Food and Agriculture

Organization of the
United Nations
This document is unedited and made available as presented by its authors.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers
or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not
these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by
FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

© FAO, 2017

FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information
product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed
for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or
services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright
holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in
any way.

All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use
rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to
[email protected].

FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can
be purchased through [email protected].
 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary...........................................................................................................................................3 This study covered the milk value chain in Andhra Pradesh and was carried out during April to August,
2016. Milk value chain was selected because of its importance to the food security and economy. Andhra
Glossary ..............................................................................................................................................................4 Pradesh holds a strong position in milk production. About 80% of rural population of Andhra Pradesh
1. MILK - Introduction and Background........................................................................................................5 practices a mixed crop and livestock based farming system. The state ranks fifth in terms of production
and has a productivity higher than the national average. Dairy is also a major source of ancillary income
a. Status and importance of the subsector; developments over the last 15 years ............................ 5
contributing USD 15-25 every month (~20% of total monthly income) towards household income.
b. Inventory of activities and lessons learnt from past and on-going interventions in subsector
Case study methodology developed by Save Food was used in the research process, it focuses on iden-
losses ............................................................................................................................................. 10 tifying the symptoms and causes of food loss and finding relevant solutions, using a phased “4S” ap-
c. The process of policy making and current policy framework/ national strategy on subsector proach consisting of Screening (secondary research from documents, reports, and expert consultations),
losses and brief description ........................................................................................................... 11 Survey, Sampling, Synthesis (root cause analysis and solution finding). Case study is just a one-moment
recording of what is happening in a specific food supply chain in a specific season; next season and in
d. Relevant institutions and their role in terms of policy, organizational structure, mandate and a different location the situation can be very different again. The methodology also takes into account
activities in the small and medium subsector ................................................................................ 12 environmental, social and food safety aspects so as to be able to come up with well-rounded solutions.
E. THE MOST IMPORTANT FSCs IN THE SUBSECTOR, SELECTION OF FSC................. 13 The strategy aims at using the results of the case studies to target opportunities for further detailed stud-
ies with wider scope that can lead to concrete investment programs and interventions.
2. THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN - Situation analysis ..................................................................................16
Liquid milk value chain for Krishna and Ananthapur districts were selected for primary survey. Krishna
a. Description of the selected subsector supply chain, its location and estimate of the quantities of district is the first district to implement operation flood program in Andhra Pradesh with organized
products ......................................................................................................................................... 16 cooperative structure, high milk productivity and orderly markets. Ananthapur district is characterized
b. Description of the existing marketing systems of the selected subsector supply chain, for small- by low milk productivity, low market access and is highly dominated by unorganized market with major
scale producers .............................................................................................................................. 18 incidences of recorded adulteration in milk (Raw milk).
The study covered both formal and informal channels of milk supply chain. Formal trade is channelled
c. FSC actors’ involvement and their benefit ................................................................................ 20
through Milk Collection Centers (MCC)/private aggregators where milk is collected from farmers. Milk
D. creation and income generation; economic data of the FSC; environment-related inputs and procured by MCC is further chilled at chilling center. At the processing center, the chilled milk procured
factors of the FSC.......................................................................................................................... 21 from the various MCCs and chilling centers is pasteurized and packed. The packed milk is then marketed
through private retailers/milk stations and consumer shops.
3. THE FOOD LOSSES - Study findings and results...................................................................................25
a. Description of the FSC: risk factors .......................................................................................... 25
The results of the study suggest that losses during the early and middle stages of the food supply chain
are higher than later stages. Gaps were observed at the farm level, milk collection center (MCC) and the
b. Critical Loss Points: type and level of food losses in the selected subsector chains, including chilling center leading to losses. Rejection of the milk at MCCs and chilling centers due to non-compli-
both quantitative and qualitative losses......................................................................................... 25 ance with quality standards and spillage losses during transportation are major reasons for food loss.
The root causes for the deteriorated quality are unhygienic management and milking practices, unethical
c. The causes of these losses and identified (potential) loss reduction measures.......................... 31
practices like milk adulteration, lack of price incentives for good quality milk. The losses at the chilling
d. Low Loss Points, and good practices leading to low food losses.............................................. 32 center are also due to the late arrival of the trucks from MCCs, leading to higher microbial load and
subsequent rejections. Food Safety is a major concern in this sector. Adulteration of milk, antibiotic
4. THE FOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY-Conclusions and recommendations...........................34
residues and presence of aflatoxin M1 are important concerns in this sector. The environmental and
A. Impact of food losses in the selected FSC................................................................................ 34 social impact of the dairy sector is also briefly covered in the report. The report suggests potential solu-
B.FOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY................................................................................ 35 tions like the introduction of adulteration test kit at milk collection centers and capacity building which
would help mitigate the above mentioned losses. These were discussed and validated at the stakeholder
C. Food loss reduction plan, strategy, investment requirements ................................................... 40 consultative workshop. Additional solutions that were suggested during the consultative workshop in-
d. Follow-up action plan/ concept note ......................................................................................... 40 clude milking a cow thrice a day instead of twice (this helps in emptying udder and reducing contami-
nation) and forming village level committees, farmer groups to ensure instil practice of 100% testing.
Bibliography/ references .................................................................................................................................42
ITINERARY ....................................................................................................................................................43

2|Page
Page | 2 3 | PPage
a g |e3
GLOSSARY 1. MILK
1. MILK -- INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION AND AND BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
A. STATUS
A. STATUS AND AND IMPORTANCE
IMPORTANCE OF OF THE
THE SUBSECTOR;
SUBSECTOR; DEVELOPMENTS
DEVELOPMENTS OVER OVER
AI Artificial Insemination THE LAST
THE LAST 15 15 YEARS
YEARS
ALDA Area Livestock Development Associations India is
India is the
the largest
largest producer
producer asas well
well as
as consumer
consumer ofof milk.
milk. India
India ranks
ranks first
first in
in milk
milk production,
production, accounting
accounting
for 18.5% of world production, achieving an annual output of 160.35 million tonnes
for 18.5% of world production, achieving an annual output of 160.35 million tonnes during 2015-16 as during 2015-16 as
AP Andhra Pradesh
compared to 146.31 million tonnes during 2014-15 recording a growth of 9.59%. The
compared to 146.31 million tonnes during 2014-15 recording a growth of 9.59%. The per capita availa- per capita availa-
APDDCF Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation bility of milk
milk inin India
India has
has increased
increased from
from 176
176 grams
grams per
per day
day in
in 1990-91
1990-91 to to >300
>300 grams
grams per
per day
day in
in 2013-
2013-
bility of
APLDA Andhra Pradesh Livestock Development Agency 14. It is more than the world average of 294 grams per day during 2013 1. This represents a sustained
1
14. It is more than the world average of 294 grams per day during 2013 . This represents a sustained
BMC Bulk Milk Chilling centre growth
growth in in availability
availability ofof milk
milk and
and milk
milk products
products for
for the
the growing
growing Indian
Indian population.
population. Around
Around 75 75 million
million
CEO Chief Executive Officer families
families in rural India are engaged in dairying activities related to milk production constituting about
in rural India are engaged in dairying activities related to milk production constituting about 75
75
percent
percent of of rural
rural households
households that
that on
on average
average own
own two
two to
to four
four animals.
animals. Therefore,
Therefore, dairying
dairying has
has become
become
CLP Critical loss point an
an important
important secondary
secondary source
source of
of income
income for
for millions
millions of
of rural
rural households
households engaged
engaged in
in agriculture.
agriculture.
CMP Chief Minister's Package
CMP Clean Milk Production
DDGS Dried Distillers Grains -Soluble India-trends
India-trends in
in milk
milk production
production
DRDA District Rural Development Agency (million
(million tons)
tons)
FSC Food Supply Chain 180 160.35
180 160.35
FSSA Food Safety and Standards Act 160 146.31
146.31
160 132.43 137.9
137.9
140 121.85 127.9
127.9 132.43
FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India 140 112.18 116.43
116.43 121.85
120 112.18
120
GHG Greenhouse gas 100
100
80
80
IDDP Integrated Dairy Development Program
60
60
IDMC Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd. 40
40
20
LLP Low loss point 20
0
0
LR Lactometer Reading
MACS Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies
MCC Milk Collection Centres
NDDB National Dairy Development Board
NMPS National Mission for Protein Supplements
QRs Quantitative Restrictions The
The state
state of
of Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh ranks
ranks fifth
fifth in
in milk
milk production
production and
and it
it is
is one
one of
of the
the most
most agriculturally
agriculturally ad-
ad-
vanced
vanced states in India. In Andhra Pradesh, 73% of milk produced comes from buffaloes, the
states in India. In Andhra Pradesh, 73% of milk produced comes from buffaloes, the remaining
remaining
RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
27%
27% produce
produce comes
comes from
from indigenous
indigenous and and crossbred
crossbred cows.
cows. About
About 80%80% ofof rural
rural population
population ofof Andhra
Andhra
SNF Solid Non Fat Pradesh
Pradesh practices
practices aa mixed
mixed crop
crop and
and livestock
livestock based
based farming
farming system.
system. Bovines
Bovines constitute
constitute around
around 41%
41% ofof
UNICEF United Nations International Child Emergency Fund the
the total livestock population and contribute to approximately 52% of the total livestock output. Milk
total livestock population and contribute to approximately 52% of the total livestock output. Milk
URAA Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture yield
yield in
in Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh (1206
(1206 kg kg per
per milch
milch animal
animal per
per year.
year. Milch
Milch animal
animal is is one
one giving
giving oror kept
kept for
for
milk)
milk) is much higher than the Indian average (1039 kg per milch animal per year) and is increasing at
is much higher than the Indian average (1039 kg per milch animal per year) and is increasing at aa
USD United States Dollar
faster
faster rate
rate due
due to
to factors
factors like
like good
good breeds,
breeds, favorable
favorable government
government interventions,
interventions, progressive
progressive farmers.
farmers.
VBMPS Village Based Milk Procurement System Annual milk production in the state in the year 2014-15 was 9.656 million MT, which is 6.6%
Annual milk production in the state in the year 2014-15 was 9.656 million MT, which3is 6.6% 2 of of the
2
the
national production. On average, dairy production adds around USD15-25 every month
national production. On average, dairy production adds around USD15-25 every month (~20% of total 3 (~20% of total
monthly
monthly income)
income) towards
towards household
household income
income for
for households
households with
with 11 dairy
dairy animal.
animal.

1
1 Data
Data from
from Department
Department of of Animal
Animal Husbandry,
Husbandry, Dairying
Dairying &
& Fisheries
Fisheries and
and PIB
PIB article
article and
and Article
Article at
at News18
News18
2
2 Data from National Dairy Development
Data from National Dairy Development Board Board
3
3 Income
Income figure
figure is
is estimated
estimated from
from primary
primary survey
survey and
and varies
varies depending
depending onon many
many factors
factors like
like self-consumption,
self-consumption,
access
access to fodder etc. Animal maintenance costs have been considered. Accounts for non-milking period
to fodder etc. Animal maintenance costs have been considered. Accounts for non-milking period of
of the
the
cow
cow and averages across a 5 year period. Average monthly income ranges from $ 95-115 and it comes from cul-
and averages across a 5 year period. Average monthly income ranges from $ 95-115 and it comes from cul-
tivation,
tivation, livestock
livestock (dairy),
(dairy), wages
wages from
from labor
labor and
and non-farm
non-farm business.
business.

Page | 4
4|Page 5
5 || P
P aa g
Page |e5
ge
Table1: Cattle population census by NDDB 2012

State of Andhra Crossbred Cows Indigenous Total Female Buffalo Total Cows &
Pradesh Over 2½ years Over 3 years Cows Over 3 years Buffaloes

Population in 000’s 1251 2228 3479 5763 9242

Andhra Pradesh’s (AP) dairy sector is vibrant and built on experiential knowledge and resilient local
cycles of production and consumption. It is categorized into formal and informal market. Even today,
dairying in Andhra Pradesh is dominated by the “informal market” which is a market built by the small
farmers, milk vendors, and consumers. In this informal marketing channel, the raw milk procured from
farmers is distributed to end users by milk agents/vendors. The “formal market” is an organized market
built by private dairies and cooperative milk production societies for producing pasteurized milk and
other value added milk products.
According to estimates of year 2014-15, the districts of Guntur, Krishna and Prakasam ranked the high-
est in maximum productivity of milk in Andhra Pradesh. The total milk production from these top 3
districts is approximately 1.2 million MT per year per district and low productivity districts such as
Ananthapur, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Kadapa account for 0.7 million MT per year per district.

OUTPUT I-1A: NATIONAL PRODUCTION INFORMATION OF THE SUBSECTOR - AC-

TORS AND PRODUCT FLOW
Four main marketing channels were identified in the A.P. dairy sector:
 Government cooperative
OUTPUT I-1B: STATE PRODUCTION INFORMATION OF THE SUBSECTOR:
 Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies (MACSs)
The most common way to market milk is through agents who deliver milk from door to door (mostly to
 Private formal sector and
monthly subscribers); or deliver them to small roadside stalls where milk is sold very early morning to
 Informal sector, including direct marketing (from farmers to consumers, hotels and sweet consumers. Milk products are usually distributed through larger “distributors”, “depots” or “clear-
houses). ing/forwarding agencies” who deliver milk to small neighbourhood kirana stores (grocery stores) and
supermarkets, locally or in other states of India. The dairy sector survey findings in Krishna district,
In this study, the dairy farmers are segregated into small (with <5 animals), medium (>5-10 animals)
Andhra Pradesh is that 19% of milk and milk products are sold through formal channels. Either both
and large farmer (>10 animals). Smallholder producers are rural farmers who retain almost 30% of their
agents and distributors can be exclusively or non-exclusively working for the dairy company (Model
produce for own consumption. The consumption within the smallholder producer comprises of the milk
Dairy, Heritage and Arokya agents work on commission or on a monthly salary. Apart from the usual
left for calf in the udder before & after milking and milk distributed directly in their neighborhood. The
distribution channels (which they also use extensively), the largest private companies (Model Dairy,
medium/large farmers do not rear calves and the majority of their livestock holding are heifer animals.
Heritage and Arokya) and some of the cooperative sector companies (Krishna milk union), sell their
The calves are sold in the market after weaning period. The major share of milk is marketed through
produce from branded milk parlors. However, in general, downstream vertical coordination is not well
informal channels. Some of the medium/large milk producers sell their milk directly to consumers in
developed yet. Dairy companies usually outsource the sales of their products and do not have a lot of
the village and nearby urban areas such as to restaurants, hotels, sweet houses, tea stalls or to a “dudhiya”
control/information over where their products are exactly being marketed. Even exports are channelled
(small milk trader) who goes to the city to sell fresh milk.
through distributors, especially by smaller companies, leaving very little specific information within the
Milk marketed through formal trade is channelled through Milk Collection Centers (MCC)/ Private ag- dairy company.
gregators where milk is collected and farmers are paid based on fat percentage in the milk brought to
the MCC. Milk procured by MCC is then taken to a chilling center where it is cooled to 4 degrees and
then the chilled milk is transported to milk processing centers in insulated tankers with a capacity of Average annual growth of milk production 7.9% for undivided Andhra Pradesh state 2005-
around 20,000 liters. At the processing center, the chilled milk procured from the various MCCs and over the last 10 years (%) 2014
chilling centers is pasteurized in boilers. Pasteurized milk is then chilled and sent for packaging. The
Average cost of milk production (USD / ton) 480 USD/tonne
milk pouches are marketed through private retailers/milk stations and consumer shops.
Percentage of milk production On-farm consumption 30% Marketed 70%
The study of milk value chain in Andhra Pradesh estimates that, while 30% of the milk production in
Andhra Pradesh is retained in the villages for rural consumption; 51% of the milk produced is still mar- Market product #1 Milk 9.1 million MT/yr. 4.9 billion $/y
keted through informal channels. Only 12% of the total milk produced goes through processing at the Market product #2, Curd, Butter milk, Paneer 0.5 million MT/yr. 0.5 billion $/y
cooperative level and 7% of total milk produced goes for private sector processing. The milk is then
sold majorly as pasteurized, packaged milk and in smaller proportions (around 25% of pasteurized milk); Number, sex of producers Female 87,000 Male 1.5 million
converted to value added products like curd, buttermilk, ghee, paneer and cheese.

