GEOGRAPHY QUESTION BANK STD 10 Compressed

QUESTION BANK
GEOGRAPHY
SESSION: 2022 –
23 CLASS - X
BASED ON NEW TOPOSHEET G43S7 AND G43S10

FULL SYLLABUS OF ICSE MAP WORK ADDED
SECOND MOCK SYLLABUS
Ch. :- 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
MAP: G43 S7, GRID REF. [Easting 21-31, Northings 94-04]
QUESTION - ANSWER
EASTING: 21-31 AND NORTHINGS: 94-04
1. Give four figure grid reference of the confluence of the Banas River and
the sarod nala?
Ans. 2494
2. Give six figure grid reference of: [i] triangulated height 179 [ii] overhead
tank at bhakodar.
Ans. [i] 264996 [ii] 263003
3. What is the compass direction of sodhapur from bhadli kotha?
Ans. North east direction.
4. Show the general direction of Sarod Nala? What type of river it is?
Ans. Direction: SW, Sarod Nala is a dry seasonal river.
5. Measure the direct distance in kms of the metalled road from 8r in grid
square 2794 till the point it intersects with another metalled road at 178.
Ans. Map distance is 4.4cm, actual distance = 4.4/2 = 2.2km
6. Explain the type of drainage pattern found in grid- 2698.
Ans. Trellised
7. What is the general pattern of settlement in the given map extract? Give
a reason to support your answer.
Ans. General Pattern is nucleated or compact or clustered. Reason: most

of the individual huts joined with each other.
8. What are the black curve lines found along the banks of the
river indicates? Ans. Broken ground.
9. What are aqueducts? Ans: These are masonry channels for carrying
water from dams to the fields.
G43 S7, EASTINGS: 30-40, NORTHINGS: 92-02
QUESTION ANSWER: EASTING: 30-40, NORTHING: 92-02
1. Give the 6 figure grid reference of [i] triangulated height 592 [ii] the temple
where an annual fair is held in the month of February. Ans.[i] 378008
[ii] 362001
2. Name the tributary which joins the main river. On which bank does it join
to the main river?
Ans. Arado Nadi, Left bank.
3. Calculate the direct distance in km along the cart track from Ratanpur to
the place where it intersects a metalled road in grid square 3396.
Ans. Distance on map = 5.6cm = 5.6/2= 2.8km
4. What does 7r in grid square 3101 indicate?
Ans. (i) it indicates depth of lined well is 7m. (ii)Perennial lined

wells.
5. Name any two types of vegetation found in the map extract.
Ans. (i) in the hilly region, vegetation comprises short trees, dry
deciduous type and short grass. (ii) The lowlands are devoid of
vegetation except for scattered trees near river banks.
6. Why there are no settlements in NE part of the map extract?
Ans. Reason: it is a hilly terrain, presence of open and dense mixed

jungle, no roads, and no other facilities.
7. State the difference in drainage pattern between grid squares 3398 and
3801.
Ans. 3398: trellised, 3801: radial
8. Give the four figure grid reference of open scrub. Ans: 3895
QUESTION-ANSWER EASTING28-38, NORTHINGS: 02-12
1. What are the white patches indicate in the map extract?
Ans. Barren land, uncultivable land
2. Give the six figure grid reference of: [i] triangulated height 225 [ii] a lined
well near Ganguwada. Ans: [i] 327069 [ii] 366085
3. Calculate the distance in km along the metalled road between Ganguwada
and the place where the road intersects with another metalled road in grid
square 3309.
Ans. Map distance = 5.8cm, Actual distance 5.8/2= 2.9km
4. In which part of the given map extract people have taken up agriculture as
the main occupation? Ans: south-east, due to presence of lined perennial
well, tanks,
5. How many types of roads are shown in the map extract?
Ans: Metalled road, cart track, pack track.
6. What does 5r in the grid square 2903 mean? Ans: Relative height of the
sand hill is 5m.
7. What does the blue line in the varka Nala indicate?
Ans: A perennial water channel.
8. What is the general direction of the flow of varka Nadi? Ans: NW

9. What is the compass direction of the settlement of panswala from the
settlement of Kotada?
Ans: North-west direction
10.Give the 4 figure grid reference of confluence of sipu river and varka
nadi?
Ans. 2804
G43S7, EASTINGS: 25-35, NORTHINGS: 89-99
QUESTION – ANSWER, EASTINGS: 25-35, NORTHINGS: 89-99
1. Give the 4 figure grid reference of the settlement Nandotra.
Ans: 2794
2. Give the 6 grid reference of Chhatri north of
Vadavas. Ans: 333963
3. State the compass direction of the settlement of Kheda from the

settlement of Ravlavas.
Ans: Jorapura lies in south-west direction of Ravlavas.
4. State the advantages of Dantiwada, south of river Banas has over other
settlements in the region of given map extract.
Ans: Dantiwada, south of river Banas has a Post Office, 2 Rest Houses,
overhead tanks and a network of metalled roads.
5. What are the brown dotted clusters in the southern part of given map
extract? Also state what the letters Dep in the same area indicate.
Ans: They are sand features like sand dunes and sand hills. The letters Dep
are short form of word depression, which is a hollow found in sandy areas. It
is formed by winds which blow away the surface sand and leave behind a
depression.
6. Explain why some of the streams in the south-eastern part of the given map
extract do not join the main river? Name the settlements where the
streams are found.
Ans: It is because the streams sometimes flow over sandy soil which
absorbs the water of the stream. The streams around Ramsida are examples
of such streams.
7. Name the 2 types of dams shown in the map extract. Ans: Masonry dam
and Earth work dam.
G43S7, EASTINGS 22-32, NORTHINGS95-05
QUESTION-ANSWER, EASTINGS 22-32, NORTHINGS 95-05
1. Give 4 figure grid reference of (i) Sheet rock (ii) A well defined meander on
Sarod Nala.
Ans: (i) 2500 (ii) 2897
2. Give 6 figure grid reference of the triangulated height 307.
Ans: 307963
3. Identify each of the conventional sign, the six-figure grid reference of

which has been given below: (i)227952 (ii)298961
Ans: (i) Surveyedtree (ii) Overhead tank
4. Explain the type of drainage found in grid square 3098?
Ans: The drainage pattern is dendritic, in which the tributaries join the main
river that appears like a tree with its branches.
5. What is meant by R.F? What is the R.F of this map extract?
Ans: R.F stands for Representation Fraction, which is the ratio of the distance
between 2 points on the map and the corresponding distance of the same 2
points on actual ground. R.F of this map=1:50,000.
6. What are the geographical name that you would give to the general
pattern of settlements in the region shown on the given map extract? Give
a reason for your answer.
Ans: The general pattern of settlements is nucleated or clustered. It is so

because it is an arid region with hot weather and seasonal rainfall. So the
settlements are clustered in and around places of water like tanks,lined wells,
aqueducts and canals.
7. Explain the following term: (i)Open scrub
Ans: (i) It refers to the type of vegetation comprising bushes and shrubs found
in dry regions with less than 100 cm of annual rainfall.
G43S7, EASTINGS 26-36, NORTHINGS 91-01
QUESTION AND ANSWERS, EASTINGS 26-36, NORTHINGS 91-01
1. Give the 6 figure grid reference of the spot height 172.
Ans: 265972
2. Identify the features from the conventional signs, the six figure grid
reference of which has been given below: (i)358952 (ii)278924
Ans: (i) Chhatri (ii) Rest house
3. Identify the type of road that runs from the police station at Dantiwada up
to the settlement at Nandotra (Brahmanvas) (grid square 2794). For which
purpose is this road used?
Ans: The type of road is a Pack track with a pass. It is a shorter route but cannot
be used during rainy season. It is a path used by pack of animals or group of
humans or both.
4. Calculate the area of the region in sq.km, enclosed within the eastings 26-
36 and northings 91-95.
Ans: The total number of grid squares in the area is 40. The area of 1 grid square
is 1 km * 1 km = 1 sq.km. So the area of 40 grid squares is 40 sq.km.
5. State the 3 types of roads seen in the given map extract. What do
they reflect on the type of settlements in the region of given map
extract.
Ans: The 3 types of roads are – Metalled roads, Cart tracks and Pack tracks. This
shows that more developed settlements like Dantiwada, Jorapura, Marwada are
connected by metalled roads and may be towns or cities. The smaller settlements,
probably villages are connected by cart tracks and pack tracks.
6. State the difference in the pattern of settlement at Dantiwada on the right

bank of Main River and the one on the left bank of it.
Ans: Dantiwada on the left bank of the main river has an essentially linear pattern
along the metalled road; whereas Dantiwada on the right bank of river has
clustered settlement.
1. What type of drainage do you notice in grid square 3989? Give a reason for
your answer.
Ans: In grid square 3989, the drainage is disappearing as the streams do not
join the main river. It is because these streams flow over sandy soil and so the
water gets absorbed by the soil before the streams can join the river.
2. In grid square 4086, there is a number 364, what does it indicate?
Ans: It indicates that the triangulated height of that mountain calculated

trigonometrically is 364m.
3. What is the direct distance between Antroli and Pirojpura?
Ans: Map distance = 5.6 cm = 5.6 / 2 = 2.8 km.
4. Name the tributary which joins the main river on its left bank. What does
the blue line in the bed of the river indicate?
Ans: Balaram Nadi. The blue line indicates water channel in the dry bed of
river.
5. Name 4 manmade features in grid square 3589.
Ans: Temple, overhead tank, lined well, metalled road, power line.
6. Identify the relief features from the contour lines in grid square 4086 and
4294.
Ans: 4086 - Ridge 4294 – Mountain with spot height 542m.
7. What are the conventional symbols depicted as cluster of brown dots? How
are they formed?
Ans: The brown cluster lines show sans features such as sand dunes and sand
hills. They are formed by the continuous action of winds which move, reshape
and redeposit sands.
G43S7, EASTINGS 21-31, NOTHINGS 02-12
1. What physical feature is shown by the black broken lines in grid square
2607? How are they formed?
Ans: The black broken lines indicate broken ground. They are formed in arid
regions with seasonal rainfall with alternating wet and dry periods.
2. What does the red squares in grid square 3005 stand for? What do they
reflect about the settlement and make it different from other settlements
in the given map extract?
Ans: The red squares indicate permanent huts. These huts reflect that Kotda is a
small, isolated village settlement without any facilities unlike other settlements
which are bigger and nucleated.
3. State why some areas in the given map extract is not cultivated.
Ans: It is so because:- (i)They lie in arid region lacking perennial streams and
rivers and comprise sand dunes and sand hills. (ii)Some areas have highly
eroded broken ground which is not suitable for agriculture.
4. Which of the settlement in the given map extract is the most important
one? Give 2 reasons.
Ans: Panthawada is the most important settlement. It is so because it has Post

Office and a Police Station. Besides, it is connected by all weathered metalled
roads and has electricity.
5. What evidence does the map provide to indicate that the area shown in
the given map extract receives seasonal rainfall? Give 2 reasons.
Ans: The presence of non-perennial rivers, streams and broken ground indicates
that the area receives seasonal rainfall.
6. State the pattern of drainage in grid square 2706. What does it indicate
about the rock structure of the area?
Ans: The pattern of drainage is trellised. It indicates the presence of limestone.

1. Identify 2 physical features of the area from the contour lines in grid square
4195.
Ans: V shaped valley with interlocking spurs and a hill with spot height 399.
2. State the difference in slope in grid square 3898 and grid square 3697.
Ans: In grid square 3898, the contour lines are far apart from each other and
indicate that the slope is gentle and gradual. In grid square 3697, the contour
lines are spaced closer to each other and indicate a steep slope.
3. Name 1 left bank tributary of Banas River.
Ans: Balram Nadi
4. What do the following symbols mean: - (i) 9r in grid square 3789 (ii).542 in
grid square 4294.
Ans: (i) It indicates that the relative height of sand hill is 9m. (ii)It indicates that
the spot height of the mountain is 542m.
5. Explain the drainage pattern in grid square 4195.
Ans: Drainage pattern is Radial.
6. Why there are no settlements in the area enclosed within the eastings 35 to
40 and northings 95 to 99.
Ans: The area enclosed within the Eastings 35 to 40 and Northings 95 to 99 is a

hilly area having dense jungles and open scrub. Settlements are not possible as
there are no occupations available except for forest related activities. There are
no roads and no settlement.
7. Mention 1 manmade and natural feature in grid square 3794.
Ans: Man – made feature = Chhatri, Natural feature = Dry stream.

1. Calculate the area in kilometers of the region enclosed within Eastings 39
and 42 and Northings 85 and 88.
Ans: Eastings: [42-39] =3, Northings: [88-85] = 3, Area= eastings x northings,

3x3= 9 sq.km
2. Explain the following terms : --- (i)Dep (ii)Causeway
Ans: (i) It refers to depression which means a hollow formed when winds blow
away the surface sand in a desert area and leaves behind a depression.
(ii)Causeway is a road or railway track that is raised over a stream, a river or a
swampy area. It is used for travelling during the dry season.
3. Give the difference between the highest point and contour height given in
grid square 3886 on the given map extract.
Ans: The highest point in the given map extract is spot height 542 and the
contour height in grid square 3886 is 217. So the difference is 542-217 = 325 m.
4. Name the feature depicted by: (i) Blue line in Balaram Nadi (ii) Brown dotted
patches in southern part of match extract.
Ans: (i) Blue line indicates a water channel. (ii)Brown dotted lines indicate sand
features like sand dunes and sand hills.
5. Which is the most important settlement in the given map extract? Give 2
reasons to support your answer.
Ans: Chitrasani. It is so because: - (i) It is located on the national highway. (ii)It

is connected with metalled roads. (iii)It has a railway station and post office.
6. Identify the relief features represented by contour lines in grid square

4394 and 4086.
Ans: 4394 – Saddle, 4086 -- Ridge/Watershed.

