CHAPTER: 1

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this course is to apply theoretical knowledge into practical work. The
student can be trained as the site engineer; its gives you the opportunity to supervise
construction work.

The training started at 03/10/2022 to 25/12/2022 at the parbhani under the Mr.
SURKUTWAR V.B. during this I had seen the construction work.

Training is an important phase of a student life. A well planned, properly executed and
evaluated training helps a lot in developing a professional attitude. The present relatively all
engineering and professional graduate programs in India involve summer training as a
fundamental piece of their educational programs with a target to improve the information of
the students on various front-line advances which have turned out to be vital piece of separate
businesses.

The present relatively all engineering and professional graduate programs in India
involve summer training as a fundamental piece of their educational programs with a target
to improve the information of the students on various front- line advances which have turned
out to be vital piece of separate businesses.

This training has traditionally been weighed as a potent grooming of the professional
career of a fresh engineering graduate and it is the common method of the harvesting talented
engineers.

Bitumen is used in road construction due to various properties and advantages it has over
other pavement construction materials. Bitumen gain certain unique properties that are inbuilt
in it during its manufacture. The bitumen as a raw material in flexible road construction and
bitumen as a mix (composing other materials i.e. Aggregates/ pozzolans) serves certain
advantages, that prompt to use bitumen widely in road construction

1.1. Use Of Bitumen In Flexible Road Construction

The reason behind the significant application of bitumen in flexible pavements are
explained below:

1.1.1.Production Of Bitumen Is Economical

Bitumen is a by-product of crude oil distillation process. Crude oil itself is a composition of
hydrocarbons. The primary products that are available are the petrol, diesel, high octane fuels
and gasoline. When these fuels are refined from the crude oil, the bitumen is left behind.
Further treatment of by-product, to make it free from impurities give pure bitumen. As the
primary product demand is of utmost importance to the society, the bitumen as a by product has

1
survival for long. This by product is utilized as a new construction material, without going for
any other new resource.

1.1.2.Physical And Rheological Properties Of Bitumen Bring Versatility

The physical and the chemical properties of bitumen are found to be a function of load
level, temperature and the duration of loading. It is a thermoplastic and viscoelastic material.
These dependencies make us to truly access the traffic on the road so that a bitumen mix
properties can be varied based on the stress levels calculated. This versatility of bitumen results
in a large variety of bitumen mix, based on the road application.

1.1.3.The Melting Point Of Bitumen Is Low

It is highly appreciable about the fact that bitumen has a favorable melting point, that
helps in both surface dressing and wearing resistance with ease. The melting point of the
bitumen should not be too high, that it can be melted easily during laying the pavement. At the
same time, bitumen has a melting point, which would not let the already casted road pave to
melt and deform under high temperatures. In areas of high temperatures, along with this quality
of bitumen, the aggregate composition helps to cover up the effect of large temperature.

1.2.4.Bitumen Can Undergo Recycling

As the melting point of bitumen is favorable, it can be melted back to its original state.
This is called as asphalt recycling process. The torn-up asphalt pieces are taken up to the
recycling plant, instead of sending them to landfills. This recycled mix can be reused. If
necessary, the old bitumen is mixed with new bitumen and new aggregates to make the mix
live aga in.

Fig. 1.1 .Componts Of Fiexible Pevement

2
 CHAPTER: 2
OBJECTIVES

1. To learn the various processes in construction.

2. To related theoretical concepts and organizational functioning.
3. To learn real life application of management.
4. Understand the role of civil engineer at work site.
5. Understand the premix concrete work
6. Understand the grade of concrete
7. Understand the use of which mm steel bar use in concrete
8. Understand the strength of concret.

3
 CHAPTER: 3
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The Scope of Work is to indicate the type of activities in which the intern will likely
be engaged. It is not meant to limit or constrain the intern's opportunities and the employer is
encouraged to provide a breadth of experiences for the intern.

