‬
‫شحْٔ عاىثٔ اٗ ٍ٘خثٔ تشنو ٍْفشد)‬

‫?‪10- Define the Ampere law and give an expression for the magnetic field‬‬
‫𝑜𝜇 ‪Ampere’ Law: the line integral of B and dl over a closed path is‬‬
‫‪Times the current enclosed in that loop:‬‬

‫اىرناٍو اىخط‪ ٜ‬ىحاصو ظشب خط٘غ اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ٍ ٗ ٜ‬ردٔ االصاحٔ ىَغاس ٍغيق ‪ٝ‬غاٗ‪ٛ‬‬
‫اىَغيق ( ‪)𝑖 enclosed‬‬
‫ٓ‬ ‫حاصو ظشب اىْفار‪ ٔٝ‬اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٔٞ‬ىيفشاؽ 𝑜𝜇 ٗظشتح ف‪ ٜ‬اىر‪ٞ‬اس ف‪ ٜ‬اىذائشٓ‬

‫𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑛𝑒𝑖 ‪𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 .‬‬

‫‪𝜇𝑜 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 T. m/A‬‬ ‫‪is the magnetic permeability of free space.‬‬

‫‪And to find the field around a long straight wire:‬‬

‫ٗال‪ٝ‬داد اىَداه اىَغْاغ‪ٞ‬غ‪ ٜ‬ح٘ه عيل ٍ٘صو غ٘‪ٝ‬و‬

‫‪19‬‬
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

𝐵 . 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜇𝑜 . 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

𝑑𝑠 =
2𝜋𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝

𝐵. 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇𝑜 . 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝜇 𝑜 .𝑖 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟

11- Define the Solenoid and give an expression for the magnetic field?
Solenoid: is a helical coil of wire with the same current I passing through
each loop in the coil. A uniform magnetic field can be generated by a
solenoid.
ِ‫َن‬ٝ ‫ مو ىفٔ ٍِ ىفاخ اىَيف ارا‬ٜ‫اس ف‬ٞ‫َش ّفظ اىر‬ٝ ‫ ٍِ عيل ٍ٘صو‬ٜ‫ٕ٘ ػثاسٓ ػِ ٍيف ى٘ىث‬
‫ذ‬ٝ‫ ٍْرظٌ ٍِ اىغ٘ىّ٘ا‬ٜ‫غ‬ٞ‫ذ ٍداه ٍغْاغ‬ٞ‫ذ٘ى‬.
𝑩.𝒅𝒔=𝝁𝒐.𝑰
There are N loops with current I enclosed by
‫ ٍٗغ ٗخ٘د‬N ‫ اىحيقاخ‬ٜ‫اس اىَرظَِ ف‬ٞ‫ٍِ اىيفاخ ٗتْفظ اىر‬
𝑰𝒊𝒏=𝑵.𝑰
𝑩𝒄𝒅𝒅𝒔=𝝁𝒐.𝑵.𝑰
𝑩 𝒍=𝝁𝒐.𝑵.𝑰 ⇒𝑩 =𝝁𝒐.𝑵.𝑰𝒍
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐧=𝑵𝒍
n is the number of turns per unit length.
𝑩 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒅=𝝁𝒐.𝒏.𝑰

20
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

12- A proton travels with a speed of 3.00 x 106 m/s at an angle of 37.0° with
the direction of a magnetic field of 0.300 T in the +y direction. What is
(a) the magnitude of the magnetic force on the proton and (b) its
acceleration?
Solution:
(a) FB = qυB sinθ

= (1.60 ×10-19 C) (3.00×106 m/s) ( 3×10-1 T) sin37o

FB= 8.67×10-14 N
𝐹 8.67×10 −14 𝑁
(b) a= = = 5.19×1013 m/s2
𝑚 1.67×10 −27 𝑘𝑔

13 A proton moves perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 at

1.00 x107 m/s and experiences an acceleration of 2.00 x 10 13 m/s2 in
the +x direction when its velocity is in the +z direction. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the field.
Solution:
FB = ma

= (1.67 ×10-27 kg) (2.00×1013 m/s2) = 3.34×10-14 N

𝐹
FB=qυB sin 90o ===> B =
𝑞𝑣

3.34×10 −14 𝑁
= m
(1.60×10 −19 𝐶) (1.0×10 7 )
s

= 2.09×10-2 T
The right hand rule shows that B must be in the – y direction to yield a force in the +x
direction when v is in the z direction.

21
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

14-proton moving at 4.00 x 106 m/s through a magnetic field of 1.70 T

experiences a magnetic force of magnitude 8.20 x 10-13 N. What is the
angle between the proton velocity and the field?
Solution:
FB=qυB sinθ

8.20×10-13 N = (1.60×10-19 C) (4.0×106 m/s)(1.70 T) sinθ

Sinθ= 0.754

So θ=sin - 1 (0.754)

θ= 48.9o

15-At the equator, near the surface of the Earth, the magnetic field is
approximately 50.0 µT northward, and the electric field is about 100 N/C
downward in fair weather. Find the gravitational, electric, and magnetic
forces on an electron in this environment, assuming the electron has an
instantaneous velocity of 6.00 x 106 m/s directed to the east.
Solution:
Gravitational force: Fg= mg (9.11×10-31 kg) (9.80 m/s2)= 8.93×10-30 N

Electric force: Fe= qE (-1.60×10-19 C) (100 N/C)= 1.60×10-17 N

Magnetic force: FB= qυ× B

= (-1.60×10-19 C)(6.0×106 m/s) × (5.0×10-6 N.s/ C.m)

= 4.80×10-17 N

22
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

16-The magnetic field of the Earth at a certain location is directed vertically

downward and has a magnitude of 50.0 µT. A proton is moving

horizontally toward the west in this field with a speed of 6.20 x 106 m/s.
(a) what is the direction and magnitude of the magnetic force the field
exerts on this charge? (b) What is the radius of the circular arc followed
by this proton?
Solution:
(a) B = 50.0 ×10-6 T , v = 6.20 × 106 m/s
Direction gives by the right hand rule = Southward
FB= qυ× B sin θ

FB= (1.60×10-19 C) (6.20×106 m/s) (50.0×10-6 T) sin 90o

FB = 4.96×10-17 N
𝑚 2
𝑚 𝑣2 𝑚 𝑣2 1.67×10 −27 𝐾𝑔 ( 6.20×10 6 )
𝑠
(b) 𝐹 = 𝑠𝑜 𝑟 = =
𝑟 𝐹 𝑟4.96×10 −17 𝑁

r = 1.29 Km

23
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

17-Calculate the magnetic field at point O of the current carrying wire

segment shown in Figure. The wire consists of two straight portions and a
circular arc of radius R, which subtends an angle θ. The arrowheads on the
wire indicate the direction of the current.
Solution:

24
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

18-Consider the hemispherical closed surface in Figure 1. The hemisphere is

in a uniform magnetic field that makes an angle θ with the vertical. Calculate
the Magnetic flux through (a) the flat surface S1 and (b) the hemispherical
surface S2.
Solution:

Solution:- the magnetic flux through the flat face S

Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 cosθ

Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (180 − 0)

Note that cos(A+B) = CosA.Cos B – Sin A.Sin B

Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 [𝐶𝑜𝑠180. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛 180. 𝑆𝑖𝑛0]

Ф𝐵 = BπR2(-1).(1)- (0).(0)
Ф𝐵 = - BπR2 Cosθ the magnetic flux through the
flat face

To net flux through the closed surface is zero

Ф𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Ф𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 + Ф𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 0

25
 Chapter one The Magnetic field and forces

19- cube of edge length l= 2.50 cm is positioned as shown in Figure. A

uniform magnetic field given by 𝐵 = (5ˆi + 4ˆj + 3ˆk) T exist
throughout the region.
(a) Calculate the flux through the shaded face?
(b) What is the total flux through the six faces?
Solution:-
To calculate the magnetic flux through the shaded face
Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 Where Ф𝐵 the magnetic flux is 𝐵 is the magnetic field 𝑑𝐴
Is the area segment the shaded face vector is (100)
= ˆi +0 ˆj +0 ˆk
ɭ = 2.50 cm = (2.5 ×10-2) m
Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 = B. A
= (5ˆi + 4ˆj + 3ˆk) T. (2.5 ×10-2)2 ˆi m2
= (5ˆi + 0 + 0) T. (6.25×10-4) ˆi m2
Ф𝐵 = 32.25 ×10-4 T. m2
And to find the total flux through the six faces
Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 = 0 The net magnetic flux through the six faces zeroes
according to Gauss law
.

26
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field

Sources of the Magnetic Field

2.1. Magnetic Field Surrounding a Thin Straight Conductor
Example 1: Consider a thin, straight wire carrying a constant current I and
placed along the x axis as shown in Figure 2.2. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field at point P due to this current.