1. Give the 6 grid reference of the causeway across Sukli Nadi.
Ans: 673295
2. What is the evidence that the lake in grid square 6832 is artificial?
Ans: The lake is artificial can be inferred from the fact that it is an arid zone
where there are no natural lakes and from the presence of sluice gate.
3. What does 5r in grid square 6831 indicate?
Ans: It indicates that the height of the embankment of the tank is 5m.
4. What is the distance in km along the metalled road from Pamera to the
confluence of two metalled roads and NH-168 in grid square 6432.
Ans: Distance on the map is 4.6km = 4.6/2 = 2.3km.
5. Which is the most important settlement on the map? Give 2 factors which
have made the settlement important.
Ans: Sirori is the most important settlement. It is so because:- (i)It is connected

with metalled roads and lies along national highway. (ii) It has facilities like an
ayurvedic hospital and dispensary.
6. What does ‘Brackish’ in grid square 6232 refer to and in what way does it
prove as a disadvantage?
Ans: ‘Brackish’ indicates that the water in the lined well has high salt content
and is therefore, unfit for human and animal consumption.
7. What is the main occupation of the people in the given map extract? Give 2
reasons for your answer.
Ans: The main occupation of the people in the given map is agriculture and is
indicated by yellow wash in the area and the presence of the lined wells and
tanks for irrigation.
1. Give the 6 figure grid reference of the temple at Shri Vashist Ashram.
Ans: 674190
2. What is the area in kilometers of the forested region enclosed

within Eastings 66 and 71 and Northings 15 and 91?
Ans: The total number of grid squares is 20. Since, area of 1 grid square is
1sq.km. Therefore, area of 20 grid squares is 20sq.km.
3. What is the compass direction of Hanumanjika Mandir from Gautam

Maharishi Mandir?
Ans: Hanumanji ka Mandir is in the north-east direction from Gautam

Maharishi Mandir.
4. What does the word ‘fall 15r’ in grid square 6718 indicate? Explain how
these falls are formed.
Ans: ‘fall 15r’ indicates waterfall located at a height of 15 meters. These

falls are formed in hilly areas due to sudden and almost vertical drops in
course of rivers.
5. What is the distance, in kilometers along the metalled road from distance
stone 16 (grid square 6313) to the canal in grid square 6413?
Ans: Map distance is 3.2cm = 3.2/2 = 1.6km.
6. What is indicated by the large number and the closeness of the contour
lines in the given map extract?
Ans: The presence of large number of closely spaced contours indicates that
the slope of the land is steep.
7. What do the broken black lines in grid square 6221 indicate? How are they
formed? Ans: They indicate broken ground. They are found in arid or semi-
arid regions, along banks of seasonal rivers, as the soil is soft and sandy,
which cracks easily due to alternating wet and dry periods.
1. On which bank of the river is the settlement of Nimbora situated? What
kind of settlement is Nimbora?
Ans: It is situated on the left bank of the river. It looks like a small village with
no infrastructure. Though it is near a metalled road, it is located on barren land.
2. Explain why there are so many causeways in the given extract.
Ans: It is so because it is an arid area with seasonal rainfall. Since most of the
rivers and streams are non-perennial, they are used as causeways to cross dry
river beds.
3. Name a relief features each seen in grid square 5216 and 5721.
Ans: 5216: A hillock/knoll 5721: A hill
4. Give 2 reasons to prove that the rainfall in the region shown in the given
map extract is seasonal.
Ans: (i) Presence of non-perennial rivers and streams. (ii)Presence of causeways

(iii) Presence of dry river beds and broken ground.
5. In what way does the pattern of settlement in grid square 5618 differ from
that in grid square 5813?
Ans: Grid square 5618 is Dhavli which has a nucleated/clustered settlement

whereas grid square 5813 is an open mixed jungle with dispersed settlement.
6. What is the drainage pattern in grid square 5317?
Ans: The drainage pattern in grid square 5317 is Radial in which the streams
flow out in all directions from a central point, like the spokes of a wheel.
7. Give the 6 figure grid reference of the confluence of the metalled road
with NH-16 at Karaunti.
Ans: 533218
1. What do figures 1:50,000 printed in the legend of a map extract mean?
Ans: It refers to the Representative Fraction Scale = 1unit on map/50,000 units

on the ground. This implies 1 unit on the map refers to 50,000 units on the
ground. This scale is independent of the unit of measurement.
2. What is the general direction of the flow of Sipu Nadi in the given map
extract? What are the white patchesin grids 6632 indicates?
Ans: Direction is: SW, white patches indicate an island.
3. ‘Anadra’ is better developed settlement than Gulabganj. Give two

reasons
to support your answer.
Ans: It is so because it contains a post office, police chauki, IB, hospital,

veterinary hospital.
4. What are the fires lines in the map extract indicates?
Ans: It refers to a broad path which is cleared through a forest. It is built to

check the spread of forest fire to other parts of the jungle.
5. State two relief features indicated by contour lines in grid 7029.
Ans: Spur and a saddle.
6. What main purpose is served by most of the wells in grid 6232?
Ans: Most of the wells are brackish, that is salty in nature and so they are unfit
for agriculture. Also unsuitable for human or animal consumption.
7. Give the six figure grid reference of the surveyed tree 271.
Ans: 623248
8. What is a reserved forest? Ans: It is a government owned forest, where

logging of trees, hunting and fishing is prohibited.
QUESTION ANSWER, EASTINGS: 47-57, NORTHINGS: 29-39
1. What is meant by Contour Interval? What is the Contour Interval indicated

in the given map extract?
Ans: Contour Interval refers to the difference of height between two

consecutive contours. It is indicated on this map is 20 metres.
2. In which direction is the general slope of the land? Give a reason for your
answer.
Ans: The general slope of the land in the given map extract is towards south as
the rivers flow southwards. Besides, the spot heights are lower in the southern
part of the map.
3. What is the total area of the actual ground represented on the given
map extract? Show the calculation you have made.
Ans: There are 100 grid squares in the map. Since area of each grid
square=1sq.m, total area of 100 grid squares= 100 sq km.
4. What is the climate of the region in the map extract? Give a reason.
Ans: The climate is hot and dry with seasonal rainfall as most of the streams and
tanks present in the region are non-perennial.
5. What is the nature of streams and tanks spread over the region in the
given map? What does the broken ground along the bank of river indicate?
Ans: The streams and tanks in the area are non-perennial, with dry beds. The
broken ground along the bank indicate highly eroded area, caused by
alternating wet and dry periods that causes cracks in soil.
6. What is the principle means of irrigation used in the region of the map?
Draw the conventional symbol used for it in the map.
Ans: The principle means of irrigation in the given map is lined perennial wells.
The conventional symbol for lined perennial well is a small blue circle.
1. In which compass direction does the village Pamera lie in respect to
Gulabganj? How many kilometers is Pamera from Gulabganj?
Ans: Pamera lies in the north-west direction of Glabganj. Pamera is 3.3km from
Gulabgang, i.e., = 6.6cm
2. Write down the lowest and the highest spot heights found in the map.
State whether they are in metres or in feets.
Ans: In the map, highest spot height is 437 and lowest are 268. They are in
metres.
3. State the reason for a number of causeways in Sukli Nadi.
Ans: It is so because it is a non-perennial river and motor able during the dry
season.
4. What does the term ‘Siphon’ in the settlement of Malgaon mean? What is its
significance in grid square 6231?
Ans: Siphon is an instrument used to draw water upwards from a reservoir and
then transfer it to lower levels in fields for irrigation. In grid square 6231, it is
used to draw water from Sipu Nadi and nearby aqueduct for irrigation.
5. On which bank of Sipu Nadi is Malgaon situated? What is the social

significance of this settlement?
Ans: Malgaon is situated on the right bank of Sipu Nadi. Social Significance: An
Annual Fair is held at Malgaon in March.
6. Explain the drainage pattern in grid square 6736.
Ans: The drainage pattern is trellised. In this type of drainage, streams flow
parallel and then join the main river at right angles. It is caused by underlying
bands of alternate hard and soft rocks.
7. Give the 6 figure grid reference of the Spot height marking the peak of
Bhuni Magri Hill. Ans: 673295
1. What is an ‘Open Jungle’? What does it show about the rainfall in that
region?
Ans: Open Jungle is a forest area where the trees are widely scattered. It is
indicative of moderate rainfall in the region.
2. Suppose you walk along the metalled road at a speed of 1 kilometer per hour
from grid square 5517 to the distance stone numbered 29, how much time
will you take to reach your destination. Write answer in hours and minutes.
Ans: The distance is 3.3km. The speed is 1km/hr. So, total time=3hrs 30min.
3. What difference do you notice in the drainage pattern in grid square 5315 and
the streams in grid square 5119?
Ans: The drainage pattern in grid square 5315 is Radial wheras it is dendritic in
grid square 5119.
4. In what respect does the settlement shown in grid square 5512 differ from
the settlement in grid square 4713?
Ans: Grid square 5512 have isolated settlements wheras in grid square 4713, the
settlements are clustered or nucleated.
5. What are the possible occupations followed by the people living in the area
shown in the given map extract?
Ans: The probable occupations in the region are agriculture, animal rearing, jobs
in Post Office, dispensary and at roadside dhabas, petrol and as motor mechanics
along the metalled roads and National Highway.
6. Explain one relief feature indicated by contour lines in grid square 5216.
Ans: The contour lines in 5216 show knoll/hillock, (i.e., a small, natural hill or
mound with round top) usually marking the end of ridge.
7. Give the compass direction of Sibhrakhera from Rampurakhera.
Ans: Sibhrakhera lies in the south-west direction from Rampurakhera.

1. On which bank of Sipu Nadi is Gulabganj situated? From where does
Gulabganj get its supply of water?
Ans: Gulabganj is situated on the left bank of Sipu Nadi. It gets its supply of
water from Sipu Nadi and lined perennial wells.
2. State the difference in contour lines in grid squares 6726 and 6826. What
does the difference show?
Ans: The contour lines in grid square 6726 are spaced far apart wheras in grid
square 6826 the contour lines are close to each other. The difference shows the
steepness of the slope in grid square 6726 is gradual whereas in grid square
6826, the slope is steep and forms a cliff.
3. In what way does the pattern of drainage in grid square 6728 differ from
that in grid square 6034?
Ans: In grid square 6728, the drainage pattern is radial. In grid square 6034, the
drainage pattern is dendritic.
4. Which settlement is better developed than other settlements in the given

map extract? Give reasons to support your answer.
Ans: Sirori is more developed than other settlements in the given map. (i)It is
located on the National Highway, NH-16 which connects it to other areas and
providesaccess to materials, markets and jobs there. (ii)It has a Post office, an
Ayurvedic Hospital, a Dispensary and a Veterinary Hospital.
5. (i) State the compass direction of Udwariya from Gulabganj. (ii) Mention
one striking difference between these two settlements.
Ans: (i) Udwariya lies in the north east direction of Gulabganj. (ii) Udwariya is a
small settlement,i.e, a village whereas Gulabganj is a big settlement with
facilities like Post office, Dispensary, etc.
6. Find the direct distance in km between metalled road from NH-168 grid
square 6432 and Post office in 6223. Ans: 4.8cm = 4.8/2 = 2.4km.
QUESTION ND ANSWERS, EASTINGS 56-66, NORTHINGS 12-22
1. Give the 6 figure grid reference of: (i) the temple in Dhavli (ii) triangulated
height 480.
Ans: (i) 565186 (ii) 591158
2. In grid square 6420, several contours merge at one point. Explain what this
represents.
Ans: It represents a cliff. A cliff is a vertical or nearly vertical rock face found in
mountaineous region. Since streams pass through it, it forms a waterfall.
3. Name two landforms represented by the pattern of contours in grid square

6119.
Ans: Two landforms represented include a mountain (marked by spot height

538) and a pass through which footpath can be seen.
4. What is the difference in pattern of settlement in grid squares 6415 and

5618?
Ans: The settlement pattern in grid square 6415(Chandela) includes dispersed

or scattered settlement with permanent huts wheras in grid square 5618, the
settlement pattern is clustered.
5. State two reasons for the absence of human habitation in the north-eastern
region of the map.
Ans: It is so because: (i) It is a hilly forested area. (ii) There are no roads
connecting the region to other areas.
6. Name one natural and one man-made feature in grid square 6020.
Ans: Natural feature – Broken ground Man-made feature – Permanent Huts
7. Calculate the direct distance in km between Dhavli and
Thal. Ans: Map distance = 6cm = 6/2 = 3cm.

1. Give the six figure grid reference of: (i) Chhatri north of Spot height 253.
(ii)Surveyed tree 269.
Ans: (i) 542199 (ii) 602198
2. (i) Which is a universally accepted scale? (ii) State the length of the given
map in kilometers.
Ans: (i) Representative Fraction (ii) Length of map is 20cm = 20/2 = 10km.
3. What is the difference in the pattern of drainage in grid square 5417 and in
6220?
Ans: In grid square 5417 the drainage pattern is radial whereas it is trellised in
grid square 6220.
4. What do the following mean? (i) 3r in grid square 5514 (ii) Open scrub in
1502
Ans: (i) It means that the height of the embankment of the dry tank is 3m.
(ii)Open scrub refers to the type of vegetation comprising bushes and shrubs
found in dry region with less than 75cm of annual rainfall.
5. Identify the contour feature in grid square 6219.
Ans: In grid square 6219, the contour lines show a saddle with a gap for
foothpath.
6. Mention two main occupations shown on the map extract.
Ans: Agriculture, animal grazing and forestry.
7. Name two natural features seen in grid square 5421.
Ans: Broken ground and a dry stream.
8. What is the compass direction of Vajna from Palrikhera?
Ans: Map distance = 2.6cm = 2.6/2 = 1.3km.

CHAPTER:-4 CLIMATE
Q.1. What is the name given to the climate of India? Mention any two
factors responsible for such type of climate.
Ans. India has a Tropical Monsoon climate. The two factors responsible for
such a climate are :
(a) The Himalaya stretching from east to west in the north.
(b) The presence of the Monsoon winds which bring rain to the country.
Q.2.Name the factors that influence the climate of India.

Ans. The factors that influence the climate of India are :
(a) The Great Mountain wall of Himalayas.
(b) Latitude or Distance from the Equator.
(c) Altitude
(d) Distance from the sea
(e) Temperate Cyclones or Western Disturbances.
Q.3. Explain two factors that affect the climate of India giving a suitable
example for each.
Ans. The two factors that affect the climate of India are:
(a) The Himalayan Mountain: It acts like a barrier as it prevents the cold winds
from Central Asia from reaching India in winter thus saving it from a severely
cold climate. In the summer season, the Himalayas intercept the rain-hearing
South-West monsoon, causing heavy rain in India.
(b) Distance from the Sea: Places near the sea have a maritime or moderate
climate like Mumbai whereas places far from the sea have a continental
climate. Like Lucknow.
Q.4. State the climatic significance of the Himalayas to the people of India.
Ans. The Himalayas are very important and influence the climate of India
greatly. They stop the rain bearing Bay of Bengal Branch of the South-West
Monsoons which cause rain in India. The Himalayas prevent the cold North-
East Monsoon winds from entering India.
Q.5. Mention two main features of the Indian Monsoon.

