AN INVESTIGATION INTO HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN BATURIYA

FOREST OF HADEJIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, JIGAWA STATE

BY

ISMAILA GARBA
EDU/18/B.Sc./01491

BEING PROJECT SUBMITTEDTO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

JIGAWA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GUMEL, IN AFFLIATION
WITH BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR
THE REQIUREMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
EDUCATION (B.SC. ED). DEGREE EDUCATION IN BIOLOGY.

May , 2023.

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This project has been approved by the Department of Biology Education, Jigawa State

College of Education, in affiliation with Bayero University Kano.

(Supervisor) Sign & Date

(HOD BIOLOGY) Sign & Date

External Moderator Sign & Date

ii
 DECLARATION

I Ismaila Garba, an undergraduate student of the Department of Science

Education, Jigawa state college of education Gumel (in Affiliation with Bayero

University Kano), with Registration Number EDU/18/BSC/01491 as satisfactorily

completed requirements for the award Bachelor Degree in Biology Education . The

work embodied in this project is original and has not been submitted in part or in full

for another degree of this or any other University.

____________________________

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 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to almighty Allah (S.W.A), and his beloved messenger,

prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). Lastly to my beloved parents.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise be to Almighty Allah, the creator and sustainer of the universe. May the
peace and blessing of Almighty Allah be upon the Holy prophet Muhammad
(SAW) and his household. I thank Almighty Allah for giving life, health and
strength to accomplish this academic task successfully.

However, I wish to acknowledge and express my profound thanks to my

hardworking, competent and humble supervisor Mal. Muhammad Sunusi Ahmad for
his assistance, judgements, objectives, criticism, advice and correction given to me, I
have nothing to do rather to pray for him, May Allah (SWT) reward him abundantly
and his family.

I would like to acknowledge the effort and concern of my late father Abubakar Idris,
Salma and Maishanu whose thier support, contribution, encouragement and
constructive criticism made the content of this research valuable, richer and more
relevant to contribute to knowledge, May Allah reward her.

I am sincerely grateful to my family whose their prayers, love, care and support
encouraged me to complete this work. And my sincere thanks go to Alhaji Daudu,
SulemanAbubakar, IdrisAbubakar for thier exhaustible guidance, support, and
encouragement towards the completion of this study.

Lastly, my appreciation goes to my friends FarukYakubu,

AliyuAbdullahiOliyaHarunaSuleman, Isyaku Ibrahim, ZakarBabangida, Muhammad
Abdullahi for working togather as family up to the end of this programm.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
Approval Page....................................................................................................ii
Declaration........................................................................................................iii
Dedication.........................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................v
Table Of Content...............................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study............................................................................1
1.2 Statement Of The Problems.........................................................................3
1.3 Objectives Of The Study..............................................................................4
1.4 Research Questions......................................................................................4
1.5 Significance Of The Study...........................................................................5
1.6 Scope And Delimitation Of The Study.........................................................5
1.7 Definition Of Operational Terms.................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................7
2.2 Theoretical Perspective................................................................................7
2.3 Forest As An Ecosystem............................................................................14
2.4 Relevance Of Forest As An Ecosystem......................................................16
2.5 Impact Of Forest Conservation And Management.....................................18
2.6 Effects Of Forest Destruction On Natural Ecosystem................................22
2.7 Causes Of Forest Destruction.....................................................................25
2.8 Solutions To Problems Of Forest Destruction............................................27

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................31
3.2 Area Of The Study.....................................................................................31
3.3 Research Design.........................................................................................31
3.4 Population Of The Study............................................................................32
3.6 Instrument Of Data Collection...................................................................34
3.7 Validation And Reliability Of The Instruments..........................................34
3.8 Methods Of Data Collection.......................................................................35
3.9 Method Of Data Analysis...........................................................................35
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................36
4.2 Data Analysis.............................................................................................36
4.3 Discussion Of Results................................................................................47
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................52
5.2 Summary....................................................................................................52
5.3 Conclusion.................................................................................................53
5.4 Recommendations......................................................................................53
5.5 Contribution To Knowledge.......................................................................55
5.6 Suggestion For Further Studies..................................................................55
References........................................................................................................56
Appendix..........................................................................................................60

ABSTRACT
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The research investigates the Human Activities in Baturiya forest of Hadejia local

Government Area, Jigawa State. The researcher sample 50 staff in Baturiya forest

and 400 hundred people within Baturiya forest out of total population using sloven’s

formula. The researcher used questionnaire as an instrument. The frequency and

simple Percentage was applied to analyze the results. The research findings shows

that there are more male staff in Baturiya forest than female counter part, most of

people around Baturiya fetch firewood in Baturiya forest they also hunt/ cutdown

trees trespasses in Baturiya forest in order to get source of income. Finally the

researcher drawn a recommendations as the there is need for government to

reconstruct and build new houses for baturiya forest staff since it may help in

reducing forest destruction, Burn bush due to agricultural activities, so government

should take action against bush burning, Government and other bodies like NGOs,

community members etc should educate peoples about the effects of their actions

against Baturiya forest

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Baturiya Birds sanctuary, sometimes referred to as Hadejia Wetland game reserve

is a natural wetlands, located within the Sudan Sahelian region. Its stretches in a

general west to east direction of Hadejia River Valley touching portion of three

Local Government Areas of Auyo, Kirikasamma and Guri Local Government of

Jigawa State. The reserve was taken as Parts of Birds area of Hadejia / Nguru

wetland and also as wetland of international importance recently it was proposed

to upgrade to a state of a national park by Nigerian national parks service (NPS)

(Zakar, 2019). The game reserve derived its name from the neighbouring

community of meaning a "lady from Europe or white lady" this was originated

some centuary back when Baturiya community was not established, the area was

just a forest, having variety of wildlife resources and Europeans used to visit and

camp at. History have indicated that in early 70's the bush around Baturiya terms

of variety of wildlife species and there were a lot of pond and were rich in terms of

fish, crocodiles, monitor lizard and others aquatic animals (Zakar, 2019).

For this purpose the then emir of Hadejia decided to organize a festival, where

fishing and swimming competitions were performed and take place during the

period of a festival, the then governor of defunct Kano state (AlhajiAuduBako)

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was at the occasion and he became fascinated and attracted with the biodiversity

resources of the area. For this in 1975 he directed the forestry department, to

establish the game reserve in the area. The first survey of the area was carried out

in the same year 1975 also in 1980, and officially gathered as a game reserve in

1985, becoming of game reserve to ascertain the boundary was carried out in the

year, 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2016 (Zakar, 2019). Hadejia wetlands game reserve

contains diverse of flora and fauna both of the sahel and sudan savannah type that

comprises predominantly of the following species: Acacia nilotica (Gabaruwa),

(Acacia sayel) dusa, tamarindus indica (tsamiya), (mitrigynainermis) Giyayya,

Diospyrosmespilifornmis (Kanya), hypaeniathebaica (Goruba), Balanitesegyptiaca

(Aduwa), Acacia albilda (Gawo), Acacia seiberiania (fararkaya/Bauji),

Azadirachta indica (Maina/darbejiya), Vitexdoniana Dinya, Parkia Biglobosa

(Dorawa), Zizaphus Maturiania (Magarya), Anogesus Leacarpus (Marke),

Piliostigma reticulatum (Kargo), Prosopis Africana (Kirya), Acacia Senegal

(Kayardakwara), Acacia gurmensis (Kama mu raba) sterculiastangera (Kukkuki),

Afzelia Africana (Kawo), Afzelia Chavaleri (Katsari), Adonsinia Digitata Kuka),

Annona Senegalensis (GwandarDaji), Ficus Cycamorus (Baure), Gardenia

Aqualle (Katambiri/Gaude) Khaya Senegalensis (Madachi), Mangifera Indica

Mango, Sieberiana (Runfu), Ficus Eteolphylla Shirinya, Ficus Thonningi

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(Cediya), gulera Senegalensis (Sabara), Stereospermum Kunthiamum (Samsami),

Acacia Tazancantha (Sarkakiya), Borassus AethiopumGiginya, Calotropis Procera

(Tunfafiya), Bauhinia Rufescana (Matsagi/Matsantsagi), Ceiba Pentandra Rimi,

Celtis Intergrifolla (Zuwo/Dukki) Pterocarpus Erinaceus (Kattakara/Madobiya)

Terminelia Evicennioidea (Baushe/Kwandari), Ficus Platyphylla (Ganji) (Zakar,

2019). The physiognomy of the vegetation within the game reserve also varies,

with regards to wild life animals that are commonly spotted in the area includes;

redpatas monkey, Baboon, spotted Hyena, Grims duiker, wathog, common Jackal

and many species of snakes including rockpython among others (Zakar, 2019).