Page | 6 6|Page 7 | PPage

a g |e7
The
The average
average milk
milk yield
yield per
per day
day per
per non
non –– descript
descript (not
(not pure
pure breeds)
breeds) cow
cow in
in three
three seasons
seasons was
was and naturally occurring toxic substances, residues such as insecticides, antibiotic and other pharmaco-
22 kg,
kg, per crossbreed cow 7 kg, per graded Murrah buffaloes it was 6 kg. The above analysis
per crossbreed cow 7 kg, per graded Murrah buffaloes it was 6 kg. The above analysis logically
and naturallyactive substances.
occurring toxicHowever,
substances, FSSAI
residuesis yet to notify
such residue limits
as insecticides, for antibiotics
antibiotic & hormones
and other pharmaco-
reveals
reveals that
that the
the average
average milk
milk yield
yield is
is high
high in
in the
the case
case ofof crossbreed
crossbreed andand graded
graded Murrah
Murrah in the milk.
logically Aggregators
active substances.and processors
However, FSSAI are isthe
yetimplementing
to notify residueorganizations that need &
limits for antibiotics tohormones
uphold the
compared
compared to nondescript cow and buffalo. In the winter season, the highest average milk
to nondescript cow and buffalo. In the winter season, the highest average milk yield
yield FSSAI standards.
in the milk. However,
Aggregators andthere are gapsare
processors in reality. The limitations
the implementing arise due that
organizations to lack of strict
need regulation
to uphold the
was observed in the case of cross breed cow and in the summer season, the
was observed in the case of cross breed cow and in the summer season, the lowest average lowest average to monitor
FSSAI milk quality,
standards. However, threat of mycotoxins
there and antibiotic
are gaps in reality. residuesarise
The limitations goingdue unchecked,
to lack of inadequate equip-
strict regulation
yield
yield was
was noticed
noticed in
in the
the case
case of
of graded
graded Murrah
Murrah buffaloes.
buffaloes. InIn the
the case
case of
of nondescript
nondescript cows
cows to monitor
ment to checkmilkmilk
quality, threat
quality andofinsufficient
mycotoxinsincentives
and antibiotic residuesmilk
to improve going unchecked,
quality. inadequate
Recently, FSSAIequip-
Testing
and buffaloes, the average milk yield was same in three
and buffaloes, the average milk yield was same in three seasons. seasons. ment tofor
report check milk for
the milk quality and insufficient
the period from 1st incentives
April'14- 31st to improve
Mar'15milk quality.
reported fromRecently,
AndhraFSSAI Pradesh Testing
that 25
out of 271 samples were found to be adulterated & misbranded, resulting in to 6 criminal and 4 25
report for the milk for the period from 1st April'14- 31st Mar'15 reported from Andhra Pradesh that civil
out of 271 samples were found to be adulterated & misbranded, resulting in to 6 criminal and 4 civil
cases.
OUTPUT
OUTPUT I-1C:
I-1C: FOOD
FOOD SAFETY
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT MECHANISMSMECHANISMS cases.
Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi. Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin, they are toxic
Adulteration
Adulteration in
in milk
milk isis an
an important
important issue
issue not
not only
only in
in the
the state
state of
of Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh but
but in
in the
the entire
entire Indian
Indian Mycotoxins produced
compounds are toxic substances produced byflavus
by fungi (Aspergillus fungi. andAflatoxins are a type
Aspergillus of mycotoxin,
parasiticus) that grow theyinare toxic
soil, hay,
subcontinent. A 2011 study (National Survey on Milk Adulteration) 4
conducted by Food
subcontinent. A 2011 study (National Survey on Milk Adulteration) conducted by Food Safety Stand-
4 Safety Stand- compounds produced by fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus)
decaying vegetative matter, crops. Aflatoxin enters food chain either directly through food consumed that grow in soil, hay,
ards Authority
Authority ofof India
India (FSSAI)
(FSSAI) across
across 33
33 states
states reports
reports that
that 68.4%
68.4% ofof the
the samples
samples were
were found
found to
to be
be decaying
by humansvegetative matter,
or indirectly crops.theAflatoxin
through feed for enters
animals. foodIn chain either directly
milk supply through food
chain, aflatoxin entersconsumed
the supply
ards
non-conforming to the standards. The non-conformity was highest with respect to
non-conforming to the standards. The non-conformity was highest with respect to fat % and SNF % fat % and SNF % chain through the food on which the cattle feeds. The aflatoxin gets into the milk secreted by thesupply
by humans or indirectly through the feed for animals. In milk supply chain, aflatoxin enters the animal.
suggesting aa dilution
dilution ofof milk
milk with
with water.
water. The
The other
other non-conformity
non-conformity parameters
parameters include
include skimmed
skimmed milk
milk chain through
These chemicals theare
food on which
toxic the cattle feeds.
and carcinogenic, have The aflatoxin
negative gets into
impacts on the milk
liver andsecreted
growth.by the animal.
Most countries
suggesting
powder, glucose, and detergents. Andhra Pradesh was the state with one of the least non-conformity at These
in chemicals
the world haveare toxicfor
limits and carcinogenic,
permissible have
levels of negative
aflatoxin.impacts on the
In India, livermaximum
and growth. Most countries
permissible level of
powder, glucose, and detergents. Andhra Pradesh was the state with one of the least non-conformity at
6.7% just behind Goa and Puducherry. in the world have limits for permissible levels of aflatoxin. In India,
aflatoxin is 30 μg/kg for food (FSSAI), 0.5 μg/kg of aflatoxin M1 for milk (FSSAI) and 20 μg/kg the maximum permissible level ofof
6.7% just behind Goa and Puducherry. aflatoxin is 30 μg/kg for food (FSSAI), 0.5 μg/kg of aflatoxin M1 for milk (FSSAI) and 20 μg/kg of
Along thethe milk
milk FSC,
FSC, itit was
was observed
observed during
during our
our study
study that
that various
various actors
actors such
such as
as milk
milk cooperatives
cooperatives at at aflatoxin B1 for feed (BIS) 6 . 6
Along aflatoxin B1 for feed (BIS) .
village level
village level indicated
indicated that
that the
the testing
testing of
of milk
milk is
is carried
carried out
out only
only at at the
the processing
processing centers
centers and
and not
not at
at the
the The testing facilities for aflatoxin is not widely available and is therefore not a common practice in the
time of procurement. Even at the chilling center, the milk with physiological changes when observed is The testing facilities for aflatoxin is not widely available and is therefore not a common practice in the
time of procurement. Even at the chilling center, the milk with physiological changes when observed is milk supply chain in Andhra Pradesh. In our field survey too, we were not able to do the test due to
taken into a testing lab and tests to detect adulterants is conducted only for those samples. The district milk supply chain in Andhra Pradesh. In our field survey too, we were not able to do the test due to
taken into a testing lab and tests to detect adulterants is conducted only for those samples. The district logistical constraints in moving sample between field site and testing lab in Hyderabad within the short
of Ananthapur
Ananthapur has has high
high incidences
incidences of of adulteration
adulteration asas there
there isis aa dearth
dearth ofof cooperatives/
cooperatives/ milkmilk collection
collection logistical constraints in moving sample between field site and testing lab in Hyderabad within the short
of time window for testing milk. A 2003 ICRISAT report7 7 gives a better understanding of the aflatoxin
centers and most of the milk is collected and given to private dairies by milk agents. Hence, in these
these time window for testing milk. A 2003 ICRISAT report gives a better understanding of the aflatoxin
centers and most of the milk is collected and given to private dairies by milk agents. Hence, in levels by giving a breakdown of sample test results, 53% of buffalo milk samples and 34% of cow milk
levels by giving a breakdown of sample test results, 53% of buffalo milk samples and 34% of cow milk
cases, the
the testing
testing is is carried
carried out
out only
only at
at the
the time
time of
of processing
processing of of milk.
milk. The
The milk
milk that
that gets
gets rejected
rejected atat the
the samples
cases,
processing and chilling centers is drained. The quality assurance laboratory in dairy firms both cooper- samples werewere found
found toto have
have non-permissible
non-permissiblelevels levelsofofaflatoxin
aflatoxinM1.M1.
processing and chilling centers is drained. The quality assurance laboratory in dairy firms both cooper- The
ative and
ative and private
private maintain
maintain records
records for for the
the incidences
incidences of of milk
milk rejection
rejection due
due toto adulteration.
adulteration. The
The testing
testing is
is The commercial
commercial value addition in
value addition in the
the dairy
dairyindustry
industryininIndiaIndiaisislow
lowatatpresent.
present.OneOneofofthethemain
main reasons
reasons
carried out
out in
in cooperatives
cooperatives // private
private dairy
dairy firms
firms through
through standard
standard testing
testing protocols
protocols prescribed
prescribed byby FSSAI
FSSAI contributing
contributing to to this is the
this is the aflatoxin
aflatoxin problem.
problem.Companies
Companiessuch suchasasNestle
Nestlewho whoproduce
produceinfant
infant foods
foods dodonotnot
carried internally source the raw material for the same, instead they import the raw material for the infants
for different milk products like skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk
for different milk products like skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk and curd. and curd. internally source the raw material for the same, instead they import the raw material for the infants
products
products and and restrict their processing
restrict their processingto tomixing
mixingand andpackaging
packagingininthe thecountry.
country.Recently,
Recently,new new dairy
dairy com-
com-
Food Safety
Safety and and Standards
Standards Authority
Authority of of India
India (FSSAI):
(FSSAI): TheThe FSSAI
FSSAI prescribes
prescribes specific
specific standards
standards forfor panies
Food panies areare establishing themselves with
establishing themselves with aafocus
focuson onmilk
milkproduction
productionand andupstream
upstreamquality
qualitycontrol
control (Milk
(Milk
various types
various types of of milk.
milk. When
When milkmilk isis offered
offered for
for sale
sale without
without indication
indication ofof the
the class,
class, the
the standards
standards pre-
pre- Mantra in Orissa and Kiaro in Hyderabad are examples). These companies are able to market their prod-
Mantra in Orissa and Kiaro in Hyderabad are examples). These companies are able to market their prod-
scribed for buffalo milk shall apply. The standards stipulate the Fat and (Solid Non-Fat)
scribed for buffalo milk shall apply. The standards stipulate the Fat and (Solid Non-Fat) SNF percentage SNF percentage ucts at a premium pricing (almost double the average market value). Further
ucts at a premium pricing (almost double the average market value). Further development of milk oper- development of milk oper-
in the
in the milk
milk and and milk
milk products
products of of cow
cow and
and buffalo.
buffalo. FSSAI
FSSAI also
also hashas aa stringent
stringent set
set of
of guidelines
guidelines forfor the
the ations
ations inin the
the country with aa higher
country with higher focus
focus on on upstream
upstreamqualityqualitycan
canlead
leadtotothethedevelopment
developmentofofa dairy a dairy
processing, packaging
processing, packaging & & labelling
labelling of of milk,
milk, in
in order
order to
to ensure
ensure thethe best
best quality
quality and
and safety
safety of
of this
this essential
essential industry with better safety standards resulting in higher
industry with better safety standards resulting in higher value added products. value added products.
food product for the consumers, many of whom are infants
food product for the consumers, many of whom are infants and children. and children.
Antibiotics are
Antibiotics are used
used for
for prevention
prevention and and treatment
treatment of of diseases
diseases (major
(major mastitis),
mastitis), maintenance
maintenance of of stable
stable
milk supply and as feed additives. Reasons of the appearance of veterinary drug
milk supply and as feed additives. Reasons of the appearance of veterinary drug residues in milk are residues in milk are
indiscriminate use,
indiscriminate use, non-adherence
non-adherence to to withdrawal
withdrawal period,
period, economic
economic reasons/ignorance
reasons/ignorance and and lack
lack off
off med-
med-
ication records. Antibiotics appear in milk during treatment and after cessation of treatment.
ication records. Antibiotics appear in milk during treatment and after cessation of treatment. Very few Very few
published reports
published reports are
are available
available on on incidences
incidences of of veterinary
veterinary drug
drug residues
residues inin milk
milk and
and milk
milk products.
products. The
The
majority of the farmers get their animals treated with antibiotics by veterinary surgeons/
majority of the farmers get their animals treated with antibiotics by veterinary surgeons/ stockmen. The stockmen. The
common antibiotics
common antibiotics used
used are
are tetracycline,
tetracycline, gentamycin,
gentamycin, ampicillin,
ampicillin, amoxycillin,
amoxycillin, oxytetracycline,
oxytetracycline, cloxa-
cloxa-
cillin and
cillin and penicillin
penicillin due
due to
to the
the lower
lower costs.
costs. Some
Some doctors
doctors also
also use
use enrofloxacin,
enrofloxacin, lincomycin,
lincomycin, streptomy-
streptomy-
cin and chloramphenicol for the treatment of certain diseases. Many dairies
cin and chloramphenicol for the treatment of certain diseases. Many dairies or cooperatives door cooperatives do not
not in-
in-
clude testing
clude testing of
of milk
milk for
for antibiotic
antibiotic residues
residues duedue to
to non-strict
non-strict food
food laws
laws for
for the
the same
same and
and lack
lack of
of aware-
aware-
ness on detection tests.
ness on detection tests.
FSSAI standards
FSSAI standards onon process
process hygiene
hygiene criteria
criteria and
and food
food safety
safety criteria
criteria are
are covered
covered in
in their
their Microbiological
Microbiological
Feed cutting 32
32liter
litervessels
vesselsused
usedfor
formilk
milkcollection
collection
Standards for Milk and
Standards for Milk and Milk Milk Products. In Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants,
Products. In Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, toxins and toxins and Resi-
Resi- Feed cutting machinery
machinery
dues) Regulations,
dues) Regulations, 2011
2011 5,, FSSAI
5
FSSAI cover
cover regulations
regulations regarding
regarding metal
metal contaminants,
contaminants, crop
crop contaminants
contaminants
6
6 BIS, IS 2052 (2009): Compounded Feeds for Cattle
4
BIS, IS 2052 (2009): Compounded Feeds for Cattle
4 Executive
Executive Summary
Summary onon National
National Survey
Survey on
on Milk
Milk Adulteration
Adulteration 2011
2011 (snap
(snap shot
shot survey)
survey) that
that was
was conducted
conducted by
by
7
7 Waliyar, F., Reddy, S.V., Subramaniam, K., Reddy, T.Y.,
Waliyar, F., Reddy, S.V., Subramaniam, K., Reddy, T.Y.,Devi,
Devi,K.R.,
K.R.,Craufurd,
Craufurd,P.Q.,
P.Q.,Wheeler,
Wheeler,T.R. and
T.R. Scuda-
and Scuda-
the
the Food
Food Safety
Safety and
and Standards
Standards Authority
Authority of
of India
India more, K.A., 2003. Importance of mycotoxins in food and feed in India. Aspects of Applied Biology,
more, K.A., 2003. Importance of mycotoxins in food and feed in India. Aspects of Applied Biology, 68,68, pp.147-
pp.147-
5
5 Food safety and standards (contaminats, toxins and residues) regulation, 2011 154.
154.
Food safety and standards (contaminats, toxins and residues) regulation, 2011
8
8 || P
P aa gg ee 9 |9P| P
a ga eg e
Page | 8 Page | 9
 Under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) & National Mission for Protein Supplements (NMPS),
Controller Control Actual Situation in the FSC Responsible agent
the Indian government in year 2014 introduced Ksheerasagar scheme. This scheme allots land for
fodder Rashtriya
Under development to small
Krishi Vikas farmers
Yojana and provides
(RKVY) for feedMission
& National supplements, vaccines
for Protein and health(NMPS),
Supplements care of
Controller Control Actual Situation in the FSC Responsible agent pregnant Sunandini
Exists and applies to the
the Indiancattle. To promote
government in yearhealthy
2014 rearing of calves,
introduced Ksheerasagar program
scheme. wasscheme
This implemented that for
allots land in-
Food Safety and Stand- cludes provision of feed and health care services at subsidized rates to poor and
fodder development to small farmers and provides for feed supplements, vaccines and health care ofmarginal dairy farmers.
whole FSC
Exists and applies to the ards Safety
Authority
Food and of India
Stand- pregnant
Under cattle.
Chief To promote
Minister’s Package healthy
(CMP) rearing
and Integrated Sunandini
of calves,Dairy programProgram
Development was implemented that in-
(IDDP), upgrading
National food safety/ quality whole FSC (FSSAI) cludes provision of feed and health care services at subsidized rates to poor and marginal dairy farmers.
ards Authority of India of animal production units, strengthening of disease diagnosis equipment, supply of milch animals, fod-
standardsfood safety/ quality Exists but not rigorous
National X der seed miniMinister’s
kits, calf-rearing and Pavala Vaddiupgrading
(interest
(FSSAI)
Quality assurance officers Under Chief Packageprogram,
(CMP) and strengthening of rural
Integrated Dairy dispensariesProgram
Development (IDDP),
standards Exists but not rigorous X at 0.25%) for Milch Animal Rearing are being implemented.
at district
Quality level officers
assurance
of animal production units, strengthening of disease diagnosis equipment, supply of milch animals, fod-
Doesn’t exist der seed miniproject
kits, calf-rearing program, strengthening of rural HYDERABAD Pavala Vaddi
dispensaries and(Telangana (interest
at district level Under a pilot named INTEGRATED MILK PROJECT- State) AND
Doesn’t exist at 0.25%) for Milch Animal Rearing are being implemented.
VIJAYAWADA (Krishna district a milk supply scheme was introduced to organize milk collection from
Harvest None the villages,
Under a pilotand process
project named at processing
INTEGRATED plantsMILK
in Vijayawada
PROJECT- andHYDERABAD
Hyderabad. (Telangana State) AND
Harvest None VIJAYAWADA (Krishna district ainto
milk
Government The State government has entered ansupply scheme
agreement withwas
theintroduced to organize
Milk Mission Project,milk collection
University from
of Penn-
Transport None the villages,
sylvania and process
to enhance at processing
the milk productionplants
as wellin as
Vijayawada and Hyderabad.
cattle population, in June 2016. As per the agreement,
regulation
Government and
Transport None the
requirements
regulation and Frequency of checking TheUniversity expertshas
State government willentered
impartintotraining to enhance
an agreement withthe
themilk
Milkproduction, livestock
Mission Project, population
University and
of Penn-
requirements
Storage Low FSSAI transfer technology to increase cattle population through artificial insemination and milk
sylvania to enhance the milk production as well as cattle population, in June 2016. As per the agreement, production by
(None, Low,
Frequency of Medium,
checking High)
Storage Low FSSAI feeding high quality
the University fodder.
experts will impart training to enhance the milk production, livestock population and
(None, Low, Medium, High)
Process Low transfer technology to increase cattle population through artificial insemination and milk production by
Process Low feeding high quality fodder.
C. THE PROCESS OF POLICY MAKING AND CURRENT POLICY FRAMEWORK/
Market Low
Market Low
NATIONAL STRATEGY ON SUBSECTOR LOSSES AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION
C. THE
The dairy PROCESS
industry is ofOF POLICY
crucial importanceMAKING to India AND CURRENT
since more than 75%POLICY FRAMEWORK/
of the population is engaged
Obligatory registration of Exists X Licensing & Registration
Exists X NATIONAL STRATEGY ON SUBSECTOR LOSSES AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION
in dairying as part of their livelihood. Dairy products are a major source of economic and nutritious food
Obligatory registration
the food processing/ of
prepa- Licensing
of & Registration
Food businesses
the food processing/ prepa- of(FSSAI)
Food businesses to
Themillions of people
dairy industry is ofincrucial
India and the onlytoacceptable
importance India sincesource of animal
more than 75% of protein for large is
the population vegetarian
engaged
ration unit Doesn’t exist
ration unit (FSSAI) segment
in dairying of as
thepart
Indian population,
of their particularly
livelihood. amongare
Dairy products thea landless,
major sourcesmallofand marginal
economic andfarmers
8
nutritious. Dairy-
food
Doesn’t exist
ing has been considered as one of the activities aimed at alleviating poverty
to millions of people in India and the only acceptable source of animal protein for large vegetarian and unemployment espe-
GMP standards at pro- cially in the
segment rural
of the areaspopulation,
Indian in the rain-fed and drought-prone
particularly among the regions.
landless,The smallprogress in this sector
and marginal farmers will
8 result
. Dairy-
GHP/ GAP/ HACCP/ volun- GMP
GHP/ GAP/ HACCP/ volun- cessing;standards at pro- High
ISO certification FSSAI in
ing has been considered as one of the activities aimed at alleviating poverty and unemploymenthighly
a more balanced development of the rural economy. Until 1991, the Indian dairy industry was espe-
tary standards cessing;
FSC actors - tary standards standardsISO certification High FSSAI regulated
cially in theand protected
rural areas inthrough quantitative
the rain-fed restrictions regions.
and drought-prone (QRs) and Thestringent
progresslicensing provisions
in this sector will resultfor
FSC actors - standards foreign trade.
in a more balanced development of the rural economy. Until 1991, the Indian dairy industry was highly
food safety man- Low regulated
Since the andearlyprotected
1990s, India through quantitative
embarked restrictions
upon liberal policy(QRs) and stringent
framework, which licensing provisions
was reinforced with thefor
food safety
agement man-
system Low
Identification of potential Adulteration tests for Urea, rigor in foreign
signing trade.
of Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) in 1994. Following the success of dairy
agement system Identification of potential Adulteration in FSSAI
hazards Sweeteners, tests for Urea, rigor
detergents execu- FSSAI farming
Since thepolicy, the government
early 1990s, has setupon
India embarked up a liberal
dairy processing policy, reflected
policy framework, which was in reinforced
the Milk and withMilkthe
hazards Sweeteners, detergents execu- Products Order, 1992. In addition, the Government uses a variety of import restrictions to protect its
tion signing of Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) in 1994. Following the success of dairy
tion domestic dairy market. The milk processing industry is small compared to the huge amount of milk
farming policy, the government has set up a dairy processing policy, reflected in the Milk and Milk
produced every year.
Products Order, 1992.Only 19% of all
In addition, thethe milk is delivered
Government uses a to some of
variety 400 dairy restrictions
import plants. A specific
to protectIndianits
phenomenon is the unorganized sector of milkmen, vendors who collect
domestic dairy market. The milk processing industry is small compared to the huge amount of milk the milk from local producers
and sell the
produced milkyear.
every in rural
Only and urban
19% areas,
of all the and
milkconstitutes
is delivered65-70%
to some of400
the national milkAproduction.
dairy plants. specific Indian
phenomenon
Over the spanisofthethree unorganized
decades, sector
India hasof milkmen,
transformedvendors
from who collectwith
a country the acute
milk from
milk local producers
shortage to the
B. INVENTORY OF ACTIVITIES AND LESSONS LEARNT FROM PAST AND ON-
B. INVENTORY OF ACTIVITIES AND LESSONS LEARNT FROM PAST AND ON- and sell the milk in rural and urban areas, and constitutes 65-70% of the national
world’s leading milk producer, with production exceeding 100 million tonnes in 2006. This phenomenal milk production.
GOING INTERVENTIONS IN SUBSECTOR LOSSES
GOING INTERVENTIONS IN SUBSECTOR LOSSES success
Over theisspan
attributed
of three to adecades,
Government
India initiative known as
has transformed Operation
from a country Flood
with(1970–1996) and its intense
acute milk shortage to the
Milk yields in Andhra Pradesh are higher than the Indian average and are increasing at a faster rate. focus on dairy development activities.
Milk yields in Andhra Pradesh are higher than the Indian average and are increasing at a faster rate. world’s leading milk producer, with production exceeding 100 million tonnes in 2006. This phenomenal
Milk production in Andhra Pradesh has shown remarkable growth, but the potential role of dairy farming
Milk production in Andhra Pradesh has shown remarkable growth, but the potential role of dairy farming success
Operation is attributed
Flood: Under to a Government initiative
Operation Flood, ruralknown as Operation
milk shed areas were Flood
linked(1970–1996) and itsthrough
to urban markets intense
as a tool to increase household incomes, create rural employment and increase the regional competitive-
as a tool to increase household incomes, create rural employment and increase the regional competitive- focus on dairy development activities.
the development of a network of village cooperatives for procuring and marketing milk. In addition,
ness
ness at
at producing milk are
producing milk are yet
yet to
to be
be realized.
realized. For
Fordairy
dairytotoplay
playsuch
suchaadevelopmental
developmentalrolerolethere
thereisisanan
urgent need to provide the vast majority of small-scale dairy farmers with quality livestock services milk production
Operation Flood: andUnder
productivity
Operationwere enhanced
Flood, by ensuring
rural milk shed areasthe were
availability
linked ofto veterinary
urban marketsservices,
throughar-
urgent need to provide the vast majority of small-scale dairy farmers with quality livestock services tificial insemination
packaged
packaged in in aa manner
manner that
that makes
makes itit affordable
affordable and
andhas
hasmaximum
maximumimpact
impactononthe
thekey
keyproduction
productionand and the development of (AI), and feed
a network and farmer
of village education.for
cooperatives The investment
procuring andpaid off, promoting
marketing milk. Inproduction
addition,
economic factors. gains of 4–5 percent per annum. The milk production increased from
milk production and productivity were enhanced by ensuring the availability of veterinary 23 million tonnes in 1973 to 145.70
services, ar-
economic factors.
tificial insemination (AI), and feed and farmer education. The investment paid off, promoting production
Keeping
Keeping inin view the immense
view the immense potential
potentialavailable
availablefor
forencouraging
encouragingdairy
dairyactivity,
activity,Government
GovernmentofofAndhra
Andhra
gains of 4–5 percent per annum. The milk production increased from 23 million tonnes in 1973 to 145.70
Pradesh has approved the State Milk Mission 2011-2015 with an outlay of USD 95.4 million
Pradesh has approved the State Milk Mission 2011-2015 with an outlay of USD 95.4 million The Mis- The Mis-
sion
sion includes induction of
includes induction of new
new animals,
animals, fodder
fodderand
andfeed
feeddevelopment,
development,calf
calfrearing,
rearing,animal
animalhealth
healthpro-
pro-
grams, market development and capacity building of producers. The State Milk Mission involves
grams, market development and capacity building of producers. The State Milk Mission involves active active 8
Chapter IV Dairy Processing Industry in India
participation
participation by way of
by way of funding
funding from
from Banks.
Banks.
11 | P a g e
8
Chapter IV Dairy Processing Industry in India
1010| P| Pa ag ge e
Page | 10 11 | Page
P a g| 11
e
million tonnes in 2015. Under operation flood program, the government established National Dairy De-
velopment Board (NDDB) as a governing body regulating policies and programs and their implementa- National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is an institution of national importance set up by an Act
million tonnes in 2015. Under operation flood program, the government established National Dairy De- National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is an institution of national importance set up by an Act
tion in the country. of Parliament of India. The main office is in Anand, Gujarat with regional offices throughout the coun-
velopment Board (NDDB) as a governing body regulating policies and programs and their implementa- of Parliament of India. The main office is in Anand, Gujarat with regional offices throughout the coun-
National try. NDDB's subsidiaries include Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd. (IDMC), Anand; Mother
tion in theDairy Plan: In a bid to boost milk output in the country and increase per-animal production
country. try. NDDB's subsidiaries include Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd. (IDMC), Anand; Mother
of milk, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) announced 42 dairy projects with a financial Dairy, Delhi; NDDB Dairy Services, Delhi and Indian Immunologicals Ltd, Hyderabad. NDDB pro-
National Dairy Plan: In a bid to boost milk output in the country and increase per-animal production Dairy, Delhi; NDDB Dairy Services, Delhi and Indian Immunologicals Ltd, Hyderabad. NDDB pro-
outlay of 34 million USD in the year 2014 9. The projects spread across 14 major milk producing states motes, finances and supports producer-owned and controlled organizations. NDDB's programs and ac-
of milk, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) announced 42 dairy projects with a financial motes, finances and supports producer-owned and controlled organizations. NDDB's programs and ac-
that account for 90% of the nation’s milk production —including Andhra Pradesh. The projects were tivities strengthen farmer cooperatives and support national policies favorable to the growth of such
outlay of 34 million USD in the year 2014 9. The projects spread across 14 major milk producing states tivities strengthen farmer cooperatives and support national policies favorable to the growth of such
sanctioned under the National Dairy Plan-I, which was launched during March 2012 for implementation institutions. NDDB has a strong presence and helps Andhra Pradesh develop their cooperative structures
that account for 90% of the nation’s milk production —including Andhra Pradesh. The projects were institutions. NDDB has a strong presence and helps Andhra Pradesh develop their cooperative structures
during 2011-12 to 2016-17. The newly announced projects cover activities like fodder development, by making dairying an attractive source of livelihood for their milk producers through NDDB’s “Clean
sanctioned under the National Dairy Plan-I, which was launched during March 2012 for implementation by making dairying an attractive source of livelihood for their milk producers through NDDB’s “Clean
ration balancing (feed management), village-based milk procurement, embryo transfer and import of Milk Production” (CMP) program implemented under Village Based Milk Procurement System
during 2011-12 to 2016-17. The newly announced projects cover activities like fodder development, Milk Production” (CMP) program implemented under Village Based Milk Procurement System
bulls. (VBMPS) 10 .
ration balancing (feed management), village-based milk procurement, embryo transfer and import of (VBMPS) 10.
Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation (APDDCF), an enterprise of farmers
bulls. Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation (APDDCF), an enterprise of farmers
for Dairy Development, was established in 1981, with a three tier cooperative structure, provides
for Dairy Development, was established in 1981, with a three tier cooperative structure, provides
mechanism for timely pickup of milk and, minimum support price to the farmers, and ensures availabil-
D. RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN TERMS OF POLICY, ORGAN- mechanism for timely pickup of milk and, minimum support price to the farmers, and ensures availabil-
ity of milk and milk products at reasonable price to consumers.
IZATIONAL STRUCTURE, MANDATE AND ACTIVITIES IN THE SMALL AND ME- ity of milk and milk products at reasonable price to consumers.
D. RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN TERMS OF POLICY, ORGAN- Andhra Pradesh Livestock Development Agency (APLDA), an agency at state level works through
DIUM SUBSECTOR
IZATIONAL STRUCTURE, MANDATE AND ACTIVITIES IN THE SMALL AND ME- Andhra Pradesh Livestock Development Agency (APLDA), an agency at state level works through
13 Area Livestock Development Associations (ALDAs) at the district level. ALDAs carry out the Cattle
DIUM SUBSECTOR 13 Area Livestock Development Associations (ALDAs) at the district level. ALDAs carry out the Cattle
and Buffalo Breeding Operations in the state. ALDAs have promotional and developmental role, ar-
and Buffalo Breeding Operations in the state. ALDAs have promotional and developmental role, ar-
Institutions involved in Dairy Development ranging services for cattle & buffalo development 11 .
ranging services for cattle & buffalo development 11.
Institutions involved in Dairy Development
E. THE MOST IMPORTANT FSCs IN THE SUBSECTOR, SELECTION OF FSC
E. THE MOST IMPORTANT FSCs IN THE SUBSECTOR, SELECTION OF FSC
Andhra Pradesh is one of the largest milk producing states with high population of milch buffalo and a
Andhra Pradesh is one of the largest milk producing states with high population of milch buffalo and a
unique market structure. Buffalo milk being creamier and rich in SNF, minerals like calcium and potas-
unique market structure. Buffalo milk being creamier and rich in SNF, minerals like calcium and potas-
sium making it suitable for developing value added products such as cheese. Nearly 25% of the
sium making it suitable for developing value added products such as cheese. Nearly 25% of the
pasteurized milk is used to make value added products. Andhra Pradesh is strategically located in India
pasteurized milk is used to make value added products. Andhra Pradesh is strategically located in India
having an easy access to all parts of the country and to milk deficit countries in South East Asia and
having an easy12 access to all parts of the country and to milk deficit countries in South East Asia and
Pacific region . Major importers of milk and milk products are Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Singa-
Pacific region 12. Major importers of milk and milk products are Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Singa-
pore, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, UAE, Oman, and other Gulf countries with an export value
pore, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, UAE, Oman, and other Gulf countries with an export value
of USD 152,047 million in 2008.
of USD 152,047 million in 2008.
Krishna and Ananthapur districts are the two districts in the state of Andhra Pradesh that were selected
Krishna and Ananthapur districts are the two districts in the state of Andhra Pradesh that were selected
for this study to assess the losses along the milk value chain. Krishna district is the first district to have
for this study to assess the losses along the milk value chain. Krishna district is the first district to have
a proper implementation of operation flood program in Andhra Pradesh with a proper cooperative struc-
a proper implementation of operation flood program in Andhra Pradesh with a proper cooperative struc-
ture and has high milk productivity and also known to have a commercialized and organized market
ture and has high milk productivity and also known to have a commercialized and organized market
structure. Ananthapur district has low milk productivity, low market access and is highly dominated by
Source: http://www.apddcf.gov.in/Links/vijaya%20booklet.pdf structure. Ananthapur district has low milk productivity, low market access and is highly dominated by
unorganized market with major incidences recorded for adulteration in milk.
Animal Husbandry Department,
Source: State of Andhra Pradesh: Veterinary Health care is provided by
http://www.apddcf.gov.in/Links/vijaya%20booklet.pdf
unorganized market with major incidences recorded for adulteration in milk.
5013 field Veterinary Institutions comprising under department of Animal Husbandry of The products manufactured by Andhra Pradesh dairy companies, can be roughly divided into three cat-
Animal Husbandry Department, State of Andhra Pradesh: Veterinary Health care is provided by The products manufactured by Andhra Pradesh dairy companies, can be roughly divided into three cat-
egories:
- 22field
5013 Veterinary Poly Institutions
Veterinary Clinics at District level under
comprising manned by Deputy
department ofDirectors as referral District
Animal Husbandry of hospitals egories:
providing specialized services in Gynecology, Surgery and Medicine with X-ray and inpatient facil- (i) Pasteurized milk (different categories based on fat percentage);
- 22 Veterinary Poly Clinics at District level manned by Deputy Directors as referral District hospitals (i) Pasteurized milk (different categories based on fat percentage);
ities, (ii) Short shelf life milk products: curd, cottage cheese (paneer), buttermilk/flavored milk, milk sweets;
providing specialized services in Gynecology, Surgery and Medicine with X-ray and inpatient facil- (ii) Short shelf life milk products: curd, cottage cheese (paneer), buttermilk/flavored milk, milk sweets;
- 281
ities,Taluka (district level governing body level Veterinary Hospitals manned by Assistant Directors, (iii) Long shelf life products: ghee, skimmed milk powder (SMP), Ultra High Temperature Processed
(iii) Long shelf life products: ghee, skimmed milk powder (SMP), Ultra High Temperature Processed
- 1794 Veterinary
281 Taluka Dispensaries
(district manned
level governing by level
body Veterinary Assistant
Veterinary Surgeons
Hospitals and by Assistant Directors,
manned (UHT) milk.
(UHT) milk.
- 2916 Rural Livestock
1794 Veterinary Units at manned
Dispensaries Village level manned by
by Veterinary Para Vets.
Assistant Surgeons and The consumption pattern of milk and milk products have changed with the increase in the demand for
The consumption pattern of milk and milk products have changed with the increase in the demand for
value added milk products in other parts of the world. The most consumed products in this state are milk
There
- 2916 areRural
22 Animal Disease
Livestock UnitsDiagnostic
at VillageLaboratories
level mannedfunctioning, one each at district headquarters with
by Para Vets. value added milk products in other parts of the world. The most consumed products in this state are milk
(75%), curd and buttermilk (15%) and other products like cottage cheese (paneer) and butter constituting
facilities for disease investigation, quick diagnosis, vaccination and for mapping out diseases to render (75%), curd and buttermilk (15%) and other products like cottage cheese (paneer) and butter constituting
There are 22 Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratories functioning, one each at district headquarters with 10%.
timely and effective control measures. 10%.
facilities for disease investigation, quick diagnosis, vaccination and for mapping out diseases to render
timely and effective control measures.
10
10National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
9
Economic times article 11National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
11Government of Andhra Pradesh, Animal Husbandry Department
12Government of Andhra Pradesh, Animal Husbandry Department
9
Economic times article 12 | P a g e 12 Product - Market Identification for Exports of Milk & Milk Products
Product - Market Identification for Exports of Milk & Milk Products
13 | Page
Page
Page | 12 12 | P a g e 13 | P a g| 13
e
OUTPUT I-2a. FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE SUBSECTOR. Table I-2b assigns a score of 1 (low), 2 (medium) or 3 (high) to various milk and milk products
OUTPUT I-2a. FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE SUBSECTOR. and importance of the products based on the demand for the produce, consumption levels and eco-
Market of
Number, age and nomic importance of various milk products. In India, demand for milk and milk products is grow-
Geographical Volume of finalNumber, age and Market of
final prod-
FSC Geographical Volume of final gender of final prod- Project ing with rising incomes, population growth, urbanization and changes in diets. Shift in total milk
FSC area of pro- Final product product gender of uct, Project
# area of pro- Final product product smallholder pro-uct, support production was observed after changes in export laws for various milk products that is clearly
# duction (tonne/day) smallholder pro- location, support
duction (tonne/day) ducers location, defined in the Table I-2b with respect to the generation of foreign exchange and national food
ducers buyers
buyers consumption. Among the dairy exports, liquid Milk constituted 75% whereas other milk products
Krishna dis- M-0.225 million Krishna dis- NDP,
M-0.225 million Krishna like curd and buttermilk constituted 7% and 5% respectively. Milk products with well-defined
Krishna dis- dis- NDP,
11 trict
3198
3198 trict NDDB quality characteristics and packaged in attractive containers are being marketed at different places.
trict F-F- 11800
11800 trict NDDB
RawMilk
Milk Most dairy food delicacies are value added products generating high profits.
Raw
Ananthapur
Ananthapur 1192 M-M- 9515
9515 Chittoor
Chittoor dis-dis- NDP,
NDP,
District 1192 trict NDDB
District F-F- 1679
1679 trict NDDB
OUTPUT I-2C. – ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS (FROM I-2A)
No.
No. of of employees
employees FOR SMALLHOLDER ACTORS –A GENDER ANALYSIS
working in inpro-
working pro-
cessing plants Most of the farmers practice a mixed cropping system, an agrarian system that comprises both farming
cessing plants
and livestock management. The sale of dairy products from this livestock becomes an additional source
Dis- Pasteurized
Krishna Dis-
Krishna milk (19%
Pasteurized milk (19% M-M- 7856
7856 Krishna
Krishna dis-dis- NDP,
NDP, of income for the farmers. Around 70% of the farmers practice mixed farming in India. The income
2 of raw milk goes to
of raw milk goes to pro- 575.64
pro-575.64 generated out of this mixed farming pattern is largely used for household expenses.
trict
trict F-30
F-30 trict
trict NDDB
NDDB
cessingunits)
cessing units)
Dairying activities are distributed among men and women in the household and the roles remain fixed.
Ananthapur
Ananthapur M-M- 220
220 Chittoor
Chittoor dis-dis- NDP,
NDP, The men indulge in deworming, grazing, purchase of fodder and medicines, visits to the dispensary and
214.6
214.6
District
District F-60
F-60 trict
trict NDDB
NDDB local markets, milking, transportation, marketing, selling and decision making parts of the dairy farming.
Whereas women are allotted the jobs of cleaning, washing, feeding and fodder fetching etc. In a mixed
Krishna
Krishna dis- Curd
dis- Curd (20%
(20% ofof M-M-
4040 Krishna dis-dis-
Krishna NDP,
NDP,
farming scenario, the men look after both the cultivation and sale of milk, while women in addition to
3 pasteurized
pasteurizedmilk
milk 115.128
115.128 the household duties lend a supporting hand in both agriculture and dairying. The activities that are
trict
trict F-160
F-160 trict
trict NDDB
NDDB
assigned to women are restrictive in nature owing to the larger social and cultural barriers and strong
Ananthapur M-M-
4040 Chittoor dis-dis- patriarchal power structure. Due to lower literacy rates amongst women, the restrictions on mobility and
Ananthapur 42.9 Chittoor
District
District
42.9
F-20 trict
trict interactions and the historical notion of women’s role of the “natural nurturer” makes the efforts income-
F-20
less and limits the job to that of a supporting nature. The lower skills in technology and lack of access
Krishna dis- Butter milk(7% of M-M-
4040 Krishna dis-dis-
NDP, to updated mechanisms add to the non-income participation in chores.
44 Krishna dis- Butter milk(7% of40.3 Krishna NDP,
trict pasteurized
pasteurizedmilk)
milk) 40.3 trict NDDB
trict F-160
F-160 trict NDDB This is not expected to have any impact on losses. However, women’s access to income is constrained
because of these restrictions. The household livelihood quality may also be constrained owing to a higher
Ananthapur M-M-
4040 Chittoor dis-dis-
NDP,
Ananthapur 15,02 Chittoor NDP, probability of money being spent on essentials if women have access to income. Around 20% of milk
District 15,02 F-20 trict NDDB
District F-20 trict NDDB producers are expected to be women.
Table I-2a represents various FSCs in the milk value chain by the selected study regions like Krishna
Table I-2a represents various FSCs in the milk value chain by the selected study regions like Krishna
and Ananthapur districts, final products and market for the final product. Similar FSCs for the other
and Ananthapur districts, final products and market for the final product. Similar FSCs for the other
districts of the state will make up the entire milk subsector of the state. Number, age and
districts of the state will make up the entire milk subsector of the state. Number, age and