Ans. The main features of the Indian Monsoon are :
(a) Rainfall is mainly relief or Orographic. Most of the rainfall is caused due to
the obstruction of moisture bearing winds by the mountain ranges. As a result,
windward side gets heavy rain while the leeward side gets scanty rain.
(b) The rainfall is erratic and unpredictable. The amount of rainfall varies from
time to time often resulting in floods and droughts. Sometimes, the rainfall
occurs early and at times it is delayed.
Q.6. which type of climate is experienced in the Northern Plains of India?

State one main characteristic of this type of climate.
Ans. The Northern Plains of India have a continental type of climate.
Being away from the sea, they have very hot summers and very cold winters.
Q7. Mention the four seasons that prevail in India stating the months for
each.
Ans. The four seasons that prevail in India are:
(a) The Cold season or the North-East Monsoon Season (December to
February).
(b) The Hot Season (March to May)

(c) The Rainy or the South-West Summer Season (June to September)
(d) The Retreating South-West Summer Season.( October-November)
Q.8. Give two important characteristics of the summer monsoon rainfall in

India.
Or
Give two important characteristics of South-West Monsoon rainfall.

Ans. The two important characteristics of summer monsoon rainfall are :
(a) The summer monsoon rainfall is unevenly distributed as some regions
receive very heavy Rainfall while others receive less.
(b) The rainfall is erratic and unpredictable. The amount of rainfall varies
sometimes. It comes early when the farmers are not ready and at times it is
delayed.
Q.9. Describe the climatic conditions that exist in the subcontinent before
the South-West Monsoons.
Ans. Before the South-West Monsoons strike, the sub-continent is very dry,
therefore hot and a low pressure develops in the north-western part of the
country.
Q.10. What is the direction of the summer monsoon? Why?

Ans. The summer monsoon blows from the south-west direction where the
pressure is very high. The north-western part of India has low pressure which
attracts the monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea. Due to the presence of ITCZ
(inter tropical convergence zone), the westerlies were attracted towards the
Indian sub-continent.
Q.11. Name the source of the winter rain in Tamil Nadu.

Ans. Tamil Nadu gets rain from the North-East Winter Monsoons coming over
the Bay of Bengal.
Q.12. Name the two sources of rainfall and the months during which they
are experienced in:
(a) Punjab b) Tamil Nadu.
Ans. The two sources of rainfall in:
(a) Punjab are South-West Summer Monsoon and Temperate cyclones also
western disturbances.
(b) Tamil Nadu gets rainfall from the North-East Winter Monsoon and Tropical
cyclone.
Q. 13. Name the area in India which receives rainfall from the Western
Disturbances. State the importance of this rainfall.
Ans. The Western Disturbances cause rainfall in the north-west part of India.
Especially in Punjab, Haryana and western UP. This rainfall helps in the growth
of wheat and barley.
Q.14. What is a rain shadow area? Give one example of it in India.

Ans. Rain shadow area is one which faces the leeward slope and does not
receive much rain. An example of such a region is the Deccan Plateau. More
over a mountain has two sides. One, where the wind strikes called the
windward side and other the lee ward side which receives scanty rainfall.
Q.15. State the agricultural benefits derived from:

(a) The Westerly Depression in Punjab.
(b) The Kalbaisakhi in Assam.
Ans.
(a) The Westerly Depressions in Punjab cause rain in winter which is beneficial
for the crops like wheat and barley.
(b) The Kalbaisakhi occur in Assam and West Bengal in the hot season. These
are thunderstorms accompanied with strong winds and heavy rainfall which is
beneficial for the tea, coffee and rice crops.
Q.16. Name the following:

(a) The winds that bring heavy rain to Cherrapunji.
(b) The local wind that that brings a light rainfall to South India and is good for
tea and coffee crops.
Ans. (a) The winds which bring heavy rain to Cherrapunji are the Bay of
Bengal Branch of the Southwest Summer Monsoons.
(b) Mango showers are the local winds that bring light rainfall to South India.
These are good for tea and coffee crops.
Q. 17. Name two types of cyclonic systems that affect India and two areas
that receive rainfall from these systems
Ans. The two cyclonic systems that affect India are:
a) Temperate Cyclones or depressions
These affect the north-west of India which includes the states of Jammu and
Kashmir, Punjab,Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand etc. These are
caused in the winter (December-January)
(b) Tropical Cyclones
These affect the eastern coast of southern India (Odisha, Andhra Pradesh.
Tamil Nadu) and blow in the months of October-November
Q. 18. State the benefits that are derived from the local winds that blow in
summer in the following states:
(a) Kerala (b) West Bengal
Ans. (a)Kerala receives rainfall from the local winds known as mango
showers, during the hot season. These winds help in growth of the mangoes.
(b) West Bengal experience thunderstorms accompanied with strong winds
and heavy rainfall. These are known as Kalbaisakhi or Norwesters and help in
the cultivation of tea in Assam and jute and rice in West Bengal.
Give reasons for the following
Q.19. Give geographical reasons for the following:

(a) Even in summer, Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
(b) The northern plains of India do not freeze in winter
(c) Kochi has a lesser annual range of temperature than Agra.
Ans. (a) Shimla is cooler than Delhi in summer as it is situated at a higher
altitude, where the temperature drops at the rate of 6°C per km of ascent. Delhi
is situated at a lower height.
(b) The northern plains of India do not freeze in winter as they are protected
from the influence of the cold north - east monsoons by the Himalayas.
(c) Kochi is situated along the coast and is influenced by the land and sea
breezes which moderates its temperature. On the other hand, Agra has an
extreme climate as it is situated in the interior of the continent and is not
influenced by the sea breezes.
Q.20. Give a reason to explain why:

(a) the coastal areas of India do not experience a significant variation in
temperature between summer and winter months
(b) the annual rainfall in Rajasthan is less than 25 cm.
(c) the Coromandel coast gets most of its rain during the winter season.
Ans. (a) Those regions situated in the coastal areas have a moderate climate
which means that there is not much of difference between the temperatures in
summer and winter. This is due to the influence of the sea and land breezes
which moderate the temperature.
(b) Rajasthan gets less than 25 cm of rain due to two reasons. It lies in the rain
shadow area of the Aravalli Hills and does not get much rain from the Bay of
Bengal Branch of the South-West Summer Monsoons. Secondly the Arabian
Sea Branch blows parallel to the Aravalli Hills and does not cause rain as well.
They go past the hills causing hardly any rainfall in Rajasthan.
(c) The Coromandel Coast is located on the east coast of southern India. This
region receives rainfall from the North-East Monsoons which blow
during the winter months.
Q. 21. Give reasons for the following:

(a) The North-East Monsoons bring almost no rain to most of India.
(b) The Mango showers are beneficial local winds.
(c) The latitudinal extent of India is responsible for the variation in the
climatic conditions which prevail in the country.
Ans. (a) The North-East Monsoon winds originate over land and do not contain
moisture until they pass over the Bay of Bengal. Hence they pick up moisture
and cause some rain along the east coast of the Deccan Plateau. Therefore
they bring almost no rain to the most of India.
(b) The Mango showers blow in south India from the Arabian Sea and cause
rainfall near Mahabaleshwar. They help in the growth of mango, coffee and tea
crops.
(c) The northern part of India lies in the temperate zone and is therefore cold.
South of the Tropic of Cancer, India lies in the tropical zone and is warmer.
Therefore the variation in the climatic conditions depends on how fat a place is
from the equator.
Q. 22. Give a reason for each of the following:

(a) Most of Sri Lanka has Equatorial type of climate.
(b) Western coastal plains receive more rainfall than the Eastern coastal
plains.
Ans. (a) Most of Sri Lanka has an equatorial type of climate as it is an island
situated near the equator.
(b) Western coastal plains receive very heavy rainfall as they lie on the
windward slope of the Western Ghats. This is the first region to get rain from the
South-West Summer Monsoon
The Eastern coastal plains lie in the rain shadow area
Q. 23. Give reasons for the following:

(a) It is cooler on the maintain slopes than in the plains during summer.
(b) Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December.
(c) Rajasthan receives very little rainfall.
Ans. (a) It is cooler in the mountains as compared to plains because
temperature decreases with increasing altitude at the rate of 1'C for every 167
meter.
(b) Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December because of the moderating
influence of the sea.
(c) Rajasthan receives very little rainfall because it lies in the rain shadow area
of the Aravalli Hills.
Q. 24. Give reason:

(a) Though Mangalore and Mysore are on the same latitude, Mangalore
experiences more rainfall than Mysore.
(b) Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Mumbai.
Ans. (a) Though Mangalore and Mysore are on the same latitude, Mangalore
experiences more rainfall than Mysore because Mangalore lies on west coast of
India and receives heavy rainfall from the South-West Summer Monsoon from
June-September. On the other hand Mysore lies in the rain
shadow area of the Western Ghats. Moreover it receives rain from the North-
East Winter Monsoon which causes rainfall between December-February. This
rainfall is not very heavy.
(b) Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Mumbai as it is
situated far away from the sea and has a continental type of climate. This
means that there is a vast difference between the highest and lowest
temperatures. Jaipur has a desert type of climate also. Mumbai on the other
hand is nearer to the sea and has a maritime type of climate. The
temperatures are more or less the same throughout the year.
Q. 25. Give a reason for each of the following:

(a) Patna gets heavier rainfall than Varanasi.
(b) The Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon does not shed
any moisture in western Rajasthan.
Ans. (a) Patna gets a heavier rainfall than Varanasi as it lies in the lower Ganga
valley, whereas Varanasi lies further west. The South-West Monsoon (Bay of
Bengal Branch) first cases rain in Patna and then in Varanasi.
(b) The Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon does not shed any
moisture in western Rajasthan as it blows parallel to the Aravalli.
Q. 26. Give reason why the South-West Monsoons do not give much
rainfall to Chennai.
Ans. The South-West Monsoons do not give much rain to Chennai because it
lies in the East Coast of India which is in the rain shadow area.
Q. 27. Give a geographic reason for each of the following:

(a) Kerala has the longest rainy season.
(b) The Konkan coast experiences orographic rainfall.
(c) The city of Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh has a higher range of temperature
than that of Chennai in Tamil Nadu.
Ans. (a) Kerala lies in the South-Western coast of India and is the first region
to get the rains from the Arabian Sea Branch of the South-West Monsoons.
This causes rain between Junes to September
(b) The Konkan coast stretches along the Arabian Sea west of the Western
Ghats. The South-West Monsoons blow from the Arabian Sea and strike the
Western Ghats causing relief or orographic rainfall.
(c) Kanpur located in Uttar Pradesh has a continental type of climate. This
means that the summers are very hot and the winters are extremely cold due to
their distance from the sea.
Chennai in Tamil Nadu is a coastal city and has a moderate climate, which
means that there is not much difference between the highest and lowest
temperatures during the year
Q. 28. Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(a) Kanpur has extreme temperature conditions.
(b) Kochi is warmer than Mumbai even though both lie on the western
coast of India.
(c) The Ganga Plain gets the monsoon rain much later than the west coast
of India.
Ans. (a) Kanpur has extreme temperature conditions because it is located very
far from the sea and has a continental climate
(b) Kochi is warmer than Mumbai even though both lie on the western coast of
India because it is situated closer to the Equator.
(c) The Arabian Sea Branch of the South-West monsoons strikes the west coast
first as it originates in the southern part of the Arabian Sea at the end of
May/first week of June.
After travelling over the Deccan it crosses the Bay of Bengal and strikes the
Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills. It then turns westwards and causes rain in the
Ganga Plain at the end of June or the beginning of July
Q.29. Give reasons for the following:

a) When the Malabar coast is receiving heavy rainfall in July, the Tamil
Nadu coast is comparatively dry.
(b) The Northern Plains of India have a continental type of climate.
(c) Central Maharashtra receives little rainfall.
Ans. (a) The Malabar coast is located on the western coastal plains where the
South-West Monsoons strike first. Therefore, it gets very heavy rain. Tamil
Nadu lies on the eastern coast which lies in a rain shadow area and gets less
rain.
(b) The Northern Plains of India lie very far from the influence of the sea.
Therefore, it has very hot summers and cold winters. It has an extreme climate
or a continental type of climate.
(e) Central Maharashtra lies in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats and
receives little rainfall.
Q. 30. Mention a geographical reason for each of the following:

(a) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi.
(b) Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea branch of the
South-West Monsoon winds.
(c) Mangalore is not cold even in the month of December.
Ans. (a) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi because it lies in the lower
Ganga valley, whereas Delhi lies on the Upper Ganga Valley. The Bay of
Bengal Branch flows from the Bay of Bengal and reaches Patna earlier than
Delhi.
(b) Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea Branch of the
south-west Monsoon as these winds blow parallel to the Aravalli Hills.
(c) Mangalore is situated along the western coastal plain and is affected by the
sea breezes which moderate its temperature. Therefore Mangalore does not get
cold in December.
Define the following terms
Q. 31. Annual Range of Temperature.

Ans. This is the difference between the highest and the lowest temperatures of
the year. The product is called the range.
Q. 32. Break or Burst of Monsoon.
Ans. The sudden approach of the moisture-laden winds accompanied by
thunder, lightning winds and heavy rainfall.
Q. 33. Equable Climate.

Ans. Summers are not very hot and winters are not very cold. There is not
much difference in temperature throughout the year, e.g, Chennai
Q.34. Extreme Climate.

Ans. There is a great difference in temperature as the summers are very hot
and winters are very cold e.g., Delhi
Q.35. Jet Streams

Ans. Air currents found in the upper layers of the atmosphere, which help in
determining the arrival of monsoons.
Q. 36. Kalbaisakhi.
Ans. These are thunderstorms accompanied with strong winds and heavy
rainfall. These occur in Assam and West Bengal and are good for tea, coffee
and rice.
Q. 37. Loo.
Ans. These are hot, dry winds blowing in the Northern plains (Uttar Pradesh.
Bihar, Punjab) in the months of May and June.
Q.38. Mango Showers

Ans. These are local storms causing rain along the coast in Kerala in the hot
season. They bring a little rain which is important for mango, tea and coffee.
Q. 39. North-East Winter Monsoons.

