06 - Volumes

Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation 5
QUANTITY SURVEYING &

COST ESTIMATION
CE-372
14-03-2023 Volumes
Today's Objectives
2
 Identify cubes, cuboids, rectangular and triangular

prisms, pyramids and cones.
 Perform calculations to calculate the volumes of the

above solids.
 Calculate the volume of irregular shapes using

Trapezoidal, Simpson’s and Prismoidal rule.
 Solve practical problems involving volume.

CE-372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
Practical Usage
3
 The QS has to work out quantitates from the
drawings and from site which involve volume
calculations in various items like:-
❑ Excavation, fill quantity, brickwork, concreting,
roof insulation, volume calculations in road work
etc.
CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
Volume
4
❑ Volume may be defined as the space in a

three-dimensional object. This is different
from area, which is applicable to two-
dimensional shapes.
❑ Units of volume in metric systems are: mm3,

cm3, and m3.

Volume of Regular Shapes
5
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 h
𝑉=lxwxh
h r
l
w
𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎 h
𝑏ℎ
𝑉= 𝑙 l
2
b 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
6
Vertex
𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒅 .
Face Edge
h
h
1
𝑉 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ×⊥ ℎ
3 Triangular Base . Square Base
h
Rectangular Base
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒆
.
1 2 l
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ h
3 r

7
𝑭𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒆
1
𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ 𝑟 2 + 𝑟ℎ + 𝑅2
3
𝑭𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒅
1
𝑉 = ℎ 𝐴 + √𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵
3

Volume of Frustum of a Pyramid - Example
8
❑ The roof of building is shaped like a frustum of a pyramid. Find the

volume enclosed.
❑ Solution:-
Vertical height of the roof = 4m
Area of the base (A) = 20 x 20 = 400m
1
𝑉 = × 4 400 + 400 × 64 + 64
3
1
× 4 400 + 160 + 64
3
1
= × 4 × 624 + 64 = 832 𝑚3
3
Figure shows a vertical section through the middle of the frustum.

Volume of Irregular Shapes
9
❑ There are many situations where we are faced with the

determination of the volume of Irregular solids like
excavation in uneven ground for building and roads.
❑ Volume estimation techniques:

❑ Trapezoidal rule
❑ Simpson’s rule
❑ Prismoidal rule

Trapezoidal Rule for Volume
10
❑ Same procedure as for areas but the only difference is that

rather than the ordinates, the cross-sectional areas are used in
the volume calculations.
𝑤
𝑤
𝑤
𝑤
𝐴5
𝐴4
𝐴3
𝐴1 𝐴2
1
 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 × ቂ 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 +
2
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 ቃ
Simpson’s Rule for Volume
11
❑ The figure is divided into an even number of sections of equal

width (w), giving an odd number of areas (Simpson’s rule will
not work with an even number of ordinates):
𝑤
𝑤
𝑤
𝑤
𝐴5
𝐴4
𝐴3
𝐴1 𝐴2
1
❑ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 × ሾሺ𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 +
3
𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎ሻ + 4 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 +
2 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 ሿ

Prismoidal Rule for Volume
12
❑ The prismoidal rule is basically Simpson’s rule for two

strips, and may be used to determine the volume of
prisms, pyramids, cones and frustum of cones and
pyramids
ℎ
❑ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐴1 + 4 𝐴2 + 𝐴3
6
Where, 𝐴1 = area of one end of the object

𝐴2 = area of the mid-section
𝐴3 = area of the other end of the object
Volume using Trapezoidal Rule- Example
13
❑ The cross-sectional areas of a trench at 10 m intervals

are shown in Figure. Use the trapezoidal rule and
Simpson’s rule to calculate the volume of earth
excavated

Volume using Trapezoidal Rule- Example
14
A1 = 1.44m2, A2 = 1.62m2, A3 = 1.83m2, A4 = 2.0m2,

A5= 2.1m2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
1
= 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 × 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠
2
1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 10 × 1.44 + 2.1 + 1.62 + 1.83 + 2.0
2
= 10 × 1.77 + 1.62 + 1.83 + 2.0
= 10 × 1.77 + 5.45 = 72.2 𝑚3
Volume using Simpson’s Rule- Example
15
A1 = 1.44m2, A2 = 1.62m2,
A3= 1.83m2, A4 = 2.0m2, A5= 2.1m2
1
= 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
3
× ሾ 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 4 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠
+ 2 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 ሿ
1
= 10 1.44 + 2.1 + 4 1.62 + 2.0 + 2 1.83
3
1
= 10 3.54 + 4 3.62 + 2 1.83
3
1
= 10 3.54 + 14.48 + 3.66
3
1
= 10 21.68
3
= 72.267𝑚 3
Volume using Prismoidal Rule- Example
16
Problem: An excavation for a basement measures 50m x 40 m at the top and
44m x 34 m at the base. If the depth of the excavation is 3.0 m, use the
prismoidal rule to calculate the volume of the soil to be excavated.
Solution:
The dimensions at the mid-section of the excavation are:
50 + 44 40 + 34
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = = 47 𝑚𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = = 37 𝑚
2 2 50 m
Depth of the excavation, h =3.0 m
Area of top (A1 ) = 50 x 40 = 2000 m2 44 m
Area of mid-section (A2 ) = 47 x 37 = 1739 m2 34m 40 m
Area of base (A3 ) = 44 x 34 = 1496 m2
ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐴1 + 4 𝐴2 + 𝐴3
6
3
= 2000 + 4 1739 + 1496
6
3
= 10452 = 5226𝑚3 CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
6

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Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation 5

QUANTITY SURVEYING &

 Identify cubes, cuboids, rectangular and triangular

 Perform calculations to calculate the volumes of the

 Calculate the volume of irregular shapes using

 Solve practical problems involving volume.

 The QS has to work out quantitates from the

drawings and from site which involve volume

calculations in various items like:-

❑ Excavation, fill quantity, brickwork, concreting,

roof insulation, volume calculations in road work

❑ Volume may be defined as the space in a

❑ Units of volume in metric systems are: mm3,

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

❑ The roof of building is shaped like a frustum of a pyramid. Find the

Figure shows a vertical section through the middle of the frustum.

❑ There are many situations where we are faced with the

❑ Volume estimation techniques:

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

❑ Same procedure as for areas but the only difference is that

❑ The figure is divided into an even number of sections of equal

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

❑ The prismoidal rule is basically Simpson’s rule for two

Where, 𝐴1 = area of one end of the object

❑ The cross-sectional areas of a trench at 10 m intervals

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

A1 = 1.44m2, A2 = 1.62m2, A3 = 1.83m2, A4 = 2.0m2,

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