Topic 8 Differential Diagnosis of FUO SCTD - Short.
Topic 8 Differential Diagnosis of FUO SCTD - Short.
Topic 8 Differential Diagnosis of FUO SCTD - Short.
National Medical University
Rector – professor Kapustnik V.A.
Department of Pediatrics 1 and Neonatology
Head of the department – professor Gonchar
M.O.
Differential diagnosis of fever of unknown
origin, noninfectious rashes. Systemic
connective tissue diseases and systemic
vasculitis in children
Olena Riga MD, PhD, Professor
Tatyana Ishchenko MD, PhD, Associate
Professor
Resourses
https://www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-
Support/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines
Personal Cases
https://www.slideshare.net/apoorvaerukulla/fever-of-
unknown-origin-pediatrics
FUO in children
• - as fever >38.3°C at least once per day for ≥8
days with no apparent diagnosis after initial
outpatient or hospital evaluation that includes
a 1) detailed history, 2) thorough physical
examination, 3) and initial laboratory
assessment
Children with FUO
• usually have treatable or self-limiting diseases
• the fever resolves over time in most cases,
and a specific diagnosis eventually can be
made in others
• the outcome is not necessarily benign
• mortality rates were 6 and 9 %.
Causes of FUO (1)
Causes of FUO (2)
Ethnic or genetic background
• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in Ulster Scots
• Familial Mediterranean fever is most common
in individuals of Turkish, Armenian, North
African Jewish, and Arab descent but is not
restricted to these groups
• Familial dysautonomia in those of Ashkenazi
Jewish descent
Hystory&Clinic of FUO (1)
Hystory&Clinic of FUO (2)
Physical exam of FUO (1)
Physical exam of FUO (2)
Physical exam of FUO (3)
Physical exam of FUO (4)
Lab&Imaging of FUO (1)
Lab&Imaging of FUO (2)
It is important to ask, and ask again
Medications
Travel history
Tick bites
Consumption of game meat
(toxoplasmosis, tularemia), raw
meat (tularemia, brucellosis),
or raw shellfish (hepatitis)
Exposure to animals
History of surgical procedures
Fever without a source in children 3
to 36 months of age
• Fever of ≥39°C (102.2°F) taken rectally is the threshold
above which evaluation for a source of occult infection,
including urinary tract infection (UTI), may be
warranted in children 3 to 36 months of age with no
identified infectious source on physical examination.
Urinary tract infection
Bacteremia
Unimmunized or incompletely immunized
Pneumonia
Bone and joint
Infective endocarditis
Intra-abdominal abscess
Hepatic infection
Upper respiratory tract infection
• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• NEOPLASMS
• autoimmune diseases – a chronic
inflammatory response with the presence of
self-reactive CD4-positive T lymphocytes.
• autoinflammatory diseases - a chronic
inflammatory response but no evidence of
adaptive immunity in the form of self-reactive
T cells
autoinflammatory diseases
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c ent MCTD
o les
s, Ad
u•
l t Mixed connective tissue disease - was originally defined in
Ad
1972 as a connective tissue disorder characterized by the
presence of high titers of a distinctive autoantibody, now
called anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) (previously termed
antibody to extractable nuclear antigens [anti-ENA]). The
central premise of the MCTD concept is that of an overlap
syndrome associated with anti-U1 RNP antibodies that
incorporates selected clinical features of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (scleroderma [SSc]),
and polymyositis (PM).
n -
re
C hild
Children`s systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE),
Juvenile systemic sclerosis (scleroderma [JSSc]),
Juvenile polymyositis (JPM).
Features of Diseases
Feature MCTD SLE Scleroderma Polymyositis
Renal Involvment Less Common Common Renal Crisis may Rare
occur
FIG 2- uploaded by Ali S M Jawad
• Children with earlier-onset cSLE (<10 years of
age) tend to have more severe disease activity
and poorer prognosis
• The classic malar rash may be absent or
overlooked when there are only subtle changes.