Ans. These winds blow from the northern part of India towards the Arabian
Sea. They are cold and dry but cause rain on the south east coast of India after
picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
Q. 40. Rain Shadow Area.
Ans. The area facing the leeward side which receives very little rain, e.g.,
Deccan plateau
Q. 41. South-West Summer Monsoons.

Ans. These winds blow between June- September towards India from the
Arabian Sea carrying moisture and causing rain.
Q. 42. Windward side.

Ans. The side of the mountain facing the moisture-laden winds and which
receives very heavy rain. e.g., western side of the Western Ghats facing the
Arabian Sea and windward slopes of the Garo, Khasi hills.
Differentiate between the following

Q. 43. Climatic conditions in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh during June month.
Ans
Kerala (Climatic conditions) Uttar Pradesh (Climatic conditions)

(a) Humid due to heavy monsoon (a) Intense low pressure (dry)
rain (b) High temperatures
(b) Lower temperatures
Q. 44. Climatic difference of Almora and Kochi,

Ans.
Almora Kochi
Almora is at a height so it has a Kochi is on the sea-cast and has a
cooler climate moderate climate.
Q. 45.Climatic difference of Cherrapunji and Shillong.

Ans.
Cherrapunji Shillong
Cherrapunji has very heavy rainfall Shillong lies in the rain shadow area
as it is situated on the windward of the
slope of the hills. Khasi-Garo Hills and has very little
rain.
Q. 46. Climatic difference of Mumbai and Lucknow.

Ans.
Mumbai Lucknow
Mumbai has a maritime climate which Lucknow has an extreme climate as
means that it has very little difference it is in the interior; This means that it
between the summers and winters. It has cold winters and hot summers.
is situated near the sea.
Q. 47. Rainfall (a) that occurs from June to September and b) from
December to February in North.
Ans.
Rainfall (June-September) Rainfall (December-February)

(a) Very heavy. (a) Less rain
(b) Moisture-laden winds as they (b) Winds blow from land to sea,
come from the sea (South-West therefore they are
Monsoon) dry and cold except when they cross
a water body (North-East Monsoons)
Q. 48. South-West Summer Monsoon and North-East Winter Monsoon.

Ans.
South-West Summer Monsoon North-East Winter Monsoon

(a) Blow during the Winter season. (a) Blow during the Rainy season
(b) Winds blow from land to sea. (b) Winds blow from sea to land
(c) Active between December to (c) Active between June to
February. September
(d) Rain is caused mainly along (d) Most parts of the country receive
the Tamil Nadu Coast. rain from these winds.
(e) Only one branch. (e) Two branches - Bay of Bengal
Branch and Arabian Sea Branch
Q.49. Arabian Sea Branch and Bay of Bengal Branch
Ans.
Arabian Sea Branch Bay of Bengal Branch

(a)More powerful (a)Less powerful
(b) Blows over the Arabian Sea. (b) Blows over the Bay of Bengal
(c) Causes rainfall mainly along the Branch.
western coastal plain and Peninsular (c) Causes rainfall mainly along the
India. Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and
Northern Plains.
Q. 50. Bursting of Monsoon and Break in the Monsoon

Ans.
Bursting of Monsoon Break in the Monsoon

The sudden approach of the During the months of July and
moisture-Haden winds, along with August there are spells of dry
violent thunder and lightning is weather when there is no rain this
known as the break or burst of the isreferred to as a break on the
monsoon. monsoons
Long Answer Questions
Q. 51. a) Name the type of climate prevailing over India.

(b) Mention any two factors responsible for it.
Ans. (a) The type of climate prevailing over India is the Tropical Monsoon
climate.
(b) The two factors responsible for the climate are:
(i) A well-developed pressure system over land and sea which cause the
differences in the rate of heating and cooling of land and water.
(i) Presence of large landmass and water body.
Q. 52. Rainfall in India is Orographic in nature.

Give an example with reference to the distribution of rainfall and the effect
of relief on its distribution.
Ans. Heavy rainfall is caused in those regions where mountains block the
passage of the winds. For example the South-West Monsoon winds strike the
Western Ghats after collecting moisture from the Arabian Sea. Heavy rainfall is
caused on the windward slope and as the wind passes over
the leeward slope there is less rainfall. The Deccan Plateau lies in the rain
shadow area of the Western Ghats
Q. 53. Mention the characteristic features of the Retreating Monsoons.

Ans. The characteristics features of retreating monsoons are as follows:
(a) The Retreating Monsoons blow during the months of October and
November.
b) They originate over the Northern Plains as the temperatures begin to
decrease and the low-pressure through becomes weaker.
(c) Skies are clear and temperature rises. There is also high humidity resulting
in the “October heat”
(d) Low pressure area shifts to the Bay of Bengal.
(e) Cyclonic depressions originate over the Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea Branch Bay of Bengal Branch

(a) More powerful (a) Less powerful
(b) Blows over the Arabian sea. (b) Blows over the Bay of Bengal
(c) Causes rainfall mainly along the Branch.
western coastal plain and Peninsular (c) Causes rainfall mainly along the
India. Ganga Brahmaputra delta and
Northern Plains.
Q. 54. Account for the heavy rain in the north-eastern part of India during
June-September.
Ans. (a) After crossing the Bay of Bengal the South-West summer monsoons
strike the Garo-Khasi Hills.
(b) Heavy rainfall is caused on the windward slopes (over 2500 cm) Cherrapunjl
and Mawsynram are located here.
(c) Shillong receives only about 250 cm as it lies on the rain shadow area.
(d) The Assam region too receives heavy rainfall as the winds are moisture-
laden.
Data/Map Based Question
Q. 55. Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that
follow:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Sep Oct No Dec
y g t v
Temp 23. 25. 27. 28. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30.0 30. 25. 24.
(in °C) 6 0 7 3 2 3 4 3 3 5 2
Rainfal 0 0 1.1 1.5 2.1 45. 46. 45. 43.3 20. 3.0 0.1
l (in 3 5 4 1
cm)
(a) In which season the rainfall is highest?

(b) What is the total rainfall during the monsoon season?
(c) Does the station have a maritime or a continental climate? Give a
reason for your answer.
Ans. (a) Monsoon Season

(b) Total rainfall during the monsoon season is 180.5 cm.
(c) Maritime climate as the range in temperature is only 6.7°C. A continental
climate has a much greater difference as the summers are very hot and winters
are very cold.
Q. 56. Given below is the climatic data of a station. Study the table and
answer the questions that follow:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Ju Jul Au Se Oct Nov Dec

y n g pt
Temp 13. 16.6 21. 25.5 33. 33. 30. 29. 29. 25. 19.6 15.
(in °C) 7 6 2 5 8 8 2 5 2
Rainfa 2.5 2.0 1.5 0.9 1.5 7.5 17. 18. 12. 1.0 0.2 1.5
ll (in 8 5 5
cm)
(a) Calculate the annual range of temperature.
(b) What is the total rainfall experienced by the station?
(c) Which is the driest month?
Ans. (a) Annual range of temperature:
(33.5-13.7)°C = 19.8°C.
(b) 67.4 cm
(c) November is the driest month.
Q. 57. Given below is the climatic data of a station. Study the table and
answer the questions that follow:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Sep Oct Nov Dec
y y g
Temp 24. 25. 27. 20. 30. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 25. 24.
(in °C 5 7 7 4 0 5 0 2 8 0 9 7
Rainfal 4.6 1.3 1.3 1.8 3.8 4.5 8.7 11. 11. 30. 35. 13.
l in cm 3 9 6 0 9
(a) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced by the station?

(b) What is the annual range of temperature?
(c) Name the wettest month.
Ans. (a) 128.1 cm

(b) Highest Temperature 32.5 °C
Lowest Temperature 20.4 °C
Annual Range of Temperature 12.1 °C
(c) Wettest Month November
follow:
Month Jan Feb Ma Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
r
Temp° 21 21. 24. 27. 28.0 26.4 26.1 25.4 25.0 26.0 23.8 21.2
C .0 9 3 2
Rainfal 5.1 2.8 1.2 1.7 3.9 4.6 8.4 11.4 11.9 31.6 34.5 14.8
l in cm
(a) Identify the hottest month

(b) Calculate the annual rainfall.
(c) Name the winds that bring the maximum rainfall to this city.
Ans. (a) May (28.0°C)
(b) 131.9 cm
(c) The Retreating South-West Monsoons
Q. 59. Study the climatic data of stations given below and answer the
questions that follow:
Ans.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Sep Oct No Dec
y g v
Temp 24. 25. 27. 28. 30. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 25. 24
in°C 5 7 7 4 3 5 0 2 8 0 9 .7
Rainfal 4.3 1.6 1.7 2.4 2.8 4.6 8.6 11. 11. 30. 35. 13.
l in cm 4 8 6 0 9
(a) Calculate the total annual rainfall experienced by the station.

(b) What is the annual range of temperature?
(c) On which coast of India does the station lie? Give a reason for your
answer.
Ans. (a) Total Annual Rainfall is 128.7 cm.
(b) Annual range of temperature: Highest temperature-Lowest temperature
32.5 - 24.5 = 8.0 °C
(c) The station lies on the east coast of southern India as the rainfall is heavier
in October and November.
follow:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oct No De
y g p v c
Temp 23. 24. 26. 29. 32 32. 33.1 32. 30. 29. 28. 26.
in°C 1 8 5 3 8 0 1 5 3 7 1
Rainfal 15. 10. 0.3 0.1 1.3 4.5 6.1 10. 10. 20. 16. 19.
l in cm 3 1 2 5 1 8 0
(a) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced by the station

(b) Suggest a name of this station, giving a reason for your answer
(c) Name the season during which the rainfall is heaviest.
Ans. (a) 114.3 cm.
(b) Chennai as it has a moderate climate and the rainfall is heavy between
October-December.
(c) Rainfall is heaviest in the winter season (October-January).
follow:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oct No De

y g p v c
Temp 23. 24. 26. 29. 32 32. 33.1 32. 30. 29. 28. 26.
in°C 1 8 5 3 8 0 1 5 3 7 1
Rainfal 15. 10. 0.3 0.1 1.3 4.5 6.1 10. 10. 20. 16. 19.
l in cm 3 1 2 5 1 8 0
(a) Calculate the annual temperature range.

(b) What is the total annual rainfall?
(c) Presuming that the station is located in India, gave a reason for its
location being on the east coast or the west coast of India
Ans. (a) 10°C
(b) 114.3 cm
(c) East-coast receive winter rainfall
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS [repeat]
1. Break or Burst of Monsoon. The sudden approach of the moisture-laden

winds accompanied by thunder, lightning, violent winds and heavy rainfall.
2. Equable Climate. Summers are not very hot and winters are not very cold.
There is not much difference in temperature throughout the year, e.g., Chennai.
3. Extreme Climate. There is a great difference in temperature such as

summers are very hot and winters are very cold, e.g., Delhi.
4. Jet Streams. Air currents found in the upper layers of the atmosphere,
which help in determining the arrival of monsoons
5. Kalbaisakhi. These are thunderstorms accompanied with strong winds and

heavy rainfall. They occur in Assam and West Bengal and are good for tea,
coffee and rice.
6. Loo. These are hot, dry winds blowing in the Northern plains (Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, and Punjab) in the months of May and June.
7. Mango showers. These are local storms causing rain along the coast in
Kerala in the hot season.
8. South-West Summer Monsoons. These winds blow between June-

September towards India from the Arabian Sea, carrying moisture and causing
rain.
9. North-East Winter Monsoons. These winds blow from the northern part of
India towards the Arabian Sea; they are cold and dry but cause rain on the
south-east coast of India after picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
10. Rain Shadow Area. The area facing the leeward side which receives very
little rain, eg.Deccan Plateau.
11. Windward Side. The side of the mountain facing the moisture-laden winds
and which receives very heavy rain, eg., western side of the Western Ghats
facing the Arabian Sea and the windward slopes of the Garo and Khasi hills.
SOIL RESOURCES IN INDIA, CHAPTER: 5
1)
i) Name two states where red soil is found in India? (Ans: Red Soil is found
in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka)
ii) State a reason for low productivity of this soil? (Ans: Red soil has low
productivity as it is deficient in Nitrogen/ Lime/ Phosphoric acid and
Humus
2)
i) In which region in India is soil erosion by wind most common? (Ans: Soil
erosion by wind is most common in dry regions especially deserts (Thar
Desert)
ii) Why this area is more prone to erosion than other areas? (Ans: This
region is more prone to erosion than other areas because lack of rain
causes lack of vegetation which holds the soil together. As the soil is dry it
is carried by the wind easily.)
3)
i) Explain the origin of Black soil :(Ans : Black soil is formed by the
disintegration of volcanic rocks mainly basalt. It has been formed in Situ
ie: they are formed where they are found).
ii) Name the crops which grow well on this type of soil? (Ans: Cotton grows
well in this type of Soil)
1) Differentiate between sheet and gully erosion?

Ans: Sheet Erosion: In mountainous regions, where there is heavy rainfall and steep
slopes, erosion is more and a large amount of soil is removed over large stretches of
land.
Gully Erosion: When soil is removed by water flowing along definite paths or in
channels it is called gully erosion. They cut up agricultural lands and make it unfit for
cultivation.
2) Give two characteristics features of the soil found most suitable for growing
Cotton and Sugarcane in Maharashtra?
Ans: i) It has self-ploughing capacity
ii) Rich in Iron, Lime, Magnesium, lack in Phosphorous, humus, Nitrogen
3) State the difference between Khaddar and Bhangar soils?
KHADAR SOIL BHANGAR SOIL

Consists of newer alluvium Consists of older alluvium
Contains fine sand and clay Contains kankar and pebbles
Pale brown in colour Darker in colour
4) State two characteristics of Red soil?
Ans: a) Porous, loose,
b) Poor in Nitrogen, Phosphorous, potassium, lime, organic matter and humus.
5) State the characteristics of Laterite Soil?
Ans: a) It is Coarse, Soft, and Friable
b) Red in colour due to presence of Iron Oxide
6) State the characteristics of Alluvial Soil?
Ans: a) light and porous
b) Rich in minerals specially Potassium and lime
7) Define Sheet Erosion and Gully Erosion?
Ans: Sheet Erosion: Slow removal of soil when vegetation is destroyed due to heavy rain
from the gentle slopes.
Gully Erosion: During heavy rainfall on steep slopes deep gullies are made on bare soils
which removes nutrients and make the soil unproductive and cutting steep sided valley
as it runs off whereby on steep slopes in absence of any vegetation, the storm water
flows with force downhill developing into channel flow cutting steep sided valley as it
runs off.
8) Define the following:
i) Humus: The decay and decomposition of plants and dead animals.
ii) Insitu soil: Soils which are found where they are formed.
iii) Pedogenisis: The process of soil formation.
9) Give reasons:
i) Red soils is Red in colour:
Ans: Due to presence of Iron Oxide.
ii) Laterite Soil is not suitable for cultivation:
Ans: due to leaching and lack of minerals
10) Give one word:
i) Name the soil which is good for cultivation of Sugarcane: Black Soil
ii) Soil which is acidic in nature: Red/ Laterite Soil
11. What is soil?