1.2 Statement of the problems

The Baturiya wetland comprises of indigenous and migratory species of

birds that made the game reserve a delight to a wide range of visitors is now

desolate as over 200 ponds that hitherto attracted these birds have dried leaving a

sorrow sight. The 360 square metre wetland cuts across Auyo, Kirikisima and

Guri local government areas of Jigawa State and has been a sanctuary for species

of birds for years owing to its nature of water reserved in unique ponds that attract

birds particularly the migratory species (Zakar, 2007). The majority of the

migratory birds commonly found in the sanctuary are from Europe, Latin America

and Asia as many have rings or tags on their legs that contained some information

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of where they came from and at some instances, contain phone numbers and email

addresses. The wetland, every year, houses birds that immigrated to the place in

their thousands because at the peak of their arrival, the magnitude of their number

will cover the sun as everywhere will be dark. However, the birds are no longer

seen at Baturiya owing largely to the sudden drying up of the ponds in the game

reserve. Now, the reserve is a shadow of its old self (Zakar, 2007). Based on these

facts, the researcher tends to investigate the types of human activities that render

the destruction of Baturiya forest.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study are:

1. To find out the nature of human activities in Baturiya forest

2. To examine the causes of human activities in Baturiya forest

3« To identify the solutions to unwanted human activities in Baturiya forest

1.4 Research Questions

The research made an attempt to answer the research questions

I. What is the nature of human activities in Baturiya forest?

2. What are the causes of human activities in Baturiya forest?

4. What are the solutions to unwanted human activities in Baturiya forest?

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1.5 Significance of the Study

Based on the findings of this research, this study will render significant

importance in number of ways:

Government: the findings will help / raise alarm to the notice of the government

on the unwanted human behaviours that has been taken place in the forest which

render the destruction of Baturiya forest.

This will alert the government to create law or strengthen the existing one (if any)

in fighting the illegal / unwanted human activities in the forest,

Community: the findings of the study will reveal to the community that,

importance of forest and the conservation of national resources contains on the

forest, as well as the- implication of destruction of such resources such as

desertification, erosion, global etc

Education: the findings of the study will reveal to the people of the community in

research about forest and giving training on how to use the forest as well as natural

resources.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research work is designed to investigate the human activities that are taking

place in Baturiya forest of Hadejia local government area and the study is limited

to only people setting with Baturiya forest

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1.7 Definition of Operational terms

Survey : A survey is a research method used for collecting data from a predefined

group of respondents to gain information and insights into various topic of

interest.

IMPACTS: Have a strong effect on someone or something. "high interest rates

have impacted on retail spending"

Baturiyaforest:Baturiya forest or Baturiya wetlands, is a forest located in Hadejia

emirate which boarded Auyo, Kirikasamma and Guri. The forest is riched with

natural resources composed varieties of wildlife and trees vegetables.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

The chapter deals with theoretical perspective, forest as an ecosystem,

relevance of forest as an ecosystem, impact of forest conservation and management,
effect of forest deforestation on natural ecosystem, causes of forest destruction,
solutions to problems of forest destruction

2.2 Theoretical Perspective

Forest Destruction, in simple terms, means the felling and clearing of forest
cover or tree plantations to accommodate agricultural, industrial or urban use. It
involves the permanent end of forest cover to make that land available for
residential, commercial or industrial purposes (Noak,2007)

According to United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UNFAO),

Destruction can be defined as the permanent destruction of forest in other to make
the land available for other uses. It is said to be taken place when trees are cut down
on a massive scale without making proportionate effort of replanting (Noak, 2007).

As of 20005, the UNFAO graded Nigeria as having the highest Destruction rate in
the world, with about 55.7% of the primary forests (Virgin forests) being lost and an
annual Destruction rate of 3.5% (Gnells, 2008).

Destruction is the permanent destruction of forests in order to utilize the land

or trees. Typically, Destruction is clearing a lot of trees without the intention of
establishing future growth. Harvesting, forest fires, and insect infestations do not
count as Destruction because the affected areas will eventually grow back. In some

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countries, such as Canada and America, all areas harvested must be reforested either
by replanting or through natural regeneration (Marrow, 2005).

The land is then often converted into farms, plantation, roads, housing, and
other city uses. Deforestation is most severe in various countries such as the
Amazon, Borneo, Congo Basin and the Russian Far East. Over half of the world's
forests have been destroyed over 10,000 years, the majority in just the last 50 years.
These immense changes include large-scale extinction events, desertification,
climatic changes, topsoil loss, flooding, famine, disease outbreaks, and more (Anon,
2005)

Destruction has even been caused by extensive war—throughout history fire

has often been used to deprive the enemy of necessary resources. If they're not
reforested, they inevitably end up as wastelands directly from soil erosion and
desertification (Rudel, 1999)

According to Olaniran (2008): "Destruction, clearance, clear cutting or

clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then
converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to
farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical
rainforests."

Over the last century, the forest cover around the globe has been significantly
compromised, leaving the green cover down to an all-time low of about 30 percent.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), an
estimated 18 million acres (7.3 million hectares) of forest are lost each year
(Laurence, 1999 )

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 Destruction can also be seen as removal of forests leading to several
imbalances, both ecologically and environmentally. What makes deforestation
alarming is the immediate and long term effects it is bound to inflict if continued at
the current pace. Some predictions state that the rainforests of the world will be
eradicated if deforestation continues at its current pace (Jimoh, 2007).

Forest Destruction refers to a longer-term conversion of forest to some other

kind of ecosystem, such as agricultural or urbanized land. Sometimes, however, the
term is used in reference to any situation in which forests are disturbed, for example
by clear-cut harvesting, even if another forest subsequently regenerates on the site.
Various human activities result in net losses of forest area and therefore contribute
to deforestation. The most important causes of deforestation are the creation of new
agricultural land and unsustainable harvesting of trees. In recent decades,
deforestation has been proceeding most rapidly in underdeveloped countries of the
tropics and subtropics (Winters, 2000).

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United

Nations (UN), as of 2005, the world's forested areas stand at just under 9.9 billion
acres (4.0 billion hectares), or about 30% of total land area of Earth. This figure is
based on a new definition associated with the term forest; that is, areas including at
least 10% of canopy cover but those areas excluding stands of trees that are
included with primary agricultural production. In 2000, the amount of the world's
total forest area stood at 9.6 billion acres (3.9 billion hectares). From 1990 to 2000,
the world's forests experienced an average net annual loss of 23.2 million acres (9.4
million hectares) per year. From 1990 to 2005, deforestation has occurred most
rapidly in the following regions of the world: West Africa, Central America and
Mexico, and Southeast Asia. Among nations, the most rapid rates of deforestation

9
are: Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Malawi, Nepal,
Nicaragua, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka (Dolisca, 2007).
Now into the 2000s, deforestation mainly comes from conversion of forested
lands to agricultural lands. This accounts for about 32 million acres (13 million
hectares) per year. However, increased amounts of forest _re-plantings, natural
expansions, and landscape restorations have reduced the total rate of deforestation
(Khan, 2006).

Past estimates of global deforestation have been criticized as unreliable.