• The rash may also appear as less conspicuous
erythema or hypopigmentation in persons with
darker skin pigmentation. The malar rash must
not be relied upon to suggest the diagnosis.
Childhood onset SLE
Childhood onset SLE
Manifestations
• Hematologic (55 to 77 %) – Anemia, lymphopenia,
leukopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia
• Mucocutaneous (70 %) – Malar rash, photosensitivity,
oral or nasal ulcers, and/or discoid rash
• Musculoskeletal (61 to 64 %) – Arthritis, arthralgia,
and/or serositis
• Renal abnormalities (27 to 59 %) – Proteinuria,
hematuria, and/or casts suggestive of nephritis;
nephrotic syndrome; and/or biopsy-proven lupus
nephritis
• Fever (26 to 58 %)
Musculoskeletal
• The arthritis of cSLE affects both large and
small joints. Contrary to usual teaching, the
arthritis of cSLE is not always painful and, in
many cases, may be asymptomatic and only
noted on careful physical examination
• Additional bony abnormalities include
osteopenia, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis
(avascular necrosis)
Renal
• Renal involvement in SLE may vary from the
detection of hematuria and proteinuria on
routine examination to the presence of nephrotic
syndrome or acute kidney injury. Some degree of
renal involvement is present in up to two-thirds
of patients with cSLE evaluated
• Lupus nephritis is classified by histopathology and
ranges from class I (normal or near normal) to
class VI (end-stage kidney disease), with
proliferative nephritis (class III or class IV)
representing almost half of all renal lesions
Pulmonary
• Most reviews of cSLE report respiratory findings
in 30 to 50 percent of patients, with pleuritis
being the most common (30 to 35 percent of
children with SLE)
• Subclinical lung disease (eg, restrictive lung
disease or reduced diffusion capacity identified
through pulmonary function testing [PFT] with
diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide [DLCO]) is
present in as many as 60 to 70 % of patients who
are tested
Cardiac
• Pericarditis is the most common cardiac
abnormality in children with SLE, particularly
within the first six months of diagnosis, and is
clinically significant in nearly one-quarter. Other
cardiovascular disease, such as myocarditis,
valvular disease (eg, endocarditis), and coronary
artery disease (CAD), are rare.
The prevalence of clinical heart disease
among children with SLE ranges in Heart failure in children with SLE is usually the
various studies from 12 to 54 percent result of renal or pulmonary compromise (eg,
hypertension, glomerulonephritis and/or
nephrosis, and pulmonary disease) rather than
intrinsic cardiac disease.
Gastrointestinal
• Gastrointestinal involvement occurs in approximately 20 %
• Symptoms included pain due to ascites, pancreatitis/
• Asymptomatic mild hepatitis (liver enzyme elevations two
to three times the upper range of normal) is a frequent
finding at disease onset, although it is important to rule out
infectious causes of hepatitis.
• Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) may be diagnosed prior to cSLE
diagnosis, with positive antismooth muscle antibodies but
without antiliver kidney microsomal antibodies .
Hepatomegaly may differentiate primary AIH from cSLE-
associated hepatitis, although the histopathology are
similar and are probably within a spectrum of disease.
American College of Rheumatology ACR criteria of SLE
Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics
(SLICC) criteria
LAB
• Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs),
• Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies
• Antibodies to the extractable nuclear antigens
(ENAs)
• Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs)
• Vitamin D deficiency
• ESR
• CRP
• Hypocomplementemia
• Urinary sediment abnormalities
https://www.almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1038
TREATMENT
• hydroxychloroquine at a dose ≤5 mg/kg per day (up to a maximum of 400
mg per day) (Grade 1B).
• children with moderate to severe SLE with glucocorticoids in addition to
hydroxychloroquine (Grade 2C).
• adding mycophenolate mofetil or another steroid-sparing agent in
children with moderate SLE that require continued use of high-dose
glucocorticoids to control disease activity (Grade 2C).
