(3144 1E) USN Manual For Ships Surface Weather Observations

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
COMMANDER
NAVAL METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY COMMAND
1100 BALCH BOULEVARD
STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS 39529-5005
COMNAVMETOCCOMINST 3144.1E
N3
3 Aug 10
COMNAVMETOCCOM INSTRUCTION 3144.1E
From: Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command
Subj: U.S. NAVY MANUAL FOR SHIP'S SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS
Ref: (a) NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1L

(b) NWP-4
Encl: (1) U.S. Navy Manual for Ship’s Surface Weather

Observations
1. Purpose. The purpose of enclosure (1) is to provide U.S.

Navy ships with the basic instructions for observing, recording,
and encoding surface marine weather observations. This
instruction has been completely revised and should be reviewed
in its entirety.
2. Cancellation. COMNAVMETOCCOMINST 3144.1D
3. Discussion. Accurate and timely submissions of

environmental observations are basic to the development of
oceanographic and meteorological forecasts and tactical indices
used in support of fleet operations. Since the U.S. Navy may be
committed to operations anywhere in the world, global
observations of meteorological conditions observed by its
deployed forces are required. In remote areas, particularly
over oceanic areas where environmental data are notably sparse,
weather observation data from Navy ships become particularly
vital. The minimum requirements for taking and reporting
environmental observations by Navy and Military Sealift Command
(MSC) ships are prescribed in reference (a). Additional
requirements are also promulgated in pertinent operation orders
(OPORD), plans (OPLANS), and tasking (OPTASK) orders. These
plans should be consulted to ensure ships are complying with
fleet and operational commander orders. In addition, special
weather reporting requirements by ships at sea in specific
areas, particularly where tropical cyclones or other large scale
disturbances are suspected or known to exist, will be
occasionally promulgated by the cognizant area or force
3 Aug 10
commander, or when requested by the supporting Naval Meteorology
and Oceanography Command (NAVMETOCCOM) activity.
4. Action. All U.S. Navy ships shall conduct a surface weather

observation program as directed by references (a) and (b), and
per guidelines contained in this instruction. Technical
questions which arise on matters relating to weather
observations should be referred to Mr. Tom Ross, NOAA CDMP
Program Manager, National Climatic Data Center, 151 Patton
Avenue, Asheville, North Carolina 28801. Contact by telephoning
(828) 271-4499, or E-mail at [email protected].
5. Responsibility for the Manual. Commander, Naval Meteorology

and Oceanography Command (COMNAVMETOCCOM) is responsible for
maintaining this manual. NOAA CDMP Program Manager, National
Climatic Data Center provides the necessary technical assistance
to keep the manual current with the latest observing practices
and code changes. Problems noted with this manual should be
directed to the Commanding Officer, Fleet Numerical Meteorology
and Oceanography Center, Monterey, California.
6. Report Symbols and Forms
a. Report symbol COMNAVMETOCCOM 3141/3 is assigned to the

requirement in paragraph, 1.2.3.1, Section I, Chapter 2.
b. Report symbol COMNAVMETOCCOM 3140/2DF is assigned to the

requirement in paragraph 1.2.4.1, Section I, Chapter 2.
c. COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3, referred to herein, is

available through normal supply channels; stock number 0108-LF-
019-3000.
JOHN COUSINS
Chief of Staff
Distribution:
Electronically via Naval Oceanography Administrative Portal
https://www.portal.navy.mil/cnmoc/default.aspx
and Naval Oceanography Portal
https://nop.oceanography.navy.mil/Content
2
3 Aug 10
3 Aug 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I PAGE
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-1-1
CHAPTER 2 – Observation Program Requirements. . . . .I-2-1

I.2.1 – Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-1
I.2.2 – Observation Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-1
I.2.3 – Written Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-1
1.2.4 – Maintenance of Observation Forms. . . . . . .I-2-2
I.2.5 – Entries on Observation Forms. . . . . . . . .I-2-3
I.2.6 – Quality Control of Records. . . . . . . . . .I-2-4
I.2.7 – Fleet Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-5
CHAPTER 3 – Weather Communication Procedures. . . . .I-3-1

I.3.1 – General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-1
I.3.2 – Message Classification and Minimize
Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-3-1
I.3.3 – Message Address Procedures. . . . . . . . . .I-3-1
I.3.4 – Local Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-3-2
SECTION II
CHAPTER 1 – General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-1

II.1.1 – Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-1
II.1.2 – Point of Observation. . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-1
II.1.3 – Observation Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-1-1
II.1.4 – Beginning of New Forms. . . . . . . . . . . II-1-2
II.1.5 – Ship Synoptic Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-3
Table II-1-1: Required Content of Ships Observations

Logged on COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3. .II-1-4
CHAPTER 2 – Observation Procedures and Forms Entries

Columns 1 and 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-1
II.2.1 – Column 1 Type of Observation. . . . . . . . II-2-1
II.2.2 – Column 2 Time of Observation. . . . . . . . II-2-1
Table II-2-1: Special Observation Criteria. . . . . .II-2-1
CHAPTER 3 – Observation Procedures and Forms Entries

Columns 10 and 17 Sky Condition. . . . . II-3-1
II.3.2 – Types of Clouds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-3-1
II.3.3 – Obscurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-1
II.3.4 – Observing Cloud/Obscuration Type. . . . . . II-3-2
II.3.5 – Sky Cover Amounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-3-2
i Enclosure (1)
3 Aug 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION II CHAPTER 3 Continued PAGE
II.3.6 – Determination of Layer Heights. . . . . . . .II-3-5

II.3.7 – Column 10 Sky and Ceiling Data Entry. . . . .II-3-8
II.3.8 – Column 17 Total Sky Cover Entry. . . . . . . II-3-10
Table II-3-1: Obscurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-3-11
Table II-3-2: Sky Cover Evaluation in Tenths

And in Eighths. . . . . . . . . . . . .II-3-12
Table II-3-3: Reportable Values for Layer Heights. . II-3-13
Table II-3-4: Conversion of Elevation Angles to

Layer Heights. . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-14
Table II-3-5: Balloon Ascension Rates 10-gram

Spherical/30-gram Pibal. . . . . . . . II-3-15
Table II-3-6: Approximate Height of New Forming

Cumulus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-16
Table II-3-7: Reportable Cloud Height Values. . . . .II-3-16
Table II-3-8: Criteria for Variable Ceiling. . . . . II-3-16
Table II-3-9: Cloud Height Ranges. . . . . . . . . . II-3-17
Table II-3-10: Sky Cover Contractions. . . . . . . . II-3-17
CHAPTER 4 – Observation Procedures and Form Entries

Column 7 – Visability. . . . . . . . . . .II-4-1
II.4.1 – Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-4-1
II.4.2 – Visibility Aids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-4-2
II.4.3 – Observing Visibility. . . . . . . . . . . . .II-4-3
II.4.4 – Column 7 – Prevailing Visibility. . . . . . .II-4-5
Table II-4-1: Reportable Visibility Values. . . . . .II-4-6
Table II-4-2: Distance to Objects on the Horizon

At Sea (Nautical Miles). . . . . . . . II-4-7

Columns 9 and 14 – Present Weather and
Operationally Significant Remarks. . . . .II-5-1
II.5.2 – General Observing and Reporting Requirements.II-5-1
ii Enclosure (1)
3 Aug 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
II.5.2.1 – Tornadic Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5-1