Understand what the objectives of internship study are:

• One of the core reasons and purposes of an internship is to expose you to a specific job,
profession, or industry
• You have a clear idea of your strengths, weaknesses, likes, and dislikes. Knowing that
you have hands-on experience will make you more confident in job hunting and
interviews.

4
 CHAPTER: 4
METHODOLOGICAL DETAILS

Project details -: Type Of Work; - Providing Internal Asphalt Road At Sonpet

Gangakhed Parbhani.

Day-1 &2 Date: - 03/10/2022

To 04/10/2022
Day: - Monday
Time of arrival 9:30 am Time of departure 5:00 pm
Dept./division Remarks
Name of Er. Mudassir khan Name of
Supervisor with finished
email id and Product
Contact No.
Main points of the day Submitted internship letter & to give approval
for internship training

• On that day, visit to the manager office and met with HR of company. After that the training
letter was submitted to company. Give approval from company for starting internship
training
• Then Visited Internship site and met with Er.mudassir khan under this guide to start my
internship training.

5
Day-3&4 Date: -
10/10/2022
To 11/10/22
Day: -
Tuesday
Time of arrival 9:00 Time of departure 5:00
am pm
Dept./division Remarks

Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir khan Name of

Supervisor with e- finished
mail id Product
Main points of the day Instructions

• On that day under guide of Er. Mudassir khan sir introduced workers, staff & management
system.
• Instruction about awareness and implementation of safety equipment used in while work in
progress.

• After that they give information about company and product manufacturing work also type
of project successfully completed.

• Give information about civil engineering works.

• Safety induction Were Carried out

• Lifeline Rope

• All safety Equipment have testing and checklist

• Medical is done on site of every labour for safety purpose • First Aid kit is available on site.

6
 Day-5&6 Date :-
17/10/2022
To 18/10/2022
Day :-
Wednsday
Time of arrival 10 am Time of departure 5:00
pm
Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir Name of
Supervisor with e-mail khan finished
id Product
Main points of the day Marking A plot
construction are
• On that day site clearance work ongoing.
• 4 labour are worked.
• The marking of site border.
• Clean the area of construction work space.

Day-7&8 Date :-
24/10/2022
To
25/10/2022
Day :-
Thursday
Time of arrival 10 A.M Time of departure 6:
00
Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir khan Name of
Supervisor with e-mail - finished
id Product
Main points of the day

• 3 labour are worked.

• Check the ground level to level tube
• The white cement marking to the marked points

7
 Day-9&10 Date :-
1/11/2022
To 2/11/2022
Day :- Friday
Time of arrival 9:00 am Time of departure 6:00 pm

Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir khan Name of
Supervisor with e-mail finished
id Product
Main points of the day Levelling work
• On that day excavation and leveling work ongoing
• Er. Desai sir shared information about Levelling work.
• Come the JCB on site
• First the instruction to the driver all site marking area construction
• Start the JCB work the time 11:00 TO 2:00 AM – 3:00 TO 5:00AM

Day-11&12 Date :-
8/11/2022
To 9/11/2022
Day :- Saturday
Time of arrival Time of departure
Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir khan Name of
Supervisor with e-mail finished
id Product
Main points of the day
We maintain paper work related to the
road construction and also study the
bituminous road specifications.
Labor cost material cost

8
 Equipment cost etc.

Day-13&14 Date :-
15/11/2022
To 16/11/2022
Day :- Sunday
Time of arrival 9:30 am Time of departure 6:00 pm

Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Kunal Desai Name of
Supervisor with e-mail finished
id Product

Main points of the day New Site Visit

Day-15 &16 Date :- 22/11/2022

To 23/11/2022
Day :- Monday
Time of arrival 9:00 Time of departure 6:00
am pm
Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Self Name of
Supervisor with e-mail and finished
id Er. Mudassir khan Product

Main points of the day Material arrangement

• The construction material arrangement of trimix concrete work
• Visit the material suppliers shop and quote the rate of materials
• Pay material advance