Ans : The loose rock material which forms the thin upper surface layer of the earth’s
crust is known as soil. It consists of weathered rock particles, decaying organic
matter, living organisms, water and air.
12. What is the importance of soil?
Ans : Soil is an important natural resource because we derive everything that we need
in our life from soil. Primary food products like cereals, fruits, vegetables etc.
are acquired directly from I the soil and secondary food products such as milk,
meat, honey, wool timber etc. are got indirectly from the soil. It supplies us
material for building houses and also for, industries. So soil is the basic resource
for the development of our country’s wealth.
13. Name the different constituents of soil.
Ans : Soil is a mixture of inorganic materials, minerals and organic materials like
humus. Basically, there are varying proportions of silica, clay, chalk and
humus in the soil.
14. Which is the most important layer of the soil and why?
Ans : Top soil is the important layer of the soil. It contains fine particles and all kinds
of organic matter. It is very fertile where pant growth takes place.
15. Why are the alluviums of the peninsular coastal strip darker in colour than the
alluviums of northern plains?
Ans:The Rivers of the peninsular India flow over the Deccan plateau which is formed by
the deposition of lava flow. Basalt which is black in colour is predominant in this
region. So river erodes this basaltic rock and deposits the fine silt at the coastal
region.
16. [i] Mention any two disadvantages of the black soil.
[b] What is the advantage of clay containing in black soil?
Ans. [i] It is deficient in phosphorus, nitrogen and humus.
[ii] During dry period, they form long and deep cracks. Secondly black soil of
uplands is of low fertility.
(b) Black soil retains moisture for long duration because of clay content.
17. Is red soil transported or residual? Why?
Ans. Residual, because they have been formed by weathering ancient metamorphic
and crystalline rocks.
18. How red soil can increase its productivity?
Ans: It can increase its productivity with regular use of fertilizers and irrigation.
19.State conditions necessary for the development of laterite
soil?
Ans. High temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and
dry period.
20. Why are laterite soils not suitable for cultivation?
Ans. (i) It cannot retain moisture

(ii) It is acidic in nature.
(iii) It is coarse in texture.
(iv) It is deficient in lime and nitrogen and other nutrients due to leaching.
21. Name the type of soil which is :

(a) useful for the cultivation of jute
(b) useful for the cultivation of coffee

(c) useful for the cultivation of millets
(d) Self ploughing quality.
Ans: (a) alluvial soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Red soil (d) Black soil
22. Differentiate between gully erosion and sheet erosion.
Ans: Gully erosion: On steep slopes, in absence of any vegetation water flows downhill
Developing into channel flow, cutting deep sided valley as it runs off.
Sheet erosion: Due to heavy rainfall, a surface film of water carries away the
Topsoil.
23. In which region of India soil erosion by wind is most common?

Ans: Wind is the powerful agent of erosion in deserts, semi deserts and where there is
little or no vegetation cover and less rainfall.
24. How does the destruction of vegetation increase soil erosion?
Ans: Because the roots of trees can hold the top soil tightly. Destruction of vegetation
causes soil erosion by heavy rainfall which looses the soil. It can be washed
away easily. Wind can carry the loose soil far away into the fertile land.
25. Mention three ways by which man can be held responsible for soil erosion.
Ans: (i) By deforestation
(ii) Overgrazing
(iii) Unscientific methods of cultivation.
26. What is soil conservation? Why is it so important?

Ans: It is the effort made by man to prevent soil erosion. It is important because soils
take a very long time to form but it can be washed away in a few hours. So, we
should conserve this precious asset.
27.Mention any two steps which have been undertaken by the govt. to
conserve the soil.
Ans: (1) Van Mahotsav for planting trees.

(2) Control of shifting cultivation.
Q. 28. Transported soil.
Ans. These are soils which are carried down by agents of erosion like wind,
rivers and deposited in other regions e.g., alluvial soil, loess of northern China.
Q. 29. Pedogenesis.
Ans. Pedogenesis is the process of sod formation which depends, on many
factors like parent rock, relief, vegetation, drainage etc.
Q. 30. Humus.
Ans. Humus is the dark organic material in soils, produced by the
decomposition of vegetable or animal matter and essential to the fertility of the
soil.
Q. 31. Bhangar
Ans. Bhangar is a tope of alluvial sail which is older alluvium and consists of
lime nodules or kankar and has a clayey composition.
Q. 32. Sheet erosion.

Ans. It occurs on gentle slopes and is the slow removal of a thin layer of soil
when the vegetation is destroyed. Rainwater washes away the thin layer of bare
soils.
Q. 33. Soil conservation.

Ans.It is the effort made by man to prevent the erosion of soil. For this certain
methods like afforestation, contour ploughing, terracing of hills etc, are adopted.
Q. 34. In situ soil.

Ans. These are the soils, which are found at the place of their formation. e.g.,
regur soil, red soil and laterite soil.
NATURAL VEGETATION OFINDIA, CH: 6

1. What is natural vegetation?
Ans: The vegetation which grows naturally without human help according to
the available environment.
2. Explain in three points why forests are an important natural resource.
Ans: (i) Forests help in rainfall by adding moisture in the air
through transpiration.
(ii) They serve as an efficient check against soil erosion especially on
the hill slopes. They protect the soil from erosion by water.
(iii) Forests provide grazing ground for cattle. They are the home of wild
animals’ and birds.
3. What is meant by deciduous trees? Explain why Deciduous or Monsoon
forests occur on the eastern part of south India?
Ans: The trees which shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks during the spring
and early summer during March/April when sufficient moisture for
leaves is not available and subsoil water is not enough for the trees to
retain their leaves.
Monsoon or deciduous forest occur on the eastern part of south India
because this region is the rain shadow region and receives not more than
100-150cm. of rainfall.
4. What type of vegetation is found on the Himalayan ranges? Name some
important trees.
Ans: Mountain forest is found on the Himalayan region which consists of
mixed deciduous and coniferous forests. It is all due to temperature and
rainfall changes.
Important trees are – oak, chestnut, pine, fir etc.
5. Which regions of India are covered with Scrub and Thorn forests?
Ans: There forests are found in areas where the rainfall is less than 100cm.
They are mostly found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, South-west of Punjab,
drier parts of Deccan plateau in Karnataka.
6. With reference to Tropical Evergreen forest answer the following
questions:
(i) Why do the trees grow vigorously?
(ii) Why these forests have not been exploited commercially?
Ans. [i] Due to dense growth, heavy rainfall and high temperature
[ii] Due to lack of pure stand and absence of proper transport.
7. With reference to Tidal forest answer the following questions:
(i) Where are these forests found?
(ii) How do the trees adapt themselves with the environment?
Ans. (i) Tidal forests are found along the east coast, namely the deltas of
the Ganga -Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri
and Andaman islands.
(ii) During high tide mangrove trees’ roots are submerged in water and
deprived of oxygen. But during low tide the roots can be seen.
Therefore mangrove trees’ roots are characterized by special type of
roots which have tangled web. This tangled root system is a
wonderful adaptation for survival in this soft soil. Some of the roots
are extended vertically above the ground and have pores through
which they help the trees to breath during high tide.
8. Very little of the original tropical deciduous forest can be seen

today. Give reason to explain. Why?
Ans: According to rainfall structure, most of the plain land of India was covered
with tropical deciduous forest. Due to increased population these forests
have been cleared. They have been cleared for agriculture, industrial as
well as building purposes.
9. Name the major vegetation regions in which following trees
Sundari, teak, babul and pine.
Ans: Sundari- mangrove forest, teak- tropical deciduous, babul- scrub
Pine - mountain forests.

10. Trees of the Tropical Evergreen forest do not shed their leaves
annually.
Ans: Due to high temperature and heavy rainfall throughout the year.
11. Why do we need to conserve the forest?
Ans: Forests play an important role in the national economy of India.

Increased population pressure led to clearing of extensive forest.
Destruction of forest leads to heavy soil erosion, frequent floods,

increasing pollution of the atmosphere. Not only are these, forests
natural habitats of our animal populations which are also shrinking.
Therefore, it is essential to conserve forests.
12. What are the following:
(i) Vanamahotsava, (ii) Afforestation (iii) Reforestation.
Ans: (i) Vanamahotsava: A festival of planting new trees every year during the
rainy season.
(ii) Afforestation: Increasing forested area by bringing new areas under
forest cover.
(iii) Reafforestation: Replanting areas which have been deforested –
planting two trees for every tree felled.
13. Mention three objectives of forest conservation.
Ans: (i) To check deforestation
(ii) To check shifting cultivation
(iii) To prevent overgrazing.
14. Name three popular programmes under taken to create awareness

amongst the public to plant more trees.
Ans: 1.Vanamahotsava 2.Chipkomovement 3. Silvi culture programme.
15. Name two trees of the Tropical Deciduous Forests? ( Ans : Sandalwood and
Shisham)
i) Name three plants which are found in Thorn and Scrub vegetation?
(Ans: the three plants grown in thorn and scrub vegetation are the
Babul, Kikar, and wild palms. They grow well here as the rainfall is
less than 25 cm and they have developed ways and means of
surviving in the dry conditions. Most of them have sharp spines,
thrones, long roots or fleshy stems to conserve water.)
ii) Mention three methods adopted for conservation if forests?

Ans: The three methods are a) Strict measures to be taken if trees are cut
indiscriminately
b) Protecting the forests from fire by using modern methods of spraying
c) Creating awareness among people regarding the importance of forests.
iii) Write three characteristics of Evergreen Forests?

Ans: a) Forests are very dense
b) Have broad leaves,
c) Do not shed their leaves at the same time
vi) State three characteristics of Tropical Monsoon forests?
Ans: a) Shed leaves after 6-8 weeks
b) Occupy larger areas than Evergreen forests
c) Found in pure stands
vii) State two characteristics of Tidal forests?
Ans: a) dense forests
b) Have stilt roots
c) Have pneumatophores
viii) State three characteristics of Desert and desert vegetation?

Ans: i) xerophytic forests
ii) Have sharp spines
iii) Have long roots
ix) State two characteristics of mountain
forests? Ans: i) contain coniferous, deciduous
trees,
ii) Trees are mainly evergreen with needle shaped leaves
x) Differentiate between Afforestation and Deforestation?
Ans : Afforestation: Scheme of planting trees
Deforestation: Cutting of trees.
xi) Name the following:
i) It yields wood that is hard and scented and is usually found in high altitudes:
Deodar
ii) Generally found in deltaic regions and is used to make boats: Sundari
Q. 17.What is natural vegetation?

Ans. It is the part of plant life which grows naturally without human help
according to the available environment.
Q. 18. In which part of the country do we find virgin forests?

Ans. Virgin forests (natural vegetation that has remained undisturbed by
humans) are only found in the remote parts of the Himalayas.
Q. 19. Name two important products that we get from forests.

Ans. Paper and furniture.
Q.20. Name two minor products that we obtain from forests.

Ans. The two minor products that we obtain from forests are:
(a) Turpentine oil, resin, varnish.
(b) Gums and Lac.
Q. 21. How do forests:

(a) have a favorable effect on the climate of the region?
(b) Act as a flood control measure?
Ans. (a) Forests have a favorable effect on the climate of the region as they
help in causing rainfall in the area. This creates a cool atmosphere and a water
cycle which affects the forests.
(b) Forests control floods as the roots of the trees hold the soil together and
prevent it from being washed away. The forests check floods by retaining a
large amount of rainwater in the sub-soil.
Q. 22. Mention two main characteristics of Tropical Rain Forests.

Ans. The two main characteristics of tropical rain forests are as follows:
a) Tropical Rain Forests are very dense and the trees are over 60 m high
(b) The undergrowth is also dense and consists of shrubs, climbers, epiphytes
and bamboo.
Q. 23. (a) Name the forests which grow on the windward slope of the
Western Ghats?
(b) Why do such forests grow in this region?
Ans. (a) The Tropical Evergreen Forests are found on the windward slopes of
the Western Ghats.
(b) These forests grow in this region as the rainfall here is over 200 cm, the
temperature is over24°C and the humidity is more than seventy per cent.
Q. 24. Name any two types of trees found in the Evergreen forests.
Ans. Mahogany and Ebony are the trees found in the Evergreen forests.
Q. 25. State two characteristics of Tropical Deciduous forests.

Ans. The two characteristics of Tropical Deciduous forests are as follows.
(a) Trees of the deciduous forests shed their leaves in the dry summer but the
period of shedding is different for different species of trees.
(b) Economically these forests are very important. The main trees are shisham,
teak, sal etc.
Q. 26. (a) Name the forests which are commercially important in India.
(b) Name two trees which grow in this region.
Ans. (a) The Tropical Deciduous or Monsoon Forests are commercially the
most important forests in India.
(b) Teak and Sal are the two trees which grow in this forest.
Q. 27. Which types of forests are known as Monsoon Forests?

Ans. Tropical Deciduous forests are known as Monsoon forests.
Q. 28. How do trees in the Tropical Desert forest adapt themselves to the
dry climate?
Ans. The Tropical Desert forests have long roods which helps them to obtain
underground water. Some of them have thorns or spines which help them to
conserve water and protect them from wild animals.
Q. 29. Which type of vegetation is found in regions where the rainfall is

less than 70 cm?
Ans. The thorn and scrub vegetation.
Q.30. what are Tidal Forests also known as?

Ans. Tidal forests are also known as Mangrove or Littoral Forests.
Q. 31. Name the type of forest found along the deltas of rivers and one
influenced by tides.
Ans. Tidal Forests/Mangrove Forests.
Q. 32. Give two characteristics of Tidal Forests.