II.5.2.2 – Thunderstorm Activity. . . . . . . . . . . II-5-2
II.5.2.3 – Precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5-3
II.5.2.4 – Obstructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-5-6
II.5.2.5 – Volcanic Eruptions. . . . . . . . . . . . .II-5-9
II.5.2.6 – Other Atmospheric Phenomena. . . . . . . . II-5-10
II.5.3 – Column 9: Present Weather Entries. . . . . .II-5-10

II.5.4 – Column 14: Remarks and Supplemental Code
Data Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-5-10
Table II-5-1: Abbreviations Used for Clouds, Present

Weather, Obscuring Phenomena and
Intensity Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . II-5-12
Table II-5-2: Operationally Significant Remarks-

Column 14 Entries. . . . . . . . . . . II-5-13
Table II-5-3: Type and Frequency of Lightning. . . . II-5-14
Table II-5-4: Estimating Intensity of Precipitation

On a Rate-of-Fall Basis (Other than
Drizzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5-14
Table II-5-5: Estimating Intensity of Rain. . . . . .II-5-15
Table II-5-6: Intensity of Drizzle, Snow Grains,

Snow Pellets, or Snow with Visibility
as Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5-15
Table II-5-7: Estimating the Intensity of Ice

Pellets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5-16
Table II-5-8: Estimating the Intensity of Drizzle

On a Rate-of-Fall Basis. . . . . . . . II-5-16

Column 13, 22 and 22a – Atmospheric
Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-6-1
II-6-1 – Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-6-1
II-6-2 – Pressure Measurement Definitions. . . . . . .II-6-2
II-6-3 – Observing and Computing Pressure
Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-6-3
II-6-4 – Barometer Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . II-6-5
iii Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
II.6.5 – Column 22a: Sea-Level Pressure. . . . . . . II-6-7

II.6.6 – Column 13: Altimeter Setting. . . . . . . . II-6-8
II.6.7 – Column 22: Station Pressure. . . . . . . . .II-6-8
Table II-6-1: Conversion of Hectopascals (hPa) to

Inches of Mercury (In. Ho). . . . . . .II-6-9
Table II-6-2: Sea Level Pressure and Altimeter

Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-6-10
Table II-6-3: Pressure Altitude. . . . . . . . . . . II-6-11
Table II-6-4: Instructions for Using the Pressure

Computation Worksheet. . . . . . . . . II-6-12
Table II-6-5: Pressure Computation Worksheet. . . . .II-6-13

Column 11, 12, 20 and D – Air and Sea
Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-7-1
II.7.2 – Observation of Dry and Wet-Bulb
Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-7-1
II.7.3 – Determination of Dew Point Temperature. . . .II-7-6
II.7.4 – Relative Humidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-7-7
II.7.5 – Sea Water Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . II-7-8
II.7.6 – Column 11: Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . II-7-8
II.7.7 – Column 12: Dew Point Temperature. . . . . . II-7-9
II.7.8 – Column 20: Web-bulb Temperature. . . . . . .II-7-9
II.7.9 – Column D: Sea Water Temperature. . . . . . .II-7-9
Table II-7-1: Conversion of Fahrenheit Degrees to

Celsius Degrees. . . . . . . . . . . . II-7-9
Table II-7-2: Temperature of the Dew Point in

Degrees Fahrenheit. . . . . . . . . . .II-7-14

Columns 3, 4, 5 and 6 – Wind. . . . . . . II-8-1
II.8.2 – Observing Wind Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . II-8-1
II.8.3 – Computation of True Wind. . . . . . . . . . II-8-4
II.8.4 – Gusts, Squalls and Wind Shifts. . . . . . . II-8-6
II.8.5 – Column 3: Wind Direction. . . . . . . . . . II-8-7
II.8.6 – Column 4: Wind Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . II-8-7
iv Enclosure (1)
3 Aug 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
II.8.7 – Column 5: Wind Character. . . . . . . . . . II-8-7

II.8.8 – Column 6: Variability. . . . . . . . . . . II-8-7
Table II-8-1: Apparent Wind Speed Indicators. . . . .II-8-8
Table II-8-2: Beaufort Wind Scale1 with

Corresponding Sea State. . . . . . . . II-8-9

Column E, F and G – Sea Conditions. . . . II-9-1
II.9.2 – Wave Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-9-2
II.9.3 – Wave Observations at Night. . . . . . . . . II-9-5
II.9.4 – Column E: Sea Waves, Period and Height. . . II-9-5
II.9.5 – Columns F and G: Swell Waves, Direction,
Period and Height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-9-5
Table II-9-1: Fully Arisen Sea by Wind Speed. . . . II-9-6
Table II-9-2: Estimation of Wave Heights by Wind

Speed and Duration. . . . . . . . . . II-9-7
CHAPTER 10 – Columns A, B, C, 15 and 72 – Position,

Course, Speed, Observer’s Initials and
Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-10-1
II.10.2 – Column A: Position. . . . . . . . . . . . II-10-1
II.10.3 – Column B: Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . II-10-1
II.10.4 – Column C: Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-10-1
II.10.5 – Column 15: Observer’s Initials. . . . . . II-10-1
II.10.6 – Column 72: Remarks, Notes and
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . II-10-1
CHAPTER 11 – Observing and Reporting of Ice. . . . . II-11-1

II.11.2 – Ice Accretion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-11-1
II.11.3 – Observation of Sea Ice. . . . . . . . . . . II-11-2
II.11.4 – Ship Synoptic Code Ice Groups. . . . . . . II-11-4
SECTION III
CHAPTER 1 – Ship Synoptic Code. . . . . . . . . . . . III-1-1

III.1.1 – Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1-1
III.1.2 – Reporting Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . III-1-1
v Enclosure (1)
3 Aug 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION III CHAPTER 1 Continued PAGE
III.1.3 – Entry of Data on COMNAVMETOCCOM Form

3141/3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1-2
CHAPTER 2 – Coding of Section O Data. . . . . . . . . III-2-1

III.2.1 – Section O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-2-1
Table III-2-1: Quadrant of the Globe. . . . . . . . III-2-2
CHAPTER 3 – Coding of Section 1 Data. . . . . . . . . III-3-1

III.3.1 – Section 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-3-1
Table III-3-1: Inclusion of Present/Past Weather

Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-3-5
Table III-3-2: Height Above the Ground of the Base

Of the Lowest Cloud Layer. . . . . . III-3-6
Table III-3-3: Horizontal Visibility at Surface. . . III-3-6
Table III-3-4: Total Cloud Cover. . . . . . . . . . III-3-7
Table III-3-5: Characteristic of Pressure Tendency

During the Three Hour Preceding
The Time of Observation. . . . . . . .III-3-7
Table III-3-6: Present Weather Code Specifications

In Order of Priority. . . . . . . . . III-3-8
Table III-3-7: Past Weather Code Specifications in

Order of Priority. . . . . . . . . . III-3-20
Table III-3-8: Coding of C L Clouds. . . . . . . . . III-3-21
Table III-3-9: Coding of C M Clouds. . . . . . . . . III-3-22
Table III-3-10: Coding of C H Clouds. . . . . . . . III-3-23
CHAPTER 4 – Coding of Section 2 Data. . . . . . . . . III-4-1

III.4.1 – Section 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-4-1
Table III-4-1: True Direction of Resultant Ship’s