9
 Day-17 to 21 Date :-
27/11/2022
To 31/11/2022
Day :-
Monday
Time of arrival 9:00 am Time of departure 6:00 pm
Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir khan Name of
Supervisor with e-mail finished
id Product
Main points of the day Aggregate spreding
• 40-60 mm Aggregate truck 8 brass*2 nos dumping on the site
• 2 labour are worked
• Aggregate spreding by JCB

Day-22 to 23 Date :-
5/12/2022
To 6/12/22
Day :- Tuesday
10:00 am Time of departure 5:00 pm

Dept./division Remarks

10
Name of HOD/ Sel Name of
Supervisor with e-mail f finished
id Product
Main points of the day Moving Roller
• Come at road roller 10am to full day

Day-24 Date :-
08/12/2022 Day
:- Wednesday
Time of arrival 10:00 am Time of departure 5:00 pm

Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Self Name of
Supervisor with e-mail finished
id Product
Main points of the day Murum spreding
• Murum truck 6 brass*2 nos dumping on the site
• Murum spreding

Day-25 Date :-
11/12/2022
Day :-
Thursday
Time of arrival Time of departure
Dept./division Er. Mudassir khan Remarks

Name of HOD/ Name of

Supervisor with e-mail finished

11
id Product
Main points of the day HOLIDAY

Day-26 to 27 Date :- 17/12/2022

To 18/12/2022
Day :- Friday
Time of arrival Time of departure
Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir khan Name of
Supervisor with e- finished
mail id Product
Main points of the day OFFICE WORK
We maintain paper work related to the
road construction and also study the
bituminous road specifications.
Labor cost material cost
Equipment cost etc.

Day-28 Date :-
24/12/2022 Day

12
 :- Monday
Time of arrival 10:00 am Time of departure 5:00 pm

Dept./division Remarks

Name of HOD/ SELF Name of

Supervisor with e-mail id finished
Product

Main points of the day OFFICE WORK

We maintain paper work related to the

road construction and also study the
bituminous road specifications.
Labor cost material cost
Equipment cost etc.

Day-29 Date :- 25/12/2022

Day
Time of arrival 10:00 am Time of departure 5:00
pm
Dept./division Remarks
Name of HOD/ Er. Mudassir khan Name of
Supervisor with e-mail finished
id Product
Main points of the day
We maintain paper work related to the
road construction and also study the
bituminous road specifications.
Labor cost material cost
Equipment cost etc.

13
 CHAPTER .5
MACHINERIES

Road construction is a highly technical venture that requires meticulous planning and the
deployment of a variety of specialized roads equipment. Quite often, making a road involves
blasting of rocks, deep excavations, and other difficult tasks that require a wide range of
construction vehicles.

Here Are Seven Powerful Road Construction Equipment:

5.1.1.Motor Grader

Commonly referred to as road grader or maintainer, motor grader is an equipment used to

create flat surfaces for asphalt to be placed on. Common models consist of three axles, with the
engine and cab above the rear axles at the back end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front of
the vehicle.
Rate required for motor grader per hours is 2000 rupees.

14
 Fig.5.1.Motor Grader

5.1.2.Asphalt Plant

An asphalt plant is an important road construction machinery used for the manufacture of
asphalt concrete and other forms of coated road-stone used in road construction projects.the
plant combines mineral aggregates, sand and a filler – in correct proportions, heats the mixture
and then coats it with a binder.it then keeps the product heated to avoid setting before the
product is laid down in layers.

Fig.5.2.Asphalt Plant

5.1.3.Asphalt Paver

Also known as asphalt finisher, paver finisher, or paving machinery, asphalt paver is a
road making machine used to lay asphalt on the surface of a road, parking lot, bridge, or other
such facilities and to do some minor compaction before a roller takes over.the asphalt is added
from a dump truck into the paver’s hopper. The conveyor then moves the asphalt from the
hopper to the auger, which places a heap of asphalt in front of a screed. The screed then spreads

15
the asphalt across the road and provides initial compaction.

Rate required for asphalt paver per hours is 843 rupees.