Ans. The two characteristics of Tidal forests are:
(a) Tidal forests are found along the coasts and the mouth of the rivers which
are affected by tides.
(b) The trees found here (Gurjan, Hintal, Sundari) yield hardwood which is
strong and durable and is used for making boats and boxes.
Q. 33. Name two important trees found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta.

Ans. Gurjan, Hintal, Sundari are important trees found in the Ganga-
Brahmaputra delta.
Q. 34. Name the tree as per its characteristics given below:

a) The wood is hard and suitable for shipbuilding,
(b) The roots are underwater during high tide.
Ans. (a) Teak
(b) Mangroves.
Q. 35. At what height do we find the deciduous belt in mountain forests?

Ans. At height of 1000 m to 2000 m deciduous forests are found.
Q. 36. Where are Alpine Forests found in India?

Ans. Above 3000 meters in mountains.
Q. 37. Mention any two uses of the following trees:

(a) Deodar
b) Chir
Ans. (a) Deodar-railway sleepers, construction purposes.
b) Chir-resin, turpentine.
Q. 38. Mention two factors responsible for deforestation.

Ans. Overgrazing by animals and cutting of trees for agriculture are two factors
responsible for deforestation.
Q. 39. Why do we need to conserve forests?

Ans. For the preservation of ecological diversity and for our life support system-
water, air and soil.
Q. 40. Name any two movements that have shown the participation of the
community in the conservation.
Ans. Chipko Movement and the Beej Bachao Andolan are the two movements.
Q. 41. Pneumatophores.
Ans. These are the roots of mangrove trees which have pores that enable the
trees to breathe, when the roots are submerged under water during high tide.
Q. 42. Tree line

Ans. The height above which it is too cold and windy for trees to grow is called tree line.
Q. 43. Resin
Ans. The sticky substance secreted mostly by pine trees.
Q. 44. Xerophytic
Ans.Plants that have ways to survive in very dry region by preventing loss of
moisture.
Differentiate between the following
Q. 45. Forestation and Deforestation

Ans.
Afforestation Deforestation
Afforestation is the process of Deforestation is the cutting down of
planting more trees to increase the trees.
area under forests. Deforestation has many
disadvantages, one of them having
soil erosion which removes the top
soil and makes the land unfit for
cultivation.
Q. 46. Afforestation and Re-afforestation

Ans.
Afforestation Re afforestation
Re afforestation is the growing of
Afforestation is the planting of trees
to create a new forest. trees in those areas where the trees
have been earlier destroyed.
Q. 47. Virgin Forests and Natural Vegetation
Ans.
Virgin Forests Natural vegetation

The part of the natural vegetation The natural vegetation is the plant life
which has remained undisturbed by which grows on its own according to
humans is known virgin forests. the available environment.
Q. 48. Evergreen and Deciduous Forests.

Ans.
Evergreen Forests Deciduous Forests

The trees of the tropical forests are Although the trees of the deciduous
called evergreen because they have forests shed their leaves in summer,
no particular season of shedding each species has its own time so the
leaves and thus remain green forest never looks here at any time.
throughout the year.
WATER RESOURCES, CHAPTER 7
1. What is irrigation?
Ans: Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land by means of canal

wells, tanks, underground water etc.
2. Differentiate between perennial and inundation canal.
Perennial Inundation
1. It supplies water throughout 1. It supplies water during rainy

The year. Seasons.
2. There is a weir at the head to check 2. There is no regulator to check
the flow of water. the flow of water.
3. It irrigates large area 3. It irrigates smaller area.
3. Name the different types of wells.

Ans: (i) Lined wells (ii) Unlined wells (iii) Tube wells.
4. What are Tube wells?
Ans: A tube well is a bore well which is dug deep in the ground with the help
of drilling machine.
The water can be pumped out manually as well as with the help of electricity.
5. What conditions are necessary for building tube wells?

(a) Ground water should be sufficient.
(b) Cheap electric supply is essential for lifting water.
(c) Agricultural land should be fertile which can compensate

the cost of boring tube well with the production.
(d) The area should not have extreme climatic condition.
6. How are tube wells more useful than ordinary wells?

Ans. [a] It can irrigate larger area than ordinary well.
(b) In dry period, they do not dry up due to deep boring which
can reach up to permanent water level.
(c) Tube well water is not polluted as it is directly pump out
from under ground. But ordinary well is open.
(d) Tube wells are not affected by the failure of rain but ordinary wells
can get dry up.
7. Name the regions where well irrigation is common and explain why it is
so?
Ans: Well irrigation is common in the northern plains. Uttar Pradesh leads to
well irrigation. Other significant areas are Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and
West Bengal as in these areas soil is soft, porous, and subsoil water is
also near the surface.
8. Which are traditional methods of lifting water from ordinary well?

Ans: The common old methods of drawing water from the ordinary wells are
Persian wheels, Dhenkli, Mohte, Rehat and Picolin..
9. Why is irrigation mostly done by tanks in peninsular India?
Ans: (i) Uneven terrain of the peninsular plateau with many
natural depressions where takes can be built.
(ii) A large area of the plateau has hard, nonporous rock underlying it.
They do not provide seepage of water underground.
(iii) There is no perennial rives to afford canal irrigation as the surface
of the Deccan region is hard and sloppy.
(iv) Tanks also help in raising the underground water level in
Deccan region as water level is in considerable depth due to
impervious
rocks.
10. What are the drawbacks of tank irrigation?

Ans: (i) The main drawback of tank is that they are non-perennial. They dug
up in the summer.
(ii) Tanks are shallow. Due to high temperature, water is lost
through evaporation.
(iii) The tanks occupy larger area which could be used for cultivation.
11. Why do we need to conserve water?

Ans: (i) The over exploitation of underground water often results in
the lowering of water table.
(ii) Due to global warming, glaciers are melting at a high rate. It is
believed that perennial rives will be extinct within 25years.
(iii) India has seasonal rainfall, and this rainfall is not evenly
distributed throughout the country. Thus, conservation of water
is essential.
(iv) Excessive irrigation to meet excessive population demands

depletes 90% of the fresh water contents of the earth.
12. What is the importance of rain water harvesting?

Ans: (i) This process is a means to preserve rainwater to be used in dry
seasons and in dry areas.
(ii) Industries can also use such water for their purposes and this
water is also applicable in irrigation. Thus, water a precious
resource, can be conserved to some extent.
(iii) Excessive use of underground water results in falling of the
water table. By rain water harvesting, the water table can be
maintained.
13.What are the traditional and modern systems of harvesting
rainwater?
Ans.
(i) Johads and Kunds in Rajasthan
(ii) Kul irrigation in Spit valley
(iii) Bhandaras in Deccan Plateau
(iv) Surangam in WesternGhats.
(v) Korumpu in eastern ghats

(vi) Modern methods of rain water harvesting:
(i) Pit recharge (ii) Ferro cement tank (iii) Dug well.
14. Why there is need for rainwater harvesting?
Ans: (i) Rainwater harvesting can increase the level of underground water.
(ii) Availability of surface water supply reduces dependence
on underground water.
(iii) Due to increasing population, demand for water is increasing,
that can be solved by harvesting rainwater.
15 What do you mean by surface water and ground water resources?
Ans : Surface water :Water that is on the earth’s surface such as streams, rivers,
lakes or reservoirs. Ground water resource: Water beneath the surface of
earth which seeps through the crack sand crevices into the ground is
called groundwater resource e.g. wells.
16. Study the diagram below and answer the question that follow:
(a) Name the activity shown in the diagram.
(b) Give two objectives of the activity.
Ans: (a) Rainwater harvesting
(b) The two objectives of the activity are as follows:
(i) To make water available for future use.
(ii) To utilize water which would have got wasted?
17. State two advantages and disadvantages of canal irrigation?

Ans: Advantages: Built easily and cheaply
Useful to control floods
Disadvantages: Uncertainty of water supply
18. State three advantages and disadvantages of tank irrigation?

Ans: Advantages: Cheaper than any other types of irrigation
Water is collected and used in dry season

Used for domestic purposes
Disadvantages: Tanks are shallow, large amount of water is wasted through

evaporation
Occupy large areas which can be used for agricultural purpose may dry up
during summer
19. State two advantages and disadvantages of well irrigation?

Ans : Advantages : very simple and economical could be dugged at any convenient
place
Disadvantages: can irrigate only a small area
Sometime salty in nature and may taste bad to drink
20. What is Rain water harvesting?

Ans : The activity of collecting rainwater directly or recharging it it into the ground
to improve groundwater storage in the aquifer.
21. Why is it necessary to conserve water?

Ans: Its increased demand
Its short supply and uneven distribution
Reduces soil erosion
22. Name the states:

 Tube wells are common: UP/ Bihar/ Punjab/ Haryana
 Tank irrigation is popular: Tamil Nadu/ Andhra Pradesh/ Karnataka
Q. 23. How is Fresh water obtained?
Ans. Fresh water is obtained from surface run off and ground water that is
constantly renewed.
Q. 24. Name two modern methods of irrigation. State one important reason
for their growing popularity.
Ans. Tube wells and perennial canals are the two modern methods of irrigation
as water is available throughout the year and are the most reliable, especially in
the summer months when other sources of water have failed. These are
cheaper and water can be drawn out according to one's
requirement.
Q. 25. Name two states in which well irrigation is widely used. Mention
one advantage of well irrigation in India.
Ans. Well irrigation is widely used in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
One advantage of well irrigation is that is the most reliable source of water
supply in summer when all other sources have failed, as they are not
dependant on rain.
Q. 26. Mention two disadvantages of tank irrigation.

Ans. The two disadvantages of tank irrigation are:
(a) Generally tanks are shallow, so water is lost through evaporation due to high
temperatures.
(b) Tanks cover large areas of cultivable land and silting becomes serious
problem.
Q. 27. Name two states in which tube wells extensively used. Give a
reason to explain the importance as a source of irrigation.
Ans. The two states in which tube wells extensively used are Uttar Pradesh and
Punjab.
It is an important source of irrigation as it is reliable during summer when all
other means have failed. It can draw out large amounts of water in a short
while.
Q. 28. Mention two factors which are essential for the development of tube
well irrigation.
Ans. The following are the essential factors for the development of tube well
irrigation.
(a) The electricity has to be cheap as water has to be drawn out with the help of
an electric pump from deep bores.
(b) Tube wells can be dug in areas where the soil is soft and there is surplus
underground water.
Q. 29. What is rainwater harvesting?

Ans. It is the technique of collecting rain, flood and underground water and then
using it according to one's requirement.
Q. 30. Mention two advantages of rainwater harvesting.

Ans. The two advantages of rainwater harvesting are as follows:
(a) In rainwater harvesting the excess rainwater can be preserved so that it can
be used in the summer season in those areas that are dry.
(b) Rainwater which flows into the drain and wasted can be used for the benefit
of humans by this method.
Give reasons for the following
Q. 31. State two reasons why irrigation is important to a country like India.
Or
Without irrigation, development of agriculture is difficult in India. Clarify
the statement by giving two reasons.
Ans. Irrigation is important to a country like India because:
(a) India is an agricultural country and the growth of crops is largely dependent
on the monsoons which occur mainly during the four months of the year (June-
September) Irrigation is therefore necessary during the rest of the year.
(b) Rainfall in India is unpredictable. The erratic and unreliable rainfall
sometimes causes flood and famines. This problem can be solved by irrigation.
Q. 32. Give two main reasons why water scarcity occurs in India.
Ans.Water scarcity exists in India due to misuse of water by industries, erratic
monsoons and uneven distribution of water.
Q. 33. Give a reason for the significance of irrigation in:

(a) Punjab (b) Rajasthan.
Ans. (a) Agriculture is the most important occupation in Punjab. Rainfall is
erratic, unreliable and not sufficient. So irrigation is of great importance.
(b) In Rajasthan, the rainfall is very low as it lies in a rain shadow area. So
water is required for crops as well as for domestic use.
Q. 34. State two reasons why tank irrigation is popular in south India.
Ans. Tank irrigation is popular in south India due to the presence of:
(a) natural depressions and uneven terrain of the Deccan Plateau.
(b) Hard, non-porous rocks do not allow seepage of water underground.
Q. 35. Why are inundation canals being converted to perennial canals?

Give two reasons.
Ans. Inundation canals are being converted to perennial canals? Give two
reasons.
(a) As the excess water during floods is diverted into them. They are not very
useful during summer.
(b) These canals are taken out from rivers without building barrages, dams or
weirs at their head to regulate the flow of water.
Q. 36. Differentiate between the following:

Ans.
Perennial canals Inundation canals

Perennial canals have water in them Inundation canals have water in them
throughout the year as they draw out when excess water flows into them
water from perennial sources. during the rainy season.
Q. 37. Primitive and Modern methods of irrigation.

Ans.
Primitive method Modern method

(a) Irrigate small areas. (a) Irrigate larger areas.
(b) Modern machines is not required (b) Modern machinery is required to
to operate operate.
(c) e.g., wells, canals, and tanks. (c) e.g., Tube wells, sprinklers
MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES [PART 1]
CHAPTER: 8
1) Explain the need to develop the alternative sources of energy?
Ans: There is need to develop non-conventional sources of energy due to the fast
depletion of fuels, required for thermal power and many problems faced with the
production of nuclear and hydro-electric power.
2) What is the most abundant non-conventional source of energy?
Ans: The most abundant non-conventional energy available is solar energy.
3) Mention two purposes for which solar energy is being used?

Ans: Solar energy is being used for: Direct Solar Heating and Solar electricity using
photovoltaic cells.
4) Name two states where wind farm project ts have been undertaken.
Ans: Wind farm projects had been undertaken in states like Tamil Nadu and Gujrat.
5) For which two purposes is wind energy commonly used?

Ans: Wind energy is commonly being used for pumping water and flour mills.
6) How do windmills generate electric power?

Ans: The kinetic energy of the wind runs the windmill which in turn runs the
windmills to generate electricity.
7) Name an area in India which provides ideal conditions for exploiting tidal
energy for generation of power?
Ans: The Gulf of Kutch provides ideal conditions for exploiting tidal energy for
generation of power.
8) Name two main minerals required for generating nuclear energy. Mention
the nuclear power stations located in the states of Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu
Ans: Two main minerals required for generating nuclear energy are Uranium and
Thorium and Beryllium and the two nuclear power stations in Maharashtra is
Tarapur and in Tamil Nadu is Kalpakkam.
9) State two reasons why biogas is considered an ideal domestic fuel.