Displacement (Course Made Good)
During Past Three Hours. . . . . . . .III-4-4
vi Enclosure (1)
3 Aug 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION III CHAPTER 4 Continued PAGE
Table III-4-2: Ship’s Average Speed Made Good

During Three Hours Preceding the
Time of Observation. . . . . . . . . .III-4-4
Table III-4-3: Sign and Type of Sea Surface

Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . .III-4-4
Table III-4-4: Wave Height in Half-meters. . . . . . III-4-5
Table III-4-5: Ice Accretion on Ships. . . . . . . . III-4-5
Table III-4-6: Thickness of Ice Accretion in

Centimeters and Inches. . . . . . . . III-4-6
Table III-4-7: Rate of Ice Accretion on Ships. . . . III-4-7
Table III-4-8: Sign and Type of Wet-Bulb

Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . .III-4-7
Table III-4-9: Concentration or Arrangement of

Sea Ice in Priority Order. . . . . . .III-4-8
Table III-4-10: Stage of Development of Sea Ice

In Priority Order. . . . . . . . . . III-4-9
Table III-4-11: Ice of Land Origin in Priority

Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-4-9
Table III-4-12: True Bearing of Principal Ice Edge . III-4-10
Table III-4-13: Present Ice Situation and Trend of

Conditions Over Preceding 3-Hours
In Priority Order. . . . . . . . . . III-4-10
APPENDIX A – Index for Data Groups in the Ship

Synoptic Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
A.1 – Date and Time/Wind Information Group. . . . . . . A-1

A.2 – Latitude Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
A.3 – Quadrant/Longitude Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
A.4 – General Meteorological Information Group. . . . . A-1
A.5 – Sky Cover and Wind Data Groups. . . . . . . . . . A-2
A.6 – Air Temperature Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
A.7 – Dew Point Temperature Group. . . . . . . . . . . A-2
A.8 – Sea Level Pressure Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
vii Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
APPENDIX A Continued PAGE
A.9 – Pressure Change Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

A.10 – Present/Past Weather Group. . . . . . . . . . . A-3
A.11 – Cloud Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
A.12 – Actual Time of Observation Group. . . . . . . . A-3
A.13 – Direction and Speed of Ship Group. . . . . . . . A-3
A.14 – Sea Water Temperature Group. . . . . . . . . . . A-4
A.15 – Wind Wave Data Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
A.16 – Direction of Primary/Secondary Swell Wave
Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
A.17 – Primary Swell Wave Data Group. . . . . . . . . . A-5
A.18 – Secondary Swell Wave Data Group. . . . . . . . . A-5
A.19 – Ice Accretion Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
A.20 – Wet-Bulb Temperature Group. . . . . . . . . . . A-5
A.21 – Ice Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
APPENDIX B – Index for Data Columns in Part I

Surface Weather Observation
(COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3). . . . . . . B-1
B.1 – Type of Observation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

B.2 – Date and Time of Observation. . . . . . . . . . . B-1
B.3 – Wind Direction, Speed, Gusts and Variability. . . B-1
B.4 – Visibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
B.5 – Present Weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
B.6 – Sky Condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
B.7 – Temperature, Dew Point and Web-Bulb. . . . . . . B-2
B.8 – Remarks and Supplemental Coded Data. . . . . . . B-3
B.9 – Pressure – Altimeter, Station and Sea Level. . . B-3
B.10 – Observers Initials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3
B.11 – Sky Cover Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3
B.12 – Ship’s Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3
B.13 – Ship’s Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
B.14 – Ship’s Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
B.15 – Sea Water Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
B.16 – Sea (Wind) Waves, Period and Height. . . . . . . B-4
B.17 – Swell Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
B.18 – Remarks, Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
viii Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
SECTION I - CHAPTER 1
I.0. INTRODUCTION
I.1.1. General. This manual establishes standard instructions

for observing, logging, and encoding surface weather data for
all U.S. Navy commissioned vessels except submarines. The
manual is designed for use by both Aerographer's Mate (AG) and
Quartermaster (QM) personnel. This instruction incorporates
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) observation requirements
for encoding the FM 13 SHIP code.
I.1.2. Organization of Manual
I.1.2.1. Section Contents. Each section is designed to cover

encoding or observing procedures for an element or common group
of elements.
a. Section I contains general observation program guidance

for taking, encoding and transmitting data.
b. Section II contains instructions and information for

observing individual elements or groups of common elements of an
observation for each column of Part I of COMNAVMETOCCOM Report
3141/3.
c. Section III contains guidance for encoding observed data

from each column of Part I to Part II of COMNAVMETOCCOM Report
3141/3. Code tables to support an element or group(s) are
contained in the back of each chapter.
I.1.2.2. Application of Instructions. When instructions in a

paragraph are not applicable to all observing personnel the
paragraph is identified by either (AG) when applicable to
Aerographer's Mates only or with (QM) when applicable to
Quartermasters only. Notes are provided to explain
applicability when necessary.
a. Mandatory Requirements. Paragraphs stating a regulation

or procedure that are not marked by (AG) or (QM) apply to all
observers.
b. Optional Use. Paragraphs designated as not applicable

to an observer may be used by that observer to meet special
operational needs or tasks as long as:
(1) The data can be properly observed and encoded.
I-1-1 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
(2) The instructions call for additional or more precise

data than already required (never less).
I-1-2 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
I.2. OBSERVATION PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
I.2.1. Purpose. U.S. Navy ships are required to take and

transmit surface weather observations to satisfy a variety of
needs.
I.2.2. Observation Equipment. All environmental observations

taken by U.S. Navy ships shall be obtained using authorized
equipment described in NAVMETOCCOMINST 13950.1L.
I.2.3. Written Records. All ships at sea are required to take

regular observations unless exempted by competent authority.
The written record of weather encountered by the ship provides a
legal record for use in investigations of accidents and mishaps.
It also serves as a convenient log for data disseminated within
the ship. Additionally, the forms are permanently archived.
They provide an invaluable historical record of weather data for
uses such as developing climatology publications and data bases.
a. Where ships are steaming in company or in close

proximity (generally within 10-nautical miles), the Officer in
Tactical Command (OTC) may designate one of the ships to report
observations for the group.
b. Ships in port are required to continue regular weather

observing and reporting unless there is a nearby U.S. manned
weather reporting activity which meets existing reporting
requirements. In port, weather guard ship arrangements may be
utilized for groups of ships at the discretion of the Senior
Officer Present Afloat (SOPA).
c. When a ship is exempted by competent authority from

taking observations, make a notation in the remarks section of
the Meteorological Records Transmittal Form, COMNAVMETOCCOM
3140/2DF, Part B. Indicate the authority who exempted your unit
from taking observations, the designated guard ship(s) and
effective dates/times exempted (i.e., IAW CTF FOUR ONE 221345Z
NOV 96 USS SAGINAW (LST-1188) DESIGNATED WX GUARD SHIP EFFECTIVE
0001Z 23 NOV TO 2359Z 29 NOV 96).
I.2.3.1. Observation Form. All ships taking surface weather

observations will use COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3, available
through the Naval Supply System, FSN 0108-LF-019-3000. The form
is designed for use by all observers. There are two sections to
this form, one for the recording of hourly (and special)
I-2-1 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
observations and the other for recording of three and six hourly
encoded synoptic weather observations.
I.2.3.1.1. Part I - Ship Observation Code. This format is

designed to support both surface and aviation requirements with
additional ship and sea data columns. The World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) FM-15 (METAR) and FM-16 (SPECI) formats are
used to record all surface weather observations taken. Ship
aviation observations are taken and encoded for local
dissemination (via phone, radio, message transmittal, etc.) to
departments within the ship, to aircraft operating from the
ships' deck, to other ships and aircraft in the operating area,
and to shore activities supporting fleet operations. This data
is also used to provide weather data for accident and mishap
investigations.
I.2.3.1.2. Part II Ship Synoptic Code. The second part of