Solution: From the Biot–Savart law, we expect

that the magnitude of the field is proportional to
the current in the wire and decreases as the
distance from the wire to point P increases. We
start by considering a length element ds Located a
distance r from P.

The direction of the magnetic field at point P due to the current in this
element is out of the page because 𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓 Is out of the page. In fact,
because all of the current elements I ds lie in the plane of the page, they all
produce a magnetic field directed out of the page at point P. Thus, we have
the direction of the magnetic field at point P, and we need only fiend the
magnitude. Taking the origin at O and letting point P be along the positive
y axis, with 𝒌 being a unit vector pointing out of the page, we see that

‫ ذرىاسة مع قٍمح اىرٍاز اىماز‬B ً‫مه قاوُن تاٌُ سفسخ وسرطٍع ان وسرىرح ان قٍمح اىمداه اىمغىاطٍس‬
‫ ىىفسض ان اىمقطع‬2.2 ‫ مه اىُاٌس مما فً اىشنو‬p ً‫ ذقو ميما اترعدوا اىىقط‬B ‫فً اىمُصو َان‬
ً‫ ف‬B ً‫ اذا سٍنُن اذداي اىمداه اىمغىاطٍس‬p ً‫ عه اىىقط‬r ‫ ٌثعد مسافً مقدازٌا‬ds ‫االشاحً اىصغٍس‬
ً‫ خازج عه مسرُي اىُزق‬p ً‫اىىقط‬

22
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field
𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓 = |𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓|𝒌 = (𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝒌

Where represents the magnitude of 𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓 . Because 𝒓 is a unit vector, the

magnitude of the cross product is simply the magnitude of ds, which is the
length dx.
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒅𝑩 = (𝒅𝑩)𝒌 = 𝒌
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒅𝑩 = ………….𝟏
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
2.3 ‫ مه اىشنو‬θ ‫ تصٍغح‬r َ ds ‫االن وحاَه ان وضع مو مه‬
𝒂 𝒂
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = =𝒓= = 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝜽 … … … … 𝟐
𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

Because 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂 −𝒙 From the right triangle

In Figure (the negative sign is necessary

Because ds is located at a negative value of x),

We have 𝒙 = −𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽
𝒂 −𝒂
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = =𝒙= = 𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 … … … … 𝟑
−𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝐝𝐬 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽𝒅𝜽 … … … … 𝟒
1 ً‫ فً معادى‬4 َ 3 َ 2 ً‫االن وضع معادى‬

Substitution of Equations 1 we get:

𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒂 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝝁𝒐 𝑰
𝒅𝑩 = = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 ………..𝟓
𝟒𝝅 (𝒂 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽 )𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝒂

𝜽𝟐 ‫ ونامو مه 𝟏𝜽 اىى‬θ ‫االن اصثحد اىمعادىً فقظ مع اىمرغٍس‬

An expression in which the only variable is θ. We now obtain the magnitude

of the magnetic field at point P by integrating Equation 2 over all elements,
where the subtending angles range from θ1to θ2 as defined in Figure 2.3

23
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field

𝛉𝟐
𝝁𝒐 𝑰
𝒅𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽
𝟒𝝅𝒂 𝛉𝟏

𝝁𝒐 𝑰
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝟐 … … 𝟔
𝟒𝝅𝒂

‫فً حاىح مُن اىسيل اىمُصو طٌُو خدا‬

𝜃1 = 0 𝜃2 = π

We can use this result to field the magnetic field of any straight current-
carrying wire if we know the geometry and hence the angles θ1 and θ2.
Consider the special case of an infinitely long, straight wire. If we let the
wire in Figure 2 become infinitely long, we see that θ1=0 and θ2= π for
length elements ranging between positions 𝒙 = −∞ and 𝒙 = +∞.

Because (cos θ1 - cos θ2)

= (cos0 - cos π) = 2

Equation 3 becomes

𝒐𝝁 𝑰
𝑩 = 𝟐𝝅𝒂 ……..7

2.2. Magnetic Field Due to a Curved Wire Segment

Example 2: Calculate the magnetic field at point O for the current-
carrying wire segment shown in Figure 2.4. The wire consists of two
straight portions and a circular arc of radius R, which subtends an angle θ.
The arrowheads on the wire indicate the direction of the current.

24
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field

Solution:

‫وقسم اىشنو اىى ثالز مقاطع‬

1- 𝑨𝑨 With a unit area ds1

2- 𝑪𝑪 With a unit area ds2
3- AC With a unit area ds3

The magnetic field at O due to the current in the straight segments 𝑨𝑨 And
𝑪𝑪 Is zero because ds is parallel to rˆ along these paths; this means

ds1 // 𝑟1 ds1 × 𝑟 = 0
sinθ = 0
ds2 // 𝑟2 ds2 × 𝑟 = 0

And

ds3 ⊥ 𝑟3 ds3 × 𝑟 = ds sin90 = 1

That 𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓 = 𝟎 . Each length element ds along path AC is at the same

distance R from O, and the current in each contributes a field element dB
directed into the page at O. Furthermore, at every point on AC, ds is
perpendicular to 𝑟 Hence, hence, |𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓| = 𝒅𝒔 using this information and
Equation1, we can find the magnitude of the field at O due to the current in
an element of length ds:

25
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field

ds= Rdθ
Now from Bio- Savart law
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓
𝒅𝑩 =
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝑹𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝑩 =
𝟒𝝅 𝑹𝟐
Because I and R are constants in this situation, we can easily integrate this
expression over the curved path AC:
𝜽
𝝁𝒐 𝑰
𝑩= 𝒅𝑩 = 𝒅𝜽
𝟒𝝅
𝟎

𝝁𝒐 𝑰
𝑩=
𝟒𝝅𝑹
Or
𝝁𝒐 𝑰
𝑩= 𝑺
𝟒𝝅𝑹𝟐
Where we have used the fact that 𝒔 = 𝑹𝜽 with measured in radians. The
direction of B is into the page at O because 𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓 = 𝟎 is into the page for
every length element.

2.3. Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

Example 3 : Consider a circular wire loop of radius R located in the yz plane
and carrying a steady current I, as in Figure 2.5. Calculate the magnetic field
at an axial point P a distance x from the center of the loop.

Solution: In this situation, every length element ds is perpendicular to the

vector 𝒓 At the location of the element.

26
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field
2.5 ‫ ًٌ عمُدًٌ عيى َحدي اىمردً 𝒓 مما فً اىشنو‬ds ‫فً ٌري اىحاىً مو قطعح طُه‬

|𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓| = 𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏90° = 𝐝𝐬
Furthermore, all length elements around the loop are at the 𝑩 = 𝑩𝒙 𝒊 Where

X ‫ ىنو َحدج طُه ٌُ تاذداي اىمحُز‬B ‫اذداي اىمداه‬

𝑩𝒙 = 𝒅𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

𝑩𝒚 = 𝒅𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑩𝒚 = 𝟎

ً‫اىمسمثً اىساىثً ذيغً اىمسمثً اىمُخث‬

𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝑩 = …… Biot- saver…… (1)
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐

𝑩𝒙 = 𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ً‫اىرنامو ىحيقً مغيق‬

𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑩𝒙 = …….(2)
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐

But 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐 ………. (3)

𝑹
Sinθ = 𝟏 ………. (4)
( 𝒙𝟐 +𝑹𝟐 ) 𝟐

Put equation (3) and (4) in (2)

𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒔 𝑹
𝑩𝒙 =
𝟒𝝅 𝟏 ………(5)
𝒙𝟐 +𝑹𝟐 . ( 𝒙𝟐 +𝑹𝟐 ) 𝟐

27
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field
And we must take the integral over the entire loop. Because θ, x and R are
𝑹
constants for all elements of the loop and because 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = , we
(𝒙𝟐 +𝑹𝟐 )
obtain
𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝑹
𝑩𝒙 = 𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝟒𝝅(𝒙𝟐 +𝑹 )

Where we have used the fact that 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝝅𝑹 (the circumference of the
loop).
𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝑹
𝑩𝒙 = 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝑹 … (𝟔) ‫اىمداه اىمغىاطٍسً ىسوك مسرقٍم طٌُو‬
𝟒(𝒙𝟐+𝑹𝟐 )

To find the magnetic field at the center of the loop, we set x = 0 in Equation
1 at this special point, therefore,

𝒐 𝝁 𝑰
𝑩𝒙 = 𝟐𝑹 ……(7)

H.W. Prove that 𝜽𝟏= 𝜽𝟐 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝟐.𝟓

2.4. The Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors

Example 4:
Consider two long, straight, parallelwires separated by a distance and
carrying currents I1 and I2 in the same direction, as in Figure 2.6.