OUTPUT I-2B. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS (FROM I-2A) AT NA-

OUTPUT I-2B. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS (FROM I-2A) AT NA-
TIONAL LEVEL
TIONAL LEVEL
Contribution to na- Impacts on environ-
Economic Generation of Contribution to na- Contribution to na- Impacts on environ-
FSC # Economic Generation of tional food consump- Contribution ment and climate
FSC # Importance foreign exchange tional food consump- tional nutritionto na- ment
Importance foreign exchange tion tional nutrition change climate
and
tion change
1 3 1 3 3 2
1 3 1 3 3 2
2 3 3 3 3 2
2 3 3 3 3 2
3 2 1 1 1 1
3 2 1 1 1 1 Volume measurement of milk procured Milk vendor carrying milk cans
4 2 1 1 1 1
4 2 1 1 1 1

14 | P a g e
14 | P a g e
Page | 14 15 | Page
P a g| 15
e
2. THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN - SITUATION ANALYSIS

Check only for SNF% and fat

Food safety and quality con-
trols applied by that part of

storage, packag- Quality check for adulteration

only if any physiological
A. DESCRIPTION OF THE SELECTED SUBSECTOR SUPPLY CHAIN, ITS LOCA-

17 | P a g e
TION AND ESTIMATE OF THE QUANTITIES OF PRODUCTS

changes are observed

Krishna district has great potential for milk production with a substantial marketable surplus to tap. 90%

Quality check
of rural households in the district are directly involved in livestock production of which 40% are oriented

the chain
towards dairy. The district is also a large consumer of milk and dairy products in the state and consumes
surplus milk from other coastal districts. The integrated cooperative system is predominantly found in

N/A

N/A
and around the district in the name of The Krishna Milk Union (a mutually aided cooperative society).

%
In Krishna district, Kowthavaram (located at a distance of 40 km from city) and Nunna village (located

Bicycle / Motor

Truck carrying

Storage tanks at

ing, cold storage

Insulated tanker
the 30 liter cans

Pasteurization,
at a distance of 10 km from city) have been selected for this study as both these villages have a high

Cold storage
Feed cutter
number of milk procurement centers, chilling centers along with high informal market presence.

Chilling;
Services

4-50 C

4-50 C
cycle
Cans

Silo;
200m-1km
Duration/
Distance

24 hrs.

24 hrs.

24 hrs.
55 km
2 hrs.

3 hrs.

4 km
Quantity
(tonne)

39

39
OUTPUT II-3B: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN – BASICS

Buttermilk

Buttermilk
By-prod-

Curd,

Curd,
ucts
Main Prod- Quantity
(tonne)

231.6

231.6

185.2

130

130

130

130

130

91

91
Chilled Milk

Milk(4-50 C)

Milk(4-50 C)

pasteurized
Raw Milk

Raw Milk

Raw Milk

Raw Milk

Raw Milk

Raw Milk

at 4-50 C
Chilled

Chilled

Packed

milk
ucts

March

March

March

March

March

March

March

March

March

March
The organized dairying in Krishna district commenced in 1965 by the state government with the assis-

To
tance of United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF). INTEGRATED MILK

of the year
PROJECT, the milk supply scheme was a great success with its services to the producers and quality

Months

From
supplies to the consumers. The initial procurement network was gradually extended to all over the dis-

April

April

April

April

April

April

April

April

April

April
trict within a span of 5 years. The extension of this scheme leads to establishment of APPDDCF that
ensured integrated cooperative system exists in Krishna district.

Vijayawada city

Processing plant Vijayawada city

Krishna district
Geographical

Kowthavaram

Kowthavaram

Kowthavaram

Kowthavaram

Gudlavalleru

Gudlavalleru

Gudlavalleru
Location

Milk collection
Harvest (Milk-

Transportation

Transportation

Transportation
Milk chilling
Production
FSC stage

Primary

Storage
center

center

Retail
ing)

Page | 16 16 | P a g e Page | 17
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING MARKETING SYSTEMS OF THE SELECTED OUTPUT I-3a: FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE SELECTED FSC
SUBSECTOR SUPPLY CHAIN, FOR SMALL-SCALE PRODUCERS
Market access to the small-scale producers has improved tremendously over the past 2 decades across
the country. Rising incomes and changing lifestyles have improved the demand for milk and milk prod-
Inputs
ucts. Four main marketing channels were observed in the Krishna district: the government cooperative, and
FSC activities
Actors
the Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies (MACSs), the private formal sector, and the informal sector, (Products)
Services
including direct marketing (from farmers to customers, hotels and sweet houses). In this study, the milk
value chain is divided into two markets- Formal or the organized market and the informal or
unorganized market. Currently, both formal and informal markets operate competitively in the milk
FSC. The formal sector is progressing strongly with the improved infrastructure in the form of roads, Milking Milk Farmers
connectivity, cold chain and power supply.
The formal sector comprises of dairy cooperatives, owned and controlled by dairy farmers, and private
Transport
aggregators owned and controlled by private companies. Both the cooperatives as well as the aggrega-
Liquid Milk in
tors pay the dairy farmer based on the Fat and SNF percentage in the milk. This is calculated by using Milk
Cans
LACTOMETER READING (LR) machines at the Milk Collection Centers (MCC). Interestingly, the Collection
Collection
farmer decides whom to sell based not only on the price offered per liter of milk, but also on the trust Center
factor. This is significant because of the perceptions built over the years on the faulty reading of these
machines or manipulations by operators in these MCCs. Other factors that drive the decision to join Transport
MCC are access to subsidized feed, silage pits, loans, veterinary services at subsidized prices, and bo-
Chilling
nuses paid. Private aggregators are focusing more on processing and increasing the share of value added
Center
products to be able to pay competitive prices to the dairy farmers and retain them. From the MCCs, Chilling
marketable milk is transported to chilling centers where it is stored under refrigeration at 4 degree cen-
tigrade and from there it is transported to processing plants in urban areas by trucks that are also insu- Processing
lated. However, the formal sector processes only up to 30% of the marketable milk. Transport Plant

The informal sector, which accounts for 70% of the marketable milk, is a short value chain of about 3-
5 hours where the milk supply takes place from farmer directly to the end consumer within the Processing Distributor
Pasteurized Milk
neighborhoods. In rural neighborhoods, the consumers of milk are increasing faster than the producers. plant
In urban areas, the consumers still prefer ‘fresh’ milk straight out from the dairy farm in comparison to
pasteurized packaged milk thereby increasing the demand for the unpasteurized milk and increase in the Packaging Retailer
milk trade through the vendors or milk agents. Seventy percent of the producers prefer to work with the
milk agents rather than the formal sector as this is mainly driven by relationships of several years, con- Packaged Liquid Curd, Butter,
venience, ease of labor (since the vendors do the milking in the producer farm), extending microfinance Distribution Milk Milk, Paneer Consumer
(vendors provide short-term loans to the dairy producers) and fixed pricing irrespective of the fat and
SNF percentage. The increase in the demand for unpasteurized milk in the urban areas is major as it is
fresh, creamy, thickness of the curd and also the possibility of price recovery by the consumer if the
milk is spoiled after boiling. However, in the informal sector, the chances of adulteration particularly
with water are high, as there is no mechanism to check the quality of the milk reaching the consumer.
In the formal sector, the small business owners who trade in milk and milk products and operate from
fixed establishments like shops and mandis (local market) from a designated spot or place have to obtain
license/registration to carry out their dairy operations in these places, as per FSSAI order. In both the
formal and informal trade, milk is collected in both the morning and evening.