COMNAVMETOCCOM 3141/3 is formatted to encode the WMO FM-13
(SHIP) synoptic code. Data is encoded in Part II from observed
data recorded in Part I, with some additional observed data
required. Part II is encoded for dissemination via naval
message.
I.2.3.1.3. Column Organization. Each code (ship observation,

ship synoptic) is divided into numbered columns. These columns
are divided to contain specific observed elements or portions of
observed elements, each element can then be identified by a
column number. Part II contains all columns of the WMO FM-13
(SHIP) synoptic code, although not all columns will require an
entry by Navy observing personnel.
I.2.3.1.4. Column Applicability. There are minor observation

requirements placed on Aerographer's Mates (AG) and
Quartermasters (QM); therefore, not all columns will always
require an entry. Some columns require an entry in certain
types of observations and other columns require an entry only
when an element is observed to be present.
I.2.4. Maintenance of Observation Forms. An original and one

duplicate of each day's observations are required. The
duplicate may be a rewritten copy, a carbon copy, or a suitable
photo copy of the original size form. The duplicate should be
retained for a minimum of six months, or per the ship's records
retention program.
I.2.4.1. Mailing of Observation Forms. Original observation

forms (and barograph charts for ships with barographs) are
I-2-2 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
mailed to: NOAA CDMP Program Manager, National Climatic Data

Center, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, North Carolina 28801-5014.
The Meteorological Records Transmittal Form, COMNAVMETOCCOM
3140/2DF (Rev 4/95), FSN 0108-LF-005-0700, available through the
Navy Supply System, is to be utilized when sending observation
records to National Climatic Data Center, Asheville. The
previous month’s records shall be packed and mailed by the fifth
day of the next month, or as soon as possible thereafter. There
is no requirement to submit the Meteorological Records
Transmittal Form on a monthly basis. The form is used only to
forward observation forms filled out during underway periods.
a. Packing for Mailing. Complete instructions for packing

and assembling records for mailing are contained within
COMNAVMETOCCOM 3140/2DF and shall be followed. Pack the forms
and charts flat (do not fold or roll the forms). These records
are photocopied to provide weather data for litigation,
research, and data base development. Folded or rolled forms
degrade the quality of the records and causes extreme problems
during processing for permanent archival.
b. Record Classification and Mailing. Unclassified

observation records should be sent by first class mail. All
classified records shall be properly packed, properly marked,
contain downgrading instructions, and mailed per SECNAV
M-5510.36.
I.2.5. Entries on Observation Form. All entries should be made

with a black lead pencil (No. 2).
a. Legibility of Entries. COMNAVMETOCCOM 3141/3 form is an

official document and is the primary record of weather
encountered by the ship. All entries must be neat and legible.
Avoid write overs and partial erasures that confuse the
legibility of the data entered. It is recommended that a folder
or board be devised to protect the form between observations.
b. Corrections Made Before Dissemination. Corrections may

be made by erasure of the erroneous data only if the data has
not been disseminated by any means (phone, radio, message
transmittal, etc.). Erase the erroneous data from all copies of
the form and enter the correct data in black. (Note: When a
carbon copy of the form is made, care must be taken to prevent
carbon smudges on the duplicate copy. In such cases, it is
advisable to insert a piece of paper or cardboard between the
carbon and second copy of the form when erasing data from the
original.
I-2-3 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
c. Corrections made in Part I after Dissemination. If an

error is discovered in encoded data after it has been
disseminated by any means, the erroneous data may not be erased.
Correct the error with a red pencil by drawing a line through
the error and entering the correct data above it or on the next
line. If space is insufficient, enter the correction in Column
14 with appropriate identification; e.g., SLPRES 969. When
possible, disseminate a correction immediately after detecting
an error in the transmitted data. Use the same dissemination
given the erroneous report. Do not send a correction if the
data in error has been updated by a later report with the same
or greater dissemination. If a correction is disseminated,
enter "COR" in Column 14 followed by the time (to the nearest
minute UTC) the correction was disseminated.
d. Corrections Made in Part II after Dissemination. If an

error is discovered in encoded data in the Ship Synoptic Message
after it has been transmitted, the erroneous data may not be
erased. Correct the error with a red pencil by drawing a line
through the error and entering the correct data above it or on
the next line. If space is insufficient, enter the correction
in Column 72 with an appropriate identification; e.g., Nddff
12315. When possible, disseminate a corrected message
immediately after detecting an error in a transmitted report.
Use the same dissemination given in the erroneous report. When
a correction is disseminated, enter "COR" in Column 72 followed
by the time of the synoptic observation in question, and the
time (to the nearest minute Universal Coordinated Time (UTC))
the corrected message was disseminated.
e. Verification of Disseminated Data. Exercise care to

avoid disseminating incorrect data. Check all messages prior to
dissemination. Recheck the observation and compare it to the
disseminated data.
I.2.6. Quality Control of Records. The accuracy and

completeness of entries encoded in both the Ship Observations
and Ship Synoptic formats is important to all users of the data.
On scene, the safety of ship and aviation operations depends on
the accuracy of the observation. The accuracy of the encoded
observation your unit transmits directly contributes to the
accuracy of weather analyses, forecasts and warnings your ship
receives.
a. Responsibility for Quality. The individual taking the

observation is ultimately responsible for the accuracy of the
recorded elements. As manpower permits, observations should be
I-2-4 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
rechecked by another qualified member of the watch team as soon

as possible after the observation is recorded. Personnel should
not be utilized to check the month’s observations before mailing
for the sole purpose of submitting perfect records.
b. Observations. When observations are received at the

Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center
(FLENUMMETOCCEN), Monterey, California, they are stored,
processed, and redistributed to other DoD activities and civil
agencies. During processing, the report receives a vigorous
format and environmental data quality check. Observations are
stored for approximately 10-days and used by various models,
tailored data products, and servers in addition to being
provided to the National Climatic Data Center, Ashville, North
Carolina.
I.2.7. Fleet Support. When problems arise with observing

equipment (barometer, barograph, anemometer, etc.) that cannot
be solved by ship's personnel, assistance may be requested from
the nearest NAVMETOCCOM activity outlined in NAVMETOCCOMINST
3140.1L (U.S. Navy Oceanographic and Meteorological Support
Manual). Ships are encouraged to schedule visits to NAVMETOCCOM
shore activities where additional training on observing
techniques and procedures may be obtained.
I-2-5 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
I.3. WEATHER COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES
I.3.1. General. The timely transmission of weather data

provides near real time information which is used immediately by
NAVMETOCCOM Centers for the production of weather analysis,
enroute and aviation weather forecasts (WEAX/AVWX), optimum
track ship routing (OTSR), fleet operating area (OPAREA)
forecasts and weather warnings.
I.3.2. Message Classification and Minimize Procedures
a. Security requirements and wartime communications

doctrine on message classification, downgrading/declassification
instructions, and message transmission under MINIMIZE conditions
are contained in NTP 3 and NWP 4. Weather observations are
considered significant and should be transmitted during MINIMIZE
when the following conditions exist:
(1) Wind speeds in excess of 25 knots.
(2) Sea state of 12-feet or greater.
(3) Moderate or heavy precipitation.
(4) Pressure change of 3 millibars or greater within the

past 3 hours (Reported only if ship is anchored).
(5) Visibility less than 1 mile.
(6) Oceanographic observations as dictated by current

operations.
(7) Volcanic activity producing volcanic ash.
b. Special care must be taken to properly classify

observations. Most observations are classified due to location
information. Declassification may be possible within days or
weeks after the observation date. Fleet OPORDS should be
consulted for proper observation declassification instructions.
I.3.3. Message Address Procedures. Ships (USN, USNS, U.S. non-