28
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field

‫ ٌمريل مداه مغىاطٍسً 𝐵 عمُدي‬W2 ‫اىُاٌس‬... W1 ‫ عيى اىُاٌس‬W2 ‫فً حاىح اخروا ذاثٍس اىُاٌس‬
‫ٌُوقطح‬W1 ‫اذا سٍنُن اه‬. ً‫ ٌَعرثس فً ٌري اىحاىً ٌُ اىمصدز ىيمداه اىمغىاطٍس‬W1 ‫عيى اىُاٌس‬
F= I L×B ………..(*) H.W prove ً‫اىدزاسً َ تاالسرىاد اىى اىمعادى‬

We can determine the force exerted on one wire due to the magnetic
field set up by the other wire. Wire 2, which carry a current I2 and is
identified arbitrarily as the source wire, creates a magnetic field B2 at the
location of wire 1, the test wire. The direction of B2 is perpendicular to wire
1, as shown in Figure 2.6.

According to Equation 𝑭𝑩 = 𝑰𝑳 × 𝑩, the magnetic force on a length of

wire 1 is:

𝑭𝟏 = 𝑰𝟏 𝓵 × 𝑩𝟐 ………….. 1 ‫ عيى اىُاٌس‬2 ‫اىقُي اىمغىاطٍسًٍ اىرً ٌسيطٍا اىُاٌس‬

Because 𝓵 is perpendicular to B2 in this situation,

𝒐𝝁 𝑰
the magnitude of B2 is given by Equation = 𝟐𝝅𝒂 , the magnetic field for
long wire we see that

𝝁 𝒐 𝑰𝟐
𝑭𝟏 = 𝑰𝟏 𝓵 × 𝑩𝟐 = 𝑰𝟏 𝓵
𝟐𝝅𝒂

𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑭𝟏 = (
𝟐𝝅𝒂
)𝓵…………(1)
The direction of 𝑭𝟏 is toward wire 2 because 𝓵𝑩𝟐 is in that direction. If the
field set up at wire 2 by wire 1 is calculated, the force F2 acting on wire 2 is
found to be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to F1. This is what
we expect because Newton’s third law must be obeyed.

2 ‫ عيى اىُاٌس‬1 ‫َتىفس اىطسٌقً ودد اىقُي اىمغىاطٍسًٍ اىرً ٌُثس تٍا اىُاٌس‬
𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑭𝟐 = (
𝟐𝝅𝒂
)𝓵………(2)
If F1= F2 and is equal to FB
29
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field
Because the magnitudes of the forces are the same on both wires, we denote
the magnitude of the magnetic force between the wires as simply FB. We
can rewrite this magnitude in terms of the force per unit length:

‫عىدما ٌمس وفس اىرٍاز فً اىسينٍه َىىفس اىمداه اىمغىاطٍسً (مداه مغىاطٍسً مىرضم ) ذنُن اىقُي‬
FB ‫اىمغىاطٍسًٍ االَىى ذساَي اىثاوًٍ َذساَي‬

𝑭𝑩 𝝁 𝑰𝟏 𝑰
= ( 𝒐 𝟐)
𝓵 𝟐𝝅𝒂
When the currents are in opposite directions (that is, when one of the
currents is reversed in Fig. 2.6 ), the forces are reversed and the wires repel
each other.

‫ – اىقُي اىمغىاطٍسًٍ سرنُن ذىافس اذا مان اىرٍازٌه مرعامسٍه‬1

Parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction attract each other,

‫ – اىقُي اىمغىاطٍسًٍ سرنُن ذداذب اذا مان اىرٍازٌه تىفس االذداي‬2

The force between two parallel wires is used to define the ampere as
follows: When the magnitude of the force per unit length between two long
parallel wires that carry identical currents and are separated by 1m is 2x107
N/m, the current in each wire is defined to be 1A.

ً‫ اذا مان ىدٌىا سينٍه مرُاشٌٍه طٌُيٍه َاىمساف‬: ‫ٌمنه االسرفادي مه ٌري اىفنسي فً ذعسٌف االمثٍس‬
‫) ذساَي‬m( ‫) عيى َحدج اىطُه‬N( ًٍ‫) َ اىىسثً تٍه اىقُي اىمغىاطٍس‬1m( ‫اىفاصيً تٍىٍما َاحد مرس‬
.1A ‫ فان اىرٍاز اىماز باهسيل ٌساَي‬2x107

Prove that F= I L×B……… (*) this relation used to find the current carrying
conductor (C. C. C.) Lies in the magnetic field.

Solution:

Magnetic force = F= qv × B

Volume =V = AL

Let n= number of charges per unit volume

𝑁
n= …… N= nV
𝑉
30
 Chapter two Sources of the Magnetic Field
So N= n AL

Total charge q= Ne

q= NAL. e
𝑞
𝐼= ‫اىرٍاز ٌساَي ممٍح اهشحىً اىمازي فً سيل ىُحدي اىصمه‬
𝑡

𝑛𝐴𝐿 . 𝑒
𝐼=
𝑡
= nAve
𝐼
𝑉=
𝑛𝐴𝑒
𝐼
So F= qvB = (nAL. e) . ( )𝐵
𝑛𝐴𝑒

F= LIB

31
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

Induced Electro motive Force ‫القىه الدافعو الكهربائيو المحثو‬

3.1. Faraday’s Law of Induction ‫قانىن فراداي للحث‬
The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. This statement, known as
Faraday’s law of induction, can be written
𝒅𝝓𝑩
𝜺=−
𝒅𝒕
‫٘زا ِا ٌؼشف‬ٚ ٍٗ‫شتائ‬ٙ‫ ِحرثٗ ػٕذِا ٌرغٍش اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسي ِغ اٌضِٓ فً اٌذائشٖ اٌى‬emf ‫ٌذ‬ٛ‫ذر‬
ًٍ‫ االشاسٖ اٌساٌثٗ ذشٍش اٌى ِؼاوسٗ اٌّجاي اٌّحرث ٌٍّجاي االص‬.‫ْ فراداي للحث‬ٛٔ‫تما‬

Where 𝝓𝑩 = 𝑩𝒅𝑨 Is the magnetic flux through the circuit? If the circuit
is a coil consisting of N loops all of the same area and if 𝝓𝑩 Is the
magnetic flux through one loop, an emf is induced in every loop. The loops
are in the series, so their emf adds; thus, the total induced emf in the coil is
given by the expression:

)coil( ‫شتائٍٗ فارا وأد اٌذائشٖ ػثاسٖ ػٓ ٍِف‬ٙ‫حٍث 𝑩𝝓 اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً خالي اٌذائشٖ اٌى‬
ٖٛ‫ٌذ اٌم‬ٛ‫ ارا سسر‬. ‫ اٌفٍط خالي وً حٍمٗ ِٓ اٌحٍماخ‬ٛ٘ 𝝓𝑩 ْ‫ارا وا‬ٚ ‫ ِٓ اٌٍفاخ‬N ‫ِؤٌف ِٓ ػذد‬
‫ ارا‬. ‫ ٌىً حٍمٗ فً اٌٍّف‬emf ‫ذعاف (ذجّغ ) اي‬ٚ ٗ‫ فً وً حٍم‬emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّحرث‬ٙ‫اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬
‫ تـ‬emf ٍٗ‫شتائ‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫ع اٌم‬ّٛ‫ٌّىٓ اٌرؼثٍش ػٓ ِج‬ٚ
𝒅𝝓𝑩
𝜺=−𝑵
𝒅𝒕
Suppose that a loop enclosing an area A lies in a uniform magnetic field B,
as in Figure (1). The magnetic flux through the loop is equal to BA cosθ;
hence, the induced emf can be expressed as:

‫ (ِجاي‬B ً‫ً٘ ظّٓ ِجاي ِغٕاغٍس‬ٚ ٗ‫ ظّٓ اٌحٍمٗ اٌّغٍم‬A ٗ‫ا ِساح‬ٌٙ ‫ٌٕفشض اْ حٍمح اٌٍّف‬
ٗ‫ْ اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً خالي اٌحٍم‬ٛ‫ ارا سٍى‬.)1( ً‫ٌٍس اٌّحرث ) وّا فً اٌشى‬ٚ ً‫ِغٕاغٍسً خاسج‬
‫ تـ‬emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّحرث‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫ ارا ٌّىٓ اٌرؼثٍش ػٓ اٌم‬BA cosθ

28
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
𝒅
𝜺=−𝑵 𝑩𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (𝟏)
𝒅𝒕

From this expression, we see that an emf can be

Normal
induced in the circuit in several ways:
1.The magnitude of B can change with time.
2. The area enclosed by the loop can change with time.
3. The angle θ between B and the normal to the loop
can change with time.
4. Any combination of the above can occur. Figure 1

‫ تؼذج غشق‬emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّحرث‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫يد اٌم‬ٛ‫) ٌّىٓ اْ ٔالحظ ذ‬1( ٗ‫ِٓ خالي ٘زٖ اٌؼالل‬

ِٓ‫ذغٍش اٌفٍط ِغ اٌض‬ .1

ِٓ‫ذغٍش اٌّساحٗ اٌّغٍمٗ تاٌحٍمٗ ِغ اٌض‬ .2
ٗ‫د اٌّماَ ػٍى سطح اٌّساح‬ّٛ‫ اٌؼ‬ٚ ‫غ اٌفٍط‬ٛ‫ٌٗ تٍٓ خط‬ٚ‫ذغٍش اٌضا‬ .3
‫ ذغٍش اي ِٓ إٌماغ اػالٖ ِجرّؼح‬ٚ‫ا‬ .4

Example: A coil of 15 turns and radius 10cm surrounds a long solenoid

of radius 2cm and 1x103 turns/meter (show in the Figure) The current
in the solenoid changes as I =(5.00 A)sin(120t). Find the induced emf in
the 15-turn coil as a function of time.