These surveys of forest changes, compiled by FAO, have been considered to be
problematic because of inconsistencies in the collection methodology. Problems
included potentially biased information (frequently from agencies within the
country itself), inconsistent definitions of land use, and data gathering techniques
that changed from survey to survey. These issues are being addressed through the
use of remote sensing techniques and a more consistent definition of what is
considered a forest. Satellite imaging of the forests is now being used to produce
consistent and verifiable information on a global scale. Scientists and policymakers
involved with the issue of deforestation rely on dependable and accurate data. This
reliable information permits them to monitor changes and accurately determine the
extent of the forest (Teeter, 2007).

Deforestation or clearance occurs due to several reasons. To get a clear

overview, we could include the need for money, both in terms of profitability as
well as providing for one's family in most scenarios, along with lack of or no forest
laws, need for land space for housing etc. among a long list of other uses
(Karkee, 2008).
Although primarily blamed on agricultural or pastoral use, farmers usually
cut trees for increasing space for cultivation and as fodder land for grazing and
10
surviving livestock. The whole concept of 'slash and burn' agriculture is used to
indicate this same process where farmers employ the above chain of actions for
their purposes (Olarniran,2008).

Forests plays vital role in the economic development of the country. It

provides resources for basic livelihood needs. This is especially true for the poor
and rural populations. More than 200 million inhabitants of the forest and the
livelihoods of poor immigrants is directly depend on the food, fiber, fodder, fuel and
other resources taken from the forest or produced on recently cleared forest soils
(Angelsen et al./ 1999). Medical researchers in the tropical rainforests continues
making new discoveries each year from plants These plants may contain the cure
for cancer or some clues that could lead to a scientific discovery (Winters, 2000).
However, more than 1.6 billion people around the world depend on forests for some
part of their livelihood (USAID, 2007). Forest area and its changes are important
and supposedly easily measurable, indicators for sustainable resource management
in larger areas to improve environmental and economic health (Kleinn, 2001;
Morrow et al., 2001).

Although the value of tropical forest resources at national and international

levels is increasingly recognized, Most of the forests will continue to be seriously
threatened and disappearing amazingly at an alarming rate.

In tropical regions, deforestation and forest degradation are progressive

processes that are advancing at an alarming rate (Verolme et al., 1999; Rudel and
Roper, 1997; Laurance, 1999), resulting in the conversion of wooded area into a
mosaic of mature forest fragments, degraded habitat and pasture. Deforestation is
one of the main environmental problems in third world countries (Araya et al.,
2003) and rapid depletion of forest resources is causing various other social and

11
economic problems in the world. Every year, large areas of rainforest were cut
down in the whole world.

In addition, increased drought is expected to affect parts of the rainforest in

the course of the next century(Malhi et al., 2008). Deforestation is primarily
confined to developing countries, primarily in the tropics (Myers, 1994). In
addition, tropical deforestation has become a problem of global environmental
issues concern, in particular because of the value of tropical in biodiversity
conservation and in limiting the greenhouse effect (Angelsen et al., 1999).
Deforestation leads to destruction of biodiversity and the extinction of plants and
animals. It's estimated that 4,000 plants and animals become extinct each year due
to deforestation, most of which have never been found. One thing is certain if
deforestation continues out of controlled, numerous species will be disappear
forever in the deforestation process. Many biologists beleived that loss of
biodiversity is the most important impact of deforestation (Winters 2000). Nigeria
economy relies on agriculture while increasing urbanization, utilization of land for
agriculture, higher population rate and weak state forest policies are considered
main factors causing deforestation in the country. Due to these factors Pakistan has
a high rate of deforestation. Forest resources are vital for conservation of soil, water
resources and biological diversity worldwide and play key role in meeting
requirements for forest products both timber and non timber (Siry, 2005). Pakistan,
due to limited forest resources with deforestation rate of 4.6% per annum ranks on
the second highest number in world and represents thrashing ecological services
nationally (Khan & Khan, 2009). The forests in Pakistan particularly Conifer forests
reflect immense climatic and physiographic contrasts and are under constant
pressure due to population growth, human activities and commercial harvesting for
fuel wood mad timber utilization (Anon., 2007). A variation in the climatic

12
condition that can be recognized by changes in the mean or the changeability in the
climatic properties pertain for an unlimited time, generally decades or longer
(Anon., 2007; Shakoor et al., 2011). The relationships between forest change and its
associated driving factors are often complex and nonlinear (Mas et al., 2004).

Noack (2007) studied the misuse of forest which is highly associated to

economic factors such as lack of institutions. Further analysis showed the causes
of deforestation of deciduous broadleaved forests on the slope of the Talysh
Mountain in southern Azerbaijan, since the collapse of soviet union the forests are
under threat and have suffered allot from diverse type of degradation in the early
1990s. The Kolkhozes breakdown serves as; major employer, as shortage of
energy in rural areas and a lack- of forest laws enforcement annoyed the situation.
The villagers pull out more than 30,000 m of wood per anum with a value of about
0.5 million in terms of local currency. Karkee (2007) studied the effects of
deforestation on different tree variety and livelihood of local community. The
study showed that wild animals and trees are becoming meagre due to
deforestation.

As at 1897, Nigeria had sixty (60) million hectares of forest as woodland

(Oguntala, 1995). There was an array of plant species which according to NEST,

(1991) were above 4,614 out of which 255 were endemic. Threatened species of
Nigerian flora due to deforestation are about 480 which represent about 10% of
the total plant species put the number of gazetted forest in Nigeria at about 1,160
covering an estimated area of (10) million hectares. The conservation areas have
spread over 366 local government's areas in thirty (30) states of Nigeria and the
Federal Capital Territory. They include twelve (12) Strict Nature Reserves (SNR),
1 biosphere reserve, thirty-two (32) game reserves and eight (8) National parks.

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 Table 1 shows. the area of forest reserve in Nigeria by vegetation types between
1976 and 1995 Forest area declined during the 1990s at an estimated annual rate
of 2.6+% (or 398,000 hectares per year) (FAO, 2005).Caused by agricultural
expansion, encroachment, over-harvesting, bush burning, illegal harvesting and
dereservations. The Federal Department of Forestry (FDF,2001) suggested that
the annual depletion rate could be as high as 3.5%. The FDF also noted that the
forest estate of Nigeria is highly depleted and that the Sahara Desert is
encroaching southward at a rate of about one kilometer per year.
In addition karkee (2019), "Deforestation also causes soil erosion which
increase debris flow and contributes flooding of debris".

2.3 Forest as an Ecosystem

An organism does not exist in isolation in the nature. It is associated with

organisms of its own and of different ecosystems/ communities within the habitat.
Habitat consists of physicochemical environment. If the organism is a plant, it
depends for its growth on two types of environment i.e. first, the aerial environment
for light, temperature and carbon di-oxide and second, the soil environment for
inorganic nutrients and water. An animal depends on the plants for food and shelter
whereas a micro-organism depends on the dead organic matter from plants and
animals for its food and release the minerals tied in the organic matter for the reuse
of plants. A forest is a highly organized system in which dominant elements are
plants, in particular trees, forming a canopy cover and playing the role of its major
constituent species and animals with their habitats. A great variety of life-forms in
the forest are linked with its multi-layered structure, which is the result of varying
amount of sunlight reaching the understory layer. There are continuous and causal
interactions among the organisms and between the organisms and the habitat
resulting into an integrated functional unit known as ecosystem. If all these

14
interactions happen in a forest than it is called forest ecosystem. A forest ecosystem
is the contmunity formed by plants and animals of that particular area that interact
with the chemical and physical features of the environment _in which they live. The
Amazon rain forest ecosystem is an example of a forest ecosystem. This ecosystem
is a: home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, which include producers,
consumers and decomposers. These organisms are interdependent on each other for
their survival (Bradley T, 2019),The forest performs a great number of functions
both as a natural formation and as a product of skilful human activity. The three
main functions performed by a forest ecosystem are protective, productive and
social. Forest structure is both a product and drivers of ecosystem processes
and biological diversity. It has become apparent in recent years that changes in forest
structure as a result of management or disturbances have undesirable consequences
for other components of forest ecosystem. Forest ecosystem consists of organisms
(plants, animals and microorganisms) and their habitats (the soil and air). The
functioning of forest ecosystems is characterized by energy and nutrient flow and
cycling, biomass production and the decomposition of dead organic matter (Ranger,
2018).

