F. Y. B.

Tech Academic Year 2021-22

Semester:II Subject:Principles of Electronics Engineering

Name: Ayush Singh Division: CSBS
Roll No: PA21 Batch: 2
PRN : 1032221038

Experiment No: 03

Name of the Experiment: Measurement of transistor amplifier gain in CE configuration

Marks Teacher’s Signature with date

Performed on: 08/02/2023

Submitted on: 03/05/2023

Aim: Simulate Circuit of CE Amplifier and compare three configurations on the basis of
voltage gain (AV), Input Impedance (Ri ), Output Impedance(Ro) and Current gain(AI)

Pre-requisite: Bipolar junction Transistor (BJT) construction, BJT input/output

characteristics in common emitter (CE), Small signal hybrid (h) parameter model of BJT,
Biasing circuits.

Objective:
1. To simulate the circuit of CE Amplifier using MULTISIM simulation software.
2. To measure the voltage gain (AV), current gain (AI), input resistance (Ri), output
resistance (Ro) and bandwidth (BW) of the CE, CB and CC amplifier.
3. To observe input and output waveforms and phase difference in each
configuration.

Components and equipment required:

PC with MULTISIM software

Theory:
Amplification is a process of increasing strength of the input signal (voltage, current,
power) using amplifier without change in frequency and phase characteristics of input
signal. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) can be used as amplifier and these amplifiers have
multiple applications. Ratio of output signal to input signal is called gain (voltage, current,
power) of the amplifier. Performance of amplifier can be measured using four parameters
viz. Gain, Input Impedance, Output Impedance, and bandwidth. BJT has following three
basic configurations:
• Common Emitter Configuration
• Common Base Configuration
• Common Collector Configuration

Common Emitter Amplifier

Circuit diagram of common emitter amplifier is shown in Figure 1. It has following
features:

• Typically used as voltage and current amplifier.

• Input is applied to base terminal and output is taken across collector and emitter is
grounded.
• It has Moderate/ High input Impedance.
• Moderate output impedance.
• High voltage gain
• High current gain
• Inverted output.
• Used in Power Amplifiers

Figure 1: Common Emitter Amplifier

Common Base Amplifier
Circuit diagram of common base amplifier is shown in Figure 2. It has following features:

• Typically used as voltage amplifier.

• Input is applied to emitter terminal and output is taken across collector and base is
grounded.
• It has low input Impedance.
• Moderate/High output impedance.
• High Voltage Gain
• Low Current Gain
• Used in cascade amplifiers

Figure 2: Common Base Amplifier

Features of Common Collector Amplifier

Circuit diagram of common collector amplifier is shown in Figure 3. It has following
features:

• Typically used as current amplifier.

• Input is applied to base terminal and output is taken across emitter and collector is
grounded
• It has very high input Impedance.
• Low output impedance.
• Low voltage Gain
• High current gain
 • Used as buffer and voltage follower in electronic circuits.

Figure 3: Common Collector Amplifier

Table 1: Component values:-

Value and
Component Role of component in the circuit
Specifications
R1 Bias resistor1 (To provide correct DC bias) 27KΩ
R2 Bias resistor2 (To provide correct DC bias) 4.7KΩ
Resistor to be connected in series while
R’ or Rs 1 KΩ
calculating input impedance of amplifier
Rc Load Resistance 1.5KΩ
Resistor connected to provide negative feedback
Re 300Ω
and stabilize the gain
Resistor Connected across the output to measure
R’’ or RL 10 KΩ
output resistance.
Coupling Capacitors at the amplifier input and
Cc1 and Cc2 10µF
output respectively
Emitter bypass capacitor to provide short circuit
Ce 100µF
to DC and hence increase the gain.

Formulas used to find Amplifier Parameters

Amplifier Voltage Gain:
VO
AV = ………………. (1.1)
V¿
Amplifier Input Impedance
'
VO
Ri= '
× R ' ………. (1.2) where R’ = 10 KΩ
V O −V O
Amplifier Output Impedance

V O − V O' '
Ro = × R ' ' ……… (1.3) ) here R’’ = 1 KΩ
V O' '

I OUT
Amplifier Current Gain A I = = IC/ IB……………….. (1.4)
I¿

Procedure:
To verify all the three configurations component values selected are given in table 1. Make
use of BC 547 BJT to build the circuits of CE amplifiers in MULTISIM software.
A] To find the parameters of CE Amplifier
1. Build the circuit of CE amplifier as shown in Figure 4 using MULTISIM
simulation software. Carry out DC analysis of above amplifier and note down
VCEQ, VBEQ , ICQ and IBQ.
2. Apply sinusoidal input signal of 1kHz and adjust its amplitude in mV so as to get
maximum undistorted output.
3. Measure the o/p (Vo) on CRO. Observe input and output waveform
simultaneously to see phase difference.
4. Apply i/p through R’ (in series) and measure the o/p voltage (Vo’).
5. Apply i/p without R’. Connect the R’’ (in parallel) across the o/p. Measure the o/p
voltage (VO’’).
6. Calculate voltage gain using equation1.1
7. Calculate the Ri and Ro using equations 1.2 and 1.3.
8. Verify voltage gain ( AV ¿ , Current gain ( A I ¿, input resistance ( Ri ), output
resistance ( Ro ¿ theoretically using h-parameter model.
 Figure 4: Common Emitter Amplifier to find various parameters

Observation Table:

Table 2: DC Analysis

Simulated
Parameter Circuit
Parameters

1 VCEQ 6V

2 VBEQ 0.7 V

3 IBQ 15 µA

4 ICQ 1.5 mA

Table 3: Amplifier Performance Parameters

 Vin = _40m volts (constant)

Parameter CE Amplifier

1 Vo ( w/o R’ w/o R’’) -2.96 V

2 Vo’ (with R’ w/o R’’) -2.40 V

3 Vo’’(w/o R’ with R’’) -5.98 V

4 Ri 1.7 kΩ

5 Ro 292 Ω

6 AV = Vo/ Vin -4.36 dB

7 AI = Ic/ IB 102.25 dB

Conclusion:
The emitter-bias configuration has the highest current gain and a moderate
voltage gain. It has a lower input impedance compared to the base-bias
configuration but a higher output impedance.
In terms of output signal levels, adding an external resistor R' can decrease
the output voltage level (Vo') compared to the configuration without R', but
can also decrease the effect of negative feedback on the circuit. The use of a
bypass capacitor C in parallel with RE can increase the output voltage level
(Vo'') but may also introduce distortion to the output signal.

Post Lab Questions:

1. Compare CE, CB and CC amplifier .
2. Write significance of each component used in CE amplifier.

Additional links for more information:

https://www.elprocus.com/easy-pin-identification/
http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ese319/Lecture_Notes/Lec_9_CCandCBDesigns_08.pdf