Solution:

Ф𝑩 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒏𝑰 𝑨𝒔𝒐𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒅
𝒅Ф𝑩 𝒅𝑰
𝜺 = −𝑵 = −𝑵𝝁𝒐 𝒏(𝝅𝒓𝟐 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒎 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑨
𝜺 = −𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑻. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎−𝟏 𝝅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒕
𝑨 𝒔

𝜺 = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒕)𝒎𝑽

29
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

3.2. Induced emf and Electric Fields ‫القىه الدافعو الكهربائيو المحتثو‬
‫و المجال الكهربائي‬
We have seen that a changing magnetic induces an emf and a current
in a conducting loop. In our study of electricity, we related a current to an
electric field that applies electric forces on charged particles. In the same
way, we can relate an induced current in a conducting loop to an electric
field by claiming that an electric field is created in the conductor as a
result of the changing magnetic flux this induced electric field is non-
conservative, unlike the electrostatic field produced by stationary charges.

ٍٗ‫شتائ‬ٙ‫ج و‬ٛ‫ٌذ ل‬ٌٛ ِٓ‫ع اٌساتك اْ اٌرغٍش فً اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً ِغ اٌض‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٌّٛ‫اْ دسسٕا فً ا‬ٚ ‫سثك‬
induced ‫شتائً ِحرث‬ٙ‫ِجاي و‬ٚ ‫ا ذٍاس ِحرث‬ٕٙ‫ٌذ ػ‬ٛ‫ٌر‬ٚ )‫ (فشاداي‬induced emf ٗ‫دافؼٗ ِحرث‬
‫ ػٍى اٌؼىس ِٓ اٌّجاي‬non conservative ‫ٌىٓ ٘زا اٌّجاي غٍش ِحافظ‬ٚ field electric
stationary charges ٍٗ‫ٌذ ِٓ اٌشحٕاخ االساس‬ٛ‫شتائً اٌّر‬ٙ‫اٌى‬

To prove that the induced electric field is non conservative?

We can illustrate this point by considering a conducting loop of radius r

situated in a uniform magnetic field that is perpendicular to the plane of the
loop, as in Figure1. If the magnetic field changes with time, then, according
to Faraday’s law, an emf Ԑ = − 𝒅𝝓𝑩 𝒅𝒕 Is induced in the loop The
induction of a current in the loop implies the presence of an induced electric
field E, which must be tangent to the loop because this is the direction in
which the charges in the wire move in response to the electric force

r ‫صً ػٍى شىً حٍمٗ فً ِجاي ِغٕاغٍسً حٍث‬ِٛ ‫ٌّىٓ اثثاخ ٘زٖ اٌحاٌٗ ِٓ خالي فشظٕا اْ ٌذٌٕا‬
ٖٛ‫ٌذ ل‬ٛ‫ْ فشاداي ذر‬ٛٔ‫حسة لا‬ٚ ِٓ‫ذّثً ٔصف لطش اٌحٍمٗ فارا ذغٍش اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً ِغ اٌض‬
induced current ‫ٌٍذ ذٍاس ِحرث‬ٛ‫رٌه ٌؤدي اٌى ذ‬ٚ induced emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ ِحرث‬ٙ‫دافؼٗ و‬
‫ْ اذجا٘ٗ ِّاسا ِراثشا تحشوح‬ٛ‫ ٌى‬induce electric field ‫شتائً ِحرث‬ٙ‫ٌذ ِجاي و‬ٛ‫تاٌراًٌ ٌر‬ٚ
)ٗ‫صً ( اٌحٍم‬ٌّٛ‫اٌشحٕاخ فً ا‬

The work done by the electric field in moving a test charge q once around
the loop is equal to qԐ. Because the electric force acting on the charge is qE,
the work done by the electric field in moving the charge once around the
loop is qE(2πr), where 2πr is the circumference of the loop. These two
expressions for the work done must be equal; therefore, we see that
30
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
ٕٗ‫ٖ اٌّسٍطٗ ػٍى اٌشح‬ٛ‫الْ اٌم‬ٚ . qԐ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ي اٌحٍمٗ ٌسا‬ٛ‫ْ اٌشغً االصَ ٌرحشٌه اٌشحٕٗ ح‬ٛ‫ارا سٍى‬
ٛ٘ ٗ‫ي اٌحٍم‬ٛ‫شتائً ٌرحشٌه اٌشحٕٗ ح‬ٙ‫ْ اٌشغً إٌّجض ِٓ لثً اٌّجاي اٌى‬ٛ‫ ارا سٍى‬qE ‫ي‬ٚ‫ذسا‬

ٕٗ‫شتائٍٗ = اٌشغً اٌالصَ ٌرحشٌه اٌشح‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌى‬ٛ‫اٌم‬

qԐ = qE(2πr) Circumference 2πr

Ԑ = E. 2πr
𝑑𝜙 𝐵
Ԑ=− Faraday law of induction
𝑑𝑡

𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐵
𝑑
∴ 𝐸. 2𝜋𝑟 = − ( 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐵)
𝑑𝑡
𝑟 𝑑𝐵
E = −2 ≠ 0 is no equal to zero
𝑑𝑡

The emf for any closed path can be expressed as the line integral of E. ds
over that path: Ԑ = 𝑬. 𝒅𝒔 . In more general cases, E may not be constant,
and the path may not be a circle. Hence, Faraday’s law of induction,
Ԑ = − 𝒅𝝓𝑩 𝒅𝒕 , can be written in the general form

‫ ٌىً اٌّساس‬E. ds ‫ا ترىاًِ خطً ٌـ‬ٕٙ‫شتائٍٗ الي ِساس ِغٍك ٌّىٓ اٌرؼثٍش ػ‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫اٌم‬
ٓ‫ػٍٍٗ ٌّى‬ٚ ‫ اٌّساس ٌٍس دائشٌا‬ٚ ‫شتائً غٍش ثاتد‬ٙ‫ْ اٌّجاي اٌى‬ٛ‫تشىً ػاَ لذ ٌى‬ٚ Ԑ = 𝑬. 𝒅𝒔
ِٗ‫ساداي ٌٍحث تصٍغرٗ اٌؼا‬
‫ْ ف‬ٛٔ‫وراتح لا‬
𝒅𝝓𝑩
𝑬. 𝒅𝒔 = − (𝟐)
𝒅𝒕
The induced electric field E in Equation 1 is a nonconservative field that is
generated by a changing magnetic field. The field E that satisfies Equation1
cannot possibly be an electrostatic field because if the field were
electrostatic, and hence conservative, the line integral of E.ds over a
closed loop would be zero.

31
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
‫ رٌه تسثة ذغٍش اٌّجاي‬.‫شتائً اٌّحرث ٌٍس ِحافظ ا‬ٙ‫) ْالحظ اْ ا ٌّجاي اٌى‬2( ٌٗ‫ِٓ اٌّؼاد‬
‫) ارا واْ ِجاي ِسرمش‬2( ٌٗ‫شتائً فً اٌّؼاد‬ٙ‫ فشظٕا اٌؼىس اْ اٌّجاي اٌى‬ٌٛٚ. ًٍ‫اٌّغٕاغٍسً االص‬
. ‫ي صفشا‬ٚ‫ ٌىً ِساس اٌحٍمٗ اٌّغٍك ٌسا‬E.ds ‫ْ اٌرىاًِ اٌخطً ٌٍـ‬ٛ‫ ِحافظ سٍى‬ٚ ‫ثاتد‬

Example: A long solenoid with 1000 turns per meter and radius 2cm
carries an oscillating current given by I= (5A) sin(100πt). What is the
electric field induced at a radius r =1cm from the axis of the solenoid? What
is the direction of this electric field when the current is increasing
counterclockwise in the coil?

Solution:
𝑑Ф𝐵
𝐸. 2𝜋𝑟 =
𝑑𝑡
𝐵 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝜇𝑜 . 𝑛. 𝐼 Biot-Savart Law

𝜙𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 Magnetic flux

∴ 𝜙𝐵 = 𝐴𝜇𝑜 . 𝑛. 𝐼

When r = 0.02 m from the center of the solenoid

𝑑
𝐸 = 𝑛µoA 5𝐴 sin⁡
(100𝜋𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

1000 4π × 1010−7 T 2πr 2 5A 100π cos(100πt)

E=
2πr

E = 2π2 mv
𝟐𝝅𝟐
𝑬= The E field is always opposite to increasing B. ⇒ clockwise
𝟐

32
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

3.3.Lenz’s Law ‫قانىن لنز‬

The induced current produces magnetic fields which tend to oppose the
change in magnetic flux that induces such currents.