Manual milking Milk sold at MCC through direct trade

19 | P a g e

Page | 18 18 | P a g e Page | 19
C. FSC ACTORS’ INVOLVEMENT AND THEIR BENEFIT D. CREATION
D. CREATION AND ANDINCOMEINCOMEGENERATION;
GENERATION;ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DATA
DATA OFOF THETHE FSC;FSC; EN- EN-
D. CREATION
VIRONMENT-RELATED AND INCOME INPUTS
VIRONMENT-RELATED INPUTS AND FACTORS OF THE FSC GENERATION;
AND FACTORS ECONOMICOF THE DATA
FSC OF THE FSC; EN-
Case Study (Informal Trade):
Mrs. Lakshmi, an independent woman vendor from Nunna village of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh starts
VIRONMENT-RELATED INPUTS AND FACTORS OF THE FSC
OUTPUT II-4:
OUTPUT II-4:DETAILED
DETAILEDDESCRIPTION DESCRIPTIONOF OFTHETHEFSC FSC – SOCIAL
– SOCIAL STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
her operations at 6:00 am each day and collects a total of 32 liters of milk from three dairy farmers of the OUTPUT II-4: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FSC – SOCIAL STRUCTURES
village who are located at a distance of 2-3 km distance from her house. She has two sons and her husband is Duringthe
During thestudy,
study,ititwas
wasobserved
observedthat thatwomen
womenare aremainly
mainly involved
involved in in cleaning,
cleaning, feedfeed making
making andand manure
manure
a paddy farmer. She represents informal trade of the milk FSC in this study. She carries 32 liters of milk at During the study,
preparation.
preparation. it was
Whereas,
Whereas, observed
men
men that women
areinvolved
are involved inintasks aresuch
tasks mainly involved
suchasaslandland in cleaning,
preparation,
preparation, feedfarming
feeding,
feeding, making
farming andpractices
manure
practices
price of USD 0.54 per liter, selling it at housing complexes and markets at USD 0.62 per liter. Her activity preparation.
and animal
and Whereas,
animalhealth.
health.Women men are
Womenparticipation involved in tasks
participationisisconstrained such
constrained as
byby land
lack
lack ofof preparation,
skill
skill setset
forfor feeding,
quicker
quicker farming
milking
milking practices
(italso
(it is is also
starts in the morning at 6:00 am and ends at 1:00 pm in the afternoon. During interaction with her, it was and animalharder)
physically
physically health.and
harder) Women
and participation
cultural
cultural barrierslike
barriers islimited
like constrained by lack
limitededucation
education andandof skill set for of
responsibility
responsibility quicker
of milking
managing
managing (it is also
household
household
noted that the amount of milk that is lost in her business is more during transport. This is especially true dur- physically
chores.Most
Most harder)
ofthe and
thefarmerscultural
farmers barriers
practice likefeeding
manual limited
feeding education
and milking and responsibility
instead of managing household
chores. of practice manual and milking instead of of using
using feedfeed cutting
cutting machinery
machinery
ing summer owing to high temperatures, she loses around 2-3 liters of milk per day by the time she reaches chores. Most of the farmers practice manual feeding and milking instead of using feed cutting machinery
and mechanical
and mechanical milking
milkingmachines.
machines.AtAtthe theMCCs,
MCCs,even eventhough
thoughwomen women procure
procure milk
milk andand deliver
deliver at at
the last consumer. The money earned from selling milk is spent mutually along with her husband on house-
and
MCCs,
MCCs,mechanical
the
thecash milking
cashfor
for the
themilkmachines.
milk At by
isiscollected
collected the
bymenMCCs, even
menofofthe though and
thehousehold
household women
and only procure
their
only name
their milk
name and deliver
is registered
is registeredat at
hold expenses. When the consumer was asked the reason for opting for informal trade over formal, consumer
stated that the milk brought by Lakshmi is fresh and no adulterants are added and there have been no com- MCCs,
MCCs.
MCCs.Womenthe cashare
Women forrestricted
are the milkfor
restricted is
forcollected
community
community byparticipation
men of the household
participation activities
activities atand
MCCs
at onlyand
MCCs their
andmenname ofisthe
of the
men registered
household
household at
plaints in the past 20 years. Even though she has been doing this informal trade since 20 years, the milk pro- MCCs.
take Women
financial are restricted
decisions as the for community
society in these participation
districts is activities
still a male at MCCs
dominated
take financial decisions as the society in these districts is still a male dominated and does not allow and men
and of
does the household
not allow
curement has never exceeded 32 liters per day since she had limited access to the means of transport. Hence, take
women
women financial
to decisions
to participate
participate as
ininMCC
MCC theactivities.
society in
activities.Therethesehave
There districts
havebeen is few
beenfew still a male
cases
caseswhere dominated
where thethe anddecisions
financial
financialdoes not are
decisions allow
are
informal trade is a value chain that ends within 3-5 hours after milking without any major food loss due to taken
taken mutually.
women to participate in MCC activities. There have been few cases where the financial decisions are
mutually.
spillage taken mutually.
Involvement
Involvement Involvement
Involvement Who
Who is is
of Women
of Women
Involvement of Men
of Men
Involvement mainly
mainly isOrganization
Who
involved: Organization GenderGender / social
/ socialpatterns
patterns
of Women of Men involved: level of FSC ac- Observations and remarks that explain the chosen
mainly
FSC
FSC women, level of FSC
Organization ac- Observations
Gender / social and remarks that explain the chosen
patterns
women,
involved: tors 13
qualifiers and/or give additional information
STEPS
STEPS Girls Adult Boys Adult men,
Girls Adult Boys Adult women, tors
level 13
of FSC ac- qualifiers
Observations and/orand give additional
remarks that information
explain the chosen
FSC men,
STEPS Girls Adult Boys Adult men,children
children tors 13
qualifiers and/or give additional information

Case Study of a small dairy farmer with eight animals in Kowthavaram village, Krishna district: Qualifier 1414 children
Qualifier
Mr. Kamaleswar, a small farmer is completely dependent on dairy for his livelihood. He has 4 buffa- Qualifier 14 Men are in charge of land preparation, feeding, farming
Men are in charge of land preparation, feeding, farming
loes, 1 cow, 2 heifers and 1 calf giving 20 liters per day (buffalo milk – USD 0.8 per liter and cow milk – Primary
practices and animal health. Women are involved in
practices and animal
Primary Men
feed are in
making, charge
cleaning ofofhealth.
land Women arefeeding,
preparation,
animals
involved
and manure prepara-
in
farming
USD 0.4 per liter), with 3 milking animals. The farmer reduced the number of cows at his farm, as the remu- Produc- 2 4 Men Household feed making, cleaning of animals and manure prepara-
neration rate is low. He has 0.24 Ha of land where he harvests green fodder on his own. The cost of feed and Produc-
Primary 2 4 Men Household tion. Limited technology access is the reason for less in
practices and animal health. Women are involved
tion tion. making,
Limited technology of access isand
thepractices
reason for
tion
Produc- 2 4 Men Household
feed
participation cleaning
of women. Manualanimals
feeding manure in-less
prepara-
fodder, including dry fodder and concentrates, is USD 415 per month. He gets additional income by selling participation
tion. Limited of women.
technology Manual
access feeding
is the practices
reason for in-
less
tion stead of cutters and millers in progressive/ large farms.
additional cattle from his farm, up to USD 615 per animal in a year and dung to aqua farms, up to USD 120 stead of cutters
participation of and
women. millers in progressive/
Manual large farms.
feeding practices in-
per year. He receives 10% more in terms of bonus from the dairy cooperative. At any given point of time, he Harvest Cultural
stead ofbarriers
cutterslike andrestrictions
millers in on women participa-
progressive/ large farms.
Harvest
(Milk- 1 4 Men Individual Cultural
tion and travelbarriers
to MCCslike restrictions on women
and lack of milking skillparticipa-
are
keeps only 10 animals. He is not happy with veterinary services available, thereby is forced to sell off one of (Milk-
Harvest 1 4 Men Individual tion and for
Cultural travel
barriers to like
MCCs and lackon
restrictions of women
milkingparticipa-
skill are
ing) limitations women’s participation.
his cattle due to repetitive breeding problems. The dairy cooperative provides emergency services, insurance, ing)
(Milk- 1 4 Men Individual limitations
tion and travel for women’s
to MCCs participation.
and lack of milking skill are
feed and nutritional supplements at subsidy. Farmer loses milk due to mastitis, though it is rare at his farm as Trans-
ing) 1 4 Men Individual
Cultural barriers
limitations for and lack ofparticipation.
women’s means of transport for
he observes the animals regularly and takes precautionary measures. He feels that it is a labor-intensive job Trans-
portation Cultural barriers and lack of means of transport for
women
1 4 Men Individual
portation
Trans- women
Cultural barriers and lack of means of transport for
and he may be the last one of his generation to raise the cattle in his farm. He starts his day at 5 AM, feeds Milk col- 1 4 Men Individual Cultural
portation womenbarriers, lack of means of transport with the
the animals and milks them around 7 AM. Then he takes the milk on his bicycle to the milk collection center Milk col-
lection 1 4 Men Cooperative Cultural
women andbarriers,
willingness lacktoofparticipate
means of in transport with
collection duethe
in the village before 8 AM. They keep 2 liters of milk at home for self-consumption. He says that he will lection
Milk col-
centre 1 4 Men Cooperative to women
Cultural
household and willingness
barriers,
works. lack oftomeansparticipate in collection
of transport with the due
raise more animals if he gets interest free loans and if the trade is more profitable. He sells in the formal sec- centre
lection 1 4 Men Cooperative to household
women works.
and willingness to participate in collection due
Trans- Male dominated stage because of the limited involve-
tor, as he trusts the Fat and SNF percentage measurement provided by the MCC, along with the bonus, he centre 4 Men Cooperative to household works.
Trans-
portation Male
ment dominated
of women stage because
in loading/ of the limited involve-
offloading
gets up to USD 0.07 per liter, paid once in 6 months. 4 Men Cooperative
portation
Trans- ment
Male of women in
dominated loading/
stage becauseoffloading
of the limited involve-
Milk 4 Men Cooperative When technology is available, men are more often in-
portation ment of women in loading/ offloading
chilling
Milk 4 Men Cooperative volved.
When Women
technology are involved
is available,moremenin the
arecleaning
more often andin-
centre
chilling
Milk 4 Men Cooperative maintenance
volved.
When technology roles. are
Women involved more
is available, men arein the cleaning
more and
often in-
centre
chilling 4 Men Cooperative Women maintenance
volved. roles.
Pro- are involved in cleaning, packing, administra- and
Women are involved more in the cleaning
centre Women maintenance roles. works. Men are involved in ma-
cessing
Pro- 3 3 Cooperative tive and long
Women areduration
involved in cleaning, packing, administra-
and Men
Women
plant
cessing
Pro- 3 3 Cooperative chine tiveoperation,
Womenand are maintenance
longinvolved
duration andMen
inworks.
cleaning,managerial works.
are involved
packing, in ma-
administra-
and Men
Women
plant
cessing
Whole- 3 3 Cooperative chineand
tive operation, maintenance
long duration works. Menand managerial
are involved works.
in ma-
3 and Men Cooperative
Men Dominated by men maintenance
who deal withand buyers at this level
plant
sale chine operation, managerial works.
Whole-
3 Men Cooperative Dominated by men who deal with buyers at this level
sale
Whole-
3 Women
Men Cooperative Traditionally
Dominateddominatedby men who by deal
women within buyers
local markets.
at this level
sale
Retail 2 2 Individual Markets outside dominated
the community are led inbylocal
men.markets.
and men Traditionally by women
Women Women areoutside
also involved as employees
Retail 2 2 Individual Markets
Traditionally the community
dominated by women are in
ledlocal
by men.
markets.
and men
Women
Retail 2 2 Individual Women are
Markets also the
outside involved as employees
community are led by men.
and men
Women are also involved as employees
13
Individual/Household level/Cooperative
20 | P a g e 13 (Qualify
14
the equipment,level/Cooperative
Individual/Household conditions), not clear access to services and training, 4: excellent, 3: good, 2: moder-
ately good, 1: bad.
14Individual/Household
13
level/Cooperative
(Qualify the equipment, conditions), not clear access to services and training, 4: excellent, 3: good, 2: moder-
(Qualify
ately
14
good, the equipment, conditions), not clear access to services and training, 4: excellent, 3: good, 2: moder-
1: bad.
ately good, 1: bad. 21 | P a g e
Page | 20
21 | PPage
a g| e21
21 | P a g e
 OUTPUT II-6A: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FSC – ENVIRONMENT
OUTPUT II-5: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FSC – ECONOMICS. OUTPUT II-6A: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FSC – ENVIRONMENT
PRODUCTION Quantity Unit
OUTPUT
Dairying isII-5: DETAILEDactivity.
a labor-intensive DESCRIPTION
In a highlyOF THE FSCdistrict
commercial – ECONOMICS.
like Krishna, the labor costs for green PRODUCTION Quantity Unit
Tools/ Equipment Manual Feed cutting is more
fodder cutting
Dairying and milking are
is a labor-intensive high In
activity. and the cost
a highly of production
commercial is much
district higher in
like Krishna, theKrishna when
labor costs for compared
green prevalent
Tools/ Equipment Manual Feed cutting is more
fodder cutting and milking are high and the cost of production is much higher in Krishna when comparedfrom
to other districts owing to lack of labor and high labor wages. The following input cost are taken Feed cutting machine ( large
prevalent 200 units of Electricity per
farmer
to othertodistricts
MCC, then
owingMCC costs
to lack of to the and
labor processing andwages.
high labor manufacturing costs and
The following inputthese
costinputs are from
are taken provided farmers use this)
Feed cutting machine ( large 3 hours per day year 15
200 units of Electricity per
by Krishna
farmer to MCC, Milkthen
Union.
MCC costs to the processing and manufacturing costs and these inputs are provided farmers use this) 3 hours per day year 15
by Krishna Milk Union. Materials, Dry fodder 2.81 tonnes per year per animal
FSC stage Main Types of operations Cost Cumula- Value Value- Remarks Chemicals
Materials, Dry fodder
Cereal Fodder 2.81
12 tonnes per
Tonnes peryear per per
animal animal
year
FSC stage Main
Prod- Types of operations Cost
USD/kiloli- Cumula-
tive Cost Value
USD/kiloli-Value-
added Remarks Chemicals Cerealsupplements
Feed Fodder 12
50 Tonnes
kg per animal
per month per 10per year
animals
Prod-
ucts USD/kiloli-
ter final tive Cost
USD/kilo- USD/kiloli-
ter final added/ Margins Cattle feed pellet.
Feed supplements 50 kg per month per 10 animals
ucts terproduct
final USD/kilo-
liter terproduct
final / Margins
USD/kilo- Rice
product liter product USD/kilo- CattleDDGS (Dried Distillers
feed pellet.
liter Grains -Soluble)
liter Rice DDGS (Dried Distillers
Primary Milk Feed costs+ mainte- 420 420 Grains -Soluble)
Energy Electricity to run the Manual feed 24 hours 500 units of electricity
Primary
Production Milk Feed costs+
nance costsmainte- 420 420
Energy cutting machines
Electricity andManual
to run the runningfeed
the 24 hours 500 units of electricity
Production nance costs
motor
cuttingfor water and running the
machines
Harvest Milk Manual – No cost 420 Marginal farmer
Harvest
(Milking) Milk Manual – No cost 420 Marginal farmer
does the milking Water (cleaning and motor for water
Underground water/ Krishna 15 liters per day
(Milking) doeson thehis
milking
own; no maintaining the cow) River
Water (cleaning and Underground water/ Krishna 15 liters per day
on his own; no
labor involved maintaining the cow)
Land
River
Government land for fodder culti- 1 acre of land per 2-3 animals
labor involved
Transpor- Milk 420 520 100 Transportation Land vation
Government land for fodder culti- 1 per
acreyear
of land per 2-3 animals
Transpor- Milk 420 520 100 Transportation
tation
tation by walk
by walk or bicy-
or bicy- STORAGE
vation
Quantity
per year
Unit
cle; no costs in- in-
cle; no costs
STORAGE Quantity Unit
volvedvolved Tools, Equipment, Chill storages –electricity 24 hours 1800 units/year of electricity
SellsSells
at at Facilities
Tools, Equipment, Chill storages –electricity 24 hours 1800 units/year of electricity
520USD/kiloli-
520USD/kiloli- Facilities Insulated tankers 20,000 Liters capacity. 3 insulated
ter toterMCC
to MCC Insulated tankers 20,000 tankers per chilling
Liters capacity. center
3 insulated
tankers per chilling center
Milk col-
Milk col- Milk
Milk Fromfarmer
From farmer 520
520 520520 Materials, Hydrogen fluoride (cleaning of 300-400 ml per tanker
lection
lection Chemicals
Materials, tanker)
Hydrogen fluoride (cleaning of 300-400 ml per tanker
center
center Chemicals tanker)
TRANSPORTATION Quantity Unit
Milk
Milk Manpowercost
Manpower cost+ + 3535 555555 430 430
litersliters
per per TRANSPORTATION
Tools, Equipment, Insulated cans Quantity
30 Unit
liters
col-
Milk col- Electricity
Electricity day;day;
3USD 3USD
elec-elec- Tankers 20,000 liters
lection
Facilities
Tools, Equipment, Insulated cans 30 liters capacity
lection and
and tricity charge;
tricity charge;
Facilities Tankers 20,000 liters capacity
chilling
chilling 12 USD
12 USD per day
per day PROCESSING Quantity Unit
of manpower
of manpower PROCESSING Quantity Unit
costscosts Tools, Equipment, Boilers, freezers 24 hours 25000 units/yr of electricity
facilities
Tools, Equipment, Boilers, freezers 24 hours 25000 units/yr of electricity
Transpor-
Transpor- Milk
Milk Fuel+Manpower
Fuel+Manpower 1010 565565 Manufacturing machine, conveyor 24 hours 500 units/yr of electricity
facilities
tation
tation belts, powder plant
Manufacturing machine, conveyor 24 hours 500 units/yr of electricity
Storage
Storage Chilled
Chilled Electricity
Electricity 0.70.7 565.7
565.7 Materials belts,
Water powder plant
(cleaning) 1000 liters per day
milk
milk Chemicals Nitrogen, hydrogen fluoride 300-400 ml perper
tanker
Materials Water (cleaning) 1000 liters day
Processing Pack- Processing + Pack- 16 581.7 Chemicals (cleaning of tanker) fluoride
Nitrogen, hydrogen 300-400 ml per tanker
Processing Pack- Processing + Pack- 16 581.7
plant aged aging + Manpower + Water (cleaning
River of (maintenance
water tanker) of the 1000 liters per day
plant aged aging + Manpower +
milk Electricity + Mainte- Water plant)
River water (maintenance of the 1000 liters per day
milk Electricity + Mainte-
nance
nance plant)
WHOLESALE, RETAIL Quantity Unit
Retail Pack- Transport + Mainte- 8.3 590 630 40 WHOLESALE, RETAIL Quantity Unit
Retail Pack-
aged Transport + Mainte- 8.3
nance 590 630 40
aged nance Tools, Equipment, Chilling storage facility 24 hours 50 units of electricity per
milk
milk Facilities
Tools, Equipment, Chilling storage facility 24 hours year
50 units of electricity per
Facilities year