Fig.5.3.Asphalt Paver

5.1.4.Road Roller Machine

Also known as roller-compactor, a road roller is one of the most important equipment used
in road construction. As such, a road roller is a common feature on road construction sites.
A roller is basically a compactor type engineering vehicle that is mainly used to press down
soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of highways and foundations.

Rate required for road roller machine per hours 500 to 1200 rupes

16
 Fig.5.4.Road Roller Machine

5.1.5. Excavator

Also referred to as diggers, excavators are heavy construction equipment used for

excavating earth and rocks and loading them onto dump trucks. excavators have a boom,
bucket and cab on a rotating platform above an undercarriage with wheels or tracks. They can
handle a wide range of work by changing the front attachment.
Rate required for excavator per hours is 1500 to 1800 rupees.

Fig.5.5.Excavator

5.1.6.Wheel Loader
A wheel loader, also known as front loader, skip loader or bucket loader, is a type of tractor
used to move a pile of material from the ground and load it onto a truck or into a pit.it consists
of a front-mounted square wide bucket joined to the end of two arms used to scoop up materials
from the ground without spreading it out.
Rate required for wheel loader per hours is 500 to 1500 rupees.

17
 Fig.5.6.Wheel Loader

CHAPTER .6
BITUMINIOUS ROAD CONSTRUCTION STEPS

6.1. Road Layers

6.2. Preparation Of Base
6.3. Application Of Tack coat
6.4. Preparation And Placing Of Premix

18
6.5. Rolling
6.6. Quality Control Of Bituminous
6.7. Finished Surface
6.8. Open To Traffic

6.1. Road Layers

Bituminous pavements are constructed in different layers such as base course, binder course
and surface course. These layers are made of different materials and provides different
functions to the bituminous pavements.

6.1.1 bituminous Base Course

Base course layer in a bituminous pavement consists of mineral aggregates such as gravel,
stones and sands bonded together with bituminous materials. This layer is used as the
foundation on which surface course or binder is placed.

6.1.2. Bituminous Binder Course

Binder course layer is an intermediate layer between base course and surface layer. It is the first
layer in case of two-layer bituminous resurfacing. Bituminous binder course is made of
bituminous-aggregate mixture, also called as leveling course.

6.1.3. Bituminous Concrete Layer

Bituminous concrete layer is a mixture of aggregates continuously graded from maximum size
to minimum sizes (typically less than 25mm to 0.075mm aggregates). Sufficient bitumen is
added to the mix so that the compacted concrete mix effectively impervious and has acceptable
dissipative and elastic properties.

6.1.4. Sub base Course

In highway engineering, sub base is the layer of aggregate material laid on the sub grade, on
which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on
the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles. sub base is often the main load-
bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the sub grade. The
materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement-bound.

6.1.5. Labour Cost

Type of work Payment
Skilled labour 700 rs/day
Unskilled labour 350/day
Helper laboure 250/day

6.1.6. Compacted Sub grade

19
Sub grade compaction is the act of grading, shaping, and compacting the natural sub grade
materials prior to placing an aggregate base or pavement. It mechanically increases the unit
volume (density) of the soil or base. Different soil types have different optimum moisture
contents and densities. Sandy soils require lower moisture contents and can typically achieve
higher densities than silts or clays do.

6.1.7. Surface Course

The surface course is the very last layer of road construction (prior to markings). It is the
part of a road that endures direct contact with traffic. Occasionally, you will encounter
materials, such as self-binding gravel, that disrupt this list. Likewise, the surface course may
have an additional decorative coating in order to produce color variation on the new surface. In
general, though, this list is accurate to all surfaces. The function of a surface course while the
layers beneath a surface course provide stability and shape for roads, the surface course
provides durability, safety, and resilience. Therefore, it should be hardy enough to withstand
heavy loads and abrasive forces. the main functions of the surface course are to provide
sufficient tire friction, skid resistance and prevent ingress of rainwater to the surface beneath.