‫يىلد التيار المحتث مجاال مغناطيسيا معاكسا التجاه المجال االصلي‬

‫يعاكس االتجاه االصلي للمجال‬ ‫مجال مغناطيسي محتث‬ ‫تيار محتث‬ ‫تغير الفيض‬

To illustrate how Lenz’s law works, let’s consider a conducting loop placed
in a magnetic field. We follow the procedure below:
1. Define a positive direction for the area vector𝐴.
2. Assuming that 𝐵 is uniform, take the dot product of 𝐵 and 𝐴 . This allows
for the determination of the sign of the magnetic fluxФ𝐵 . .
𝑑Ф𝐵
3. Obtain the rate of flux change by differentiation. There are three
𝑑𝑡
possibilities:

4. Determine the direction of the induced current using the right-hand rule.
With your thumb pointing in the direction of 𝐴, curl the fingers around the
closed loop. The induced current flows in the same direction as the way your
fingers curl if ε >0, and the opposite direction if ε < 0, as shown in Figure.

Figure 2. Determination of the direction of induced current

by the right-hand
33 rule
‫‪Chapter three‬‬ ‫‪Induced Electromotive Force‬‬
‫‪***** clarify the Lenz aw and illustrate the induced emf (ε) both‬‬
‫?‪experimentally and theoretically‬‬

‫ٌرحذٌذ وٍف ٌؼًّ لأ‪ٌٕ ْٛ‬ض ػٍٍّا ‪ٔٚ‬عشٌا ‪ٌٕ .‬فشض اْ ٌذٌٕا ِ‪ٛ‬صال ػٍى شىً حٍمٗ ِ‪ٛ‬ظ‪ٛ‬ػٗ فً‬
‫ِجاي ِغٕاغٍسً ِٕرعُ‬

‫‪ Experimentally‬ػٍٍّا‬ ‫ٔعشٌا‬ ‫‪Theoretically‬‬

‫‪ٔ – 1‬جؼً االت‪ٙ‬اَ تاذجاٖ ِرجٗ اٌّساحٗ ‪ A‬فارا‬ ‫‪ٔ – 1‬حذد لٍّح اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً‬
‫واْ اذجاٖ د‪ٚ‬ساْ االصاتغ تٓفس اذجاٖ حشوح‬ ‫𝜃 ‪Ф𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos‬‬
‫اٌرٍاس اٌّحرث ‪ induced current‬ػٕذ٘ا‬ ‫‪ٔ – 2‬جذ لٍّح ِشرمح اٌفٍط‬
‫ٌى‪ِٛ induced emf ْٛ‬جة ‪ε ˃ 0‬‬

‫‪٘ٚ‬زا ٌؼًٕ اْ ذغٍش فً اٌفٍط ػٕذِا ٌضداد ٘زا‬

‫ٌؤدي اٌى ذمًٍٍ ‪ emf‬حرى تإٌرٍجٗ ذمً ‪I‬‬
‫‪ٌٚ induced‬مً ِؼ‪ٙ‬ا ‪B induced‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬فارا واْ اذجاٖ د‪ٚ‬ساْ االصاتغ ػىس اذجاٖ‬
‫حشوح اٌرٍاس اٌّحرث ‪induced current‬‬
‫ػٕذ٘ا ٌى‪ induced emf ْٛ‬ساٌة ‪ε ˂ 0‬‬

‫ِالحظٗ ‪ :‬اْ حاصً ظشب اٌّجاي ‪ٌ B.A‬سا‪ٚ‬ي وٍّٗ ثاترٗ ‪ conststant‬فارا صاد ذغٍش اٌفٍط‬
‫االصًٍ ٌجة اْ ٌى‪ ْٛ‬اذجاٖ اٌفٍط اٌّحرث تاٌرجاٖ ِؼاوس ٌٍمًٍ ِٓ لٍّح اٌرغٍش ٌرثمى اٌمٍّٗ ثاترٗ ‪.‬‬

‫‪34‬‬
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

3. 4. Motional EMF ‫القىه الدافعو الكهربائيو المحتثو المتحركو‬

َ‫صٍٗ ِرحشوٗ فً ِجاي ِغٕاغٍسً ِٕرظ‬ِٛ ٍٗٔ‫) تٍٓ غشفً لطؼٗ ِؼذ‬V( ‫ذ‬ٙ‫ً٘ فشق اٌج‬

𝜺 = ( 𝝂 × 𝑩). 𝒅𝒔

Consider a conducting bar of length l moving through a uniform magnetic

field which points into the page, as shown in Figure 3. Particles with charge
q ˃ 0 inside experience a magnetic force 𝑭 = 𝒒𝛎 × 𝑩 which tends to push
them upward, leaving negative charges on the lower end.

‫ ٌرحشن خالي ِجاي ِغٕاغٍسً ِٕرظُ اٌزي‬Ɩ ‫ي‬ٛ‫صً ػٍى شىً لعٍة ِؼذًٔ تط‬ِٛ ‫ٌٕفشض اْ ٌذٌٕا‬
‫ف ذراثش‬ٛ‫جثٗ فً داخً اٌمعٍة س‬ٌّٛ‫) اٌشحٕاخ ا‬3( ً‫ٌرجٗ داخً اٌصفحٗ (×) وّا ِثٍٓ فً اٌشى‬
‫ا اٌى اػٍى اٌمعٍة فٍّا ذٕذفغ اٌشحٕاخ اٌساٌثٗ اٌى االسفً تفؼً ٔفس‬ٙ‫ٖ ِغٕاغٍسٍٗ ذؼًّ ػٍى دفؼ‬ٛ‫بل‬
ٖٛ‫اٌم‬

The separation of charge gives rise to an electric

field 𝐸 inside the bar, which produces a downward

Electric force 𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬 . At equilibrium where

The two forces cancel, we have

𝒒𝝂𝑩 = 𝒒𝑬, or 𝑬 = 𝝂𝑩. Between

the two ends of the conductor, there
exists a potential difference given by

𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒃
Figure 3
𝜺 = 𝑬𝓵

= 𝝂𝑩𝓵

ٍٗ‫شتائ‬ٙ‫ٖ و‬ٛ‫ٌذ ل‬ٛ‫اٌرً ذ‬ٚ ًٔ‫شتائٍا فً داخً اٌمعٍة اٌّؼذ‬ٙ‫ٌذ ِجال و‬ٌٛ ٗ‫زٖ اٌطشٌم‬ٙ‫فصً اٌشحٕاخ ت‬
‫ف ذظ٘ش‬ٛ‫سف‬ٚ ٍٓ‫ّا فً اذجاٍ٘ٓ ِرؼاوس‬ٙٔ‫ّا ال‬ٙ‫ذٍٓ تؼع‬ٛ‫ف ذٍغً اٌم‬ٛ‫تاٌراًٌ س‬ٚ ً‫ِرجٗ اٌى االسف‬
ً‫ص‬ٌّٛ‫اٌرً ا‬ٙٔ ً‫ذ ف‬ٙ‫صً فشق ج‬ٌّٛ‫ػٍى ا‬

Since ε arises from the motion of the conductor, this potential difference is
called the motional emf. In general, motional emf around a closed
conducting loop can be written as:
35
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

𝜺 = ( 𝝂 × 𝑩). 𝒅𝒔

Where 𝑑𝑠 is a differential length element?

ٖٛ‫ذ ٘زا اٌم‬ٙ‫ف ٔسًّ فشق اٌج‬ٛ‫ س‬. ً‫ص‬ٌّٛ‫ف ذٕشاء ِٓ حشوٗ ا‬ٛ‫ س‬induced emf = ε ْ‫تّا ا‬
. ٗ‫ حٍث 𝑠𝑑 ذّثً ِرجٗ اٌّساف‬motional emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّرحشو‬ٙ‫اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬

Now suppose the conducting bar moves through a region of uniform

magnetic field 𝑩 = 𝑩𝒌 (pointing into the page) by sliding along two
frictionless conducting rails that are at a distance ℓ apart and connected
together by a resistor with resistance R, as shown in Figure 4.