Forest ecosystems are characterized by long time frames, unique structure and
function, multiple services, useful products and many stake holders. Human
activities are part of the ecosystem dynamics and human perception of forests are
changing. In recent years, human activities have changed the structure and
functioning of forest ecosystems in most region of the world. While deforestation
and conversion to agricultural land are the most visible threats to forests
worldwide. These systems are also increasingly exposed to atmospheric nutrient
decomposition and climate change (Fogel, 2017).

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 Ecosystem is the basic unit of the ecology, several essential but invisible
services flow through the functions of ecosystems that human use. In a strict sense
the term ecosystem services include all services to humans that are generated as a
consequence of interactions and interchanges between biotic and abiotic
components of ecosystem. Some examples of this are mitigation of climate change
by green plants, removal of toxic metals from soil, cycling of nutrients and soil
formation. For example, in western Himalaya, water filtration and water retention
within a catchment are ecosystem services of intra-regional level (or local level),
soil formation by oak forest and its transportation to the Gangetic plains for
maintaining cropland soil pool is of inter-regional nature, and carbon sequestration
by trees is a global service. Services (provisional, regulatory, cultural and
supporting services) may be referred to several things; carbon sequestration and
moderation of climate, recreational existence, provision of decomposing litter and
soil transfer to cropland to replenish fertility, water filtration, spring life, pumping
of nutrients from deeper layers, nutrient retention and supply to other ecosystems

[1]. Interaction among plant soil hydrology and microbes regulates nutrient
cycling and other processes in ecosystems. These interactions vary in time and
space, greatly complicating ecosystem scale assessment of nutrient loss from the
soil following disturbance, effect atmospheric deposition and climate change, and
responses to changes in species composition (Manral, 2016)

2.4 Relevance of Forest as an Ecosystem

Ranger T. (2018) identifies the following as relevance of forest as an ecosystem

a. Energy Flow: In a forest ecosystem, the grass, which draws its nutrition from sun,
soil and water, is eaten by the grasshopper, which in turn is eaten by frogs, snakes,

16
and vultures in succession (different trophic levels). In this process of eating and
being eaten, nutrients are passed from one step to the next in a food chain. The flow
of energy that occurs along a food chain is called energy flow. The pyramid of
energy represents the total quantity of energy at each trophic level of a food chain.
The flow of energy is always unidirectional.

In the same vein, Fogel J, (2020) made mention the following as function of forest
as an ecosystem.
Producers: Producers can synthesise their own food by the photosynthesis process.
All green plants are considered producers of the ecosystem as they convert sunlight
into the chemical energy of food.
Primary Consumers: Since the consumers can not prepare their own food, they
depend on producers. Herbivorous animals get their food by eating the ,producers
(plants) directly. Examples of primary consumers are grasshoppers, deer, etc.
Secondary Consumers: Secondary consumers draw their food from primary
consumers.

Decomposers: The decomposers of the forest ecosystem break down dead plants
and animals, returning the nutrients to the soil so that they can be used by the
producers. Apart from bacteria, ants and termites are important decomposers in the
Amazon rainforest. Millipedes and earthworms also help to break down dead matter.

Goods Obtained from Forests: There are various types of food products such as
honey, wild meat, fruits, mushrooms, palm oil and wine, and medicinal plants
obtained from forests. Other than edible parts, we can obtain timber, wood biomass,
cork, etc. from forests. The fuel can be extracted from old trees that are buried under
the soil.
Ecological Functions: Forests play an important role in maintaining ecological
factors such as climate, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, and rainfall.

17
Culture and Social Benefits: The tribal people who live in the forests treat forests
as nature goddesses. The traditional beliefs and spirituality save wild animals from
hunters and cutting down of trees by urban people. A few modern people visit
forests for recreation.
Nutrient Cycle: The nutrient cycle is cyclic. For the proper functioning of
ecosystems, nutrients are required. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
constitute about 95%95% of the mass of living organisms. About 1515 to 2020 other
elements are' also needed in relatively small amounts. These are recycled repeatedly
between the living and non-living components of the ecosystem.
a. Balancing of nature
b. Fighting global warming
c. Fighting of erosion
d. Desertification

2.5 Impact of Forest Conservation and Management

Forest ecosystems are fundamental sources of services and global

biodiversity, their capacity to maintain these benefits in the future is potentially
threatened by anthropogenic impacts such as climate change, land use, and
unsustainable management practices (Vizzarri et al, 2015). Tropical deforestation is
a multifaceted threat to the international climate change crisis anddespite increasing
awareness of the link between deforestation and climate change; tropical
deforestation rates are accelerating dramatically thus requires creative and flexible
regulatory solutions(Abate and Wright, 2010). The natural resource such as forests
and forest products were found as a basic source of survival for living organisms
during the initial period. Later, the natural resources started degrading slowly and
steadily due to increased human activities. In the beginning, natural resources were
the primary assets for the growth of agriculture, industry, urbanization etc.
Subsequently, increased anthropogenic activities started degrading the forest cover
18
on a large scale through extending the agricultural land scape and other
developmental activities in the country. The importance of traditional knowledge
regarding resource conservation, protection of sacred grooves, endangered species
etc. started declining (Babu and Nautiyal, 2015). Around 80% of the earth's land
area is not formally protected and consists of 'multilayered' forested landscapes that
support people, biodiversity, agricultural activity and industry, making them highly
productive (IUCN).Nearly two billion ha of forests globally need restoration and the
future need will increase and the prospect of changing climate with increasing
frequency of extreme events argues for approaching restoration from a functional
and landscape perspective. The distinction may be that extra-ordinary activities are
required in the face of degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems. Restoration is
driven by the desire to increase sustainability of ecosystems and their services and
restoration is likely to have multiple goals arising from the motivations of those
involved (Stanturf et al, 2014).A change of the forestry management approach where
semi-natural forests are re-created after logging instead of tree plantations will
contribute to a sustainable forestry. Such a change will increase resilience to
damages on trees, thus contributing to a more reliable supply of wood, improve
reindeer husbandry, and reduce climate-driving gases (Holm, 2015).
Forest Conservation Models Designing of models for forest conservation have
potential in saving the primary and secondary vegetation alongwith the ecological
components of the nature. Sample (2005) reported that the multipleuse forest
management model should be flexible, versatile, and useful in accommodating a
growing an-ay of forest uses and evolving social values regarding forest
conservation and stewardship. The need to protect biological diversity in forest
ecosystems presents a difficult challenge to this model, however, due to its
importance and to the fact that adequate protection of many threatened or

19
endangered species is -not compatible with even moderate levels of resource
development. Moreover they have responsibility to:

(a) Protect their own globally significant biodiversity hotspots, and

(b) Minimize externalities by more intensive utilization of productive forest areas

with relatively low biodiversity values.

Brouwers et al (2010) gave special emphasis on spatial modelling approaches as

they are increasingly being used to direct forest management and conservation
planning for the landscape scale and among these the use of buffer-radius methods,
which create buffers around distinct forest habitat patches to assess habitat
connectivity within anthropogenic landscapes, is the most popular approach. Host
and Pastor (1998) advocated the use of LINKAGES, a forest growth model that
simulates changes in composition and soil characteristics over time, to parameterize
the sample plots of a given geomorphic regions using climatic, forest composition,
and soil data. The differences in measured soil properties and predicted
latesuccessional composition indicate that ecological land units incorporate some of
the key variables that govern forest composition and structure. For developing
forest management strategies that incorporate the spatial and temporal dynamics of
forest ecosystems the value of ecological classification and modeling is significant.