Fig.6.1.Flexible Pavement Work

Fig.6.2.Flexible Pavement Work

6.2.Preparation Of Base
The existing surface is prepared by removing the pot holes or rust if any. The irregularities
are filled in with premix chippings at least a week before laying surface course. If the existing
pavement is extremely way, a bituminous leveling course of adequate thickness is provided to

20
lay a bituminous concrete surface course on a binder course instead of directly laying it on a
wbm. process for the preparation of bitumen in which a residual fraction of a thermally cracked
hydrocarbon feedstock is distilled under sub atmospheric pressure at a maximum distillation
temperature that corresponds with the boiling point at the sub atmospheric pressure of
hydrocarbons having an atmospheric boiling point of 455-540°c and at least a part of the
distillation residue is recovered as bitumen.

Fig.6.3. Existing Base Course Layer Of Road

21
6.3. Application Of Truck coat

Introduction

A tack coat is an adhesive material applied between layers of the asphalt concrete that is
laid down for road construction. The adhesive when applied correctly helps to prevent the
degradation of the road by keeping the asphalt concrete layers together. Fig. 6.4. shows the
application of a tack coat over a pavement. Tack coats are a necessity when it comes to the
construction of roads today, but one question remains, how much tack coat is needed for proper
bonding? The amount of tack coat applied is significant to the effectiveness of the tack coat as
well as the quality of the road over time

Fig.6.4. A Tack Coat Applied To The First Layer Of Pavement

6.3.1 Objective

The objective of this research is to understand the many different variables that go into
applying a tack coat, then determining the best way to apply a tack coat

6.3.2 Methods
A sprayer typically applies the tack coat with a multitude of different nozzles and nozzle
angles. Fig.4.3.2.shows a truck with mounted nozzles spraying the tack coat onto the pavement.
Most likely, the many different ways that the sprayers are configured and made directly affect
the amount of tack coat put down and directly affect the durability of the road. When applying
the tack coat, the trucks must go at a constant speed to get a uniform application of the tack
coat on to the asphalt concrete pavement

6.3.3 Equipment
The equipment needed is a truck that carries and sprays the tack coat, such as the one seen
in fig.5.2. 3. Various other materials are required depending on which process is used to
measure the amount of tack coat sprayed. These would include spray nozzles located at the
back of some tack coat trucks to apply the tack coat directly from the truck. With this way of
application, it is possible to determine the amount of tack coat applied by the flow-rate of the
nozzles and the speed of the truck. Another way of application is by a hose spraying from a
truck, as shown in fig.4.3.3.

22
 Fig.6.5. A Tack Coat Truck

6.3.4. Optimum Application Of Tack Coat

In general, a tight or dense surface requires less tack coat than a milled surface, and a
flushed surface requires less tack coat than a dry or aged surface. The proper application rate
also varies with the type of tack coat material used and the asphalt concrete that will be placed
as an overlay. The application rate depends heavily on the smoothness of the material it is
being applied. For example, if the asphalt had dimples in it, there would have to be more tack
coat applied to fill in the dimples. For example, fig4.3.5. Shows an improperly applied tack
coat as it is too little applied. An example of too much tack coat applied as it is all being
applied to a smooth surface.

Fig.6.6. A Lightly Applied Tack Coat

23
6.4. Preparation And Placing Of Premix

General

This work shall consist of a surfacing of bituminous material, constructed on a prepared

base in accordance with these specifications, to the lines, levels, grades, dimensions and cross
sections shown on the drawings or as required by the engineer. the provisions of section 3.5,
“general requirements for bituminous surfacing” shall form a part of these specifications except
that the requirements for plant mixing and laying by paving machine may be relaxed provided

6.5.Rolling
A mix after it is placed on the base course is thoroughly compacted by rolling at a speed
not more than 5km per hour. The initial or break down rolling is done by 8 to 12 tones roller
and the intermediate rolling is done with a fixed wheel pneumatic roller of 15 to 30 tones
having a tyre pressure of 7kg per sq.cm. The wheels of the roller are kept damp with water.