ً‫اصٌرٍٓ ػذٌّرً االحرىان فً ِجاي ِغٕاغٍس‬ٛ‫اسطٗ سىرٍٓ ِر‬ٛ‫صً ٌرحشن ت‬ٌّٛ‫ٌٕفشض اْ ٌذٌٕا ا‬
‫ وّا‬R ِٗٚ‫غٗ اٌى ِما‬ٛ‫ِشت‬ٚ ℓ ً٘ ٍٓ‫اْ اٌّسافٗ تٍٓ اٌسىر‬ٚ 𝑩 = 𝑩𝒌ٗ‫ِٕرعُ ِرجٗ داخً اٌصفح‬
. 4 ً‫ِثٍٓ فً اٌشى‬

Let an external force be applied so that the

conductor moves to the right with a constant
velocity 𝝂 = 𝝂𝒊. The magnetic flux through the closed
loop formed by the bar and the rails is given by:

Ф𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑩𝓵𝒙 (4)

Thus, according to Faraday’s law, the induced emf is: Figure 4

𝒅Ф𝑩 𝒅 𝒅𝒙
𝜺=− = − (𝑩𝓵𝒙) = −𝑩𝑰 = −𝑩𝓵𝝂
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Where 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝂 is simply the speed of the bar. The corresponding
induced current is:
|𝜺| 𝑩𝓵𝝂
𝑰= =
𝑹 𝑹
ٗ‫صً اٌى آٌٍٍّ ِٓ اٌصفح‬ٌّٛ‫ف ٌرحشن ا‬ٛ‫ارا س‬. )ٍٗ‫ٖ خاسجٍٗ ( ٍِىأٍى‬ٛ‫ٌٕفشض إٔا سٍطٕا ل‬ٚ
ً‫ص‬ٌّٛ‫إٌاذج ِٓ حشوٗ ا‬ٚ ٗ‫ْ اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً خالي اٌحٍمٗ اٌّغٍم‬ٛ‫𝒊𝝂 = 𝝂 تسشػٗ 𝜈 ارا سٍى‬
. )4( ٗ‫ اٌسىرٍٓ ٌؼطى ِٓ خالي اٌؼالل‬ٚ

36
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
Example: Figure shows a top view of a bar that can slide without friction.
The resistor is 6Ω and a 2.5T magnetic field is directed perpendicularly
downward, into the paper. Let ℓ=1.2m. (a) Calculate the applied force
required to move the bar to the right at a constant speed of 2m/s. (b) At what
rate is energy delivered to the resistor?

Solution:

a. |𝐹𝐵 | = 𝐼|ℓ × 𝐵|
𝜀
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 = 𝐵ℓ𝜈
𝑅
𝐵ℓ𝜈 𝐵 2 ℓ2 𝜈
𝑊𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝐵 = (ℓ𝜈) =
𝑅 𝑅
(2.5)2 (1.2)2 (2)
𝐹𝐵 = = 3𝑁 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
6

𝐵 2 ℓ2 𝜈 2
b. 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = = 6𝑊
𝑅

Problems of Chapter three

1-A circular loop of wire is held in a uniform magnetic field, with the plane
of the loop perpendicular to the field lines. Which of the following will
not cause a current to be induced in the loop? (a) Decrease the loop; (b)
rotating the loop about an axis perpendicular to the field lines; (c) keeping
the orientation of the loop fixed and moving it along the field lines; (d)
pulling the loop out of the field. Why (c) In all cases except this one,
there is a change in the magnetic flux through the loop.)

37
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
2-Suppose you would like to steal power for your home from the electric
company by placing a loop of wire near a transmission cable, so as to
induce an emf in the loop (an illegal procedure). Should you (a) place
your loop so that the transmission cable passes through your loop, or (b)
simply place your loop near the transmission cable? Why (b) The magnetic
field lines around the transmission cable will be circular, centered on the
cable. If you place your loop around the cable, there are no field lines
passing through the loop, so no emf is induced. The loop must be placed
next to the cable, with the plane of the loop parallel to the cable to
maximize the flux through its area.
3- Figure 5 shows a magnet being moved in
the vicinity of a solenoid connected to a sensitive
ammeter. The south pole of the magnet is the pole
nearest the solenoid, and the ammeter indicates a
clockwise (viewed from above) current in the
solenoid. Is the person (a) inserting the magnet or Figure 5
(b) pulling it out? Why (a) Because the current induced in the solenoid is
clockwise when viewed from above, the magnetic field lines produced by
this current point downward in Figure 5. Thus, the upper end of the
solenoid acts as a south pole. For this situation to be consistent with
Lenz’s law, the south pole of the bar magnet must be approaching the
solenoid.

38
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

4- Figure 6 shows a circular loop of wire being

Dropped toward a wire carrying a current to the left.
The direction of the induced current in the loop
of wire is (a) clockwise (b) counterclockwise
(c) zero (d) impossible to determine.
Why (b) ?? At the position of the loop, the magnetic field lines
due to the wire point into the page. The loop is entering a region of stronger
magnetic field as it drops toward the wire, so the flux is increasing. The
induced current must set up a magnetic field that opposes this increase. To
do this, it creates a magnetic field directed out of the page. By the right-
hand rule for current loops, this requires a counterclockwise current in the
loop.
5-In a region of space, the magnetic field increases at a constant rate. This
changing magnetic field induces an electric field that (a) increases in time
(b) is conservative (c) is in the direction of the magnetic field (d) has a
constant magnitude. Why (d) The constant rate of change of B will result
in a constant rate of change of the magnetic flux. According to Equation
31.9, if d!B/dt is constant, E is constant in magnitude.

6- A bar magnet is held above a loop of wire in a horizontal

plane, as shown in Figure 7. The south end of the
magnet is toward the loop of wire. The magnet is dropped
toward the loop. Find the direction of the current through
the resistor (a) while the magnet is falling toward the loop
and (b) after the magnet has passed through the loop and
moves away from it.

39
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
Answer
(a) The south pole of the magnet produces an upward
The magnetic field that increases as the magnet approaches.
The loop opposes change by making its own downward magnetic field;
it carries current clockwise, which goes to the left through the resistor.
(b) The north pole of the magnet produces an upward magnetic field. The
loop sees decrease upward flux as the magnet falls away, and tries to
make an upward magnetic field of its own by carrying current
counterclockwise, to the right in the resistor.
7-What is the difference between magnetic flux and magnetic field?
Answer : Magnetic flux measures the “flow” of the magnetic field
through a given area of a loop—even though the field does not actually
flow. By changing the size of the loop, or the orientation of the loop and
the field, one can change the magnetic flux through the loop, but the
magnetic field will not change.
8- A loop of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field. For what the
orientation of the loop is the magnetic flux a maximum? For what
orientation is the flux zero?
Answer : The magnetic flux is ΦB = BAcosθ . Therefore the flux is
maximum when B is perpendicular to the loop of wire and zero when
there is no component of magnetic field perpendicular to the loop. The
flux is zero when the loop is turned so that the field lies in the plane of its
area.

40
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
9- Defien Faraday’s Law of Induction and finds an expression of emf
induced, Suppose that a loop enclosing an area 𝐴 Lies in a uniform
magnetic field 𝐵

Answer: The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time

rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. This statement,
known as Faraday’s law of induction, can be written
𝒅𝝓𝑩
𝜺=−
𝒅𝒕
‫٘زا ِا ٌؼشف‬ٚ ٍٗ‫شتائ‬ٙ‫ ِحرثٗ ػٕذِا ٌرغٍش اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً ِغ اٌضِٓ فً اٌذائشٖ اٌى‬emf ‫ٌذ‬ٛ‫ذر‬
ًٍ‫ االشاسٖ اٌساٌثٗ ذشٍش اٌى ِؼاوسٗ اٌّجاي اٌّحرث ٌٍّجاي االص‬.‫ْ فراداي للحث‬ٛٔ‫تما‬

Where 𝝓𝑩 = 𝑩𝒅𝑨 Is the magnetic flux through the circuit. If the circuit
is a coil consisting of N loops all of the same area and if 𝝓𝑩 Is the
magnetic flux through one loop, an emf is induced in every loop. The loops
are in the series, so their emf add; thus, the total induced emf in the coil is
given by the expression:

)coil( ‫شتائٍٗ فارا وأد اٌذائشٖ ػثاسٖ ػٓ ٍِف‬ٙ‫حٍث 𝑩𝝓 اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً خالي اٌذائشٖ اٌى‬
ٖٛ‫ٌذ اٌم‬ٛ‫ ارا سسر‬. ‫ اٌفٍط خالي وً حٍمٗ ِٓ اٌحٍماخ‬ٛ٘ 𝝓𝑩 ْ‫ارا وا‬ٚ ‫ ِٓ اٌٍفاخ‬N ‫ِؤٌف ِٓ ػذد‬
‫ ارا‬. ‫ ٌىً حٍمٗ فً اٌٍّف‬emf ‫ذعاف (ذجّغ ) اي‬ٚ ٗ‫ فً وً حٍم‬emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّحرث‬ٙ‫اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬
‫ تـ‬emf ٍٗ‫شتائ‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫ع اٌم‬ّٛ‫ٌّىٓ اٌرؼثٍش ػٓ ِج‬ٚ
𝒅𝝓𝑩
𝜺=−𝑵
𝒅𝒕
Suppose that a loop enclosing an area A lies in a uniform magnetic field B,
as in Figure (1). The magnetic flux through the loop is equal to BA cosθ;
hence, the induced emf can be expressed as:

‫ (ِجاي‬B ً‫ً٘ ظّٓ ِجاي ِغٕاغٍس‬ٚ ٗ‫ ظّٓ اٌحٍمٗ اٌّغٍم‬A ٗ‫ا ِساح‬ٌٙ ‫ٌٕفشض اْ حٍمح اٌٍّف‬
ٗ‫ْ اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً خالي اٌحٍم‬ٛ‫ ارا سٍى‬.)1( ً‫ٌٍس اٌّحرث ) وّا فً اٌشى‬ٚ ً‫ِغٕاغٍسً خاسج‬
‫ تـ‬emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّحرث‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫ ارا ٌّىٓ اٌرؼثٍش ػٓ اٌم‬BA cosθ

41
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

𝒅
𝜺=−𝑵 𝑩𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (𝟏)
𝒅𝒕

From this expression, we see that an emf can be

Normal
induced in the circuit in several ways:
1.The magnitude of B can change with time.
2.The area enclosed by the loop can change with time.
3. The angle θ between B and the normal to the loop
can change with time.
4. Any combination of the above can occur. Figure 1

‫ تؼذج غشق‬emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّحرث‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫ٌذ اٌم‬ٛ‫) ٌّىٓ اْ ٔالحظ ذ‬1( ٗ‫ِٓ خالي ٘زٖ اٌؼالل‬

ِٓ‫ذغٍش ايفٍط ِغ اٌض‬ .1

ِٓ‫ذغٍش اٌّساحٗ اٌّغٍمٗ تاٌحٍمٗ ِغ اٌض‬ .2
ٗ‫د اٌّماَ ػٍى سطح اٌّساح‬ّٛ‫ اٌؼ‬ٚ ‫غ اٌفٍط‬ٛ‫ٌٗ تٍٓ خط‬ٚ‫ذغٍش اٌضا‬ .3
‫ ذغٍش اي ِٓ إٌماغ اػالٖ ِجرّؼح‬ٚ‫ا‬ .4

10- Example: A coil of 15 turns and radius 10cm surrounds a long

solenoid of radius 2cm and 1x103 turns/meter (show in the Figure)
The current in the solenoid changes as I =(5.00 A)sin(120t). Find
the induced emf in the 15-turn coil as a function of time.

Solution:

Ф𝑩 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒏𝑰 𝑨𝒔𝒐𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒅
𝒅Ф𝑩 𝒅𝑰
Ф𝑩 = −𝑵 = −𝑵𝝁𝒐 𝒏(𝝅𝒓𝟐 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒎 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑨
Ф𝑩 = −𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑻. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎−𝟏 𝝅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒎 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒕
𝑨 𝒔

𝜺 = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒕)𝒎𝑽

42
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
11- Explain the induced emf and prove that the induced electric field is non-
conservative?

To prove that the induced electric field is non conservative?

Answer : We can illustrate this point by considering a conducting loop of

radius r situated in a uniform magnetic field that is perpendicular to the
plane of the loop, as in Figure1. If the magnetic field changes with time,
then, according to Faraday’s law, an emf Ԑ = − 𝒅𝝓𝑩 𝒅𝒕 Is induced in the
loop The induction of a current in the loop implies the presence of an
induced electric field E, which must be tangent to the loop because this is
the direction in which the charges in the wire move in response to the
electric force

r ‫صً ػٍى شىً حٍمٗ فً ِجاي ِغٕاغٍسً حٍث‬ِٛ ‫ٌّىٓ اثثاخ ٘زٖ اٌحاٌٗ ِٓ خالي فشظٕا اْ ٌذٌٕا‬
ٖٛ‫ٌذ ل‬ٛ‫ْ فشاداي ذر‬ٛٔ‫حسة لا‬ٚ ِٓ‫ذّثً ٔصف لطش اٌحٍمٗ فارا ذغٍش اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍسً ِغ اٌض‬
induced current ‫ٌٍذ ذٍاس ِحرث‬ٛ‫رٌه ٌؤدي اٌى ذ‬ٚ induced emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ ِحرث‬ٙ‫دافؼٗ و‬
‫ْ اذجا٘ٗ ِّاسا ِراثشا تحشوح‬ٛ‫ ٌى‬induce electric field ‫شتائً ِحرث‬ٙ‫ٌذ ِجاي و‬ٛ‫تاٌراًٌ ٌر‬ٚ
)ٗ‫صً ( اٌحٍم‬ٌّٛ‫اٌشحٕاخ فً ا‬

The work done by the electric field in moving a test charge q once around
the loop is equal to qԐ. Because the electric force acting on the charge is qE,
the work done by the electric field in moving the charge once around the
loop is qE(2πr), where 2πr is the circumference of the loop. These two
expressions for the work done must be equal; therefore, we see that

ٕٗ‫ٖ اٌّسٍطٗ ػٍى اٌشح‬ٛ‫الْ اٌم‬ٚ . qԐ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ي اٌحٍمٗ ٌسا‬ٛ‫ْ اٌشغً االصَ ٌرحشٌه اٌشحٕٗ ح‬ٛ‫ارا سٍى‬
ٛ٘ ٗ‫ي اٌحٍم‬ٛ‫شتائً ٌرحشٌه اٌشحٕٗ ح‬ٙ‫ْ اٌشغً إٌّجض ِٓ لثً اٌّجاي اٌى‬ٛ‫ ارا سٍى‬qE ‫ي‬ٚ‫ذسا‬

ٕٗ‫شتائٍٗ = اٌشغً اٌالصَ ٌرحشٌه اٌشح‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌى‬ٛ‫اٌم‬

qԐ = qE(2πr) circumference 2πr

Ԑ = E. 2πr
𝑑𝜙 𝐵
Ԑ=− Faraday law of induction
𝑑𝑡

𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐵

43
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
𝑑
∴ 𝐸. 2𝜋𝑟 = − ( 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐵)
𝑑𝑡
𝑟 𝑑𝐵
E = −2 ≠ 0 is no equal to zero
𝑑𝑡

The emf for any closed path can be expressed as the line integral of E. ds
over that path: Ԑ = 𝑬. 𝒅𝒔 . In more general cases, E may not be constant,
and the path may not be a circle. Hence, Faraday’s law of induction,
Ԑ = − 𝒅𝝓𝑩 𝒅𝒕 , can be written in the general form

‫ ٌىً اٌّساس‬E. ds ‫ا ترىاًِ خطً ٌـ‬ٕٙ‫شتائٍٗ الي ِساس ِغٍك ٌّىٓ ايذؼثٍش ػ‬ٙ‫ٖ اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬ٛ‫اٌم‬
ٓ‫ػٍٍٗ ٌّى‬ٚ ‫ اٌّساس ٌٍس دائشٌا‬ٚ ‫شتائً غٍش ثاتد‬ٙ‫ْ اٌّجاي اٌى‬ٛ‫تشىً ػاَ لذ ٌى‬ٚ Ԑ = 𝑬. 𝒅𝒔
ِٗ‫ْ فشاداي ٌٍحث تصٍغرٗ اٌؼا‬ٛٔ‫وراتح لا‬
𝒅𝝓𝑩
𝑬. 𝒅𝒔 = − (𝟐)
𝒅𝒕
The induced electric field E in Equation 1 is a nonconservative field that is
generated by a changing magnetic field. The field E that satisfies Equation1
cannot possibly be an electrostatic field because if the field were
electrostatic, and hence conservative, the line integral of E.ds over a
closed loop would be zero.

‫ رٌه تسثة ذغٍش اٌّجاي‬. ‫شتائً اٌّحرث ٌٍس ِحافظا‬ٙ‫) ٔالحظ اْ اٌّجاي اٌى‬2( ٌٗ‫ِٓ اٌّؼاد‬
‫) ارا واْ ِجاي ِسرمش‬2( ٌٗ‫شتائً فً اٌّؼاد‬ٙ‫ فشظٕا اٌؼىس اْ اٌّجاي اٌى‬ٌٛٚ. ًٍ‫اٌّغٕاغٍسً االص‬
. ‫ي صفشا‬ٚ‫ ٌىً ِساس اٌحٍمٗ اٌّغٍك ٌسا‬E.ds ‫ْ اٌرىاًِ اٌخطً ٌٍـ‬ٛ‫ ِحافظ سٍى‬ٚ ‫ثاتد‬

44
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
12- clarify the Lenz law and illustrate the induced emf (ε) both
experimentally and theoretically ?