Forest management model suggested by Kaspar et al (2015),is mainly concerned

with forest harvest planning to maximize economic benefits and also consider
additional criteria such as the biodiversity functioning of the managed forest. The
biodiversity requirements are determined by the size, shape, and distribution of
harvest units and forest stands. Multiple criteria programming and integer
programming techniques are used to find an optimal program of forest harvesting
with respect to both economic and environmental requirements. The observation

20
concludes that the spatial pattern and other spatial demands affect the harvest
possibilities and there should be a compromise solution from both forest
management and nature conservation

i. Modern scientific techniques in forest conservation

Scientist and forest managers are working globally in utilization and

implementation of modern scientific tools and technique in forest conservation
program although these technique yet requires through test in all type of ecosystem.
Bicknellet al (2015)promoted Reduced-impact logging (RIL) as best practice
forestry that increases sustainability and lowers C02 emissions from logging, by
reducing collateral damage associated with timber extraction and it will also
expected to minimize the impacts of selective logging on biodiversity. Mizunaga et
al (2010) gives special emphasis on the concepts of „from homogeneity to
heterogeneityee, „from simplicity to complexity", and „from an agricultural system
to a natural disturbance based system" for alternative silvi culture. Stand structure is
closely related to microclimate, cycling of materials, quality and quantity of wildlife
habitat, and other ecological functions. Therefore, stand structure determines the
sustainability and resilience of forest ecosystems. Most forest services, such as
timber production, wildlife conservation, maintenance of aesthetics, and
hydrological values, are stand structure dependent. These services are influenced by
the manipulation of stand structure.

ii. People's Participation in Forest Conservation and Management

In forest conservation, participation is often associated with community forestry,

which refers to forest management or co-management by people living close to the
forest. The proper use of forests, forest products, and sustainable management
contribute to income and employment generation and thereby reduction in the level

21
of poverty and also provide vital role for bio-diversity conservation, environmental
protection and ecological balance of the nation (Ranjit, 2012).Although these people
are all in some way dependent on forests, they have little else in common. In recent
years, however, it has become much harder for forest-dependent people to use local
forests and their products, owing to deforestation, logging, population pressure or
legal initiatives such as the declaration of state forests, national parks or wildlife
reserves. Thus local participation is important in forest conservation and often
depends on additional factors such as institutional or legal frameworks, and the
education or interests of local people and other stakeholders(lsager et al, 2001).

2.6 Effects of Forest Destruction on Natural Ecosystem

2.6.1 Effects of Forest Destruction On Climate Change:

Deforestation has been variously defined as any act that leads to removal or
destruction of forest vegetation unaccompanied by deliberate effort at its
replacement (Oguntala, 1995). The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) in 1992 defined deforestation as land degradation in arid,
semi-arid and sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including, climatic
variation and human activities. According' to Kio, (2000) the term "deforestation"
denotes the complete clearing of natural tree formation (high forest and savanna) for
agriculture particularly shifting cultivation and other uses. In the past few decades,
tropical deforestation rates have increased dramatically. The world's forest and
woodlands declined from an estimated 6.2 million hectares to approximately 4.3
million hectares (Lanly, 1982; Adedire, 2002).

In Africa 5.1 million hectares were deforested annually between 1981 and 1990,
and according to Oguntala, (1995) Ethiopian forest which covered 40% of the
22
country in 1900 managed to extend across by only 3%. In Nigeria about 300,000
hectares of forest is destroyed annually (WRI, 1987) The major causes of
deforestation are population growth and expansion of economic activities such as
logging, timber extraction, farming, urbanization, bush burning, firewood
collection, grazing and infrastructural development (Oguntala, 1995, Papka, 1997,
Adedire, 2002). However, Oguntala, (1995) submitted that deforestation must be
seen as a means of providing for man's legitimate needs for wood products and
expanding agriculture.

When an ecosystem is stable and healthy, it is called a sustainable environment.

This means that it is capable of sustaining itself and reproducing. Sustainable
ecosystems have biodiversity. There's a variety of species and organisms living
there and contributing. The causes that will destroy such an environment are given
below:

1. Ecosystem destruction is already happening at an alarming rate. As per a

research study published by Forbes in February 2020, over the next 20 years,
scientists estimate about 70% to 90% of all coral reefs will disappear. This is
due to warming ocean waters, ocean acidity, and pollution.

2. Deforestation is caused by Illegal logging and human need and progress. As

per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), "Between 2015 and 2020,
the rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million hectares per year, down
from 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s. The area of primary forest
worldwide has decreased by over 80 million hectares since 1990."
3. As per WWF's Living Planet Report 2020, 1 million species (10 lakhs
animals, plants and insects) are threatened with extinction.

23
 4. Habitat loss is endangering our animal species. Apex predators such as the
lion, tiger leopard and even the majestic mountain gorillas are all being
threatened by habitat loss.
5. "Of the total 1,28,918 species assessed by IUCN:
902 are 'Extinct'
80 are 'Extinct in the Wild' 7,762 are 'Critically Endangered'

13,285 are 'Endangered' 14,718 are 'Vulnerable'

7,644 are 'Near Threatened'

66,469 are of 'Least Concern'.
6. Humans destroy ecosystems. The lifestyle of the human species is quite self
destructive, to say the least as it creates pollution along with the criminal
overuse of natural resources. Construction of infrastructure like roads,
hunting of animals, clearing the planet of trees are just some of the factors
accelerating the destruction of the ecosystem. At the rate at which resources
are being consumed, there may not be any left for future generations.

The impact of ecosystem destruction are the following:

 Increased flooding due to the erosion of soil and lack of trees.

 Climate change causes the sea levels rising due to the melting of the glaciers.

 More a likelihood that natural disasters such as tsunamis, earthquakes,

droughts will be commonplace.
 Disruption of the food chain when the apex predators become extinct.

· Water shortage — the supply of fresh drinking water is limited with only a
few water bodies being fit for human consumption.

24
 · Food shortage as the lands become barren and the oceans become devoid of

fish and other marine life

· Loss of biodiversity as a whole species of living things disappear due to

deforestation

· Pollution will eventually become unmanageable and affect the health of the

human population. Rising temperatures may be too much to bear for every

living organism on the planet.

2.7 CAUSES OF Forest Destruction

As cited in Aster (2014) by Daniel M.C (2007), in his paper presentation

Title "Social Determinant of Deforestation in Developing Countries" made
mentioned the following as causes of Deforestation

2.7.1. Agricultural Activities

As earlier mentioned in the overview, agricultural activities are one of the
significant factors affecting deforestation. According to the (FAO,2001)
agriculture leads to around 80% of deforestation.

Due to the overgrowing demand for food products, a huge amount of trees are
felled to grow crops, and 33% of agriculture-caused deforestation is because of
subsistence agriculture. (Lambin,2002)

2.7.2 Livestock Ranching

Livestock is believed to be responsible for about 14% of global

deforestation. Farmers often clear the land by cutting down trees and burning them
to raise livestock and grow food. They continue to use the property until the soil is
completely degraded and repeat the same process on new woodland.

25
 Eventually, it'll reforest, but it will take many years to return to its original
condition. Surprisingly, over the past 40 years, the forest area has reduced by
almost 40 percent, and during the same period, pasture regions and cattle
populations have grown significantly and rapidly.
2.7.3 Illegal Logging
Apart from this, wood-based industries like paper, match-sticks, furniture,
etc. also need a substantial amount of wood supply. Wood is used as fuel, both
directly and indirectly.

Therefore trees are chopped for meeting the demand for supplies. Firewood and
charcoal are examples of wood being used as fuel. Some of these industries thrive
on illegal wood cutting and felling of trees

In the same vein Zia (1999) made mention the following as among the causes of
forest destruction in Nigeria

The underlying causes of deforestation, identified are as follows:

1. There is a wide gap in the production and consumption of wood. In 1993, the
consumption of wood was 29.5 million cubic meters whereas in the year 2018 it is
projected to go up by 52.6 million cubic meters. At present, Pakistan is producing
only 14 million cubic meter of wood. By 2020, it will require 50 million cubic
meter of wood in order to cater to demands of the people. This wide gap in the
production and consumption of wood is one of the main factors of deforestation.