6.6.Quality Control Of Bituminous

The routine checks are carried out at site to ensure the quality of the resulting pavement
mixture and the pavement surface. Periodical checks are made for a) aggregate grading b)
grade of bitumen c) temperature of aggregate d) temperature of paving mix during mixing and
compaction. At least one sample for every 100 tones of the mix discharged by the hot mix plant
is collected and tested for above requirements. Marshall tests are also conducted. For every 100
sq.m of the compacted surface, one test of the field density is conducted to check whether it is
at least 95% of the density obtained in the laboratory.

6.7. Finished Surface

The ac surface should be checked by a 3.0 m straight edge. The longitudinal undulations
should not exceed 8.0 mm and the number of undulations higher than 6.0 mm should not
exceed 10 in a length of 300 m. The cross-traffic profile should not have undulations exceeding
4.0mm
The finishing materials used for asphalt pavement are typically liquid asphalt sealer, also
known as emulsified asphalt, and paint for the roadway striping. The finishing seal-coat must
be re-applied year after year to keep water from intruding into the surface. If the finishing seal-
coat is not done, the rainwater intrudes into the spaces of asphalt or bitumen mix. The intruding
water weakens the boding of the road material. Moreover, the intruded water reaches the
earthwork of the road. As the water mixes with the earthwork of the road, the soil becomes
mud and clay, thus softening the downside layer of the road. The heavy traffic passes over the
soft-based road, compresses, and damages the road. The finishing of the road is as necessary as
the construction of the road itself. After completing the finishing work, roads studs and road
marking paint is done, to further secure the road for traffic. The installation of road studs, eye
cats, and marking paint is also included in the finishing of the road.

24
 Fig.6.7. Finished Surface

6.8.OPEN TO TRAFFIC

6.8.1.Signage
Construction warning devices such as warning signs, flashing beacons, pavement markings,
portable changeable message signs, dynamic message signs and arrow boards are usually
sufficient to alert and guide drivers safely around or through work zones. Occasionally,
however, there are exceptional circumstances where drivers become inattentive and, therefore,
fail to respond to hazardous situations quickly enough or may entirely misjudge conditions.

Fig.6.8. Signage

25
6.8.2.Rumble Strips
Traffic can get backed up during road construction. This can cause accidents as drivers
may need to break quickly or unexpectedly. If this is a problem we foresee, one solution is to
use temporary rumble strips, which are raised pavement markings placed perpendicular to the
path of vehicles and across the full width of a roadway.

Fig.6.9. Rumble Strips

6.8.3 Sensors To Predict Congestion

Additionally, signs or small trailers with sensors placed along the highways can detect
slow-downs and provide advanced messages further back from the construction zone to warn
motorists of the slowed traffic ahead. These sensors can also provide data to our traffic
engineers that will allow them to improve placement of additional signs.

Fig.6.10. Sensors To Predict Congestion

26
6.8.4. Explore Lane Closure Options

Based on the level of repair needed, it may be possible to keep the roads open during
construction. If multiple lane closures that would restrict traffic are necessary, we try to weigh
the pros and cons close the highway completely in order to complete the project as quickly as
possible versus keeping it open and working at night and weekends when traffic is its
lightest. Of course, another option is just to restrict the lanes and work during weekdays. 

Fig.6.11.Explore Lane Closure Options

27
 CHAPTER:7

TEST FOR BITUMINOUS ROAD

The test is conducted by using ring and ball apparatus. A brass ring containing test sample
of bitumen is suspended in liquid like water or glycerin at a given temperature. A steel ball is
placed upon the bitumen sample and the liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5 c per minute.

Enlist Test Of Bitumen Road :-

1. Los Angles Abrasion Value Test.

2. Flakiness Index Test And Elongation Index Test
3. Sulphate Soundness Test
4. Ten Percent Fine Value (Tfv)
5. Percentage Refusal Density
6. Polished Stone Value (Psv)

28
 CHAPTER :8

SAFTY PROCEDURES AND SAFTY GEAR

8.1.Awareness Of Surroundings

Now, it may sound obvious. But it is crucial nevertheless. Construction zones are
alreadydangerous places. Imagine the ones on the road!