15
Source of electricity is government power supply. Most of the government supply is produced from thermal
power
15 plants.
Source Around 15%
of electricity is from renewable
is government sources.
power supply. Most of the government supply is produced from thermal
22 | P a g e
power plants. Around 15% is from renewable sources.
22 | P a g e 23 | P a g e
Page | 22
23 | PPage
a g| e23
OUTPUT II-6B: FACTORS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 3. THE FOOD LOSSES - STUDY FINDINGS AND RESULTS

The environmental,
OUTPUT social and health
II-6B: FACTORS FOR impacts of livestock production
THE ENVIRONMENTAL in India have more positive impli-
ASSESSMENT A. DESCRIPTION
3. THE FOOD LOSSES OF THE FSC: RISK
- STUDY FACTORS
FINDINGS AND RESULTS
cations than negative ones as the production system is still largely dominated by a rural-based crop 3.
The environmental, In THE
Andhra FOOD LOSSES
Pradesh, milk is an- STUDY
importantFINDINGS AND RESULTS
and most consumed livestock product. It is a cost-efficient and
livestock integrated social and health
smallholder mixedimpacts
farmingof system.
livestockMethane
production
gas in India have
emission more
is one positive
of the majorimpli-
neg- A. DESCRIPTION OF THE FSC: RISK FACTORS
cations than negative ones as the production system is still largely dominated by a rural-based crop nutritious source of protein, minerals and vitamins. The adulteration of milk has become a concern in
ative impact of cattle rearing due to enteric fermentation in bovines. Enteric fermentation is a digestive A. DESCRIPTION OF THE FSC: RISK FACTORS
livestockbyintegrated smallholder are mixed farming lastAndhra
In few years. Somemilk
Pradesh, producers
is add skimmed
an important milkconsumed
and most powder or sweeteners
livestock to increase
product. the quantity and
It is a cost-efficient
process which carbohydrates broken downsystem. Methane gas into
by microorganisms emission is molecules
simple one of the for
major neg-
absorp-
ative impact of cattle rearing due to enteric fermentation in bovines. Enteric fermentation is a digestive maintain
In Andhra the
nutritious Fat and
source
Pradesh, SNF
ofmilk is anpercentage
protein, minerals and
important 17
. Moreover,
vitamins.
most there
consumed are several
The adulteration
livestock kinds
of milk
product. Itofishas
other pollutants
become
a cost-efficient such as
a concern
and in
tion into the bloodstream of the ruminant. A cow, on average releases between 70 and 120 kg of methane
process nutritious
industrial
last source
few years. of
waste,Some protein,
vehicle minerals
discharge
producers and
addand vitamins.
heavy
skimmed The
metals
milk inadulteration
the field
powder of milk in
resulting
or sweeteners has become athe
toaccumulation
increase concern in and
of pollutants
quantity
per yearby
16 which carbohydrates are broken down by microorganisms into simple molecules for absorp-
. Methane is a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, the release of about 100 last few plant
years. Some producers add skimmed milk powder
tion into the bloodstream of thecow
ruminant. A cow,toonabout
average releases in soil,
maintain and
the Fat animal
and SNFsystems, ultimately
percentage 17
reaching
. Moreover, theorare
there sweeteners
foodseveral to
chain,kinds
and increase
affect
of other the
humanquantity
pollutants and
health. Table
such as
kg Methane per year for each is equivalent 2300 kg CObetween 70 and 120 kg of methane
2 per year. However, the contribu-
maintain the Fat and SNF percentage 17
. Moreover, there are several kinds of other pollutants such as
per year 16
. Methane is a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide (CO 2). Therefore, the release of about 100 below proposes
industrial waste,some of the
vehicle risk factors
discharge that may
and heavy contribute
metals to the
in the field losses in
resulting inmilk supply chain.
accumulation of pollutants
tion of methane from cattle have not been measured in this survey. industrial waste, vehicle discharge
kg Methane per year for each cow is equivalent to about 2300 kg CO2 per year. However, the contribu- in soil, plant and animal systems,and heavy metals
ultimately in thethe
reaching field resulting
food chain,inand
accumulation
affect human of pollutants
health. Table
tion of methane from cattle have not been measured in this survey. in soil, proposes
below
OUTPUT plant andFOOD
II-7: animalof
some systems,
the risk
LOSS RISKultimately
factors thatreaching
FACTORS. the foodSECTOR)
may(FORMAL
contribute chain,
to and affect
the losses in milk human
supplyhealth. Table
chain.
Factors Description Details
below proposes some of the risk factors that may contribute to the losses in milk supply chain.
Variable Unit Parameter: Relation to food losses Value of variable
OUTPUT II-7: FOOD LOSS RISK FACTORS. (FORMAL SECTOR)
Factors Description Details OUTPUT II-7: FOOD LOSS RISK FACTORS. (FORMAL SECTOR)
High – Veterinary service available;
Mixed farming systems in which dairy animals are fed Variable Unit Parameter: Relation to food losses Value of variable
Type of Mixed farming is a system of farming which involves Variable Medium –Relation
UnitL/M/HParameter: Para veterinary service available Value of variable
to food losses
on grass, crop residues and cultivated fodder and sup-
production the growing of crops as well as the raising of live- Mixed farming systems in whichonly
dairy animals are fed Veterinary Services Low
High –– none available
Veterinary full time
service available; Medium
Type plementary feeding is practised when feasible. High – Veterinary service available;
systemof Mixed
stock. farming is a system of farming which involves on grass, crop residues and cultivated fodder and sup- Higher the service available, lower
Medium – Para veterinary service availablethe loss due to
production the growing of crops as well as the raising of live- The wastes from animals are used as manure for crops. L/M/HMedium – Para veterinary service available
Veterinary Services L/M/H mastitis
Low and available
– none other animal diseases.
system stock.
plementary feeding is practised only when feasible. Veterinary Services Low – none available full full
timetime Medium
Medium
The wastes from animals are used as manure for crops. Higher
If the
Higher the service
theproduction available,
crosseslower
service available, lower
demand, the
the loss loss
there due
due are to
to in-
Livestock depends on the green fodder as a major mastitis and other animal diseases.
Production supply/ stances
mastitis andof milk
other holiday
animal being
diseases. declared in Andhra
Land degra- source of nutrition. Green fodder cultivation is labour Degradation of common land is a concern due to low Ratio <1
demand ratio Pradesh
If the during which
production milkdemand,
crosses is not procuredarefrom
dation Livestock depends
intensive and on like
fertilizers the urea
greenarefodder
used toasmaximise
a major productivity If the production crosses demand, therethere are in- in-
Land degra- source of nutrition. Green fodder cultivation is labour Degradation of common land is a concern due to low Productionsupply/
Production supply/ farmers
stances ofandmilk
leads to increased
holiday losses. in Andhra
being declared
the yield and this degrades the land Ratio stances of milk holiday being declared in Andhra
Ratio <1
dation intensive and fertilizers like urea are used to maximise productivity demandratio
demand ratio Pradesh
Pradesh
Low during during
implying which
which milkmilk is procured
is not
inefficient not procured
machinery from < 1
fromcause
can
the yield and this degrades the land Packaging materials and facilities farmers
L/M/Hfarmers
leakyand and
pouches.leads
leads to increased
toMedium
increasedand losses.level machin-
losses.
Higher High
Interventions in technology and awareness of balanced
Methane gas emission because of enteric fermentation Lowery
Low can function
implying
implying efficiently
inefficient
inefficient machinery
machinery can cause
can cause
Sources of nutrition can reduce the production of GHG gases. Us-
of the cattle. Energy used for feed manufacturing and Interventions Packaging
Packaging materials
materials and
and facilities
facilities L/M/H
L/M/H leaky
leaky pouches.
pouches. Medium
Medium and and Higher
Higher levellevel machin-
machin- High High
GHG emis- Methane gas emission because of entericstorage,
fermentation age of solar in technology
energy and awareness
in processing, of and
storage balanced
cold Transport duration L/M/H Low is 2hr. Medium is 3-4hr; High is beyond 4hr. High
Sources of fodder cutting, transport, processing, cold nutrition can reduce the production of GHG gases. Us- eryery
cancan
function efficiently
function efficiently
sions of the cattle. Energy used for feed manufacturing and chain can significantly impact the production of GHG
GHG emis- chain age of solar energy in processing, storage and cold If there are strict mechanisms to check adultera-
fodder cutting, transport, processing, storage, cold gases Transport
Transportduration
duration L/M/H
L/M/HLow is 2hr.
Low Medium
is 2hr. is 3-4hr;
Medium HighHigh
is 3-4hr; is beyond 4hr. 4hr.
is beyond High High
sions chain can significantly impact the production of GHG Price incentive for quality and tion and substandard milk and simultaneously
chain Y/N N
gases quality monitoring mechanisms price
If there encouragement
are
If there strict
are for good
mechanisms
strict quality
to check
mechanisms to milk,
adultera-
check then
adultera-
Water and fodder scarcity during summers and drought Price
Priceincentive
incentivefor
forquality
qualityand
and tiontheand substandard
tionlosses
and will milk and simultaneously
be low milk and simultaneously
substandard
Climatic Fodder scarcity during summers and drought is the Y/N
Y/N price encouragement for good quality milk, then N N
has driven small and marginal dairy farmers to distress quality monitoring mechanisms
quality monitoring mechanisms price encouragement for good quality milk, then
factors major constraint for livestock productivity Water
Climatic Fodder scarcity during summers and drought is the sale ofand fodder scarcity during summers and drought
livestock Knowledge of FSC actors L/M/Hthethe
losses
Medium will
losses be low
(higher
will beawareness
low will reduce losses) Medium
has driven small and marginal dairy farmers to distress
factors major constraint for livestock productivity
sale of livestock Knowledge of FSC actors L/M/H Medium (higher awareness will reduce losses) Medium
Water and energy consumption – a significant factor Efficient processing technology and usage of solar Knowledge of FSC actors L/M/H Medium (higher awareness will reduce losses) Medium
Consump- in milk and milk product processing The fodder de- power in chilling centres and processing plants can re-
Water and in
energy
Indiaconsumption – a significant factor Efficient processing technology and usage theoflack
solar
tion of wa- velopment is mostly dependent on green wa- duce the consumption of energy Currently of B. CRITICAL LOSS POINTS: TYPE AND LEVEL OF FOOD LOSSES IN THE SE-
Consump-
ter and en- in milk and milk product processing The fodder de-
ter, as agriculture is mostly rain fed in India. The en- power in chilling centres and processing plants
infrastructure, technology, scale of operations hindercan re-
tion of wa- velopment in India is mostly dependent on green wa- duce the consumption of energy
LECTED
B. CRITICAL SUBSECTOR
LOSS POINTS: CHAINS, TYPE INCLUDING
AND LEVEL BOTHOF FOOD QUANTITATIVE
LOSSES IN AND THE QUALI-
SE-
ergy ergy is derived from fossil fuels like coal and natural the viability and sustainability of Currently the lack
these alternate powerof
TATIVE
B. CRITICAL LOSSES LOSS POINTS:
ter and en- ter,
gas as agriculture is mostly rain fed in India. The en- infrastructure,
sources set up technology, scale of operations hinder LECTED SUBSECTOR CHAINS, TYPE INCLUDING AND LEVEL OF FOOD LOSSES
BOTH QUANTITATIVE AND IN THE SE-
QUALI-
LECTEDLOSSES
TATIVE SUBSECTOR CHAINS, INCLUDING BOTH QUANTITATIVE AND QUALI-
ergy ergy is derived from fossil fuels like coal and natural the viability and sustainability of these alternate power Milk loss at the producer level is mainly due to the discarding of infected milk resulting from mastitis
gas sources set up TATIVE LOSSES
and other
Milk infections,
loss at however,
the producer level isthis is notdue
mainly considered as food loss
to the discarding since it milk
of infected results in lower
resulting milk
from production
mastitis
and
Milk not technically
loss at the a food
producer loss.
level Spoiled
is mainly and
due adulterated
to the milk
discarding led
of to rejection
infected milk of
and other infections, however, this is not considered as food loss since it results in lower milk production the milk
resulting at MCCs
from and
mastitis
chilling
and
and other
not centers anda this
infections,
technically isloss.
however,
food considered as
this is not
Spoiled aconsidered
and food loss. as
adulterated It milk
was
foodobserved
losstosince
led that the
ofmajor
it results
rejection milk
theinmilk
lower rejections
at milk
MCCs andoccur
production
during
and notsummer
chilling centers duethis
technically
and atofood
isincreased
considered microbial
loss. Spoiled andcontent
as a food in milk
adulterated
loss. It was milkowing
observed totothe
ledthat high
rejectiontemperature,
major of
milk milkwhich
therejections
at MCCs
occuris com-
and
pounded
during by time
chillingsummer
centers and
due gap
this
to between milking
is considered
increased as and
microbial delivery
a content
food loss. Itatwas
in milk the chilling
observed
owing center.
that
to high the The
major
temperature,sour
milkmilk
which thus
rejections
is com-gets re-
occur
jected
duringatsummer
pounded thetime
by chilling centers
gap to
due between after
increased the
milking acidity and pHattest.
and delivery
microbial content Total
themilk
in chillingquantitative
owing center. Theloss
to high sourinmilk
the milk
temperature, thus supply is chain
gets re-
which com-
jected
is 5.8%.
pounded at the
bychilling
The centers
critical
time gap points
betweenafter thesupply
in the acidity
milking anddelivery
chain
and pH test. at
where Total
the quantitative
improvements loss
will
chilling center. in thesour
contribute
The milk supply
tomilk
reduced chain
thus loss
getsand
re-
is 5.8%.atThe
improvement
jected the critical
chillingpoints
in milk quality
centers in after
the
aresupply
at:
thefarm chain where
level,
acidity and pHimprovements
milk collection
test. will contribute
centre
Total quantitativeand the to the
reduced
losschilling
in loss
centre.
milk andchain
supply
improvement
is 5.8%. The in milk quality
critical points in arethe
at: supply
farm level,
chainmilk collection
where centre andwill
improvements thecontribute
chilling centre.
to reduced loss and
improvement in milk quality are at: farm level, milk collection centre and the chilling centre.

17
16 Milk Quality Testing at Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
Abstract of Cattle And Global Warming, Adel A. Abdel-Ghani, Dept. of Anim. Prod., Minia Univ., Egypt 17
Milk Quality Testing at Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
25 | P a g e
16 24 | P a g e
Abstract of Cattle And Global Warming, Adel A. Abdel-Ghani, Dept. of Anim. Prod., Minia Univ., Egypt 17
Milk Quality Testing at Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner 25 | P a g e

Page | 24
24 | P a g e 25 | PPage
a g| e25
FSC
FSC# #1,1,Krishna,
Krishna,Liquid
LiquidMilk
Milk A Product Buffalo Milk
FSC # 1, Krishna, Liquid Milk
Stepininthe
Step theFSC
FSC Expected Loss
Expected Loss Points
Points Comments/Remarks
Comments/Remarks B Event Procurement (MCC to chilling centre)
Step in the FSC Expected Loss Points Comments/Remarks
Quantitative Qualitative
Quantitative Qualitative C Duration of the event 2-3 hours
Quantitative Qualitative
Milkcollection
Milk collectioncenter
centertoto N/A
N/A Milk
Milk not
not reaching
reachingthe
thechilling
chillingcenter
centerinindefined
definedtime due
time due D Location Kowthavaram MCC, Krishna district
Milk collection
chilling center(center
CLP)to 3% N/A Milk
to not reaching the chilling center in defined time due
chilling center( CLP) 3% to inclement
inclementweather,
weather,early
earlymilking,
milking,mostly
mostlyininsummer;
summer;
chilling center( CLP) 3% toand
inclement weather, early milking, mostly in summer;
and mixing
mixingof ofsour
sourmilk,
milk,adulterated
adulteratedmilk
milk Before the event Experimental Volume of unit No of Total volume
and mixing of sour milk, adulterated milk
Processingcenter
center(LLP)
(LLP) 1.3% N/A Flushing, acidity or adulterated milk, leaky pouches Unit units
Processing
Processing center (LLP) 1.3%
1.3% N/A
N/A Flushing,acidity
Flushing, acidity
oror adulterated
adulterated milk,
milk, leaky
leaky pouches
pouches
E Load Aluminium can 30 litres 3 72.7 litres of buffalo
Retail(LLP)
Retail (LLP) 1.5%
1.5% N/A
N/A Leaky pouches,
Leakypouches,
pouches, discarded
discardedmilk,
milk,unused
unusedmilk,
milk,returned
returned milk
Retail (LLP) 1.5% N/A Leaky
milk, consumer discarded milk,
discarding unused
before milk,
consumptionreturned
milk, consumer discarding before consumption
milk, consumer discarding before consumption Fat % - 6.8%

Value (score / %) Observations / Causes

OUTPUT III-8A: QUALITY SCORING OF FOOD PRODUCTS H Sample size 72.7 litres No rejection of the from dairy farmer; the milk was observed for
OUTPUT
OUTPUT III-8A:III-8A: QUALITY
QUALITYSCORING
SCORINGOF OFFOOD
FOODPRODUCTS
PRODUCTS SNF and fat percentage and basic physical changes were observed
FSSAI standards for different classes and designations of milk in India: Ministry of Health and Fam-
FSSAI
FSSAI standards
standards
ily welfare for
(Foodfor different
different
Safety classesand
classes
and Standards and designations
designations
Authority ofof
of India) milkinin
milk India:
India:
Notification Ministry
Ministry
Dated of of Health
Health
1st stAugust, and
2011and Fam-
Fam-
mentions I Average quality score (0–10) NA
ilybelow
welfare
welfare (Food
(Food Safety
Safety
standards. and
and Standards
Standards Authority
Authority of
of India)
India) Notification
Notification Dated
Dated 1st1 August, 2011 mentions
August, 2011 mentions
J %age unfit (< 2) 0 NA
below standards.
standards.
Class of Milk Designation ( Types) Fat % SNF % K %age low quality (2-6) 0 NA
Class
Class
Buffalo of Milk
of
milk Milk Designationboiled,
Raw, Designation
pasteurized, ( (Types)
Types)
flavoured, 5.0 Fat
Fat %% 9.0 SNFSNF
%%
milk
Buffalo milk Raw,
Raw, pasteurized,boiled,
pasteurized,
sterilized boiled,flavoured,
flavoured, 5.05.0 9.09.0 After the event Experimental Volume of unit No of Total Volume
Cow milk sterilized
sterilized
Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, 3.5 8.5 Unit units
milk
Cow milk Raw,
Raw, pasteurized,boiled,
pasteurized,
sterilized boiled,flavoured,
flavoured, 3.53.5 8.58.5
sterilized L Load 72.2 litres
sterilized
Value (score / %) Observations / Causes
III-8B: QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLED UNITS. O Sample size 72.7 litres There was no spillage and no rejection of milk due to increase in mi-
III-8B: QUALITY
QUALITY ANALYSIS
ANALYSISOF
OFSAMPLED
SAMPLEDUNITS.
UNITS. crobial load or physiological/ physical changes in the odour, texture
Unit Type of damage
Unit Type of Potential cause and symptoms and colour of the collected milk
evaluated
Unit Type ofdamage
(deterioration)
damage if any Potential
evaluated (deterioration) Potentialcause
causeand
andsymptoms
symptoms Milk is subjected to organoleptic tests for any contamination/ adul-
evaluated (deterioration) ififany
any teration; Fat and SNF % was also tested
The Fat % of Buffalo milk measured at MCC and
Buffalo milk NA The
Bulk
The Fat
Fat%%ofChilling
Milk ofBuffalo milk
center
Buffalo measured
(BMC)is
milk at at
6.8%
measured MCCand
MCC and
SNFand P Average quality score (0–10) NA
Buffalo milk
Buffalo milk NA
NA Bulk
% isMilk
Bulk MilkChilling
8.9% center
Chilling (BMC)is
center 6.8%
(BMC)is 6.8%andand
SNFSNF
%%isis8.9% Q %age unfit (< 2) 0 NA
8.9%
III-9: PRESENTATION OF LOAD TRACKING AND SAMPLING RESULTS R %age low quality (2-6) 0 NA
III-9:
III-9: PRESENTATION OF OFLOAD TRACKING AND SAMPLING RESULTS
LoadPRESENTATION
tracking was carried out LOAD
in TRACKING
Kowthavaram villageANDsituated SAMPLING RESULTS Load tracking
40 km from Vijayawada. Quantity loss Value (%) Observations / Causes
Load
was tracking
done for was
the carried
entire valueout in Kowthavaram
chain of cooperative village
societysituated
Load tracking was carried out in Kowthavaram village situated 40 km from Vijayawada.model. 40 km
Krishnafrom Vijayawada.
Milk Union MCC Load tracking
at Kowthav-
Load tracking S %age lost (E-L)/E 0 On the day of load tracking, there was no milk rejection at the MCC
was done
aram for
village the entire
was value
taken chain
as the of cooperative
beginning society
of the procurementmodel. Krishna
with Milk
5 litersMilk Union
of milk MCC
taken at
fromKowthav-
a small
was done for the entire value chain of cooperative society model. Krishna Union MCC at Kowthav- or chilling centre. In 3B, the CLP was based on the observation and
aram village
farmer at 6:30wasAM. takenTheas the beginning of thetoprocurement withthese
5 liters of milk takenwasfrom a small
aram village was taken asfarmer took the milk
the beginning of the the MCC where
procurement 5 liters
with 5 liters ofofmilk
milk taken tested
from for fat
a small recordings provided by the MCCs and chilling centres during the
farmer
and SNFat 6:30 AM. TheThe
percentage. farmer
fat was took the and
6.8% milkSNFto the
wasMCC8.9%. where
The 5these
liters5 of
liters
milkofwasmilkmixed
was tested
with the formilk
fat year.
farmer at 6:30 AM. The farmer took the milk to the MCC where these 5 liters of milk was tested for fat
and SNF percentage.
procured from otherThe fat was
farmers from6.8%theand
same SNF andwas 8.9%. Thevillages
surrounding 5 liters ofand milk
thewas
can mixed
(30 L)with was the thusmilk
sent
and SNF percentage. The fat was 6.8% and SNF was 8.9%. The 5 liters of milk was mixed with the milk Quality loss Value (%) Observations / Causes
procured from
to chilling centerotherbyfarmers
9:55 AM from the same tankers/
in insulated and surrounding
aluminumvillages
cans. At and
thethe can (30
chilling L) was
center, thethus
milksent
can
procured
towith
chilling from
center other
by farmers
9:55 from the same and surrounding villages andchilling
the cancenter,
(30 L)the was thus sent
a capacity with 30 AMlitersinofinsulated
milk wastankers/ aluminum
tested for Fat andcans.
SNFAt the
percentage. The fat was milk
5.7 %can
and T %age lost (Q-J) 0
to chilling
with
SNFa was
center
capacity
7.9%.with
by 9:55
From
AMofincenter,
30 chilling
liters insulated
milk was tankers/milk
the tested
chilledfor
aluminum
Fatisand SNF
carried
cans. At the chilling
topercentage.
processingThe center
center,
fat atwas
12:00
thenoon
5.7 milk
% andincan
with a capacity with 30 liters of milk was tested for Fat and SNF percentage. The fat was 5.7 % and U %age quality reduction (R-K) 0
SNF was 7.9%.
insulated tankers From chilling
(2000 L). At center, the chilledcenter,
the processing milk isthecarried
milk tois processing
tested for fat center
and atSNF 12:00 noon in
percentage,
SNF was
insulated 7.9%.
tankers
adulterants, From
toxins(2000 chilling
L). At the
and acidity. center, the
Theprocessing chilled
approved milk milk
center, is carried
the milk
is taken to processing
in foris processing
tested for where center
fat andmilk at 12:00
SNFis percentage, noon in
pasteurized, NOTE: In case of suspicion arising out of organoleptic test, milk is subjected to acidity tests. The milk
insulated
adulterants,
then 75% oftankers
toxins (2000
and is
the milk L).
acidity. At
goes into the
Thethe processing
approved center,
milk is taken
manufacturing the milk is
in packaging
unit for tested
for processing for fat
where milk
of pasteurized and SNF percentage,
is pasteurized,
milk, and the rest with high microbial load will be rejected and drained. The losses due to high microbial load are more
adulterants,
then 75% of
of 25% of toxins
the milk andis
goesacidity.
goes into
into The
the approved
manufacturing
processing milk unit
for value is taken
added in for processing
forproducts.
packaging of product
The where
pasteurized milk
wasmilk,
trackedis
and pasteurized,
the rest
along the in summer season due to high temperatures.
then 75% of
ofdistribution the
25% of thepathway milk
milk goes is goes
from into
intoprocession the
processing manufacturing
unit
forbooths, unit
retailers
value added for packaging
and hotels.
products. The product was tracked along therest
of pasteurized milk, and the
of
distribution pathway from procession unit booths, retailers and hotels.The product was tracked along the
25% of the milk goes into processing for value added products.
distribution pathway from procession unit booths, retailers and hotels.

