Lab Report

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Main campus Peshawar
MINI PROJECT REPORT:

PRODUCT: HAMMER
SUBMITTED BY :
NAME: SYED TAYYEB ALI SHAH
REG NO : 20 PWMEC 4862
SECTION : H
SUBJECT : MANUFACTURING PROCESS
SUBMITTED TO :
Dr. RIZWAN M. GUL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS :
1. What is Manufacturing ?
2. Manufacturing processes
3. What is Hammer ?
4. Types and Functions
5. Material used
6. Manufacturing processes for Hammer :-
➢ Forging
➢ Casting
7. Which manufacturing process is best ?

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What is Manufacturing ?
Manufacture is derived from two Latin words manus
(hand) and factus (make); the combination means
“made by hand”
The process of converting raw materials into the final product.
• Manufacturing Processes :
•Casting, •Powder Processing, Forming, Machining, Surface processing, Joining
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Manufacturing Process Classification
WHAT IS HAMMER ?
A hammer is a tool, most often a hand tool, consisting of a weighted
"head" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small
area of an object. This can be, for example, to drive nails into wood, to
shape metal (as with a forge), or to crush rock
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Function and Types
Hammering:. hammers are used for general carpentry, framing,

nail pulling, cabinet making, assembling furniture, upholstering, finishing,
riveting, bending or shaping metal, striking masonry drill and steel chisels,
and so on.
TYPES
Claw hammer
Cross peen hammer
Ball peen hammer
Sledge hammer
Cross and straight peen
Brick hammer
Framing hammer
Hand hammer
Club hammer
Dead blow hammer
Tack hammer
Rubber mallet
Framing hammer
Engineers hammer
Double peen hammer
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Manufacturing Processes in Hammer
• FORING:
Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping
of a metal through hammering, pressing, or Rolling. These compressive
forces are delivered with a hammer or die. Forging is often categorized
According to the temperature at which it is performed—cold, warm, or
hot forging. A wide range of metals can be forged.
Forging has been practiced by smiths for thousands of years.
. Traditional products Include kitchenware, hardware, hand tools, and
edged weapons.
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STEPS OF FORGING PROCESS IN HAMMERS

• The head is made by a process called hot forging. A length of steel
bar is heated to about 2,200-2,350° F (1,200-1,300° C) and then die
cut in the shape of the hammer head. Once cut, the hammer head is
heat treated to harden the steel.
• The hot bar may then be cut into shorter lengths, called blanks, or it
may be fed continuously into a hot forge. The bar or blanks are
positioned between The ram forces the two dies together under great
pressure, squeezing the hot steel into the shape of the two cavities.
• During this process, some of the hot steel squeezes out around the
edges of the die cavities to form flash, which must be removed. As a
final step the head is placed between two trimming dies, which are
forced together to cut off any protruding flash. The head is then
cooled, and any rough spots are ground smooth.
• In order to prevent chipping and cracking of the hammer head in
service, the face, poll, and claws are heat treated to harden them.
This is done by heating those
• The heads are cleaned with a stream of air containing small steel
particles. This process is called shot blasting. The head may then be
painted.
• The face, poll, claws, and cheeks are polished smooth. This removes
the paint in those areas. As part of this operation, the v-shaped slot in
the claws is smoothed using an abrasive disc.
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Flow Chart
1 STEEL.
2 CUTTING
3 HEATING.
4 CLOSE Die Forging.
5 SEPARATING.
6 Final Forming.
7 Cooling Rack
8 TUMBLING.
9 TEMPERING
10 Final Grinding
.
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• CASTING
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually

poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape,
and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting,
which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting
materials are usually metals or various time setting materials that cure after
mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete,
plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes
that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other
methods.
Casting is a 7,000-year-old process. The oldest surviving casting is a
copper frog from 3200 BC.
• STEPS OF CASTING PROCESS
1. The two halves of the mold clamped together

2. Pour molten metal into sand mold
3. Allow metal to solidify
4. Break up the mold to remove casting
5. Clean and inspect casting
6. Heat treatment of casting is sometimes required to
improve metallurgical properties
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• FLOW CHART:
• FORGING VS CASTING
• Forging Casting
• High production rate. Low production rate
• More accurate dimension. Less accurate dimension
• Less or no waste of materials More waste of materials
• Consume less energy Consume high energy
• High strength. Low strength
• Total processes approximate 16 Total processes approximate

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• Which Process is best
Forging Process is best for manufacturing of hammer

Because
Since one of the main requirements for hammers is just high fracture
toughness combined with hardness, a forging is a favorite production
process for them
Casting of hammer produces grains in it. Grains have grain boundaries
which helps in fracture. Cooling rate also influences the grain size. Coarser
grains in hammer casting have inferior mechanical properties.
Forged hammer has fibrous structure, do not have grains inside. It has
better mechanical properties and crack propagation is lesser
More structural integrity in forging responsible for good mechanical
properties.

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1

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MINI PROJECT REPORT:

7. Which manufacturing process is best ?

Manufacturing Process Classification

Function and Types

Hammering:. hammers are used for general carpentry, framing,

Manufacturing Processes in Hammer

STEPS OF FORGING PROCESS IN HAMMERS

4 CLOSE Die Forging.

Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually

• STEPS OF CASTING PROCESS

1. The two halves of the mold clamped together

• High production rate. Low production rate

• More accurate dimension. Less accurate dimension

• Less or no waste of materials More waste of materials

• Consume less energy Consume high energy

• High strength. Low strength

• Total processes approximate 16 Total processes approximate

• Which Process is best

Forging Process is best for manufacturing of hammer

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