Before starting road construction work, it is mandatory to know the surrounding areas.
Thelandscape, climate, fauna, and surrounding buildings are a few things you should be aware
ofbefore the construction.
During the construction, it is important not to walk behind stopped vehicles. Also, it would be
agood idea always to face the traffic. This helps give the workers an idea about the
surroundingswithout even being aware of it.
Finally, spotters are great additions to the road construction team.

8.2.identify potential hazards

identifying all potential hazards in the work zone can minimize their occurrence. These
includeoncoming traffic, power lines, and pedestrian walkways.
Also, check out for potential troubles from the surrounding areas of the road. For
instance,animals crossing the road, or if it’s winter, snow rolling down to the road.
Furthermore, make sure the construction workers know how to use the construction equipment.
Prevention is better than cure, right?

8.3. Wear proper safety equipment

wearing personal protective equipment (ppe) is a must for construction safety. It includes
hardhats, goggles, gloves, boots, and hearing protection.

29
Also, road construction workers must wear highly visible clothes, in shiny orange or yellow
color.these fluorescent clothes are especially important at night times when the visibility is low.
Every road construction worker must always wear ppe during construction.

8.4. Proper traffic control

Accidents are not strangers to road construction sites. Honestly, how many people do you
thinkfollow every traffic sign and rule?
Traffic control is a critical step in any road construction. One reckless driver is enough to ruin
aday. So, why take the risk?
Mark the construction zone with barriers and traffic cones. Also, make sure to use light-
coloredtraffic cones. Also, put warning signs well before the road work zone. It’ll notify the
road user tobe careful.

CHAPTER .9
CHALLENGING EXPERIENCE

During the course of inspections carried out by me as a part of various World Bank
missions on the National Highways, State Highways and other road construction projects in the
country, I have tried to find out the various constraints affecting the progress of the
construction of the roads. Some of the critical issues pertaining to the Indian Road Construction
Industry are as under:

1. Pre-Construction Issues
2. Land Surveying, Investigations And Design Issues
3. Construction And Contract Management Issues

10.1.Pre-Construction Issues:
Since encumbrance free site is not made available to the contractors in the initial stages of
the project, the contractors delay the mobilization and in most of the cases, the contractors use
the mobilization advance elsewhere. One more reason is that the extent of land to be acquired is
not possible to be identified because of the outdated land records and poor quality of designs.
Sometimes additional land requirements become necessary to take care of the designed right of
way. Another reason is that the trees to be cut are not properly demarcated on the design
drawings. Moreover, the clearances and permissions from the Ministry of Environment and
Forests is a pre-requisite and takes quite some time before the trees are cut and design right of
way made available to the contractors. Since no proper records exist of the under ground
utilities like water supply, sewerage lines, electrical and telephone cables etc., these utilities get
identified as encumbrance only during the implementation stage of the project. Similarly

30
shifting of overhead electrical and telephone lines (which are visible including poles) takes a
long time. This leads to delay as the shifting of these utilities brings in hardships to the general
population and suitable alternate arrangements are required to be made. There are numerous
government agencies involved from which clearances/approvals/permissions are required to be
obtained before the utilities can be shifted or relocated. This takes a great deal of time. There
are cumbersome procedures involved and sometimes the relevant laws and regulations are also
not very clear.