Navy) reporting environmental observations should report hourly
and/or at a minimum, six hourly observations (three hourly per
the criteria specified in PARA 1.3.2 above) via the Joint
I-3-1 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
Observations Submission Portlet (J-OBS) on SIPRNET at

http://portal.fnmoc.navy.smil.mil/j-obs_portlet/index.html.
If SIPRNET is not available or conveniently accessible then
environmental observations shall be reported every six hours
(every three-hours per the criteria specified in PARA 1.3.2
above) following normal Naval message transmission procedures to
the PLADs based on upon the operating area a ship is in as
described below. Ships should also consult fleet OPORDS which
address theater-wide message addressee requirements.
a. OCEANO WEST: PLADS below should be used to transmit

observations reported in the North Pacific, South Pacific,
Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean, including associated seas and
basins; all areas south of 60S, and surrounding land areas.
TO: NAVMARFCSTCCEN PEARL HARBOR HI

FLENUMMETOCCEN DATA MONTEREY CA
AFWA OFFUTT AFB NE
b. OCEANO EAST: PLADS below should be used to transmit

observations reported in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic,
Gulf of Mexico, Norwegian, Baltic, North, Red, Black,
Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, the Great Lakes, all areas
east of 92W in the Pacific and east to 100E in the Kara Sea,
and surrounding land areas.
TO: AVMARFCSTCEN NORFOLK VA//30//

FLENUMMETOCCEN DATA MONTEREY CA//DATA//
AFWA OFFUTT AFB NE//WFO//
Special Instructions. Ships are to INFO NAVICECEN SUITLAND MD

on observations taken in Polar regions (greater than 60
degrees).
I.3.4. Local Transmission. The dissemination of surface

weather observation reports within the ship or to other military
forces in the operating area, are dictated by ship Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP), fleet OPORD or OPTASK orders.
Observation data is invaluable information used by the cognizant
task group and/or staff oceanographer(s) to develop briefings
and to issue forecasts and warnings. They also provide input
essential to support fleet weapons systems, aircraft operations,
boating, diving, search and rescue operations, and other
shipboard evolutions.
I-3-2 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
SECTION II - CHAPTER 1
II.1. GENERAL
II.1.1. Introduction. This section contains instructions for

entering observed data for each of the columns in Part I of
COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3. Each column contains a specific
element or related elements of the observation. The ship
observation code is a standardized format which satisfies Navy
weather observation requirements.
As explained in Section I, Chapter 2, paragraph 1.2, the

observation becomes the legal record of the weather encountered
by Navy ships on a scheduled and unscheduled basis. The data
collected for each observation is used by many departments
within the ship. Boating, vertical and fixed wing aircraft
operations from the ship's flight deck, and other special
evolutions, require routine weather observation data. Prompt
notification of significant changes in the weather is therefore
vital to an evolution's safe accomplishment.
II.1.2. Point of Observation. Observations should be taken

from as many points as necessary to give an entire view of the
horizon and celestial dome.
II.1.2.1. Preparation for Night Observations. When observing

at night, the observer should wear darkness adaptation goggles
or glasses for a period of 10 to 15-minutes prior to the
observation. This will allow the observer's eyes to become
accustomed to darkness. Allow as much time outdoors as
practical to ensure that complete adaptation to darkness is made
before determining if any weather is occurring or any
obstruction to vision is present.
II.1.3. Observation Types. The classification of observation

types are described below. The required elements to be observed
for each observation type are detailed in Table II-1-1.
II.1.3.1. Routine Observations (METAR). Routine (METAR)

weather observations are taken each hour. Required elements are
observed within the 15-minutes preceding the hour.
II.1.3.2. Special Observations (SPECI). Special observations

(SPECI) are taken to report significant changes in weather
elements that affect aircraft operations. Special observations
can be taken to report changes in conditions significant to the
II-1-1 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
ship's operations. They are also taken to record the weather

conditions at the time of a significant event as listed below:
a. Aircraft mishap.
b. Collision at sea.
c. Man overboard.
d. Other incidents or occurrences specified in the Ships

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), or in the opinion of the
observer or other competent authority (i.e., CO, NAV, OOD,
etc.), requires a written record of weather conditions at the
time.
II.1.4. Beginning of New Forms. A new COMNAVMETOCCOM Form

3141/3 will be started at 0001 Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)
each day. The 2355-2359 observation will be the first
observation of the new day. If Part I of the form is filled in
before the day is over, continue logging observations on a new
form. Ensure the second form's heading is filled out
completely. Continue to make entries in column 90 and Part II
on the first form. The following section gives instructions on
entering general information necessary for entry on each
COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3.
II.1.4.1. Form Heading. The heading consists of six parts, the

date, month, and year, ship's callsign, ship's name, and the
rate of the observer.
a. Date - Enter the date in UTC, i.e., the date will change
at 0001 (UTC) when a new form is started (DD).
b. Month - Enter the month as a three letter abbreviation

(APR, AUG, etc.) (MMM).
c. Year - Enter the four digits of the year (YYYY).
d. Call Sign - Enter the ship's four letter call sign

(DDDD).
e. USS or USNS - Enter the ship's full name, ship type and
hull number on each form used.
f. Aerographers Mate (AG)/Quartermaster (QM) - Check the

appropriate box for the rating of the personnel taking the

3 Aug 10
observations. Check "OTHER" box if MSC personnel are taking the

observation.
g. Observer's Initials - The initials of the qualified

observer responsible for taking the observation is entered in
column 15 of the form. Observer qualifications are to be
completed and documented in applicable Personnel Qualification
Standards (PQS) or other local job qualification requirements
(JQR).
II.1.5. Ship Synoptic Code. The WMO FM-13 (SHIP) code is

routinely encoded for message transmission at the standard
synoptic hours of 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and 1800Z. Additional
observation reports are transmitted at asynoptic hours of 0300Z,
0900Z, 1500Z, and 2100Z, per this instruction, applicable fleet
operation orders (OPORD), operational tasking (OPTASK) orders,
or at the discretion of the unit when unusual or significant
weather phenomena are encountered. Transmission precedence
assigned to these messages is per NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1L.
Complete instructions for encoding a synoptic weather report are
contained in Section III.