2. The ban imposed by the government on cutting trees has not prevented the
timber mafia from their activities because of political interference, theft, corruption
and lack of serious commitment on the part of the government to bring the culprits

26
to book. The timber traders are using all possible means to smuggle wood for short-
lived gains.

3. Commercial exploitation and harvesting of forests by the contractors with the

connivance of the concerned officials is not only exploiting small forest owners
with weak financial positions but also causing deforestation on a massive scale. The
forest department has failed to bring them to book and rectify the situation (Zia,
1999)

4. Studies carried out show rich people are involved in the cutting and selling of
trees in collusion with the timber mafia. The government has failed to eradicate
poverty in forest areas, md check fuel woodcutting by providing alternative means
of livelihoods. Moreover, forest management approaches and laws are heavily tilted
in favour of income generation and don't consider social and economic conditions
of the communities.

5. The nexus between integrated family health and forestry systems in the North
Western Frontier Province (NWFP) shows that poverty is one of the main factors of
deforestation. Studies suggest that one single illness in the household would push
the family into the poverty trap, compelling the people to resort to deforestation as a
source of livelihoods.

2.8 Solutions to Problems of Forest Destruction

According to Dolisca (2007) in the Journal of Forest in Economics: Pressure

and Deforestation in Haiti. Consider the following as a way forward to
deforestation problems.

2.8.1. Government Regulations

27
 The best solution to deforestation is to curb the felling of trees by enforcing
a series of rules and laws to govem it. Deforestation in the current scenario may
have reduced; however, it would be too early to assume.

The money-chumer nature of forest resources can be tempting enough for

deforestation to continue.

2.8.2 Banning Clear-Cutting of Forests

This will curb the total depletion of the forest cover. It is a practical solution
and is very feasible.

2.8.3. Reforestation and Afforestation

Land skinned of its tree cover for urban settlements should be urged to plant
trees in the vicinity and replace the cut trees. Also, the cutting must be replaced by
planting young trees to replace the older ones that were cut.

Trees are being planted under several initiatives every year, but they still
don't match the numbers of the ones we've already lost.

2.8.4. Reduce Consumption of Paper

Your daily consumption of paper includes printing paper, notebooks,

napkins, toilet paper, etc. Try to reduce consumption, reduce waste of paper and
also opt for recycled paper products.

Make life simple such as printing/writing on both sides of the paper, using
less toilet paper, avoiding paper plates, and napkins and wherever possible, go
paperless.

2.8.5. Educate Others

28
 Still, many are entirely unaware of the global warming problem we're facing.
Educate your friends, family, and community by sharing the deforestation facts, and
its causes and effects. You can make an impact!

According to Marrow (2005) Nigeria Can solve deforestation problems through the
following ways :
Afforestation: This will involve an intentional and decisive plan to plant trees in
order to replace the ones already lost. This effort can be driven by both the
government and private individuals. In 2005, about 1 million hectares of land had
been reforested in Nigeria. The National Environmental Standards and Regulations
Agency (NESREA) have been empowered by law to tackle this project.

Protection of Existing Forest: The available forests need to be protected jealously.

The Government at all levels has a huge role to play in this. Protection of the forest
will entail enforcement of logging regulation to restrict logging and implement a
compulsory "plant a tree program" for all loggers. The government also needs to
equip the existing forest guards with the necessary tools and equipment with which
to do their job effectively and efficiently. Strict penalties should also be put in place
to act as deterrent to would be defaulters.

Go Paperless: The use of paper in schools, offices and homes should be restricted
to only when it is necessary. Less paper used will result in less pressure on the
forest for more wood to meet our requirements.

Eat less Meat: Sticking to a more plant based diet would reduce the amount of
meat consumed, hence reducing the forest area that has to be cleared for grazing and
ranching of cattle.

29
Orientation of the General Public: The solutions discussed above will be most
effective if the general public is oriented on the need to preserve the forest that we
have and the adverse effects of continuous destruction of the forests.

30
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The chapter deals with research methodology were the researcher overview

the terms as Research Design, Area of the study, Population of the study, sample

and sampling techniques, instrument of data Collection, validity and Reliability of

the instrument, Methods of data collection, Method of data analysis.

3.2 Area of the Study

The study will be conducted in Baturiya forest of Baturiya village in

Kirikasamma local government area of Jigawa state, Nigeria Its headquarters are in

the town of Kirikasamma. It has an area of 797 km2 and a population of 191,523 at

the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 731.

3.3 Research Design

Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the

different component of the study in a coherent and logical way (Manion,2002). This

study was carried out using descriptive survey method.

Descriptive aims at collecting data on, and describing in a systematic manner,

the characteristics features and fact about the population of the study (Talia, 2013)

31
Descriptive research design is an quantitative research methodology used to unveil

in-depth knowledge of a phenomenon.

3.4 Population of the Study

Is the total number of individual or items that are used to conduct study (Cohen,
2002). By this study the population comprises of the total number of village people
and staff in Baturiya forest reserve, Kirikasamma Local Government Area,
Jigawastate

3.5 Sample and Sampling techniques

A sampling technique is the name or other identification of the specific process by

which the entities of the sample have been selected.

A sample is a statistically significant portion of a population, not an entire

population (Khalid, 2015). A sampling techniques is a procedure by which a sample
is carefully selected from a population (Alvi, 2016).

The sample of this research study were determined using sloven's formula
Village staff

n= sample of the study=?

N— population of the study-50

1= constant

e= Level of significance - —(0.0025)2

32
 =50
1+ 50 x 0.0025
= 50
1+1.125
= 50
1.125
n = 44

Village people

n= sample of the study=?

N— population of the study- 1500

1= constant

e= Level of significance - —(0.05)2

=1500
1+ 1500 x 0.0025
= 1500
1+1500x0.0025
= 1500

33
 1+3.75
= 1500
3.75

n = 400

3.6 Instrument of Data Collection

Is a tools by which researcher use to collect information on substantially

identical items from 10 or more respondents i.e test, questionnaire, inventories,

interview, rating scale etc (Ahmed, 2010). For this research, a questionnaire was

designed and used to generate data from respondents.

3.7 Validation and Reliability of the Instruments

After selection of the instrument, to be used in this research, the researcher's

supervisor verify and determine the content for validity and suitability of the

instrument for the study. For the purpose of drawing acceptable, meaningful

information, teachers would provide useful information that were collected by the

researcher. The questionnaire items would be taken to Dr.Nura Muhammad

Ringimfor scrutiny, and all necessary corrections would be effected.

34
3.8 Methods of Data Collection

Data for this research work was collected personally by the researcher where

questionnaire was administered based on research questions of the study. The

respondents were given equal chance and freedom of expressing their views when

answering the questionnaire items. The questionnaire items were retrieved after two

days of administration to the respondents.

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

The data generated from the respondents were analyzed using simple
percentage by a formular:-

Percentage (%) No of responses x 100

No of total respondents 1

35
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

The chapter presents the results of the study drawn from the instrument employed in

this research. The research instrument was used to gather information on the

Investigation into Human Activities in Baturiya Forest of Hadejia Local

Government Area, Jigawa State. This chapter was divided into two sections. Section

(A) consists of personal information of the respondents while section (B) consists of

items based on the research questions. The data which was collected from the

respondents through the use of questionnaire was analyzed and serially tabulated and

converted into frequencies and percentages.