26 | P a g e
26 | P a g e
Page | 26 26 | P a g e 27 | PPage
a g| e27
SUMMARY
SUMMARY Case study of Milk Agent at Dharmavarm, Ananthapur district
The major causes of milk losses are unhygienic management and milking practices, unethical practices
The milk
like majoradulteration,
causes of milk lacklosses
of price areincentives
unhygienicfrom management
government andformilking
effortspractices,
to improve unethical
quality, practices
inappro- Ananthapur, being one of the low milk production district of Andhra Pradesh is also dominated by
like milk adulteration, lack of price incentives from government
priate equipment at the collection center to check the quality of milk. Farmers discard for efforts to improve quality,
the milk inappro-
from informal sector. Under informal market study, Mr. Narendra is a milk agent who collects the milk
priate equipment at the collection center to check the quality of milk.
mastitis-infected quarter of the udder on the first day. The agent at MCC relies only on his ability Farmers discard the milk fromto from the villagers and sells it to private dairy. He also works as the Gopala Mitra (private AI work-
mastitis-infected quarter of the udder on the first day. The agent at
detect the adulteration or infection in the milk by checking the odor, color, fat and SNF percentage in MCC relies only on his ability to ers) appointed by the government. He stated that progressive/marginal farmers would adulterate
detect the adulteration or infection in the milk by checking the odor,
the milk brought by the farmer. The adulterants used to increase the fat and SNF percentage are urea, color, fat and SNF percentage in around 30% of the procured milk and this leads to milk loss and the adulterated milk is drained. This
the milk brought
ammonia by starch
fertilizers, the farmer.
and cerealThe adulterants used glucose,
flours, sucrose, to increasesalt,the fat and SNF
neutralizers andpercentage are urea,
hydrogen peroxide. adulteration would be identified by tracking down the milk can that is being spoiled repeatedly, the
ammonia
The incidence fertilizers, starchmastitis
of clinical and cereal (theflours, sucrose,definitive
cow displays glucose, symptoms
salt, neutralizers
of the and hydrogen
disease like mildperoxide.
to se- continuous adulterated milk is rejected, and farmer doing the activity will be subjected to punish-
vere inflammation of the udder and visible changes in the milk, such as small clots) is up to to
The incidence of clinical mastitis (the cow displays definitive symptoms of the disease like mild 10%,se- ment. The adulterants include toxins, fat mixers; and some instances Fevicol (glue) mixed with milk
vere
whereasinflammation
subclinicalof the udder
mastitis (more and visible
likely to bechanges
caused in by the milk, such
contagious as small
pathogens 18 clots) is up to 10%,
) can range up to 50% to increase the thickness of the milk According to milk trader, the productivity of animals in Anan-
whereas subclinical mastitis (more likely to be caused by contagious
in cows and 20% in buffaloes, in India. The survey indicated that only 1% of the )Kowthavaram pathogens 18
can range up to 50%
village thapur is low because of the lack of knowledge about AI and other veterinary services. Hence, An-
in cows and 20% in buffaloes,
cattle population is affected with mastitis. in India. The survey indicated that only 1% of the Kowthavaram village
anthapur needs ways to create access to AI technology to small/marginal farmers
cattle population is affected with mastitis.
Farmers incur losses because of milk rejections at the collection centers due to microbial load and mas-
Farmers incurin
titis infection losses
cattle.because
The delaysof milk rejectionsofatmilk
in delivery the collection
to collection centers
centersdueistoalsomicrobial
a critical load andofmas-
cause the
titis infection in cattle. The delays in delivery of milk to collection
high microbial load. This occurs during summer season, when the keeping quality of milk deteriorates centers is also a critical cause of the
high
faster.microbial
It is alsoload. notedThis occurswhen
to occur during thesummer
farmersseason,
combine when the keeping
leftover milk from quality of milk deteriorates
the previous evening to
faster. It is also noted to occur when the farmers combine leftover milk
fresh milk from the morning to avoid losses. Milk with odor from unclean vessels with contaminants/fla- from the previous evening to
fresh milk from the morning to avoid losses. Milk with odor from unclean
vors is also rejected at MCC. At the chilling center, however, there are equipment to check the acidity vessels with contaminants/fla-
vors is also rejected
and adulteration. at MCC.
In this At the chilling
case, suspected milk, center, however, there
after undergoing are equipment
organoleptic tests, is to check the
subjected acidity
to acidity
and adulteration. In this case, suspected milk, after undergoing organoleptic
and adulteration analysis. The losses at the chilling center are also due to late arrival of the trucks from tests, is subjected to acidity
and adulteration
MCCs, leading toanalysis. The lossesload
higher microbial at the
andchilling centerrejections.
subsequent are also due to late arrival
However, of the trucks
this happens rarely,fromdue
MCCs,
to inclementleading to higher
weather, microbial
traffic jams orload roadand subsequent
blockages rejections. However, this happens rarely, due
in monsoons.
to inclement weather, traffic jams or road blockages in monsoons.
Milk is received on the basis of volume at MCCs. The price is however determined by the fat and SNF
Milk is received
% measured by LRon the basis of
machine. volume
There is aatpotential
MCCs. economic
The price is however
loss determined
for farmers if the Fat by the
andfat SNFandmeas-
SNF
% measured
urement by LR machine.
is fraudulent due to There is a potential
manipulation of the economic
machines.loss Thisforwarrants
farmers periodic
if the Fatchecksand SNF andmeas-strict
urement is fraudulent due to manipulation of the machines. This
control measures by state regulatory authorities. Even though women farmers get the milk to the warrants periodic checks andMCC, strict
control measures by state regulatory authorities. Even though women
money is generally collected by their spouses once every 15 days. In some cases, women farmers also farmers get the milk to the MCC,
money
mentioned is generally collected
that the pricing by their
is not equalspouses
and women oncefarmers
every 15 aredays.
paidIn lesssome
when cases, womenwith
compared farmers
men who also
mentioned that the
deliver milk at the MCCs. pricing is not equal and women farmers are paid less when compared with men who
deliver milk at the MCCs.
In the informal sector, however, the losses are mainly qualitative due to adulteration with water by the
In
milkthevendors
informal sector,
who supply however, the losses are
to the consumer. Themainly
vendorqualitative
adulteratesdue the to adulteration
milk with waterwith for water
purelyby the
com-
milk
mercialvendors
purposes.who Thesupply to the consumer.
consumer pays the vendorThe vendorbasedadulterates the milk of
on his perception with waterofformilk
quality purely com-
supplied
mercial purposes. The consumer pays the vendor based on his perception
and also based on taste and yoghurt formation (Indian households mostly prepare yoghurt at home by of quality of milk supplied
and also based
fermenting milk).onThetastefarmers
and yoghurtkeep someformation
milk for (Indian households mostly
self-consumption and sellprepare
the surplus. yoghurt
If theatconsumer
home by
fermenting milk). The farmers keep some milk for self-consumption and
finds the milk curdled, then the farmer or the agent incurs losses. This occurs because of infected milk sell the surplus. If the consumer
finds
or delaytheinmilk curdled,
supply of milk thenduethe to farmer
inclement or the agentor
weather incurs losses. This
transportation occurs
issues as thebecause
milk does of infected
not undergomilk
or delay or
chilling in supply
processing of milk dueinformal
in the to inclement sector.weather
However,or transportation
the practice issues
in the as the milk
Indian does notisundergo
households to boil
chilling or processing in the informal sector. However, the practice
the milk immediately after receiving from the milk vendor. This prevents the milk from spoilage. in the Indian households is toThere
boil
the
is nomilk immediately
formal mechanism aftertoreceiving
check the from the milk
quality vendor.
of milk in This prevents
informal trade.theHowever,
milk fromstringent
spoilage.quality
There
is no formal mechanism to check the quality of milk in informal
measures combined with sustainable livelihood mitigation measures can be introduced to prevent vendor trade. However, stringent quality
measures combined
level adulteration ofwith
milk.sustainable livelihood mitigation measures can be introduced to prevent vendor
level adulteration of milk.
The supply chain in informal trade is very short, where the vendors deliver milk collected from produc-
The supply3-4
ers within chain
hoursin informal
from milking. trade Women
is very short, where the
participation vendors
in milk tradedeliver milk collected
is minimal whereas they fromare produc-
more
ers within 3-4 hours from milking. Women participation in milk
involved in pre-production aspects of the value chain. The unique case study of the women vendortrade is minimal whereas they are more
involved in pre-production aspects of the value chain. The unique
indicated in the report shows that her limitation to enlarge her business was due to lack of access to case study of the women vendor
indicated
transportation. in the report shows that her limitation to enlarge her business was due to lack of access to
transportation.
In both the sectors, though microbial load is taken care of to a major extent by either processing or
In both the
boiling, sectors,
the threat of though
mycotoxins microbial load is taken
and antibiotic caregoes
residues of tounchecked.
a major extent by either processing or
boiling, the threat of mycotoxins and antibiotic residues goes unchecked.

18
Mastitis information on Animal Husbandry website of UK
18
Mastitis information on Animal Husbandry website of UK
28 | P a g e 29 | P a g e
Page | 28 28 | P a g e Page | 29
 C.C.THE
THECAUSES
CAUSESOF
OFTHESE
THESELOSSES
LOSSESAND
ANDIDENTIFIED
IDENTIFIED(POTENTIAL)
(POTENTIAL)LOSS
LOSSREDUC-
REDUC-

Processing cen-

Milk chilling/

FSC stage/
collection
TION
TION MEASURES
MEASURES

process

OUTPUT III-10: SUMMARY RESULT MATRIX OF FOOD LOSSES (FOR KRISHNA DISTRICT)
C. THE CAUSES OF THESE LOSSES AND IDENTIFIED (POTENTIAL) LOSS REDUC-

centers
Retail

ter
TION MEASURES

C. THE CAUSES
OUTPUT
OUTPUT IV-1: OF THESE
IV-1:CAUSE
CAUSE LOSSES
FINDING
FINDING AND IDENTIFIEDFROM
DIAGRAM.DATA
DIAGRAM.DATA (POTENTIAL)
FROMPRIMARYLOSS
PRIMARY REDUC-
SURVEY
SURVEY

Type of
Qn./Ql.
TION MEASURES

loss
OUTPUT IV-1: CAUSE FINDING DIAGRAM.DATA FROM PRIMARY SURVEY

Qn

Qn

Qn
InInthe
thebelow
belowdiagrams,
diagrams,blue
bluefont
fontindicates
indicatesthetheselected
selectedfeature.
feature.
In the below diagrams, blue font indicates the selected feature.
1.1.Food
Foodloss
lossassessment
assessmentmethods
methodshave
haverevealed
revealeda batch
a batchofoffood
foodproducts containinglosses
productscontaining lossesororproduct
product

this pro-
Quant in this pro- this stage

lost in uct that in- product

%age
1.5%

1.3%

3.5%
OUTPUT IV-1: CAUSE FINDING DIAGRAM.DATA FROM PRIMARY SURVEY

cess
1. Food
ofof
low loss assessment
lowquality.
quality. methods have revealed a batch of food products containing losses or product
of low quality.
In the below diagrams, blue font indicates the selected feature.

quality loss through

the prod-
%age of
1. Food loss assessment methods have revealed a batch of food products containing losses or product

curred
cess
Milk
MilkLosses
Lossesduring
during

NA

NA

NA
ofMilk
low quality.
Losses during SCREENING
SCREENING SAMPLING
SAMPLING SURVEY
SURVEY
production
production SCREENING SAMPLING SURVEY
production

that goes loss in the

%age of
Milk Losses during

19%

19%

19%
SCREENING SAMPLING SURVEY
production
Spoilage
Spoilage SCREENING
SCREENING SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING SURVEY
SURVEY
Spoilage ofofmilk
ofmilk
milk
–– – SCREENING SURVEY

0.285%

0.25%
high
highmicrobial
microbial load
load

%age
0.6%

FSC
high microbial load
Spoilage of milk – SCREENING SAMPLING SURVEY
high microbial load

ing of sour milk, adulterated

mostly in summer; and mix-
Flushing, acidity or adulter-
milk, unused milk, returned
milk, consumer discarding

Leaky pouches, discarded

chilling center in defined

ated milk, leaky pouches

weather, early milking,

time due to inclement

Milk not reaching the

2. 2.
Identify
Identify
Identify and
andand
describe
describe
describe the symptoms
thethe symptoms
symptoms that
that thatlead
lead leadtotothis
to this thisquantitative/quality
quantitative/quality
quantitative/quality loss. loss.
loss.

Reason for low loss

before consumption

Cause of loss/
2. Identify and describe the symptoms that lead to this quantitative/quality loss.
milk NON-COMPLI-
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL CHEMICALBIOLOGICAL
CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL NON-COMPLI-
NON-COMPLI-
BIOLOGICAL ANCE
Odor,
Odor, color,
Odor,color, dilution
color,dilution
dilution NON-COMPLI-ANCE
ANCE
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
with
with
withwater,
Odor,water,curdling
water,
color,curdling
curdling
dilution ANCE
or
or flake
orflake
with formation
flake
formation
formation
water, curdling PHYSIOLOGICAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL NO SYMPTOM
PHYSIOLOGICAL NO
NO SYMPTOM INVISIBLE
SYMPTOM INVISIBLE
INVISIBLE

Reduced
market
or flake formation

value
PHYSIOLOGICAL
NA

NA
NA

NO SYMPTOM INVISIBLE

3. Verify the possible causes by consultation of experts and literature, and by on-site investigation.
CLP /
LLP 3.3.Verify
Verifythe possiblecauses
thepossible causesbybyconsultation
consultationofofexperts
expertsand
andliterature,
literature,and
andbybyon-site
on-siteinvestigation.
investigation.
CLP
LLP

LLP

3. Verify the possible causes by consultation of experts and literature, and by on-site investigation.
-Inadequate Nutrition EXPERTS/ FSC ACTORS LITERATURE
self-consumption

Destination of

-Inadequate
-InadequateNutrition
-Inadequate Nutrition EXPERTS/
EXPERTS/ FSC
FSCACTORS
ACTORSLITERATURE LITERATURE
LITERATURE
Discarded or

Nutrition EXPERTS/ FSC ACTORS

Discarded

Discarded

food loss

-Incidence of Mastitis
-Incidence
-Incidenceofofof
-Incidence Mastitis
Mastitis
Mastitis
-Low awareness of management prac-
-Low
-Low
-Low
tices awareness
awareness ofof
awarenessof management
management prac-
managementprac-
prac-
tices
tices
tices
change/natural resources

-Unethical practices like adulteration

sources like water, energy

further put additional bur-

Impacts on the environ-

Food losses in milk will
den on the precious re-

-Unethical practices like adulteration

-Unethical
-Unethicalpractices
practiceslike
to adulteration
like adulteration
and land (fodder)

-Inadequate equipment check milk

ment/climate

-Inadequate equipment to check milk

quality
-Inadequate
-Inadequateequipment
equipmenttotocheck
checkmilk
milk
quality TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION
quality
quality
-Lack of of
strict TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION
-Lack strictregulation
regulationtotomonitor
monitor TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
milk
-Lackquality
-Lack
milk ofofstrict
strictregulation
quality regulationtotomonitor
monitor
milk
milkquality
quality
-Insufficient incentives
-Insufficient incentivestotoimprove
improve INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE SKILLS
SKILLS
Consumers

Collection/
Processing
Retailers/

milk quality
FSC ac-
women)

Impact/

milk quality
tors af-
chilling
centers

(men /

-Insufficient
-Insufficientincentives
incentivestotoimprove
improve
fected
center

INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
SKILLS
SKILLS
milk
milkquality
quality
Loss percep-
FSC actors
Negligible