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-1-1

3 Aug 10
II.2. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES AND FORM ENTRIES - Columns 1 and 2
II.2.1. Column 1 - Type of Observation. Enter the two letter

designator for type of observation taken.
a. ME - Routine Observation (METAR).
b. SP - Special Observation (SPECI).
c. LO – Local Observation (LOCAL)
II.2.2. Column 2 - Time of Observation. Enter the time in four

digits for hours and minutes UTC (e.g., 1955).
a. Time of a Routine Observation (METAR). Enter the time

the last element of the observation was observed (usually
pressure). This time will be within five minutes prior to the
hour for which the observation is taken, i.e., minutes 55 thru
59, never 00. Note that all the elements of a record
observation will begin within the 15-minutes of the hour for
which the observation is taken. Enter ME in Column 1 but when
transmitted, encode METAR.
b. Time of a Special Observation (SPECI). Enter the time

the weather event occurred or was first observed to be occurring
that required the observation to be taken. Refer to Table II-2-
1 for special observation requirements. Enter SP in Column 1
but when transmitted, encode SPECI.
c. Time of a Local Observation (LOCAL). Enter the time the

local observation is recorded between 00 and 54 minutes past the
hour, the actual time entered is the time that the element
requiring the observation to be taken is observed (ie ½ hourlies
during flight operations are done at 30 minutes past the hour).
TABLE II-2-1
SPECIAL OBSERVATION CRITERIA

CEILING
The ceiling is observed to form or dissipate below, decrease
to less than or, if below, increase to equal or exceed:
3,000, 1,500, 1,000, 500, or the lowest standard instrument
approach procedure minimum as published. If none published,
use 200-feet.

3 Aug 10
SKY CONDITION
A layer of clouds or obscurations aloft is observed below
1,000-feet and no layer aloft was reported below 1,000-feet in
the preceding METAR or SPECI observation.
VISIBILITY
Prevailing visibility in nautical miles is observed to
decrease to less than or, if below, increases to equal or
exceed: 3, 2, 1-mile, or the lowest standard instrument
approach procedure minimum as published. If none published,
use 1/2 mile.
TORNADO, FUNNEL CLOUD, or WATERSPOUT
Is observed or disappears from sight.
THUNDERSTORM
Begins. A SPECI is required at the first occurrence that
thunder is heard. If flight operations are in progress and/or
aircraft are turning on the flight deck making a noise great
enough to restrict audible thunder, report a thunderstorm to
be occurring at the first sight of lightning. NOTE: A SPECI
is not required to report the beginning of a new thunderstorm
if one is currently reported as in progress at the station.
Ends (15 minutes after last occurrence of criteria for a
thunderstorm).
AIRCRAFT MISHAP
Upon notification of an Aircraft Mishap unless there has been
an intervening observation.
WIND SHIFT
Any wind direction change of 45-degrees or more in less than
15-minutes and the sustained wind speed is 10 knots or more
throughout the wind shift.
PRECIPITATION
Hail begins, ends or 3/4 inch or greater is observed.
Freezing precipitation begins, ends, or changes in intensity.
Ice Pellets begin, end, or change in intensity.
Any other type of precipitation begins or ends.
Note: Except for freezing rain, freezing drizzle, hail, and
ice pellets, a Special is not required for changes in type
(e.g., drizzle changing to snow grains) or the
beginning/ending of one type while another is in progress
(e.g., snow changing to rain and snow).
SQUALLS. When squalls occur.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION. When eruption is first noted.
MISCELLANEOUS. Any other meteorological situation which, in
the opinion of the observer, is critical to the safety of
aircraft operations.

3 Aug 10
II.3. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES AND FORM ENTRIES - Columns 10 and

17 SKY CONDITION
II.3.1. Introduction. This section contains instructions on

observing the condition of the sky and making entries on
COMNAVMETOCCOM 3141/3 form, Columns 10 and 17. Instructions and
code tables for encoding sky condition in the synoptic report
are contained in Section III. The sky condition consists of
clouds and obscurations (aloft and at the surface), type, amount
of coverage (total and individual layer), and height of each
layer above the sea surface.
II.3.2. Type of Clouds
a. Clouds are divided into three levels; low, middle, and

high, based on height. There are basically two forms of clouds,
stratiform and cumuliform. These levels appear at different
heights in different latitude regions.
(1) Stratiform clouds consist of low clouds (stratus,

stratocumulus), mid clouds (altostratus and nimbostratus) and
high clouds (cirrostratus).
(2) Cumuliform clouds consist of low clouds (cumulus,

cumulonimbus, and stratocumulus), mid clouds (altocumulus) and
high clouds (cirrocumulus). Stratocumulus has characteristics
of both stratus and cumulus clouds. Cirrus, a high cloud, does
not fit into either form.
II.3.3. Obscurations. Obscurations can either be aloft or at

the surface. Definitions of obscurations are covered in Section
II, Chapter 5. Types of obscurations are listed in Figure II-
3.1. Any layer of obscurations aloft which covers 1/8 or more
of the sky is considered in sky condition. Surface based
obscurations and those within 50-feet of the surface which are
obscuring 1/8 or more of the sky, are also reported as in sky
condition with a height of 000.
II.3.3.1. Obscurations Aloft. Includes haze, dust, and smoke.

Hydrometers (liquid or frozen water particles falling through or
suspended in the atmosphere) are never classified as
obscurations aloft. Precipitation falling from a cloud but not
reaching the surface (virga) is considered as part of the cloud
the precipitation is falling from.

3 Aug 10
II.3.3.2. Surface Based Obscurations. Includes fog, haze,

dust, blowing dust, sand, snow, and spray. Precipitation
reaching the surface often obstructs part of the sky. When fog
lifts (dissipates at the surface) leaving a low layer of clouds
such as stratus fractus, the layer is a cloud, not fog aloft.
II.3.4. Observing Cloud/Obscuration Type. The type of cloud or

obscuration is determined visually by using Figure II-3.2 and
Tables II-3-2 and II-3-8, or through the observer's experience.
Once the form of the cloud is determined (Stratiform or
Cumuliform), the height of the cloud will determine the type
(low, middle (Alto) or high (cirro)). Most of the small, well-
defined and regularly arranged elements of Altocumulus will
usually have an apparent width between one and five degrees
(disregarding detached elements generally seen on the edges).
The cloud is generally considered as Stratocumulus if the width
of elements is greater than five degrees, and as Cirrocumulus,
if the width is less than one degree. When the arm is held
extended, one and five degrees are approximately the width of
the little finger and the width of three fingers, respectively.
II.3.5. Sky Cover Amounts. Sky cover amounts are determined

for the following:
a. Total sky, covered by all obscurations and all clouds.