• Children and adolescents with severe SLE (eg, substantial renal or
neurologic disease), or those with moderate disease that does not quickly
come under control, require more aggressive therapy - iv
cyclophosphamide
• The survival rate for children and adolescents
with SLE is nearly 100 percent at 5 years and at
least 85 percent at 10 years. Higher mortality
rates are associated with lower socioeconomic
status of the family, increased disease activity,
and central nervous system (CNS) or renal
involvement.
• Complications of SLE include macrophage
activation syndrome (MAS), a form of
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and
infections such as pneumonia.
Juvenile systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma) JSSc
• Scleroderma is a group of diseases that vary in
severity and that can occur at any stage of life,
although the clinical patterns of scleroderma
in children differ from those in adulthood
JSSc is a chronic, multisystem, connective tissue disease typically
characterized by symmetrical fibrous thickening and hardening of the
skin combined with fibrous changes in internal organs, such as the
esophagus, intestinal tract, heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Systemic sclerosis subtypes (1)
Systemic sclerosis subtypes (2)
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• The European League Against Rheumatism
(EULAR) Scleroderma Trials and Research
(EUSTAR) group has established evidence-
based recommendations for treatment of
specific organ involvement in SSc
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Juvenile dermatomyositis and polymyositis:
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical
manifestations
• JDM is primarily a capillary vasculopathy,
whereas JPM involves direct T cell invasion of
muscle fibers similar to that seen in adult
polymyositis
• The natural history of JDM and JPM follows one
of three disease courses: monocyclic (one disease
episode that responds to standard treatment
without relapse), polycyclic (multiple remissions
and relapses), or chronic persistent that may
include persistent complications.
European League Against Reumatism/Americal Collegy of Reumatology
Criteria of JIM (1)
European League Against Reumatism/Americal Collegy of Reumatology
Criteria of JIM (2)
JPM
• Proximal muscle weakness – 100 %
• Fatigue – 82 %
• Arthritis or arthralgias – 69 %
• Myalgias – 64 %
• Falling – 60 %
• Weight loss – 54 %
• Fever – 47 %
• Muscle atrophy – 46 %
• Distal muscle weakness – 44 %
• Dysphagia – 41 %
• Abdominal pain – 31 %
• Periungual capillary changes – 31 %
• Raynaud phenomenon – 28 %
• Dysphonia – 24 %
• Palpitations – 23 %
JDM
• Gottron's rash – 91 %
• Heliotrope rash – 83 %
• Malar/facial rash – 42 %
• Nailfold capillary change – 80 %
• Myalgia/arthralgia – 25 %
• Dysphonia or dysphagia – 24 %
• Anorexia – 18 %
• Fever – 16 %
IDM/JPM Treatment (1)
• high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in all patients with JDM or JPM (Grade 1B) - oral
prednisone (2 mg/kg per day, maximum dose of 80 mg/day) OR the use of
intravenous methylprednisolone for patients who fail to respond to oral
prednisone or who have pulmonary or gastrointestinal (GI) complications that limit
their ability to either take or absorb oral medications.
• methotrexate is the preferred steroid-sparing agent (approximately 15 mg/m2
once weekly, administered as a subcutaneous injection).
• Cyclosporine is an alternative to methotrexate (starting dose of 3 to 5 mg/kg per
day, administered in one or two doses).
• cyclophosphamide (500 to 750 mg/m2 every four weeks) in combination with high-
dose glucocorticoid therapy in patients with severe or life-threatening disease
(Grade 2C).
• Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is added for refractory disease or when there
is a poor response to glucocorticoids. Adjunctive therapy includes the use of
sunscreen, topical agents for localized skin care, physical therapy, and
supplementation of calcium (up to 1000 mg/day) and vitamin D (1000 units/day)
to prevent osteoporosis.