Negligible

women)

tion of
(men /
High
30 | P a g e

Suggested solu-
Adulterant test
kits, capacity
building

tions

31 | P a g e
31 | P a g e

Page | 30 3131| P| Page

Pa ga ge| 31
e
4. Identify the real cause of the low quality and subsequent food loss.
4.Identify
Identifythe realcause
thereal causeofof
4.
4. Identify
Identifythe realcause
thereal cause thethe low
low quality
quality andand subsequent
subsequent foodfood
loss.loss.
4. ofof
thethe low
low quality
quality andand subsequent
subsequent foodfood
loss.loss. Case study of MCC at Kowthavaram, Krishna district that procures milk for a Dairy cooperative
MCCs Secretary and his assistant manage the Kowthavaram MCC. The MCC also has two directors who are
-Spoilage more during
Spoilagemore
moreduring
during
---Spoilage
Spoilagemore
moreduring
during INVESTIGATION CLIMATE CHANGE selected on a rotational basis from the active dairy farmer members. The MCC has 210 members out of which
Spoilage
-summer season due to INVESTIGATION CLIMATE
INVESTIGATION CLIMATE CHANGE
CHANGE
summerseason
summer seasondue duetoto INVESTIGATION CLIMATE
INVESTIGATION CLIMATE CHANGE
CHANGE only 50 are active (who deliver milk at least 180 days and 180 litres in a year). However, 200 farmers, in-
summer
summer
high seasondue
season
microbial duetoto
load ow-
high
high microbial
microbial load
load ow-
ow- cluding members and non-members, deliver milk at MCC. The farmers belong to cross section of castes and
high
high
ing microbial
tomicrobial
lack of load
load
access ow-
ow-
to
ingto
ing tolack
lackofofaccess
accessto to classes in the village. Overall, there are 800 cattle in the village, with 400 currently in milking.
ing
ing
coldto
tolack
lack
chain ofofaccess
access toto
infrastructure
cold
cold
cold chain
chain
chain infrastructure
infrastructure
infrastructure The MCC procured 231644 litres in 2015-16, up by 7% from previous year, attributed to better conception
cold
at
at thechain infrastructure
farmer, MCC and
atthe
at thefarmer,
the farmer,MCC MCCandand
and in cattle and better rainfall providing access to more green fodder. The amount disbursed to the farmers is
at
in
in thefarmer,
farmer,MCC
transport
transport MCC and
in transport
in transport USD 121,793. MCC also claims that the procurement of milk increased at their society mainly because of
in transport TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
-Adulteration
-Adulteration with
-Adulterationwith water,
withwater,
water, TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION increased trust after setting up of SNF percentage and Fat percentage testing equipment. MCC estimates that
-Adulteration
-Adulteration with
withwater,
water, more than 500 litres every day is still sold in informal sector from the village through milk vendors due to
detergents,
detergents, starch,
starch,
detergents,starch,
detergents, sweet-
sweet-
starch,sweet-
sweet-
detergents,
eners, starch, sweet- distance, convenience – as the vendor himself milks the animal in the farm, relationships developed, fixed
eners,hydrogen
eners,
eners, hydrogenperoxide
hydrogen
hydrogen peroxide
peroxide
peroxide INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
SKILLS/ PRAC-
SKILLS/
SKILLS/
SKILLS/ PRAC-
PRAC-
PRAC- rate irrespective of Fat percentage and microfinancing facility offered. MCC operates on a cooperative model,
eners, hydrogen peroxide INFRASTRUCTURE SKILLS/
TICES
TICES PRAC-
TICES
TICES
-Lack
-Lack
-Lack of
ofproper
proper
-Lackofofproper equip-
equip-
properequip-
equip- where they have disbursed up to USD 0.077 per litre of milk as bonus to the members, from the profit gen-
TICES
-Lack
ment
ment toof proper
check the equip-
milk
menttoto
ment check
tocheck
checkthethe milk
themilk
milk erated. MCC also provides feed, feed supplements and insurance on subsidy to the farmer members.
ment
quality
quality
quality to
at
at check
atMCCs
MCCs
MCCs the milk
quality at MCCs September to March is the flush period and March to August is the lean period wherein the production levels
quality at MCCs
-Insufficient veterinary
-Insufficient
-Insufficient
-Insufficient veterinary
veterinary
veterinary vary up to 50% of the flush season. Overall, on an average 30% of the milk procured is sold at the MCC itself
services at
-Insufficient
services village level.
veterinary to the buyers within the village. Some of the buyers are dairy farmers who used to rear cattle before but sold
services at villagelevel.
services at
atvillage
village level.
level.
services at village level. off due to non-availability of labour and improper veterinary services.
5. Find the underlying reason for the
the cause,
cause, why
why the
the problem
problem hasn’t
hasn’t been
been solved
solved yet.
yet.
5.
5. Find
5. Findthe
Find the underlyingreason
theunderlying
underlying reason
reason
for
for the
for the cause,
cause, why
why the
the problem
problem hasn’t
hasn’t been
been solved
solved yet.
yet. The farmer is given voucher upon receipt of milk, stating Fat and SNF percentage and volume of milk.
5. Find the underlying reason for the cause, why the problem hasn’t been solved yet. The Fat is measured using Gerber test by Butyrometer. SNF is measured using a centrifuge and the level
--Legislation on milk quality standards
standards notnot of sedimentation in the centrifuge tube. Based on experience and fat percentage reading, milk will be
--Legislation on milk quality INVESTMENT CLI- CLI- LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
Legislation
Legislation
rigorously on
on milk
milk
implemented quality
quality standards
standards not
not INVESTMENT
INVESTMENT CLI- LEGISLATION rejected if found to be deviant in colour or odor. The rejection at this MCC is mainly due to smell or
rigorously implemented
-Legislationimplemented
on milk quality standards not INVESTMENT
MATE CLI- LEGISLATION
POLICY
rigorously
rigorously implemented MATE
INVESTMENT CLI- LEGISLATION
POLICY addition of stored milk. Milk procured is transported in cans to Gudlavalleru chilling centre, which is 9
-Insufficient incentives to improve
improve quality
quality MATE
MATE POLICY
rigorously implemented
-Insufficient incentives to MATE POLICY km away, by 9 AM. Sometimes, if the van does not reach the dock in time or milk becomes sour by the
of-Insufficient
-Insufficient
milk incentives
incentives to
to improve
improve quality
quality POLICY
of milk time it reaches the chilling centre, there will be rejection at the chilling centre. Overall, the losses at this
-Insufficient
of milk incentives to improve quality
of milk
-Low awareness CULTURE/
CULTURE/ MCC were up to 1-1.5%.
of milk
-Low awareness of of good management
good management CULTURE/ UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
-Low
-Low awareness
practices
practicesawareness of of good
good management
management CULTURE/
GENDER
GENDER UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
-Low awareness of good management CULTURE/ UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
practices
practices GENDER
GENDER UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
practices GENDER

D. LOW LOSS POINTS, AND GOOD PRACTICES

PRACTICES LEADING
LEADING TO
TO LOW
LOW FOOD
FOOD LOSSES
LOSSES
D.
D. LOW
The farmer LOSS
LOW to MCCPOINTS,
LOSS linkage hasAND
POINTS, AND GOOD
GOOD
improved over PRACTICES
PRACTICES
the years
years to
to become
becomeLEADING
LEADING dueTO
TO LOW
LOW FOOD marketLOSSES
FOOD LOSSES
D. LOW LOSS POINTS, AND GOOD PRACTICES aa LLP
LEADING
LLP due
TO
toincreased
to increased
LOW FOODmarket and
and
LOSSES
logistics access.MCC
Similarly, at the there used toto be damages and due
leakages. But over
over the and
The
The farmer
farmer to
to MCC linkage hasretail
linkage has end also
improved
improved overthere
over the used
the years
years tobe
to damages
become
become and
aa LLP
LLP leakages.
due to But
to increased
increased the
market
market and
The
logistics access. Similarly, at the retail end also there used to be damages and leakages. But over and
years,farmer
it has to MCC
become linkage
LLP due has
to improved
improved over the
logistics,
logistics, years
retail
retail to
point
point become
chillers.
chillers. a LLP due to increased market the
logistics access. Similarly, at the retail end also there used to be damages and leakages. But over the
logistics
years, it access. Similarly, at to
the retail endlogistics,
also there used in to be damages
Pradeshand leakages. Butmar-
over the
Milk
years, it has
losseshasinbecome
the supply
become LLP
LLP due to improved
duehave
chain improved
come down logistics, retail
significantly point
retail in
significantly point chillers.
Andhra
chillers.
Andhra Pradesh dueto
due toimproved
improved mar-
years,
ket it has
access become
through LLP duecooperative
integrated to improved logistics,
society model
model
retail point
to the
to the chillers.
small
small and marginal
and marginal dairy farmer.
dairy farmer. The
The
Milk
Milk losses
losses in
in the
the supply
supply chain
chain have
have come
come down
down significantly
significantly in
in Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh due due to
to improved
improved mar-
mar-
increasing
Milkaccess demand
lossesthrough for milk
in the supply and milk products
chaincooperative
have come down ensured
ensured that
that there
there
significantly is
is healthy
healthy
in small
Andhra competition
competition
Pradesh for
for procurement
procurement
due dairy
to improved mar-
ket
ket access through integrated
integrated cooperative society
society model
model to
to the
the small and
and marginal
marginal dairy farmer.
farmer. The
of
ketmilk among
access dairy cooperatives
through integrated and private
cooperative aggregators.
aggregators.
society model This
This
to leads
leads
the to improved
to
small improved
and infrastructure
infrastructure
marginal dairy facili- The
facili-
farmer. The
increasing
increasing demand
demand for
for milk and
and milk
milkcentersmilk products
products ensured
ensured that there
there is healthy
healthy competition for
for procurement
ties like MCCs
increasing demand and chilling
for milk and milkeven at remote
remote
products rural that
rural
ensured locations.
locations.
that there
isImproved
is Improved
healthy
competition
rural connectivity
rural connectivity
competition for
procurement
with
with
procurement
of
of milk
milk
better
among
among
roads
dairy
and dairy
cooperatives
cooperatives
transport
and private
andensured
privatethataggregators.
aggregators.
that the milk
This
This leads
milk reaches
reaches leads to
to improved
in time
time improved
to the
infrastructure
infrastructure
the chilling
chilling
facili-
centersininfacili-
of milk among dairy facilities also
cooperatives and private the
aggregators. This leadsin to to
improved centers
infrastructure facili-
ties like
like MCCs
tiesformal
the MCCs
sector andand chilling
chilling centers
and consumers centers even at
at remote
remote rural
evensector. rural locations.
locations. Improved Improved rural rural connectivity
connectivity withwith
ties like MCCs
better and chilling centers even sector.
in informal at remote rural locations. Improved rural connectivity with
better roads
roads and
and transport
transport facilities
facilities also
also ensured
ensured that
that the
the milk
milk reaches
reaches in
in time
time to
to the
the chilling
chilling centers
centers in
in
better
the roads and
Liberalization transport
of the economyfacilities also
1990sensured
in the informal that theease
improved
and improved milkin
ease inreaches
licensing
licensing in of
time to the
of dairy
dairy chilling
industry
industry lead
lead centers
to
to in
the formal
formal sector
sector and
and consumers
consumers in in informal sector.
sector.
increased
the formal investments
sector andby consumers in informal
private players cooperatives in
sector.
and dairy cooperatives in the
the formal
formal sector,
sector,thereby
therebyimproving
improving
Liberalization
the efficiency ofof
Liberalization the
ofthe economy
theprocessing in
in the
the 1990s
economy technology andand
1990s and improved
improved
improved
improved coldease
cold chains
ease
chainsin
in licensing of
of dairy
dairy industry
during distribution
licensing
during distribution and better lead
lead to
better
industry
and to
Liberalization
increased
storage facilitiesof
investments
at the
the economy
by private
retailer in
points.the 1990s
players and
However, and
dairy
there
thereimproved
cooperatives
is
is still
still ease
room
room in
for
for in licensing
the formal
improvement.
improvement. of dairy
sector, industry
thereby lead to
improving
increased investments by private players and dairy cooperatives in the formal sector, thereby improving
increased investments
the efficiency by private players
of the processing and dairy
technology cooperatives
and improved coldinchains
the formal sector,
during thereby improving
distribution and better
the efficiency
Dairy of the
cooperatives processing
in the technology
formal sector are also and improved
providing
providing cold services,
veterinary
veterinary chains
services, during distribution
extension
extension activitiesand
activities andbetter
and
the efficiency
storage of atthe
facilities theprocessing
retailer technology
points. However,and improved
there is still cold
roomchains
for during
improvement.distribution and better
storage
subsidizedfacilities
feed and at the retailer points. However, there is still room for improvement.
storage facilities at fodder to their
the retailer member
points. farmers.
farmers.
However, Thisishas
This
there has reduced
stillreduced theimprovement.
the
room for food losses
food losses to
to aa significant
significant
Dairy
Dairy atcooperatives
extent the production
cooperatives in
in the
the formal
level, though
formal sector
it hasare
sector also
also providing
to reach
are reach all veterinary
veterinary services,
all producers.
producers.
providing services, extension
extension activities
activities and
and
Dairy cooperatives
subsidized in the formal sector are also providing veterinary services, extensiontoactivities and
subsidized feed
feed and
and fodder
fodder to
to their
their member
member farmers.
farmers. This
This has
has reduced
reduced the
the food
food losses
losses to aa significant
significant
subsidized
extent feed and fodder to their member farmers.allThis has reduced the food losses to a significant
extent at
at the
the production
production level,
level, though
though it
it has
has to
to reach
reach all producers.
producers.
extent at the production level, though it has to reach all producers. 33 | P a g e
32
32| |PPaaggee

32
32 || P
P aa gg ee
Page | 32 32 | P a g e Page | 33
 4. THE FOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY-CONCLUSIONS AND RECOM- the negative perception about quality of milk available, may also lead to consumers opting for other
MENDATIONS protein and nutrition sources.
8. A large number of rural families depend on the dairy industry, both for self-sustenance wherein
A. IMPACT OF FOOD LOSSES IN THE SELECTED FSC. milk produced in the backyard farm is used for consumption and as an assured source of income to
The following are the observations and conclusions made after surveying various stakeholders in milk support the income from agriculture farming or manual labor. Losses in the milk supply chain will
value chain: not only lead to malnutrition at the producer family level but also deter the socio-economic growth
of a large number of marginal dairy farmers.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Quantitative losses at the production level affect the socio-economic lifestyle of the small and mar- 9. Inadequate milk procurement due to losses in supply chain may also affect the sustainability of
ginal dairy farmers. There are losses in production that go unrecorded due to inadequate nutrition dairy cooperatives and private dairies. This can have a potential impact on the future investments
and poor conception rates leading to non-realization of the genetic potential of the dairy cattle. The by private industry and other large players in infrastructure and processing.
small farmer doesn’t perceive these losses due to lack of awareness. On the other hand, lack of 10. Environment aspect: All sites visited had operations based on (fossil fuel-based) grid connected
timely veterinary services and improper management practices lead to milk losses due to mastitis generators. Renewable energy such as solar power is not deployed anywhere and energy efficiency
and other reproductive problems. Low productivity and high input costs including labor are driving measures were also not in place. However, most actors expressed that they would consider solar
many dairy farmers away from the industry. This may have a long-term negative impact on coun- power as a potential energy source for the future, on the condition of government subsidies. Biogas
try’s milk production. These losses technically do not form part of milk supply chain food losses plants have also been implemented at household level in the region but have been a failure to a
since they are factors before the milking. Adoption of portable milking machines and capacity large extent. The main reason was reported to be maintenance constraints and operational limita-
building measures for the farmers may help in reducing these losses. tions, such as insufficient manure. As for technology needs, especially cold storage, no one re-
2. Rejections at the MCCs and chilling centers due to spoilage of milk in case of high microbial load ported a need for improved cold chains to increase efficiency or reduce milk losses in the value
affect the dairy farmer as well as village cooperative society on the economic front. Lack of aware- chain.
ness and unhygienic milking and cleaning practices lead to high microbial load in the milk. Unvi-
able MCCs may lead to closure of the unit, which will deprive the small dairy farmers of proper
market access. B.FOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY
3. Faulty or manipulated LR machines, used for measuring fat and SNF in the MCCs, result in loss of
FOOD LOSS REDUCTION MEASURES
trust in the formal sector forcing the farmers towards the informal trade, where they are subject to
the pressures by the middle man. It is observed that the farmers in the lower strata and women feel PORTABLE ADULTERANT TESTING KIT:
that they are the ones who are subjected to this discrimination more.
1. Formal Sector: Cooperatives supported by the government should provide adulterant testing kit at
4. The labor intensive dairy industry, including milking, fodder cutting and transporting, keeps the every MCC to ensure milk quality assurance. These societies will also be responsible for creating
woman restricted to cleaning and supporting roles in the back yard dairy farming. Even the woman awareness among the farmers regarding the milking time, which will, in turn, reduce the spoilage
labor involved in medium and large dairy farms are recruited to mainly undertake the cleaning and of the milk by the time, it reaches the chilling center. Training the district’s dairy industry players
farm maintenance roles. Lack of awareness with regard to nutrition and management practices also like cooperatives and private dairies on hygienic milk handling and quality testing including the
is a challenge for the woman dairy farmers. use of standardized equipment and reagents. Enhanced industry regulation to carry out quality sur-
5. Due to high input costs, labor intensive work and losses in milk supply chain, the dairy farmer is veillance of milk for increased compliance to standards through training of dairy inspectors, pro-
also not able to grow socially in the hierarchy. The profession is not looked up as a decent, respect- curing of inspection tools and setting up a regulatory laboratory will improve the quality and quan-
able one in the rural community. Adoption of modern technology in milking and management may tity of the produce and reduce the losses.
alleviate this problem. 2. Informal Sector: Establish adulterant testing centers in 10 villages where trained women can carry
6. Adulteration of milk, when detected at the MCCs and chilling centers leads to rejection of the lot out the quality check for the milk that goes through informal sector. Para-veterinarians / technicians
resulting in quantitative and economic losses. In the case of the informal sector, it leads to qualita- can train the women on the protocol of adulterant testing in milk. Self-help groups and Panchayat
tive losses in the nutrition of the milk to the consumer. This is mainly a result of unethical practices (village council) activities supported by government will manage these centers and reduce the
for illegal profiteering motives. Lack of strict monitoring and punishment allow these practices to losses in their area of operation.
continue unabated. However, left unchecked this has potential health hazards to the huge milk con-
3. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT) have devised a fast,
suming population of India, particularly to children. Further, the high prevalence of adulteration
simple and affordable test kit for detection of aflatoxin that uses a competitive enzyme-linked im-
also potentially prevents the milk from entering higher value processing chains. Adulteration in
munosorbent assay (cELISA) to rapidly detect the presence of aflatoxin. The new detection kit
some cases happens with the connivance of the people in charge of MCCs. Constant monitoring of
claims to cut the cost of testing to $1 per sample. The suitability for milk and widespread practical
the testing equipment by the Dairy cooperatives has reduced these practices in the FSC, though not
completely eliminated. This is substantiated by the increasing procurement volumes in the formal
application of this in milk chilling centers need to be studied.
sector in Krishna district over the last 3-5 years, which is attributed to the increasing trust in the 4. Other important measures in the right direction that are already in Andhra Pradesh Government’s
system. plan5 are to strengthen the food quality testing laboratories with high precision instruments to not
7. Losses in the milk supply chain also may lead to a more skewed demand to supply ratio, thereby only test for aflatoxin but other toxic contaminants; promote IPM to reduce high pesticide levels;
forcing the country to import milk to meet the increasing demand for milk and milk products. Even and promote soil test-based fertilizer management to reduce nitrate levels and improve plant nu-
trient contents. The introduction of a quality certificate to certify the product to be aflatoxin free
would help in promoting knowledge among consumers and supply chain actors; help farmers to
34 | P a g e
Page | 34 35 | PPage
a g| e35
 women cooperative society checks milk samples. Post testing, certified milk will reach either
consumer or processing units. This will ensure loss reduction and quality assurance as well.