This total is placed in Column 17.
b. Total sky, covered by all clouds for inclusion in the

ship synoptic code as N. Ignore obscurations aloft and surface
based obscurations that do not cover a full 8/8 of the sky.
c. Layer amounts using the Summation Principle. The amount

of the lowest layer to the nearest 1/8 sky cover. The summation
amounts of the layers above the lowest layer are determined for
each layer present. The summation amount of the second layer is
the amount of the lowest layer plus the amount of the second
layer that is visible. Each successively higher layer is
totaled by adding the summation total of the layer below it,
plus the amount of that layer that is visible. No layer can be
assigned a sky cover less than a lower layer, and no sky cover
can be greater than 8/8.
(1) The summation layer amount is determined for each

layer present in column 10.
(2) The summation total of all low clouds (the summation

amount of the highest layer of low clouds) is determined for

3 Aug 10
inclusion as Nh in the ship synoptic code. If no low clouds are

present, this will be the summation total of all middle clouds
(the summation amount of the highest layer of middle clouds).
II.3.5.1. Determining Sky Cover Amounts. Estimate the amount

of sky cover on the basis of experience and using the following
methods as a guide.
a. In order to develop experience in determining sky cover

amounts, mentally divide the sky into halves or quarters and
estimate the amounts in each section. The sections should be
selected to suit the prevailing sky condition, and the amount of
each layer is estimated by supposing the clouds present in the
layer to be brought together into a continuous sheet.
b. During darkness, consider the sky to be clear if stars

are plainly visible in all sections and no cloud or obscuration
is observed. When the stars are dimmed, the dimming is evidence
of the presence of cloud or obscuration and will be of
assistance in determining the amount and opacity of the layer.
Reflection (sky glow) from a city or other lights may be useful
in estimating the amount of low cloud layers.
c. To estimate the amount of an advancing (or receding)

layer, determine the angular elevation above the horizon of the
forward or rear edge of the layer as seen against the sky. If
available, use a theodolite or clinometer to help gain
experience in estimating vertical angles. Convert the angle to
a sky cover amount using Table II-3-1. When the layer does not
extend to the horizon, determine the angular elevation of the
forward and rear edges and the tenths of sky cover corresponding
to each elevation angle. The difference will equal the actual
sky cover. For example:
Forward edge, 78° 4/10

Rear edge, 53° 2/10
Difference (actual sky cover) 2/10
d. When a continuous layer surrounds the station and

extends to the horizon, determine the angular elevation of the
edge, and convert it to a sky cover amount using Table II-3-1.
This method is most useful in determining the amount of sky
hidden for a partly obscured condition. For clouds, such a
distribution is very infrequent and the tables serve only as a
guide in estimating amounts during situations that approach this
configuration.

3 Aug 10
e. In sky cover evaluations, cumuliform clouds tend to

produce a "packing effect" when the sides and tops are visible,
appearing more numerous toward the horizon. Do not make
allowance for the packing effect in determining sky cover
amounts. Estimate the layer sky cover on the basis of the
amount of sky actually covered including the sky covered by both
the base and sides of the clouds).
f. Interconnection of Layers. When clouds formed by the

horizontal extension of swelling Cumulus or Cumulonimbus are
attached to a parent cloud, they are regarded as a separate
layer only if their bases appear horizontal and at a different
level than the base of the parent cloud. Otherwise, the entire
cloud system is regarded as a single layer at a height
corresponding to that of the base of the parent cloud.
II.3.5.2. Evaluation of Sky Cover Amounts. Evaluate sky cover

amounts as follows, beginning with the lowest layer and
proceeding in ascending order of height. All clouds are
considered opaque.
a. Estimate the amount of sky cover for the lowest layer

present. Remarks elaborating on surface-based partial
obscurations follow the format and order of entry for
obscurations aloft, but are assigned a height of "000" (i.e., FG
FEW000). Consider a trace of cloud as 1/8th when it is the
lowest layer.
b. For each additional layer of sky cover present above the

lowest layer, estimate the amount of sky cover for the
individual layer summation sky cover, and the summation total
sky cover.
II.3.5.3. Sky Cover Classifications for Ship Observations. The

terms used to reflect the degree of cloudiness or sky coverage
in sky condition evaluations.
a. Sky Clear (SKC). An abbreviation used to describe the

absence of layers of clouds or other obscurations.
b. Few (FEW). A sky cover of 1/8 to 2/8, based on a

summation of sky cover at and below the level of a layer aloft.
c. Scattered (SCT). A sky cover of 3/8 through 4/8, based

on a summation of sky cover at and below the level of a layer
aloft.

3 Aug 10
d. Broken (BKN). A sky cover of 5/8 through less than 8/8

based on a summation of sky cover at and below the level of a
layer aloft. More than 7/8 but less than 8/8 is considered as
7/8 for reporting purposes.
e. Overcast (OVC). A sky cover of 8/8 based on a summation

of sky cover at and below the level of a layer aloft.
II.3.5.4. Determination of Ceiling Layer. In conjunction with

the determination of sky cover amounts, evaluate the sky
condition for the existence of a ceiling. The ceiling is
defined as the height ascribed to the lowest broken or overcast
layer, or the vertical visibility into surface-based
obscuration. Surface based obscurations can have their heights
determined by the following methods:
a. The height of visible portions of nearby ships or land

mass of known height.
b. The vertical distance the observer can see upward into

an obscuration, based on experience and visual estimates when
other guidelines are not available or are considered unreliable.
c. The top of a ceiling light beam, or the height at which

a balloon completely disappears.
d. The maximum vertical height above the sea within 15

minutes of the actual time of observation at which a pilot can
discern the surface. The height value should not be used if, in
the judgment of the observer, it is not representative of
conditions over the ship.
II.3.6. Determination of Layer Heights. Determine the height

for each layer aloft and for the vertical visibility into
surface based obscurations which totally obscures the sky. A
height value is not determined for a partly obscured layer. Use
the most accurate and reliable method available (ceiling light,
balloon, pilot report, etc.). Determine height data in feet
above the sea surface to the nearest reportable value as
specified in Table II-3-2.
II.3.6.1. Ceiling Light Evaluations. If available for use, the

following instructions summarize procedures for use of a ceiling
light projector and clinometer in determining height data at
night.

3 Aug 10
a. Stand at the established point of observation for the

baseline in use. For a layer aloft, note the location of the
lowest portion of the spot of light on the base of the layer
(the remainder of the spot or beam of light represents
penetration of the layer). For a surface-based layer, the
apparent top of the beam of light may serve as a guide in
estimating vertical visibility. Multiple layers may be
noticeable by the appearance of two or more spots at different
levels.
b. Allow the clinometer pendant to swing freely, and sight

through the clinometer. Center the intersection of the cross-
hair on the brightest portion of the light beam spot (for a
layer aloft) or on the upper limit of the light beam penetration
(for a totally obscured condition).
c. When the pendant has come to rest, lock it in position

without moving the clinometer.
d. Read the indicated angle to at least the nearest whole

degree and release the pendant clutch.
e. Obtain a minimum of three angular readings and determine

the average.
f. Refer to the table appropriate for the baseline used and

determine the equivalent height value for the average angular
reading.
II.3.6.2. Preparation of Sky Cover Height Tables. For a

ceiling light, using Table II-3-3 as a guide, prepare tables of
elevation angles and equivalent height values for each baseline
established for use. Include appropriate identification data
for subsequent reference purposes; i.e., length of baseline and
ceiling light elevation above the sea surface.
a. Compute tabular values for ceiling light baselines on

the basis of h = (b) (tan - ); where 'b' is the baseline, " - "
is the angular reading, and "h" is the sky cover height value.
(See Table II-3-3 for angles and the respective tangents).
b. Algebraically add the difference between the height of

the observation site and sea level to each tabular value.
c. Round each of the sums to the nearest reportable height

increment contained in Table II-3-2.