•
Complication&treatment responce
Response to treatment is determined by evaluating
for improvement in skeletal muscle enzymes,
muscle weakness, and rashes.
PLUS
Complications include osteoporosis, calcinosis, and
intestinal perforation. An increased risk of
malignancy is not seen in children with JDM or JPM
as in adults.
Advances in the treatment of JDM have improved
survival mortality and morbidity rates in children
with JDM.
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Pediatrics
ONLY 4
Diseases
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Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (WEGENER~S)
• GPA is a systemic vasculitis with granulomatous
inflammation of small- and medium-sized arteries
that typically affect the upper and lower
respiratory tract and the kidneys. It is usually
associated with the presence of cytoplasmic
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (cANCAs),
generally with specificity for proteinase 3.
• GPA is a rare disease in childhood, with an
estimated annual incidence of less than one per
one million children
TASK KROK-2
• Six months ago, a 5-year-old child was operated for CHD.
For the last 3 weeks he has complained of fever, heart pain,
aching muscles and bones. Examination results: “white-
coffee” skin colour, auscultation revealed systolic murmur
in the region of heart along with a noise in the III-IV
intercostal space. Examination of fingertips revealed
Janeway lesions. What is your provisional diagnosis?
• A Infectious endocarditis
• B Sepsis
• C Nonrheumatic carditis
• D Acute rheumatic fever
• E Typhoid fever
TASK KROK-2
• An 11-year-old boy complains of general weakness, fever up to 38,2
o C, pain and swelling of the knee joints, feeling of irregular
heartbeat. 3 weeks ago, the child had quinsy. Knee joints are
swollen, the overlying skin and skin of the knee region is reddened,
local temperature is increased, movements are limited. Heart
sounds are muffled, extrasystole is present, auscultation reveals
apical systolic murmur that is not conducted to the left inguinal
region. ESR is 38 mm/h. CRP is 2+, antistreptolysin O titre -400.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
• A Acute rheumatic fever
• B Vegetative dysfunction
• C Non-rheumatic carditis
• D Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
• E Reactive arthritis
TASK KROK-2
• A 12-year-old child had three attacks of acute
rheumatic fever accompanied by carditis. Examination
revealed the symptoms of chronic tonsillitis, mitral
insufficiency, carious teeth.What is the optimal
method of secondary
• prophylaxis?
• A Year-round bicillin prophylaxis till the age of 25
• B Course of cardiotrophic drugs twice a year
• C Year-round bicillin prophylaxis for 3 years
• D Tonsillectomy
• E Oral cavity sanitation
TASK KROK-2
• A 7 y.o. child had elevation of temperature 40 C in
anamnesis. For the last 3 months he presents fusiform
swelling of fingers, ankle joints and knee joint, pain in
the upper part of the sternum and cervical part of the
spinal column.
• What is the most probable diagnosis?
• A Juvenile rheumatic arthritis
• B Rheumatism
• C Toxic synovitis
• D Septic arthritis
• E Osteoarthrits
TASK KROK-2
• An 8 year old girl complains about joint pain,
temperature rise up to 38 C, dyspnea. Objectively: the
left cardiac border is deviated by 2,5 cm to the left,
tachycardia, systolic murmur on the apex and in the V
point are present. Blood count: leukocytes – 20x10 9 /l,
ESR - 18 mm/h. What sign gives the most substantial
proof for rheumatism diagnosis?
• A Carditis
• B Arthralgia
• C Leukocytosis
• D Fever
• E Accelerated ESR
TASK KROK-2
• The girl of 11 y.o. She is ill for 1 month. She has
“butterfly“type rash on face (spots and papules), pain
and swelling of small joints on arms and legs, signs of
stomatitis (small-sized ulcers in mouth). CBC: Нb– 80
g/L, RBC– 2,9x10 12 /L, WBC– 15x10 9 /L, ESR- 40
mm/hour. Urinalysis: protein– 0,33 g/L. What is the
most probable diagnosis?