(1)
Ans: Biogas is considered to be ideal domestic fuel because:
 Biogas is always available and can be used as and when required.

 It can be installed even on a very small scale on individual basis.
10) What grade of Iron Ore is mostly mined in India? Name two Iron ore
producing states?
Ans: Hematite is mostly mined Iron ore in India. Orissa and Karnataka are the two
main Iron Ore producing states in India.
11) What is lignite? Name the two places where lignite is found in India?
Ans: Lignite is the lower grade coal. It is also called Brown coal. Lignite is found in
Nayvelli in Tamil Nadu and Pallu in Rajasthan,
12)Name the leading producers of manganese in India. Name two important

industrial uses of manganese?
Ans : Orissa is the leading producer of manganese in India . Manganese is an
important mineral used in the making of iron and steel and is also used as raw
material for manufacturing paints and glass.
13)Name two leading states producing Manganese? (Ans:Two leading states are
Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh for producing Manganese.)
14)Name uses of the mineral?

Ans: Uses of manganese are:
 Manganese is used in Iron and Steel Industries for removing impurities from
steel and make it tough and hard
 In dry cell batteries
 In chemical, electrical and glass industries
15)Name two varieties of Iron ore used in industry? (Ans: Two varieties of Iron
ore used in industry are Hematite and Magnetite.
16)How is the low grade Iron Ore utilized?

 Low grade ore is compacted and converts into pellets and then exported
 Used as sponge iron for blending with high grade ore
(2)
17) Give geographical reasons why?
i) Anthracite is used for domestic purpose: (Ans: Anthracite is used for domestic
purpose because it burns slowly without smoke
ii) Oil refineries are located close to oil fields or near ports. (Ans: Oil refineries are
located close to oil fields or near ports because it saves on transportation costs.)
iii) The location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial development.(Ans:

Coal is heavy commodity and hence cost of transportation over long distances can
be very high. For this reason, industries which use coal are located near coal fields.
18) [i] Name two industries that use high quality of coal?
Ans: Two industries that use high quality of coal are Iron and steel Industries and
Cement industries.
ii) Name one important area that has large coal deposits in the states of Jharkhand
and West Bengal?
Ans: Jharkhand: Jharia& West Bengal: Raniganj
19) i) Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil? (Ans: Maharashtra Off shore
oil fields- Mumbai High (ONGC)}
ii) Name two coastal and two inland oil refineries in India :( Ans: Coastal oil refineries
are Vishakhapatnam refinery and Kochi refinery AND Inland oil refineries are
Mathura and Digboi Refinery)
20. What is an ore?

Ans: Rocks containing a mineral in a concentrated form are called ores.
21. Name the categories into which minerals can be divided.
Ans: Minerals can be divided into Metallic, Non-Metallic and Energy Mineral.
22. (a) Name two varieties of iron ore used in industry.
(b) How is the low grade iron ore utilized?
Ans: (a) The two varieties of iron ore used in industry are the Magnetite and
Hematite which contain over 68% of iron ore.
(b) Low grade iron ore is mainly used in industries for the purpose of smelting.
(3)
23. Name one centre in each of the following states where iron is mined:
a. Odisha (b)Jharkhand
Ans: (a) Odisha – Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Noamundietc.
b. Jharkhand – Singhbhum,Palamau.
24. Give the names of four important types of iron ore found in India.
The three types of iron ore found in India are Magnetite, Hematite, Limonite
and Siderite.
25. Name two sea ports from where India exports iron ore.
Ans: The two sea ports from where iron ore is exported are Marma gao,
Vishakhapatnam.
26. Why is copper used in electrical industry?
Ans: Because copper is a good conductor of heat, ductility
27. Mention any two used of manganese.
Ans: Manganese is used mainly in the manufacture of steel as it makes the steel
tough and rusting proof.
It is also used in the making of paints and chemicals.
28. Why minerals are important?
a. Earning foreign exchange.

b. Providing important raw materials for industries.
29. Which is the best quality iron ore?
Ans:The types of iron ore found in India are Magnetite, Hematite, Limonite and
Siderite. Magnetite is the best quality of iron ore and contains about
72% iron.
MINERAL ENERGY RESOURCES (PART-II) CHAPTER: 9
1. Name the types of coal. Mention the type which is classified as a high
grade variety.
Ans: The types of coal are anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. The anthracite
variety is known to be of superior grade.
2. Which two industries use the maximum amount of coal?
(4)
Ans: The iron and steel industry and the railways use the maximum amount of coal.
3. Name the two by-products of coal.
Ans: The two by-products of coal are naphtha and phenol.

4. Classify the coal fields in India. Name one state for each classification.
Ans. Coal fields are classified into- Gondowana and Tertiary.
The Gondowana coalfields are found in the Damodar Valley (West Bengal)
and the Tertiary coalfields are found in the Namchuk coalfields (Assam).
5. (a) Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil?
(b) Name any two off-shore oil fields in India.

Ans: (a) Maharashtra produces the largest amount of mineral oil.
(b) Mumbai High and Bassein are the two off-shore oilfields of India.
6. Where was the first oil well drilled in India?
Ans: The first oil well drilled in India was at Makum in Assam.
7. How oil is transported countries situated far
away? Ans. Oil is transported through oil tankers and

pipelines.
8. Name the following:
[i] An off shore oil field in the Gulf of Cambay

[ii] An oil refinery in bihar
Ans. [i] Aliabet [ii] Baruni
9. What are the uses of natural gas in India?
Ans: Natural Gas in India is mainly used for transport, industries,

agriculture, cooking and for lighting purposes.
10. Name the agency responsible for the exploration of gas?
Ans. Gas Authority of India
11. Mention two advantages of hydro-electric power over coal and

petroleum.
(5)
Ans:The two advantages of Hydro-electric Power over coal and petroleum are:
(a) Hydel power is inexhaustible and renewable source of power whereas
thermal power is exhaustible and non-renewable.
(b) Hydel power projects do not cause any pollution whereas thermal
power pollutes the atmosphere.
12. Which factors favour the use of hydroelectric power?
Ans. The factors are:

(a) Does not cause pollution.
(b) Easier to build than power station.
(c) No wastage.
(d) Inexhaustible and renewable.
(e) Can be transported over long distances.

13. Give geographical reasons why:
(a) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes
(b) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports
Ans: (a) Anthracite is the best quality of coal and contains over 80% carbon. It
ignites slowly, has the highest heating value and gives out minimum
smoke.Therefore,it is used for domestic purposes.
(b) Most of the oil refineries are located along the coasts or in a coastal city so
as to minimize the cost of transport and to avoid the risk of transporting it
inside the country, due to its inflammable nature. 70% of mineral oil is
imported to meet the Indian demand.
14. Coal is called a versatile mineral.
Ans: Coal is called a versatile mineral as it can be put to a number of uses:
It is used in the production of electricity, in the railways, domestic fuels, iron
and steel industry and as a raw material in fertilizers and synthetic industries,
etc.
15. State the conditions necessary for the formation of Natural gas.
(6)
Mention two advantages of using Natural gas as a source of energy.
Ans: Conditions necessary for the formation of natural gas are similar to the
required for petroleum as they are mostly found together. Oil is found in
sedimentary rocks in the sea, in the coastal region.
Natural gas can be used for different purposes, e.g., for transport, industries,
agriculture, cooking and for lighting purposes. Its transportation is easier as it
can be sent to distant places in cylinders or by pipelines.
16. Mention two factors that favour the production of hydel power in the
region around the Western Ghats.
Ans: The two factors that favour the production of hydel power in the region
around the Western Ghats are:
(i) The water falling from high mountains.
(ii) The heavy rainfall caused by the South-West Summer Monsoons.

17. Study the picture given below and then answer the questions that follow.
(a) Name the mineral which is being extracted in the picture.
(b) From which type of rock is the above mineral obtained?
(c) Name one important area where this mineral is found.
Ans: (a) Oil/Petroleum
(b) Sedimentary rocks
(c) Mumbai High region.
(7)
18. Write the disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
(a) Discharge of radioactivity in the atmosphere is dangerous.
(b) Risk of leakage of radioactive wastes which are harmful for all human
beings. India conducted its underground nuclear test at Pokharan which
proved its capability in the use of atomic power. India however uses its
nuclear power for peaceful purposes.
Q. 20. Name one oil refinery in the private sector.

Ans. Reliance Group of industries.
Q. 21. Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil?

(b) Name any two off-shore oil fields in India.
Ans. (a) Maharashtra produces the largest amount of mineral oil.
(b) Mumbai High and Bassein are the two off-shore oilfields of India.
Q. 22. Name two important oilfields in India.

Ans. The two important oilfields in India are Digboi and Mumbai High.
Q. 23. Where was the first oil well drilled in India?

Ans. The first oil well drilled in India was at Makum in Assam
Q. 24. What is Mumbai High?

Ans. Mumbai High is a region located 176 km north-west of Mumbai. It produces 1/3
crude oil output of India.
Q .25. Mention two products of an oil refinery. Name two oil refineries in India,
one along the coast and one away from the coast.
Ans. The two products of an oil refinery are kerosene and diesel
An oil refinery along the coast is in Mumbai High region. Mathura oil refinery lies
away from the coast.
Q. 26. From which rocks is mineral oil obtained?

Ans. Mineral oil is obtained from sedimentary rocks.
Q. 27. How is oil transported to countries situated far away?

Ans. Oil is transported through oil tankers and pipelines.
Q. 28. What is crude oil?

Ans. The oil which is taken out from rocks. It contains impurities at this stage.
Q. 29. Name two oilfields of Assam.

Ans. The two important oilfields of Assam are: Digboi Oilfields and Naharkatiya.
(8)
Q. 30. Besides Assam, name two other states producing oil in the north-east
of India.
Ans. Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura.
Q. 31. Name two oilfields of Gujarat?

Ans: Lunej and Ahmadabad.
Q. 32. What does ONGC stand for and what is its primary work?
Ans. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation. Its primary work is that of research,
development and exploration of oil.
Q. 33. What do the following stand for LPG and CNG?

Ans. LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas
CNG- Compressed Natural Gas.
Q. 34. Name the following:

(a) An offshore oil field in the Gulf of Cambay.
(b) An oil refinery in Bihar.
Ans. (a) Aliabet [b] Baruni
Q. 35. How do the non-conventional sources of energy score over the

conventional sources of energy?
Ans. Non-conventional sources of energy are available freely in abundance. They are
environmental friendly and do not cause pollution. They are also cost effective.
Q. 36. Explain the need to develop the alternative sources of energy.

Ans. There is need to develop non-conventional sources of energy due to the fast
depletion of fuels, required for producing thermal power and many problems faced
with the production of nuclear and hydro-electric power.
Q. 37. Which is the most abundant non-conventional source of energy?

Ans. The most abundant non-conventional source of energy is solar energy.
Q. 38. Mention two purposes for which solar energy is being used.
Ans. Solar energy is being used for:
(a) Direct solar heating
(b) Solar electricity using photovoltaic cells.
Q. 39. Name two states where wind farm projects have been undertaken.
Ans. Wind farm projects have been undertaken in the states of Tamil Nadu and
Gujarat.
Q. 40. For which two purposes is wind energy commonly used?

Ans. Wind energy is commonly being used for pumping water and flour mills.
(9)
Q. 41. How do windmills generate electric power?
Ans. The kinetic energy of the wind runs the windmill which in turn runs the
generator to produce electricity.
Q. 42. Name two main minerals required for generating nuclear energy.
Mention the nuclear power stations located in the states of Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu.
Ans. The two minerals required for generating nuclear energy are uranium, thorium
and beryllium.(any two)
The nuclear power stations in Maharashtra is Tarapur and in Tamil Nadu is
Kalpakkam.
Q. 43. State two reasons why biogas is considered an ideal domestic fuel.
Ans. Biogas is considered as ideal domestic fuel because:
(a) Biogas is always available and can be used as and when required.
(b) It can be installed even on a very small scale on individual basis.
Q. 44. Mention two reasons why minerals are important.

Ans. Minerals are important as they help in:
(a) earning foreign exchange
(b) providing important raw materials for industries.
Q .45. Give geographical reasons.

(a) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes.
(b) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports
(c) The location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial development.
Ans. (a) Anthracite is the best quality of coal and contains over 80% of
carbon. It ignites slowly, has the highest heating value and gives out minimum
smoke. Therefore, it is used for domestic purposes.
(b) Most of the oil refineries are located along the coasts or in a coastal city so as to
minimize the cost of transport and to avoid the risk of transporting it inside the
country, due to its inflammable nature. 70 of mineral oil imported to meet the
Indian demand.
(c) It is very important that coalfields are located close to industries as they are an
essential raw material and the price increases due to transportional costs as it is a
bulky commodity.
Q. 46. Give a geographic reason for each of the following:

(a) Many port cities have their own oil refineries.
(b) Petroleum is called as fossil fuel.
(c) Coal is called a versatile mineral

Ans. (a) India imports a large amount of crude oil mainly from the Gulf countries, So
most of the port cities have their own refineries.
(b) Petroleum is called fossil fuel us it is derived from organic plants and
animal life which was buried in large quantities under the earth in the distant past.
( 10
The deposition which occurred in layers prevented the complete decomposition of
the organic matter. Pressure and heat caused oil and natural gas to be formed.
(c) Coal is called a versatile mineral as it can be put to a number of uses:
It is used in the production of electricity, in the railways, domestic fuels, iron and
steel industry and as a raw material in fertilizers and synthetic industries, etc.
AGRICULTURE OF INDIA (PART 1) CHAPTER: 10,11,12
1. What do you mean by the term, ‘agriculture,’?

Ans. A systematic practice of tilling and cultivation on soil, raising crops, rearing
animals and practicing fishing is jointly called agriculture.
2. Name the different types of farming.
Ans. Shifting, subsistence, commercial, intensive, extensive, plantation and mixed
farming.
3. State three reasons why agriculture is important in India.
Ans. (i) Agriculture provides food and fodder to human beings and livestock.
(ii) It is the source of raw material for many key industries, e.g. sugar, textile.
(iii) It provides employment to millions of people.
4. What are the characteristics of Indian agriculture?
Ans. (i) Agriculture in India depends on the monsoon rains, which are
uncertain and irregular.
(ii) India’s large size, the varied climate and soil conditions enable us to grow
a variety of crops both tropical and temperate.
(iii) Small and fragmented land holdings are common in India. It is un
economical.
5. Name the major crop seasons along with their months.