4.2 Data Analysis

The data generated from respondents will be analyzed statistically using frequency

and percentage as shown below

36
 4.2.1 Personal Information of the Respondents

Table 1: Age of the respondents

Age range Staff Questionnaire Baturiya People

Frequenc Percentage % Frequency Percentage %
y
20-30 7 14 123 30.75
31-40 16 32 148 37
41-above 27 54 129 32.25
Total 50 100 400 100
100%

90%

80%

70% 32%
PERCENTAGE (%)

60%

50% 37%

40%

30% 31%
54%
20%
32%
10%
14%
0%
20 - 30 Years 31-40 41 to above

STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRE

RESPONSES
KEYS:
Staff Questionnaire
Students Questionnaire

37
 Table 2: Gender of Respondents

Gender Staff Questionnaire Baturiya People

Frequncy Percentage Frequency Percentage

Male 42 84 322 80.5

Female 8 16 78 19.5

Total 50 100 400 100

100%

90%

80%
80.50%
19.50%
70%
PERCENTGE (%)

60%

50%

40%

30%
84%
16%
20%

10%

0%
MALE FEMALE

STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE BATURIYA PEOPLE

RESPONSES
KEYS:
Staff Questionnaire
Baturiya People

38
 Table 3: Marital Status of Respondents
Marital status Staff Questionnaire Baturiya People

Frequncy Percentage Frequency Percentage (%)

(%)
Married 37 26 118 29.5

Single 13 74 282 70.5

Total 50 100 400 100

160%

140%

120%
70.50%
PERCENTAGE (%)

100%

80%

60%

40% 29.50%
74%

20%
26%
0%
MARRIED SINGLE

STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE BATURIYA PEOPLE

RESPONSES
KEYS:
Staff Questionnaire
Baturiy people

39
 Table 4: Occupation of Respondents

Occupation Staff Questionnaire Baturiya People

Frequncy Percentage Frequency Percentage
Civil servant 38 76 88 22
Business 2 4 89 22.25
Students 4 8 63 15.75
House wife 6 12 160 40
Total 50 100 400 100

120%

100%

22.00%
80%

60%

40% 76%
40.00%

20%
22.25% 15.75%

8% 12%
0% 4%
CIVIL SERVANT BUSINESS STUDENTS HOUSE WIFE

STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE BATURIYA PEOPLE

PERCENTGE (%)

RESPONSES
KEYS:
Staff Questionnaire
Baturiya People

40
 4.2.2 Answering Research Question

Table 5: What is the nature of human activities in Baturiya forest?

s/n QUESTIONS Baturiya people Questionaire Total Total

R. %
Yes % No % 400 100

1 Do you live near bybaturiya forest 182 45.5 218 54. 400 100
5
2 Do you go around into baturiya forest 314 78.5 86 21. 400 100
5
3 Do you hunt around baturiya forest 141 35.25 259 64. 400 100
75
4 Do you fetch firewood around baturiya forest 218 54.5 182 45. 400 100
5
5 Do you take your animal into baturiya forest 198 49.5 202 50. 400 100
5
6 Do you visit baturiya forest for recreational purpose 321 80.25 79 19. 400 100
75
7 Do you tress passes around baturiya forest 131 32.75 269 67. 400 100
25
8 Do you fish in baturiya forest 114 28.5 286 71. 400 100
5

41
 PERCENTAGE (%)

Do
yo
u
liv
e

KEYS:
Do ne
ar

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
yo by
u Ba
go tu
ar ri

Responses No
ro ya

Responses Yes
un 182 45.50% 218 54.50%
d
Do in
to
yo Ba
u tu
Do hu ri
nt ya
yo
u ar 314 78.50% 86 21.50%
Do fe ro
tc un
yo
u h d
ta fir Ba
ke ew tu
ta oo ri
ke d ya
141 35.25% 259 64.75%
Do ar
yo yo ro
u ur un

RESPONSES (YES)
vi an d
si im Ba
tB al tu
a tu in ri
ya
ri to 218 54.50% 182 45.50%
ya Ba
fo tu
re ri
Do st ya
fo Fo
yo r

42
u re re
st
tr
es cr
ea 198 49.50% 202 50.50%
s

PERCENTAGE (%)
ti o

Responses
pa
ss na
es lp
ar u rp
ro os
un
d e 321 80.25% 79 19.75%
Ba
Do tu
yo ri
ya
u fo
fis re
h st

RESPONSES (NO)
in 131 32.75% 269 67.25%
Ba
tu
ri
ya
fo
re
st 114 28.50% 186 7150.00%

PERCENTAGE (%)2
 4.2.3 Answering Research Question Two

Table 6: What are the causes of human activities in Baturiya forest?

s/n QUESTIONS Staff To Tot

Questio tal al
nnaire R. %
Yes % No %

1 Do you have accomodation within the baturiya forest 41 82 9 18 50 100

2 Do you live around the baturiya forest 13 26 37 74 50 100

3 Do you have any law and order against illegal 2 4 48 96 50 100

activities in baturiya forest
4 Do you perform any campaign against the illegal 44 88 6 12 50 100
activities
5 Are the laws really in practice against the illegal 22 44 28 56 50 100
activities in baturiya forest
6 Do you know impact of baturiya forest management 118 29. 282 70.5 40 100
5 0
7 Are the forest workers doing thier job fully 103 25. 297 74.2 40 100
75 5 0
8 Are there forest workers around baturiya forest 341 85. 59 14.7 40 100
25 5 0
9 Do you know the effect of forest destruction 93 23. 307 76.7 40 100
25 5 0

43
 Chart Title
RESPONSES (YES) PERCENTAGE (%) RESPONSES (NO) PERCENTAGE (%)2

14.75%
70.50%

74.25%

76.75%
59
85.25%
282
PERCENTAGE (%)

297

307
341
29.50%

25.75%

23.25%
118
12.00%

44.00%2856.00%
37 74.00%

48 96.00%
8.00%

103
44 88.00%
41 82.00%

93
6
9

26.00%

22
4.00%
13

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e
ar

Responses
KEYS:
Responses Yes
Responses No

44
 Table 7: Why do you people hunt/ cutdown trees/ trespasses in baturiya forest?

Responses Frequency Percentage

For food 63 15.75

For traditional benefits 89 22.25

Source of income 105 26.25

All of the above 71 17.75

None of the above 72 18

Total 400 100

120
26.25%
PERCENTAGE (%)

100
22.25%

80

18.00%
17.75%
15.75%

60
105
89

40
72
71
63

20

0
fo r fo o d f o r t r a d i ti o n a l so u rc e o f i n c om e al l o f t h e ab o ve none of the above
b e n e fi t

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

KEYS:
Responses Yes
Responses No

45
 4.2.3 Answering Research Question Three

Table 8: What are the solutions to unwanted human activities in Baturiya

forest?

s/n QUESTIONS Staff Tota To

Questionnaire/Baturiya l R. tal
People Questionnaire %
Yes % No %

1 If the law and order is strict and practice against illegal 42 84 8 16 50 100
activities do you thin people will abide
2 If the forest workers are doing thier job, will you perform 19 4.7 381 95. 400 100
any illegal activities in baturiya forest 5 25
3 If there is order and punishment for any illegal activities 22 5.5 378 94. 400 100
in baturiya forest will practice any illegal activities 5
4 If government provide you with means of getting income, 77 19. 323 80. 400 100
will you perform those illegal activities in baturiya forest 25 75
5 If you are provide with adequate knowledge on the 11 2.7 389 97. 400 100
importance of forest management, will you practice those 5 25
destruction activities

46
 TABLE 8
RESPONSES (YES) PERCENTAGE (%) RESPONSES (NO) PERCENTAGE (%)2

80.75%
84.00%816.00%

95.25%

94.50%

97.25%
323
378
381

389
42

7719.25%

275.00%
5.50%
4.75%

22
19

11
PERCENTGE (%)

Responses

KEYS:
Responses Yes
Responses No
4.3 Discussion of Results
47
On table 1 above it was discovered majority of respondents were between 31-40 age

range with 37% out of one hundred percentage, again on table 2 above, most of

respondents were males with percentage.

On table 3: based on staff questionaire majority of them were married with 26%,

while on baturiya people majority of them were also were married with 29.5%

On table 4: majoirty of baturiya people were house wife with 40% while staff were

civil servant with 76% respectively.

On table 5 above, item 1 it was discovered that 182 respondents live near bybaturiya

forest with 45.5 while 218 of the respondents said no with 54.5%.