10.2.Land Surveying, Investigations, And Design Issues

The land acquisition for the highway projects is carried out in accordance with the principles
laid out in the national highways act or the land acquisition act. These two acts govern the
acquisition of land for defined public purposes and compensation in lieu thereof. If all due
processes are followed, the land acquisition as per the nh act should normally take about 15
months and under the land acquisition around 24 to 30 moths. since such a long time is taken to
acquire the land, the process should get started much earlier or may be at the same time as the
project is at the design stage. But actually the land acquisition plans are prepared very late.
Outdated revenue maps form the basis for preparation of land acquisition plans. The records are
often not been updated for a long period of time. there is lack of training imparted to the
employer’s, csc’s & contractor’s staff on the general terms and conditions of the contract and
the division of the parties’ rights, duties and obligations as per the contract. This results in lack
of motivation for treating the project as a common goal and working as a “team “and all the
parties try to shift the blame to others and no one tries to take the responsibility .due to dearth
of construction management skills in the country, the contractor’s performance gets affected.
This includes the contractor’s work planning, resource and workflow management, cash flow
management and his overall project management. the contractors generally quote low to win
the contract. They normally have their eyes on making money through raising claims at a
subsequent date knowing fully well that the employer will certainly provide them many
avenues to do so, particularly because of delay in making land available and delay in decisions,
payments etc.

10.3.Construction And Contract Management Issues

The supervision consultancy contracts are generally time based. This creates a perverse
incentive to delayed decision making resulting in extension of the civil works and consequently
in the extension of the csc contract.

The staff in the cscs is also not fully conversant with the fidic conditions of contract and is
also not up to date with latest quality management techniques and new technologies. They are
thus handicapped in managing contracts effectively with timely and quality decision making.

The delay in the construction has led to a large gap between the budget allocation and
actual expenditure on the road construction in the country in the past few years. This gap has
been in the range of 15-20%. About 70% of the contracts have been delayed and about 50% of
the contracts had cost over runs of more than 25%. The mean delay was about 73% of the

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original contract completion time.

CONCLUSION

First day of site allocation for industrial training in syed construction at qadrabad ploat
parbhani. And go to next day site we reach the site at that day few labour cleaning that site all
day all cleaning the site .in old sonpet road road constructed new bitumen road per 7m bitumen
road cost is 11800$. Thear are 4to5 employs and 45 to 50 workers working at site then
supervisoe distribute the work and instrumental used for construction about how to make road.

the condition of pervious road is very bad this road is badly damage that’s why the new road
is important this road is help to first safe and secur moment of vesicles excavation done with
the help of jcb at that sited pure machine cutter machine grader compaction vibrate roller
winter tank this equipment are availed .then after excavation road roller was started and
compacting the road the layer of murum is fill and compact .then labor come with construction
tools and equipment like shovels phavada spade iron pan etc the murum filling started

filling layer of murum is continuous and compacting thise layer consisting of small stone is
brought on the site. spread murum when workers spreading murum supervisor sir checking the
depth of murum then the road-roller driver start rod-roller and compact the road roller and
compact the road up to five time till the murum is 15cm deep .then the compacting of murum
rolling of murum construction is stop 2 -3 day. Then we go annoyer site on that side excavation
of road is going on.

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 after 2-3day there are wbm material spreading we start .then supervisor sir brought agitator
truck wbm has spread on this site lossly upto depth of 17 cm for this work .woker took whole
day .then after spread rolled to depth of 15cm rolling the road roller 5 time and on depth
andsite another layer of wbm material has braught and placrd on this material. work finished
the work of site by compacting the asb on site.

the section covers the different safety aspects of using machinery and maintaining plantiagrd
equipment in workplace employ should consider how their worker use mischance arrangement
in place to ensure it remains safe to use. there is also specific advice on lifting equipment and
carrying out vehicle repairs. Check that the machine is complete with all safe guards fitted and
free from defects. Choose the right machine is complete with for the job and do not put
machines where customers or visicyors may be exposed to risk. Properly switched of isolated
or locked off before taking any action to remote blockages clan or adjust the machine .

REFERENCE

1) IS Code of Situ Cement Concrete Flooring :- IS 2571-1970

2) IS Code of General construction in steel -: IS 800-2007
3) Is code of practice for use of immersion vibratores for consolidating concrete -: IS – 3558
4) Is code specification for coarse and fine aggregate for use in mass concrete -: IS – 383
5) Is code specification for natural and manufactured aggregate for use in mass concrete
-: IS 515
6) IS code methods of test for strength of concrete-: IS 1957

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PHOTOGALLERY

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