Answer:

‫ ػٍٍّا‬Expermentaَly ‫ٔعشٌا‬ Theoretically

‫ فارا‬A ٗ‫اَ تاذجاٖ ِرجٗ اٌّساح‬ٙ‫ – ٔجؼً االت‬1 ً‫ – ٔحذد لٍّح اٌفٍط اٌّغٕاغٍس‬1
‫ساْ االصاتغ تٓفس اذجاٖ حشوح‬ٚ‫واْ اذجاٖ د‬ Ф𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
‫ ػٕذ٘ا‬induced current ‫اٌرٍاس اٌّحرث‬ ‫ – ٔجذ لٍّح ِشرمح اٌفٍط‬2
ε ˃ 0 ‫جة‬ِٛ induced emf ْٛ‫ٌى‬

‫٘زا ٌؼًٕ اْ ذغٍش فً اٌفٍط ػٕذِا ٌضداد ٘زا‬ٚ

I ً‫ حرى تإٌرٍجٗ ذم‬emf ًٍٍ‫ٌؤدي اٌى ذم‬
B induced ‫ا‬ٙ‫ٌمً ِؼ‬ٚ induced
ٖ‫ساْ االصاتغ ػىس اذجا‬ٚ‫ فارا واْ اذجاٖ د‬- 2
induced current ‫حشوح اٌرٍاس اٌّحرث‬
ε ˂ 0 ‫ ساٌة‬induced emf ْٛ‫ػٕذ٘ا ٌى‬

45
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
13- Explain the motional emf in case of supposing the conducting bar
moves through a region of uniform magnetic field B =B 𝐾 (Pointing
into the page) by sliding along two frictionless conducting rails that are
at a distance ℓ apart and connected together by a resistor with resistance
R?

Answer :

َ‫صٍٗ ِرحشوٗ فً ِجاي ِغٕاغٍسً ِٕرظ‬ِٛ ٍٗٔ‫) تٍٓ غشفً لطؼٗ ِؼذ‬V( ‫ذ‬ٙ‫ً٘ فشق اٌج‬

𝜺 = ( 𝝂 × 𝑩). 𝒅𝒔

Consider a conducting bar of length l moving through a uniform magnetic

field which points into the page, as shown in Figure 3. Particles with charge
q ˃ 0 inside experience a magnetic force 𝑭 = 𝒒𝛎 × 𝑩 which tends to push
them upward, leaving negative charges on the lower end.

‫ ٌرحشن خالي ِجاي ِغٕاغٍسً ِٕرظُ اٌزي‬Ɩ ‫ي‬ٛ‫صً ػٍى شىً لعٍة ِؼذًٔ تط‬ِٛ ‫ٌٕفشض اْ ٌذٌٕا‬
‫ف ذراثش‬ٛ‫جثٗ فً داخً اٌمعٍة س‬ٌّٛ‫) اٌشحٕاخ ا‬3( ً‫ٌرجٗ داخً اٌصفحٗ (×) وّا ِثٍٓ فً اٌشى‬
‫ا اٌى اػٍى اٌمعٍة فٍّا ذٕذفغ اٌشحٕاخ اٌساٌثٗ اٌى االسفً تفؼً ٔفس‬ٙ‫ٖ ِغٕاغٍسٍٗ ذؼًّ ػٍى دفؼ‬ٛ‫تم‬
ٖٛ‫اٌم‬

The separation of charge gives rise to an electric

field 𝐸 inside the bar, which produces a downward

electric force 𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬 . At equilibrium where

the two forces cancel, We have

𝒒𝝂𝑩 = 𝒒𝑬, or 𝑬 = 𝝂𝑩. Between

the two ends of the conductor, there exists a potential difference given by

𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒃
Figure 3
𝜺 = 𝑬𝓵

= 𝝂𝑩𝓵

46
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
ٍٗ‫شتائ‬ٙ‫ٖ و‬ٛ‫ٌذ ل‬ٛ‫اٌرً ذ‬ٚ ًٔ‫شتائٍا فً داخً اٌمعٍة اٌّؼذ‬ٙ‫ٌذ ِجال و‬ٌٛ ٗ‫زٖ اٌطشٌم‬ٙ‫فصً اٌشحٕاخ ت‬
‫ف ذظ٘ش‬ٛ‫سف‬ٚ ٍٓ‫ّا فً اذجاٍ٘ٓ ِرؼاوس‬ٙٔ‫ّا ال‬ٙ‫ذٍٓ تؼع‬ٛ‫ف ذٍغً اٌم‬ٛ‫تاٌراًٌ س‬ٚ ً‫ِرجٗ اٌى االسف‬
ً‫ص‬ٌّٛ‫اٌرً ا‬ٙٔ ً‫ذ ف‬ٙ‫صً فشق ج‬ٌّٛ‫ػٍى ا‬

Since ε arises from the motion of the conductor, this potential difference is
called the motional emf. In general, motional emf around a closed
conducting loop can be written as:

𝜺 = ( 𝝂 × 𝑩). 𝒅𝒔

Where 𝑑𝑠 is a differential length element?

ٖٛ‫ذ ٘زا اٌم‬ٙ‫ف ٔسًّ فشق اٌج‬ٛ‫ س‬. ً‫ص‬ٌّٛ‫ف ذٕشاء ِٓ حشوٗ ا‬ٛ‫ س‬induced emf = ε ْ‫تّا ا‬
. ٗ‫ حٍث 𝑠𝑑 ذّثً ِرجٗ اٌّساف‬motional emf ٗ‫شتائٍٗ اٌّرحشو‬ٙ‫اٌذافؼٗ اٌى‬

Now suppose the conducting bar moves through a region of uniform

magnetic field 𝑩 = 𝑩𝒌 (pointing into the page) by sliding along two
frictionless conducting rails that are at a distance ℓ apart and connected
together by a resistor with resistance R, as shown in Figure 4.

ً‫اصٌرٍٓ ػذيِرً االحرىان فً ِجاي ِغٕاغٍس‬ٛ‫اسطٗ سىرٍٓ ِر‬ٛ‫صً ٌرحشن ت‬ٌّٛ‫ٌٕفشض اْ ٌذٌٕا ا‬
‫ وّا‬R ِٗٚ‫غٗ اٌى ِما‬ٛ‫ِشت‬ٚ ℓ ً٘ ٍٓ‫اْ اٌّسافٗ تٍٓ اٌسىر‬ٚ 𝑩 = 𝑩𝒌ٗ‫ِٕرعُ ِرجٗ داخً اٌصفح‬
. 4 ً‫ِثٍٓ فً اٌشى‬

Let an external force be applied so that the

conductor moves to the right with a constant
velocity 𝝂 = 𝝂𝒊. The magnetic flux through the closed
loop formed by the bar and the rails is given by:

Ф𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑩𝓵𝒙 (4)

Thus, according to Faraday’s law, the induced emf is: Figure 4

𝒅Ф𝑩 𝒅 𝒅𝒙
𝜺=− = − (𝑩𝓵𝒙) = −𝑩𝑰 = −𝑩𝓵𝝂
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Where 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝂 is simply the speed of the bar. The corresponding
induced current is:

47
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
|𝜺| 𝑩𝓵𝝂
𝑰= =
𝑹 𝑹

14- A long solenoid has n = 400 turns per meter and carries a current given
by I = (30.0 A)(1 – e-1.60t ). Inside the solenoid and coaxial with it is a
coil that has a radius of R= 6.00 cm and consists of a total of N = 250
turns of fine wire (Fig. P31.13). What emf is induced in the coil by the
changing current?
Solution:

10- coil formed by wrapping 50 turns of wire in the shape of a square is

positioned in a magnetic field so that the normal to the plane of the coil
makes an angle of θ = 30.0° with the direction of the field. When the
magnetic field is increased uniformly from 200 µT to 600 µT in time t =
0.400 s, an emf of magnitude ε = 80.0 mV is induced in the coil.
What is the total length of the wire?
Solution:

48
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force

11- A toroid having a rectangular cross section (a = 2.00 cm by b = 3.00

cm) and inner radius R = 4.00 cm consists of 500 turns of wire that
carries a sinusoidal current I = I max sin wt, with I max = 50.0 A and a
frequency f = 60.0 Hz. A coil that consists of N = 20 turns of wire
links with the toroid, as in Figure P31.17. Determine the emf induced
in the coil as a function of time?
Solution:

49
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
12- Figure P31.20 shows a top view of a bar that can
Slide without friction. The resistor is R = 6.00
( and a 2.50-T ) The Magnetic field is directed
perpendicularly downward,
Into the paper. Let ℓ = 1.20 m. (a) Calculate the applied
force required to move the bar to the right at a constant
speed of 2.00 m/s. (b) At what rate is the energy delivered
to the resistor?
Solution:

13- For the situation shown in Figure P31.32, the magnetic

field changes with time according to the expression
B = (2.00t 3 - 4.00t 2 + 2 0.800)T, and r2 = 2R = 5.00 cm.
(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force
exerted on an electron located at point P2 when t = 2.00 s.
(c) At what time is this force equal to zero?

50
Chapter three Induced Electromotive Force
Solution:

51