get aget a better

better market
market priceprice for better
for better quality
quality product;
product; and and promote
promote valuevalue
addedadded products
products in thein dairy
the dairy ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS:
get chain.
a better
supply
supply market price for better quality product; and promote value added products in the dairy
chain.
supply chain. 36 | P ahas
g egreat
In addition
In addition to above
to above adulterant
adulterant test test
kits,kits, continuous
continuous capacity
capacity building
building ofactors
of all all actors in milk
in the the milk
supplysupply Usage of Solar technology at chilling centers to reduce the input costs: Use of solar energy
In addition
willwill
helphelp to above
in reduction
in reduction adulterant
of losses
of losses test kits,
across
across continuous
the supply
the supply capacity
chain.
chain. TheThe building of
capacity
capacity all actors
building
building in the
should
should milk
target
target supply
all aspects
all aspects commercial scope in the dairy processing operations. Solar based refrigeration system for milk cooling
will helpproduction
in reduction of losses across thegood
supply chain. Theanimal
capacity building should target all aspects Usage
at village of society,
level Solar technology
solar based at vapor
chilling centers tosystem
absorption reducefor
themilk
input costs:
and milkUse of solar
related energy
cooling has great
operations,
of
of milkmilk
production fromfrom knowledge
knowledge of
of good animal
animal feeding,
feeding, animal health
health maintenance
maintenance and and healthcare
healthcare
of milk production from knowledge ofmastitis),
good time
animal feeding, animal health maintenance commercial scope in thestores
dairy and
processing operations.
rooms Solar based refrigeration systemwill
for reduce
milk cooling
services
services (esp.(esp. treating
treating and and managing
managing mastitis), time required
required between
between calving
calving and and of and
salesale of healthcare
milk,milk, milking
milking room conditioning
at village level
for cold
society, solar based
packaging
vapor absorption
for milk
system for
and
milk
milk products,
and milk related cooling
peak
operations,
services (esp. treating and managing mastitis), time required between calving and sale of milk, milking load requirements. Solar-based refrigeration can be implemented in cooperative society for nine chilling
and and handling
handling practices.
practices. room conditioning for cold stores and packaging rooms for milk and milk products, will reduce peak
and handling practices. centers of Krishna milk union in Krishna district.
load requirements. Solar-based refrigeration can be implemented in cooperative society for nine chilling
centers of Krishna milk union in Krishna district.
COST-BENEFIT
COST-BENEFIT
COST-BENEFITANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
OFOF
ANALYSIS OF
THETHE
THEFOOD
FOOD
LOSS
FOOD LOSS
LOSSREDUCTION
REDUCTION
REDUCTION MEASURES
MEASURES
MEASURES BUDGET CALCULATION FOR SOLAR IMPLANTS (INTERVENTION #2)
OUTPUT IV-2A:
OUTPUT
OUTPUT BUDGET
IV-2A:
IV-2A: CALCULATION
BUDGET
BUDGET CALCULATION
CALCULATION FOR FOOD
FOR
FOR FOOD
FOODLOSS
LOSSREDUCTION
LOSS REDUCTION
REDUCTION BUDGET CALCULATION FOR SOLAR IMPLANTS (INTERVENTION #2)
THROUGH
THROUGH
THROUGHADULTERANT
ADULTERANT
ADULTERANT TEST
TESTKIT
TEST KIT
KIT ITEM VALUE UNIT
ITEM VALUE UNITyear in cooperative soci-
liters/
ITEMITEM
ITEM VALUE
VALUE UNIT
VALUE UNIT
UNIT a Milk production 45,625,000
etyliters/ year in cooperative soci-
a Milk production 45,625,000
Annual
Annual
milkmilk
production
production
in Kowathavarm
in Kowathavarm ety
a aa Annual milk production in Kowathavarm 414,144
414,144
414,144 LL L 45,625 tonnes/ year
villages
villages 45,625 tonnes/ year
b bTotal
Total
milkmilk
milk
production
production
of 10
production ofof10
villages
10villages
villages 3,106
3,106
3,106 MT/yr.
MT/yr.
MT/yr. b Value 24,546,250 $/year (at $538/t)
b Value 24,546,250 $/year (at $538/t)
c cProduct
Product
value
value
value 538
538538
$/MT$/MT
$/MT c Chilling plants 9
c Chilling plants 9
d dTotal
Total product
product
product value
value
value 1,671,028
1,671,028
1,671,028 for10
for 10villages
for villages
10 villages d Cost of electricity used to run all chilling centers 80,000 $/year
d Cost of electricity used to run all chilling centers 80,000 $/year
e raterate
eLossLoss rate 33 %
3% % e Cost
e of intervention
Cost of intervention 9,230
9,230 $$

f ffAnticipated
Anticipated
lossloss
Anticipated loss reduction
reduction
reduction 11 %
1% % f Total cost for
f Total costallfor
chilling centers
all chilling centers 83,070
83,070 $$
Adulterant
Adulterant
Adulteranttesttest
test kitskits
kits inin 10
10 villages
in villages @1 @1
10 villages
@1
g ggCostCost
Cost of
of intervention
of intervention
intervention 4,620
4,620
4,620 per village @$462/kit g Operational cost cost
g Operational 3,000
3,000 $/year
$/year
per village
per village
@$462/kit
@$462/kit
h hhDepreciation
Depreciation
Depreciation 101010 years
years
years h Depreciation cost cost
h Depreciation 8,307
8,307 $/year
$/year(f/10
(f/10years)
years)

i Yearly costs of investment 462 $/yr.…. (g/h) i i Total

Total cost cost 11,307
11,307 $/year
$/year
i iYearly
Yearly
costscosts
of investment
of investment 462 462
$/yr.….
$/yr.….
(g/h)(g/h)
j Yearly costs of operation 1,000 $/yr. j j Saving
Saving 68,693
68,693 $/year
$/year
j jYearly
Yearly
costscosts
of operation
of operation 1,0001,000
$/yr.$/yr.
k Total yearly costs of solution 1,462 $/yr.… (i+j)
k kTotal
Total
yearly
yearly
costscosts
of solution
of solution 1,4621,462
$/yr.…
$/yr.…
(i+j)(i+j)
l Client costs per ton product 0.47 $/MT/yr.… (k/b)
l lClient
Client
costscosts
per ton
per product
ton product 0.470.47$/MT/yr.…
$/MT/yr.… (k/b)(k/b)
m Food loss 93 MT/yr.… (b*e)
m mFoodFood
lossloss 93 93MT/yr.…
MT/yr.…(b*e)(b*e)
n Economic loss 50,034 $/yr.… (c*m)
n nEconomic
Economic lossloss 50,034
50,034$/yr.…
$/yr.…
(c*m)(c*m)
o Loss reduction 31 MT/yr.…(b*f)
o oLossLoss
reduction
reduction 31 31MT/yr.…(b*f)
MT/yr.…(b*f)
p Loss reduction savings 16,678 $/yr.…(o*c)
p pLossLoss
reduction
reduction
savings
savings 16,678
16,678$/yr.…(o*c)
$/yr.…(o*c)
q Total Client costs 1,462 $/yr.…(k)
q qTotal
Total
Client
Client
costscosts 1,4621,462
$/yr.…(k)
$/yr.…(k)
r Profitability of solution 15,216 $/yr.….(p-q)
r rProfitability
Profitability
*This of solution
of solution
intervention 15,216
is planned for implementation 15,216
in $/yr.….(p-q)
$/yr.….(p-q)
10 villages where government supported
women
*This
*This cooperative
intervention
intervention society
is planned
is checks
planned
for for milk samples.inPost
implementation
implementation testing,
10invillages certified
10 villages
wherewheremilk will reach
government
government either
supported
supported Quality check for milk from MCC at chilling SNF and fat % testing at MCC
consumer
women
women or processing
cooperative
cooperative
society units.
society
checks This
checks will
milkmilk ensure
samples. loss
samples. reduction
PostPost
testing, and
testing, quality
certified
certified assurance
milkmilk
will will
reach as well.
reach
either
either center
Quality check for milk from MCC at chilling SNF and fat % testing at MCC
consumer
consumeror processing
or processingunits.
units.
ThisThis
will will
ensure
ensure
lossloss
reduction
reduction
andand
quality
quality
assurance
assuranceas well.
as well.
center
ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS:
ADDITIONAL
ADDITIONAL
RECOMMENDATIONS:
RECOMMENDATIONS: 36 | P a g e
Page | 36 36 | 36
P a| gP ea g e Page | 37
37 | P a g e
 Page | 39

39 | P a g e
Pasteurization machinery- boilers Insulated milk tanker at processing center
ward
the way for-
chine may be sources family
testing ma- utilization of re- producer centre
for the milk efficient tion to the r. chilling
1% ~17,000 ~ 50,000 3%
and subsidy therefore more better nutri- uity teration ~100MT/y lection /
quality checks losses and consumer; gender eq- run; MCC level & adul- Milk col-
mandatory leads to lesser milk to the eration, the long ~1,500 with kits at bial load
ventions on teration in milk high quality ment gen- taining in adulteration micro-
Policy inter- Reduced adul- Clean, safe, Employ- Self-sus- Check High
change (USD) % USD USD/year (ton/yr) %
rity kit) duce losses Points
and climate Policy Social Economic of loss
Food secu- (adulteration tion to re- reduction Loss
Environmental FSC Cause
Intervention Interven- Loss Magnitude of losses in the Critical
Implications Cost of
OUTPUT IV-3: SUMMARY TABLE OF FOOD LOSSES, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS
OUTPUT IV-2B: ASSESSING SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SPECIFIC FOOD LOSS SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS.
Gender dimension of the
impact (how women and
(How) Does the suggested solution Description of the potential men may be affected dif-
intervention… impact ferently) Suggestions to mitigate negative impacts
Intervention #1: Adulterant test kit
No impact. Focus on
…impact the employment situation of the test kit will provide more women technicians helps
FSC actors? employment for technicians empowerment No negative impact
It will increase the workload
… increase or reduce the workload of on the supply chain but with No impact on existing ac-
FSC actors? benefits tors No negative impact
Technicians will need training.
Farmers will need sensitiza-
tion. There will be a need for
…raise or increase the need for train- monitoring also for farmers
ing to apply solutions? and technicians. No impact No negative impact
…distribute benefits to the FSC ac- It will positively impact the
tors? (income access and control) chilling center No impact No negative impact
…require a degree of organization of
the FSC actors (membership in pro- Awareness of members
ducer organizations/cooperatives etc.)? through aggregators needed; No impact No negative impact
Woman technicians may
find it culturally challeng-
ing to reject milk from
…coincide with cultural and social male farmers. Over time
norms and will be culturally and so- Women will be given charge this will become accepta- Sensitization and acceptability of female techni-
cially acceptable? to do the testing. ble cians
…impact dynamics of power in the
FSC? (WHO has ownership of solu- Women technicians will have More women awareness
tions?) responsibility and involvement No negative impact
Intervention #2: Solar plants

Page | 38
Electricity reduction and
…distribute benefits to the FSC ac- therefore income increase for
tors? (income access and control) collection centres No impact No negative impact
38 | P a g e
C. FOOD LOSS REDUCTION PLAN, STRATEGY, INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS the various collection centers. The intervention can be pilot tested in 10 MCCs where currently the re-
jections are the highest. The government could consider allowing a marginal increase in the price of
To deal with milk losses arising out of microbial load, water adulteration and inaccurate measurement milk to accommodate the costs for testing and promote vendors to certify themselves.
of Fat and SNF, a number of critical areas need to be addressed to reduce milk losses along the milk
supply chain, promoting collective milk marketing and raising awareness on ethical practices. The fol-
lowing strategic measures may be considered for introduction by the stakeholders:
• Promotion and advancement of a quality-based milk payment system.
• Training farmers on farm management practices that also improve efficiency of milk production and
handling
• Training dairy industry players on hygienic milk handling and quality testing including the use of
standardized equipment and reagents.
• Enhance industry regulation to carry out quality surveillance of milk for increased compliance to
standards through training of dairy inspectors, procuring of inspection tools and setting up a regula-
tory laboratory. This training should be in particular to enhance the quality and safety of milk on the
farm and at the early stage of the production.
• Promotion of cold chain throughout the supply chains.
• Promote and improve production and commercialization of traditional and value-added dairy prod-
ucts.
• Rigorous implementation of the FSSAI act to prevent milk adulteration and to ensure the mainte-
nance of milk quantity and quality measurement standards using accurate equipment. Regional qual-
ity control and measurement labs will also go a long away in assuring the consumers about the quality
and safety of milk.
The food loss reduction measures and strategies as suggested earlier were discussed during the stake-
holder consultative workshop. Some of the additional points that came up are listed below:
• Milking practices is a factor that influences production and contamination. The animal should be
milked thrice a day instead of two times that is being followed widely now. This increases the pro-
duction of the animal by 5%. It further reduces contamination of the milk as the udder gets emptied
completely resulting in quality milk
• Formation of Farmer Producer Organizations/ cooperative societies/ village level committees to fa-
cilitate and promote adulterant testing and to ensure 100% testing
• Capacity building and awareness creation on clean milk, clean udder, testing, adulterants, value
added products need to be promoted
• Cold chain facilities to be promoted such as the installation of bulk milk chillers. This will contribute
to increase the quality of milk and reduce spoilage in summer season

D. FOLLOW-UP ACTION PLAN/ CONCEPT NOTE

Poor awareness of management practices leads to low productivity of the dairy cattle reared by small
and marginal dairy farmers. Milk rejection due to high microbial load and adulteration cause major
quantitative economic losses for the dairy farmer and qualitative nutrition losses or health safety issues
for the consumers. Women working at packaging section

To address these issues that arose during the screening and field survey studies, we propose an action
plan in the targeted FSC.
The intervention of adulterant test kit could be implemented with CSIR’s newly developed technology
solution – Ksheer Scanner. Government could step in to provide the scanners at a subsidized rate to

41 | P a g e
Page | 40 40 | P a g e Page | 41
 ITINERARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY/
BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES
REFERENCES ITINERARY

Foot-
Foot- Description
Description Link
Link verified
verified as onas9th
onNov
9th 2016
Nov 2016
note
note Date
Date Itinerary
Itinerary Address
Address
1 1 DepartmentofofAnimal
Department Animal Husbandry,
Husbandry, Dairying
Dairying&&Fisher-
Fisher- http://dahd.nic.in/about-us/divisions/cattle-and-dairy-development
http://dahd.nic.in/about-us/divisions/cattle-and-dairy-development
Preliminary Visit to Vijaywada
Preliminary Visit to Vijaywada
iesies
1 1 ArticleatatNews18
News18 website
website http://www.news18.com/news/business/economic-survey-2015-16- 17th Visit
Visitto
toDairy
Dairy farmers PurushothapatnamVillage
Village
Article http://www.news18.com/news/business/economic-survey-2015-16-
india-ranks-first-in-milk-production-accounting-for-18-5-per-cent-
india-ranks-first-in-milk-production-accounting-for-18-5-per-cent-
17th- -19th
19th farmers Purushothapatnam
of-world-production-1208209.html May
May20162016 VendorVendor Interaction and
Interaction and visit
visit to
to local aggregator
local aggregator Vijaywada
Vijaywada
of-world-production-1208209.html
1 Press Information Bureau http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145394
1 Press Information Bureau http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145394 Visit
VisittotoVijaywada
Vijaywada
2, 10 National Dairy Development Board http://www.nddb.org/ and the production data is at:
2, 10 National Dairy Development Board http://www.nddb.org/ and the production data is at:
http://www.nddb.org/information/stats/milkprodstate
4 http://www.nddb.org/information/stats/milkprodstate
Executive Summary on National Survey on Milk Adul- http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/sample_ana- Nunna
Nunnavillage
village vendor
vendor supply
supply channel
channel -- dairy
dairy farmer
farmer
4 Executive Summary
by the on National Survey on Milk
Au-Adul- lysed(02-01-2012).pdf
http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/sample_ana- Nunnavillage
Nunna village
teration 2011 Food Safety and Standards and
andvendor
vendorinteraction
interaction &
& Veterinarian interview
Veterinarian interview
teration
thority2011 by the Food Safety and Standards Au-
of India lysed(02-01-2012).pdf
5 thority
Food of India
safety and standards (contaminats, toxins and res- http://www.old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food safety and standards
5 idues)
Food regulation,
safety 2011 (contaminats, toxins and res- (contaminats,
and standards toxins and residues) regulation, 2011.pdfsafety and standards
http://www.old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food Organised
Organisedsector
sector -- Cooperative
Cooperative -- Milk collection
Milk collection
6 BIS, regulation,
idues) IS 2052 (2009):
2011Compounded Feeds for Cattle https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.2052.2009.pdf
(contaminats, toxins and residues) regulation, 2011.pdf center
center(MCC)
(MCC) study
study and
and dairy
dairy farmer interaction at
farmer interaction at Kowthavaramvillage
Kowthavaram village
6 7 BIS, IS 2052
Waliyar, (2009):S.V.,
F., Reddy, Compounded Feeds
Subramaniam, K.,for Cattle
Reddy, https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.2052.2009.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261720899_Im- the production site (farm)
T.Y., Devi, K.R., Craufurd, P.Q., Wheeler, T.R. and portance_of_mycotoxins_in_food_and_feed_in_India
the production site (farm)
7 Waliyar, F., Reddy, S.V., Subramaniam, K., Reddy, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261720899_Im-
Scudamore, K.A., 2003. Importance of mycotoxins in Dairy
T.Y., Devi, K.R., Craufurd, P.Q., Wheeler, T.R. and portance_of_mycotoxins_in_food_and_feed_in_India DairyCooperative
Cooperative -- Vijaya
Vijaya - Krishna Milk Union
Union --
Kowthavaram
food and feed in India. Aspects of Applied Biology, 68, Kowthavaram
Scudamore,
pp.147-154.K.A., 2003. Importance of mycotoxins in Board
Boardmember
member interaction
interaction
8 food and feed
Chapter in India.
IV Dairy Aspects
Processing of Applied
Industry Biology, 68, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bit-
in India
pp.147-154. stream/10603/9835/12/12_chapter 4.pdf 5th
5th- -10th
10th Travel
Travel Kowthavaramto
Kowthavaram toVijayawada
Vijayawada
8 9 Chapter IV Dairy Processing Industry
Article at Economic Times website in India http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bit-
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11- June
June2016
2016 Meeting
Meetingwith
with Joint
Joint Director,
Director, Animal Husbandry
Husbandry De-De-
stream/10603/9835/12/12_chapter 4.pdf
21/news/56339569_1_ndp-i-milk-production-rural-milk-producers Vijayawada
Vijayawada
partment,
partment,Krishna
Krishna District
District
9 Article at Economic Times website http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-
11 Government of Andhra Pradesh, Animal Husbandry de- http://apahd.gov.in/premier/aplda.html
21/news/56339569_1_ndp-i-milk-production-rural-milk-producers Meetingwith
Meeting withPrivate
Private Dairy
Dairy - Head Operations
Operations and
and
partment Vijayawada
Vijayawada
11 12 Report on dairy
Government exports Pradesh, Animal Husbandry de- http://agritrade.iift.ac.in/html/Training/Product%20study/Dairy.pdf
of Andhra http://apahd.gov.in/premier/aplda.html visitto
visit tothe
theprocessing
processing plant
plant
16 partment
Abstract of Cattle And Global Warming, Adel A. Ab- http://research.iugaza.edu.ps/files/7355.PDF Milkcollection
Milk collection center
center observation
observation Nunna
Nunnavillage
village
12 del-Ghani,
Report Dept.exports
on dairy of Anim. Prod., Minia Univ., Egypt http://agritrade.iift.ac.in/html/Training/Product%20study/Dairy.pdf
17 Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sci- http://rajuvas.org/milk-quality-testing/ Followthe
Follow theMilk
Milk from
from MCC
MCC to Bulk Milk cooling
cooling
16 Abstract of Cattle And Global Warming, Adel A. Ab- http://research.iugaza.edu.ps/files/7355.PDF
ences, Bikaner
del-Ghani, Dept. of Anim. Prod.,Husbandry
Minia Univ., Egypt centerto
center toProcessing
Processing plant
plant - Load tracking
18 Mastitis information on Animal website of http://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/technical-information/animal-health-wel-
17 Rajasthan
UK University of Veterinary and Animal Sci- http://rajuvas.org/milk-quality-testing/
fare/mastitis/symptoms-of-mastitis/sub-clinical-masti- Visitto
Visit toMilk
Milkprocessing
processing plant
plant
ences, Bikaner tis/#.V44PyPl97IU
18 Other Mastitis
FSSAI information on Animal
manual of methods Husbandry
of analysis website of
of foods http://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/technical-information/animal-health-wel-
http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Draft_Manu-
Distributionand
Distribution and retail
retail point
point visit
visit Vijayawada
Vijayawada
UK fare/mastitis/symptoms-of-mastitis/sub-clinical-masti-
als/MILK_AND_MILK_PRODUCTS.pdf VisittotoAnanthapur
Visit Ananthapur
Other NDRI report on antibiotic residues in milk tis/#.V44PyPl97IU
http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/antibi-
Interaction with dairy farmers,local vendors and
Other FSSAI manual of methods of analysis of foods otic_milk_chand%20ram.pdf
http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Draft_Manu- 29th Interaction with dairy farmers,local vendors and
28th- -29th
28th Dharmavarm
Dharmavarm
OtherGovernment of Andhra Pradesh Primary Sector Devel- http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/AndhraPradesh_Report_2.pdf
als/MILK_AND_MILK_PRODUCTS.pdf aggregators
Other opment:
NDRI Status,
report Strategy and
on antibiotic Actionin
residues Plan
milk http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/antibi- June 2016 aggregators
June2016
Other Kalla, A., et al. (2015) Isolation and Identification of http://file.scirp.org/pdf/ABB_2015042916571000.pdf Interactionwith
Interaction with Local
Local Dairy
Dairy Ananthapur
Ananthapur
otic_milk_chand%20ram.pdf
Specific Pathogens, Presence of Antibiotics, Aflatox-
Other Government
ins, PesticideofResidues
Andhra and
Pradesh Primary
Industrial Sector Devel-
Contaminants in http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/AndhraPradesh_Report_2.pdf
opment:
Supply Status,
Chain ofStrategy and Action
Milk in Selected PlanDistricts of
Coastal
Other Kalla,
AndhraA.,Pradesh.
et al. (2015) Isolation
Advances and Identification
in Bioscience and Biotech-of http://file.scirp.org/pdf/ABB_2015042916571000.pdf
Specific
nology,Pathogens,
6, 330-344 Presence of Antibiotics, Aflatox-
Other ins, Pesticide
FSSAI Residues and
microbiological Industrial
standards Contaminants
for milk and milk in http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Draft_Regulation_on_Micro-
Supply Chain of Milk in Selected Coastal Districts of
products biological_standards_milk_and_milk_products_31_08_2015.pdf
Other Andhra Pradesh.
A document Advances
on dairy in Bioscience
processing in India and Biotech- http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bit-
nology, 6, 330-344 stream/10603/9835/12/12_chapter%204.pdf
Other FSSAI microbiological standards for milk and milk http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Draft_Regulation_on_Micro-
products biological_standards_milk_and_milk_products_31_08_2015.pdf
Other A document on dairy processing in India http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bit-
stream/10603/9835/12/12_chapter%204.pdf

42 | P a g e

42 | P a g e 43 | P a g e
43 | P a g e
Page | 42 Page | 43