On item 2 above, 314 of the respondents go around into baturiya forest with 78.5%

while 86 respondents with 21.5% did not go around baturiya forest

On item 3, most of respondents hunt around baturiya forest.

On item 4, 218 of the respondents fetch firewood around baturiya forest with 54.5

while only 182 respondents with 45.5%

On item 5, 202 of the respondents did not take thier animals into baturiya forest with

50.5%

48
On item 6, 321 among the sampled respondents visit baturiya forest for rectrational

purpose with 80.25% while only 79 respondents with 19.75 did not visit baturiya

forest.

Item 7, 131 of the respondentstresspases around baturiya forest with 32.75% while

269 respondents did not trespasses baturiya forest.

Item 8, it was discovered that 114 respondents fish in baturiya forest with 28.5%

while 286 respondents with 71.5% did not fish in baturiya forest.

Table 4.6 above on item 1, 41 respondents said there is accomodation within the

forest with 82% while 9 with 18 said there is no accomodation in baturiya forest.

Item 2, most of the respondents did not live around the forest with 74% while 13

respondents live around the forest.

Item 3, 48 respondents with disagreed that there is no law and order against illegal

activities in baturiya forest with 96% while only 2 respondents with 4% said Yes

with statement.

Item 4, majority of the respondents said they perform campaign against the illegal

activities of baturiya forest with 88% while only 6 with 12% sai no

49
Item 5, it was found that 28 respondents said law are not really inpractice against the

illegal activities in baturya forest while 22 respondents said laws are really in

practice against the illegal activities.

Item 6 on table 6 above, 118 of the respondents are aware on the impact of forest

management with 29.5% while majority of the respondents were not aware on the

impact of forest management.

Table 6 item 7 above, 297 respondents said forest workers are not doing thier job

fully with 74.25% while 103 respondents with 25.75% said forest workers are doing

thier jobs fully.

Item 8 above, 341 of the respondents said most of baturiya forest workers were

around the forest with 85.25 while 59 respondents with 14.75% said forest workers

were not around the forest

Item 9 above 307 of the respondents with 76.75% do not know the effect of forest

destruction while only 93 respondents were aware on forest destruction effect.

Table 7 above, most of respondents hunts, cutdown trees/ trespasses in baturiya in

order get source of income with 26.25%, for traditional benefits with 22.25, for food

with 15.75%, while 71 respondents said all of the above and finally 72 said none of

the above with 18%

50
Table 8 above on item 1, 42 respondents said if the law and order is strict and

practice agaisnt illegal activities, people will abide with 84% while only 8

respondents said No.

Item 2, 381 respondents said forest workers were not doing thier job which lead to

illegal activities in baturiya forest with 95.25% while only 19 with 4.75 said forest

workers are doing thier job towards illegal activities in baturiya forest.

Item 3 above, 22 respondents with 5.5 said order and punishment for any illegal

activities in baturiya forest will overcome the problems of forest destruction while

378 respondents with 94.5 said order and punishment for any illegal activities in

baturiya forest will not help in overcoming the problems of forest destruction.

Item 4, 77 respondents with 19.25% said if government provide means of getteing

income people will not perform illegal activities in baturiya forest while 323

respondents said means of getting will not help towards illegal activities in baturiya

forest.

Finally, item 5 on table 8: 389 of the respondents out of four hundred (400)

disagreed that provide people with adequate knowledge on the importance of forest

management will reduce forest destruction in baturiya forest while only 11 said no

with statement.

51
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

The chapter deals with Introduction, Summary, Conclusion, Recommendations,

Contribution to Knowledge and Finally Suggestion for further Studies.

5.2 Summary

The research comprises of five chapters, chapter one deals with introduction,

background of eh study, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, research

questions, significance of the study, scope and delimitation of the study and finally

the definition of operational terms.

Chapter two deals with literature review related to research topic. Chapter three

deals with research methodology, research design, population of the study, sample

and sampling techniques, validity and reliability of the instrument, method of data

collection, method of data analysis.

Chapter four consist of presentation and analysis of data and finally chapter five as

the last chapter consist of summary, conclusion and recommendations.

52
5.3 Conclusion

From the above information gathered it discovered that, almost all the respondents

do not have accommodation within the forest, again they do not live around the

forest.

Almost all of the respondents notified that, agricultural activities and urbanization

are the major causes of forest destruction Baturiya forest in Hadejia local

government area. In term of signs of forest destruction majority of respondents

notified that, flooding, desertification and climate change are major signs of

deforestation in Hadejia local government area.

This study clearly shown that peoples within Baturiya forest cut dawn trees

commonly used for firewood and for traditional purposes. It's also shown that

government does not regularly plant trees in Baturiya forest, Hadejia local

government area.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on this research finding its recommended that, government, traditional rulers,

NGOs and all community members should due the following:

1. There is need for government to reconstruct and build new houses for Baturiya

forest staff since it may help in reducing forest destruction.

53
2. Burn bush due to agricultural activities, so government should take action against

bush burning.

3. Government and other bodies like NGOs, community members etc should

educate peoples about the effects of their actions against Baturiya forest

4.Support organizations that fight deforestation, Numerous international and locally-

focused organizations strive to protect forests from deforestation and apply

sustainable forestry practices. Examples of some you may have heard of :

-Green plant foundation

-Rainforest Action Network

-Rainforest Alliance

5. Governments must enforce incentives to support legal and sustainable forest

management and trade system.

6. Forest owners must follow the legal principles of the sustainable forest

management.

7. Laws and order against illegal activities into Baturiya forest should be given much

emphasis

8. There is need for government to provide adequate means of income among youths

54
5.5 Contribution to Knowledge

 The research will help the Baturiya forest staff to be aware of the strict and

practice against the illegal activities within the forest

 The research will help the government to have an insight on the effect of

forest destruction.

 The research will be added to existing literature.

5.6 Suggestion for Further Studies

Further studies should carried on:

1. Causes of deforestation and its impact of Hadejia local government area,

Jigawa state

2. Problems and prospect of deforestation in Hadejia local government area,

Jigawa state.

3. Consequences of human activities into Baturiya forest of Hadejia societal

populace.

55
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59
 APPENDIX

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
JIGAWA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, P.M.B,
1002, GUMEL
SCHOOL OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES IN AFFILIATION WITH
BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO
Dear respondent,
I am a student of the above mentioned college undertaking a research project on
Investigation into Human Activities in Baturiya forest of Hadejia Local Government
Area. Therefore I would appreciate it very much if you would kindly fill out the
questionnaire. The information you give will only be used for the purpose of the
research. Thanks you for anticipated cooperation, please.
SECTION A (PERSONAL DATA)
Age : 20-30 [ ] 31-40 [ ] 41- above [ ]
Gender: Male ( ) Female ( )
Material status: Single ( ) Married ( )
Occupation:Civil Services( ) Business ( ) Student ( )House wife ( )
SECTION B (RESEARCH QUESTION)
1. Do you live near byBaturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
2. Do you go around into Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
3. Do you hunt around Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
4. Do you fetch fire wood within Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
5. Do you take your animal into Baturiya forest for grazing?
Yes ( ) No ( )
6. Do you visit Baturiya forest for recreational purpose?
Yes ( ) No ( )
7. Do you tress passes around Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )

60
8. Do you fish in Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
9. Why do you people / hunt/ cut down trees / trespasses in Baturiya forest?
a. For food
b. For traditional benefits
c. Source of income
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
10. Are there forest workers around Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
11. Are the forest workers doing the job fully?
Yes ( ) No ( )
12. If the forest workers are doing their job, will you perform any illegal activities in
Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
13. If there is order and punishment for any illegal activities in Baturiya forest will you
practice any illegal activities?
Yes ( ) No ( )
14. If government provide you with means of getting income, will you perform of those
illegal activities in Baturiya forest?
Yes ( ) No ( )
15. Do you know impact of forest management?
Yes ( ) No ( )
16.Do you know effect of forest destruction?
Yes ( ) No ( )
17.If you are provide with adequate knowledge on the importance of forest
management, will you practice those destruction activities?
Yes ( ) No ( )

61