Ans : Major crop seasons are:
Kharif season – It extends from mid June to October. Rice, maize etc. are
important crops. Rabi season – It extends from November to April. The Rabi
( 11
crops are wheat, gram, mustard etc.
Zaid season – It extends from April to May. Seasonal fruits and vegetables are
the crops of this season.
6. How is ‘Jhooming’ carried out?

Ans: It is a primitive method of cultivation. It includes the clearing of forests by cutting
or burning for raising food crops. After two-three years when the fertility of the
soil is exhausted the farmers move to the other fresh areas and the same process
continues. This is known as Jhooming. It is practiced in Assam.
7. Differentiate between Subsistence and Commercial agriculture.
Commercial agriculture Subsistence agriculture
1. Growing of crops for selling purpose. 1. Growing of crops by the farmers for
their own consumption.
2. The farms are large. 2. The farms are small.
3. It is capital-intensive. 3. It is labor-intensive.
4. Modern technology and machineries 4. Old technology and implements are
are used. used.
( 12
8. Differentiate between Shifting and Plantation
Shifting agriculture Plantation agriculture
ag riculture.
1. Cultivators move from one region 1. Cultivators don’t move from one
to another place to another.
2. It is a subsistence type. 2. It is a commercial type.
3. It needs very less investment. 3. It needs huge investment.
9. Differentiate between Intensive and Extensive

ag riculture. Intensive agriculture Extensive Agriculture
1. Less capital is required. 1. More capital is required.
2. It is practiced in thickly 2. It is practiced in thinly populated areas.
populated areas.
3. Lesser areas are under cultivation. 3. Large areas are under cultivation.
4. Better quality of seeds and new 4. Farms are fully mechanized.
techniques are used.
10. What are the benefits of the ‘new strategy in Indian agriculture’ under
green revolution programme?
Ans: India is now in a position to grow surplus food crops and is able to export
many cash crops. The complete agricultural modernization in India took
place after green revolution. In fact green revolution has been a ‘grain
revolution’.
11. State the features of intensive agriculture.
Ans. [i] single cash crop grown on a large scale.
(ii) Large capital investment is required.
12. Why agriculture is called the mainstay of Indian

economy?
Ans. Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy

because:
(i) 70% of our population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture.
(ii) It provides raw material to the industries.
(iii) By exporting agricultural products, India earns foreign exchange.
13. Which two factors are responsible for the low yields of crops per hectare in
India?
Ans. (i) Dependence on nature: Indian agriculture is mainly dependent
on monsoons which are very much erratic and sporadic in nature.
[ii] Consolidated of land holdings, breaking of joint family, attack of diseases
and pests, outdated machinery, lack of knowledge.
14. What are the problems of Indian agriculture?

Ans. (i) Unreliable rainfall: Agriculture in India depends on monsoon rainfall,
which is uncertain, unreliable and irregular.
(ii) Excessive pressure of population on land: Overcrowding reduces the
per capita cultivated land in India. Trend of urbanization is also
diverting the agricultural land to non-agricultural land.
(iii)Small landholding: Due to farm fragmentation, landholdings are
small and uneconomical.
15. Categories of cash
crops:
1. Fiber crop-Cotton and jute
2. Oil seeds-Ground nut, mustarded.
3. Beverages-Tea and coffee
4. Others-Sugarcane, rubber.
16. Why are cash crops important?
Ans. Cash crops are very important as they play a very significant role in
the economy of the country.
1. These crops provide raw material for several industries.
2. They earn valuable foreign exchange.
3. They improve the farmer’s living conditions.
17. What types of geographical conditions are suitable for sugarcane farming?
Ans. Temperature: Sugarcane grows best in areas with 20°C to 30°C
temperature. Very highland low temperature is harmful for the plant.
It cannot with stand frost.
Rainfall: Sugarcane grows well in areas having rainfall between 75 cm
to 150cm. It grows well in irrigated areas, as it requires alternate wet
and dry conditions.
18. Which soil is best suited for sugarcane cultivation?
Ans. Sugarcane can grow on wide variety of soils that can retain moisture,
but deep, well drained, rich loamy soil is ideal for its growth.
19. Why manures are essential for ensuring high yields of sugarcane?
Ans. It is soil-exhausting crop; hence the soil is supplemented with manures and
nitrogenous fertilizers.
20. What is the significance of transport for effective sugarcane
cultivation?
Ans. After harvesting, the canes are taken quickly to the mill for
crushing.
1. Processing should be done within 48 hours or the sucrose
content will fall.
2. Sugarcane is a weight losing crop. So, it would be expensive to
transport sugarcane over long distances from the field.
3. If the factory is close to the field it will save time also.
21. Name the main sugarcane producing regions.
Ans. In North India – Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugarcane. Other
important states are Bihar, Punjabis.
In South India – Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh produce
sugarcane.
22. Give the names of any five oilseeds grown in India.

Ans: Oilseeds produced in India are – Ground nut, mustard, rapeseed, sesamum,
linseed, soya bean.
23. State the economic importance of oilseeds.

Ans: (i) Extracted oil is used as raw material for manufacturing large
number of products such as paints, varnishes, soaps, cosmetics, perfume
etc.
(ii) Oil cake, the residue after the oil is extracted from the soil
seeds, forms important cattle feed and manure.
(iii) The oil industry employs millions of people.
(iv) It is one of the important foreign exchange earners.
24. What are the two types of oilseeds?

(i) Edible oilseeds – Ground nut, mustard.
(ii) Non-edible oilseeds – Linseed, castor seed.
25. What is an oil cake? What are its uses?

Ans : Oil cake is a by-product or residue obtained after the extraction of oil
from the oilseed; It is used as cattle and poultry feed. It is also used as
manure for increasing the fertility; of soil.
26. Give reason: The groundnut crop is often used as a rotation crop with
bajra, jowar and gram.
Ans : The groundnut is often used as a rotation crop with bajra, jowar and
gram because it is a leguminous crop and adds valuable nitrogen to the
soil.
27. What type of geographical condition is necessary seasum cultivation in India?
Temperature: It requires a temperature ranging from 21°C to23°c
Rainfall: It needs a rainfall of 40 cm to 50 cm. It cannot withstand heavy
rain and prolonged draught.
Soil: Well drained light loamy soils are best suited to sesamum. It also
grows well on black soil.
28. What are fiber crops?
Ans. Cotton and jute are the important fiber crops.
29. What are the three varieties of cotton?
Ans: Three varieties of cotton grown in India are:
(i) Long staple cotton
(ii) Medium staple cotton
(iii) Short staple cotton.
30. What climatic conditions favour cultivation of cotton?
Ans: Temperature: Cotton requires uniformly high temperature between 21°C
and 30°C and during the growing period abundant sunshine is required.
Rainfall: Cotton requires rainfall between 50 cm and 80 cm but it should be
well distributed during the growth of the plant. During the development of
the bale cotton requires warm days and cool nights.
31. Why is dry weather necessary at the time of cotton harvesting?
Ans: Dry weather and sunny days at the time of harvesting of cotton help
ripening and bursting of cotton balls.
32. What is the importance of cotton?
Ans: (i) Cotton is the most important cash crop of India.
(ii) It provides the basic raw material to cotton textile industry.
(iii) After ginning oil is extracted from the cotton seed and used for
making vanaspati, margarine and soap.
(iv) The residue is used as cattle feed.
(v) Khadi industry also thrives on the crop.
33. Give reasons to explain why the Deccan trap region is the major cotton
producing area?
Ans: The black cotton soils of the Deccan trap region are suited to cotton
cultivation because these soils are moisture retentive.
Other than this cotton requires high temperature between 21°C and 27°C
and rainfall between 50 cm and 80 cm, with abundant sunshine during
harvest which are available in Deccan trap region.
34. Which climatic conditions are injurious to cotton?
Ans. Frost is injurious to boll-weed insects.
(ii) Rainfall during the harvesting period is harmful for the plant as it
makes them vulnerable to pests’ and diseases.
35. What is’ lint’?
Ans: The raw material from which the seeds have been removed is called lint.
36. Jute is popularly known as golden fiber. Give reason.
Ans: Jute is a major foreign exchange earner for India. It is a versatile fiber with
different uses and also because of its colour jute can be called the ‘golden
fiber’.
37. In what way is Ganga-Brahmaputra delta suitable for jute cultivation?
Ans: Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region is rich in alluvium and the soil is renewed
every year during annual flood. The land is flat and plenty of fresh soft
water is available for retting from the distributaries of Ganga.
38. What are the different uses of jute in India?
Ans1. it is used for making cloth to wrap bales of cotton, gunny bags,
hessian cloth, rope, string, carpet etc.
2. It is also used for making upholstery, furnishing material, shopping
bags, tarpaulins and decorative pieces.
3. Very fine jute is used for making imitation silks.
39. “India suffered a great set back in the production of jute after
Independence”. Why? Ans. Because jute growing areas were in
Bangladesh and the Jute mills were in our country.
It creates a lot of problems for the jute industry.
40. Tea is grown on hill slopes’. Why?
Ans. (i) The roots of the tea bushes cannot tolerate stagnant water and the
hill slopes drain away water easily.
(ii) Cool air blowing across the mountains adds to its taste and flavour.
41. What climatic and soil conditions are required for the cultivation of tea?
Ans: Temperature: The tea plant grows well in hot and humid climate. The
ideal temperature for growth of tea is ranging from 13°C to 35°C but 25°C
is most suitable. High humidity, heavy dew and morning are helpful for the
growth of young leaves. Frost damages the plant.
Rainfall: The tea plant needs heavy rainfall between 150 to 250 cm. The
rainfall should be well distributed throughout the year.
Soil: Tea requires very fertile soil containing organic matter with an
element of iron. It requires light loamy soil with a porous sub (soil for its
growth.)
42. Why are tea plants pruned?

Ans: 1. Pruning maintains the proper height of the plant which is not more than
1metered.
This facilitates hand plucking.
2. It also helps in the growth of new shoots with softer leaves.
3. It also helps in maintaining the shape of the tea bush.
43. What do you mean by ‘fine plucking’?
Ans: Plucking of two leaves and a bud from the tea bush is known as ‘fine
plucking’.
44. Why female labour is employed for plucking?
Ans: Finest tea is obtained by ‘fine plucking ‘which is two leaves and a bud.
This is a skillful job and female labour can do it easily.
45. Describe the major steps in the processing of tea.
Ans: (i) Withering: This step removes the excess moisture from the tealeaves.
(ii) Rolling: To get the proper flavor, the leaves are twisted to break
the cells. This step exposes the natural juices to fermentation.
(iii) Fermentation: In this step, tea leaves are partially oxidized to
change the colour of the leaves.
(iv) Dying : In this process tea leaves are put on a conveyor belt and
passed through an oven under high temperature.
REFER THE FOLLOWING NOTES OF THE
AGRICULTURE CHAPTER – 10,11 & 12

GEOGRAPHY QUESTION BANK STD 10 Compressed

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QUESTION BANK

BASED ON NEW TOPOSHEET G43S7 AND G43S10

Ans. [i] 264996 [ii] 263003

3. What is the compass direction of sodhapur from bhadli kotha?

Ans. North east direction.

Ans. Direction: SW, Sarod Nala is a dry seasonal river.

Ans. Map distance is 4.4cm, actual distance = 4.4/2 = 2.2km

6. Explain the type of drainage pattern found in grid- 2698.

Ans. General Pattern is nucleated or compact or clustered. Reason: most

Ans. Arado Nadi, Left bank.

Ans. Distance on map = 5.6cm = 5.6/2= 2.8km

4. What does 7r in grid square 3101 indicate?

Ans. (i) it indicates depth of lined well is 7m. (ii)Perennial lined

5. Name any two types of vegetation found in the map extract.

6. Why there are no settlements in NE part of the map extract?

Ans. Reason: it is a hilly terrain, presence of open and dense mixed

Ans. 3398: trellised, 3801: radial

1. What are the white patches indicate in the map extract?

Ans. Barren land, uncultivable land

Ans. Map distance = 5.8cm, Actual distance 5.8/2= 2.9km

Ans: Metalled road, cart track, pack track.

Ans: A perennial water channel.

8. What is the general direction of the flow of varka Nadi? Ans: NW

Ans: North-west direction

1. Give the 4 figure grid reference of the settlement Nandotra.

2. Give the 6 grid reference of Chhatri north of

Vadavas. Ans: 333963

3. State the compass direction of the settlement of Kheda from the

Ans: Jorapura lies in south-west direction of Ravlavas.

Ans: (i) 2500 (ii) 2897

2. Give 6 figure grid reference of the triangulated height 307.

3. Identify each of the conventional sign, the six-figure grid reference of

Ans: (i) Surveyedtree (ii) Overhead tank

4. Explain the type of drainage found in grid square 3098?

5. What is meant by R.F? What is the R.F of this map extract?

Ans: The general pattern of settlements is nucleated or clustered. It is so

7. Explain the following term: (i)Open scrub

Ans: (i) Chhatri (ii) Rest house

6. State the difference in the pattern of settlement at Dantiwada on the right

2. In grid square 4086, there is a number 364, what does it indicate?

Ans: It indicates that the triangulated height of that mountain calculated

3. What is the direct distance between Antroli and Pirojpura?

Ans: Map distance = 5.6 cm = 5.6 / 2 = 2.8 km.

5. Name 4 manmade features in grid square 3589.

Ans: 4086 - Ridge 4294 – Mountain with spot height 542m.

Ans: Panthawada is the most important settlement. It is so because it has Post

Ans: The pattern of drainage is trellised. It indicates the presence of limestone.

3. Name 1 left bank tributary of Banas River.

Ans: Balram Nadi

5. Explain the drainage pattern in grid square 4195.

Ans: Drainage pattern is Radial.

Ans: The area enclosed within the Eastings 35 to 40 and Northings 95 to 99 is a

7. Mention 1 man- made and natural feature in grid square 3794.

Ans: Man – made feature = Chhatri, Natural feature = Dry stream.

Ans: Eastings: [42-39] =3, Northings: [88-85] = 3, Area= eastings x northings,

2. Explain the following terms : --- (i)Dep (ii)Causeway

Ans: Chitrasani. It is so because: - (i) It is located on the national highway. (ii)It

6. Identify the relief features represented by contour lines in grid square

Ans: 4394 – Saddle, 4086 -- Ridge/Watershed.