• A Systemic lupus erythematosus
• B Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic type
• C Periarteriitis nodosa
• D Acute rheumatic fever
• E Dermatomyositis
TASK KROK-2
• A 8-year-old boy has suffered from tonsilitis. In 2
weeks he started complaining of migratory joint pain,
edema of joints, restriction of movements, fever. On
examination, an acute rheumatic heart disease, activity
of the III-rd degree, primary rheumocarditis,
polyarthritis; acute course of disease, cardiovascular
failure IIA. What medication is to be prescribed?
• A Prednisone
• B Cefazolin
• C Delagil
• D Diprazinum
• E Erythromycin
TASK KROK-2
• A 7 y.o. boy has crampy abdominal pain and a rash on
the back of his legs and buttocks as well as on the
extensor surfaces of his forearms. Laboratory analysis
reveals proteinuria and microhematuria. He is most
likely to be affected by:
• A Polyarteritis nodosa
• B Systemic lupus erythematosus
• C Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
• D Dermatomyositis
• E Anaphylactoid purpura
Polyarteritis nodosa
• Skin involvement (livedo reticularis, tender
subcutaneous nodules, superficial or deep skin
infarctions)
• Myalgia or muscle tenderness
• Hypertension
• Peripheral neuropathy (sensory peripheral
neuropathy or motor mononeuritis multiplex)
• Renal involvement (proteinuria, hematuria, or red
blood cell casts, or glomerular filtration rate of
less than 50 percent the normal value for age)
TASK KROK-2
• An 8-year-old boy was brought to the admission
department by his parents. Parents report that he has
had pain in the right knee for the last 9 months,
recently mother has noticed some limitation of motion
in his right leg, and morning stiffness that doesn’t last
till the evening. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• A Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
• B Rheumatism
• C Osteomyelitis of the knee joint
• D Reactive arthritis
• E Traumatic arthritis
TASK KROK-2
• A 10-year-old boy with symptoms of arthritis and
myocarditis was delivered into a hospital. Based on
clinical examination the preliminary diagnosis of juvenile
rheumatoid arthritis was made. What symptom is the
most contributive for the diagnostics of this disease?
• A. Reduced mobility of the joints in the morning
• B. Regional hyperemia of the joints
• C. Affection of the large joints
• D. Enlarged heart
• E. Increased heart rate
TASK KROK-2
A 12-year-old child had three attacks of acute rheumatic
fever accompanied by carditis. Examination revealed the
symptoms of chronic tonsillitis, mitral insufficiency, and
carious teeth. What is the optimal method of secondary
prophylaxis?
• A. Course of cardiotrophic drugs twice a Year
• B. Year-round bicillin prophylaxis for 3 years
• C. Tonsillectomy
• D. Oral cavity sanitation
• E. Year-round bicillin prophylaxis until the age of 25
TASK KROK-2
• An 18-year-old young man complains of pain in his knee and elbow
joints and body temperature up to 39.5C. One week and a half
earlier developed sore throat. On examination his body
temperature is 38.5C. Swelling of the knee and elbow joints is
observed. Pulse is 106/min., rhythmic. Blood pressure is 90/60 mm
Hg. Cardiac borders are unchanged, heart sounds are weakened, at
the cardiac apex there is soft systolic murmur. What factor would
be the most indicative of the likely disease etiology?
• A. Anti-streptolysin O
• B. C-reactive protein
• C. Creatine kinase
• D. Rheumatoid factor
• E. Seromucoid
TASK KROK-2
• A 10-year-old boy with symptoms of arthritis and
myocarditis was delivered into a hospital. Based on clinical
examination the preliminary diagnosis of juvenile
rheumatoid arthritis was made. What symptom is the most
contributive for the diagnostics of this disease?
• A. Affection of the large joints
• B. Regional hyperemia of the joints
• C. Reduced mobility of the joints in the
• morning
• D. Enlarged heart
• E. Increased heart rate