3 Aug 10
II.3.6.3. Balloon Height Evaluations. On ships equipped for

balloon inflation, ceiling or pilot balloons can often be
utilized to obtain sky cover height data when the ceiling height
is estimated or known to be 2,000-feet or less and the presence
of Nimbostratus or other stratiform cloud layers makes
estimation difficult.
a. Release balloons at a frequency dictated by operational

need and consistent with changes in ceiling height which have
occurred since the last ceiling determination was made,
particularly in relation to special and local observation
criteria.
b. The following instructions summarize the steps involved

in obtaining balloon height estimates.
(1) Choose the appropriate color of balloon. Red

balloons are usually preferable with thin clouds; blue or black
balloons should be used under other conditions.
(2) Watch the balloon continuously and determine, with a

stop watch (or any watch having a second hand), the length of
time that elapses between release of the balloon and entry into
the base of the layer. Consider the point of entry as midway
between the time the balloon first begins to fade and the time
of complete disappearance for layers aloft. Use the point at
which the balloon disappeared as a guide in estimating the
vertical visibility in a totally obscured condition.
(3) Using Table II-3-4 (or a locally prepared table),

determine the height above the point of observation
corresponding to the nearest 5 seconds of elapsed ascent time.
(4) Algebraically add to the tabular value the

difference between the height of the observation site and the
sea surface, and round off the result to the nearest reportable
height increment. (NOTE: This step is not applicable to
locally prepared tables in which the tabular values have been
corrected for the difference in elevation).
c. The relative accuracy of height data obtained by balloon

may be adversely affected by conditions such as those indicated
below and, therefore, data must be used with caution.
(1) The balloon rate of ascent is significantly reduced

by rain and wet snow, hail, ice pellets, and freezing rain, and
at night when a light is attached.

3 Aug 10
(2) Strong winds with poor horizontal visibility may

result in too low an indication of height. The large horizontal
movement of the balloon in flight and the reduced visibility may
make it appear that the balloon entered the cloud before it
actually did so.
(3) Entry into an unrepresentative portion of the cloud

base, or through a break in the layer, may result in inaccurate
height evaluations. If time allows, another balloon should be
released in an attempt to hit the cloud base.
II.3.6.4. Estimation of Cloud Heights. When cloud heights

cannot be determined by ceiling light, ceiling balloon or pilot
report, they must be visually estimated using the experience of
the observer, following the guides below.
a. The apparent size of cloud elements, rolls or features

visible in the layer. Large rolls or elements usually indicate
that the layer is relatively low while small rolls or elements
usually indicate that the layer is relatively high.
b. Reflection of city or other lights at night may serve

not only to indicate the presence of a layer but may be useful
as a guide in estimating its height.
c. Persistence of a layer height previously classified as

measured will aid in estimation and build observer confidence in
estimations.
d. Use Table II-3-5 to aid in estimating the height of new

forming cumulus. This table uses the difference between the air
temperature and the dew point temperature. The table assumes
the cumulus is being formed by active surface convection in the
vicinity of the ship (not frontal activity). The table should
not be used when the surface temperature is below freezing due
to the difficulties inherent in the accurate determination of
the dew point at low temperatures.
II.3.7. Column 10 - Sky and Ceiling Data Entry.
a. Enter sky cover data per instructions in the following

subparagraphs. Enter data for each layer of clouds and
obscuration present at and below the highest reportable layer
visible. Make entries in ascending order of the height for the
base of each layer. Include a space between each layer; e.g.,
SCT005 OVC012. Use an additional line if more space is needed.

3 Aug 10
The maximum number of layers reported shall be no more than six

layers. Additionally, all layers composed of cumulonimbus or
towering cumulus shall be identified by appending the
contractions CB and TCU, respectfully.
II.3.7.1. Ceiling Designators. Ceiling height designators are

not used. The lowest broken or overcast layer is considered the
ceiling. Remember, all clouds are considered opaque and the
summation principle applies.
II.3.7.2. Height of Sky Cover. Suffix each sky cover

contraction (except SKC) with the height in hundreds of feet
above the surface (field or ground elevation, as appropriate)
using the increments shown in Table II-3-6. Encode height
values which are halfway or less than halfway between reportable
values as the lower reportable value (e.g., 2550 and 2525 are
both reported as 2500). Cloud height values which are more than
halfway between reportable values are reported as the higher of
the reportable values (e.g., 2560 and 2580 are both reported as
2600). When a cloud layer is not in contact with the surface
but is 50 feet or less above the surface, the height shall be
reported as 000.
II.3.7.3. Ceiling. The lowest layer that is reported as broken

or overcast shall be the ceiling. If the sky is totally
obscured, the height of the vertical visibility shall be the
ceiling.
II.3.7.4. Indefinite Ceiling Height (Vertical Visibility). The

height into an indefinite ceiling shall be the vertical
visibility measured in hundreds of feet.
II.3.7.5. Vertical Visibility. Vertical Visibility shall be

either:
a. The distance that an observer can see vertically into an

indefinite ceiling;
b. The height corresponding to the top of a ceiling light

projector beam; or
c. The height at which a balloon completely disappears

during the presence of an indefinite ceiling.
II.3.7.6. Variable Ceiling. When the ceiling height is less

than 3,000-feet and increases and decreases rapidly during the
period of observation by the amounts given in Table II-3-7, it

3 Aug 10
shall be considered variable "V" and the abscribed height shall

be the average of all observed values. Enter the range of
variability in Column 14 Remarks of the observation.
II.3.7.7. Sky Cover Contraction. Enter sky cover using the

appropriate contraction or combination of contractions from
Table II-3-8.
II.3.8. Column 17 - Total Sky Cover Entry. Enter the total sky
cover amount in each record (ME/SP/LO) observation. This amount
is entered as a whole number and cannot exceed 8 for "8/8".
Enter the eights of sky covered (not necessarily hidden) by all
clouds and obscuring phenomena aloft, and of sky hidden by
surface-based obscuring phenomena, as observed at the station.
For example, enter "6" for 6/8, "0" for clear, "1" for 1/8 (and
for a trace of cloud), "7" for 7/8 or more but less than 8/8.
When referencing sky cover amount contractions use "0" for SKC,
"2" for FEW, "4" for SCT, "6" for BKN, and "8" for OVC.
II-3-10 Enclosure
(1)
3 Aug 10
TABLE II-3-1

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-3-2

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-3-3

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-3-4

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-3-5

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-3-6
TABLE II-3-7
TABLE II-3-8

3 Aug 10
FIGURE II-3-9
TABLE II-3-10

3 Aug 10
II.4. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES AND FORM ENTRIES - Column 7 -

VISIBILITY
II.4.1. Introduction. This chapter contains procedures for

determining horizontal surface visibility at or near sea level.
Weather and obstructions to vision which affect visibility are
also discussed in Section II Chapter 5. Procedures and tables
for encoding visibility in the synoptic report are contained in
Section III.
(AG) 2.4.1.1. Uniqueness of Instructions. Because of the lack

of fixed visibility markers some of the procedures and
instructions in this chapter differ from instructions and
procedures used at land stations.
II.4.1.2. Surface Visibility at Sea. Surface visibility is the

maximum distance that objects of known characteristics can be
identified in one half or more of the horizon circle when viewed
in a nearly horizontal plane from the point of observation to 6
feet/1.8 meters above the surface at the horizon (the furthest
distance that can be seen around the ship). When the term
visibility is modified by terms such as prevailing, sector,
variable, unrestricted, etc., the term is still in reference to
surface visibility.
II.4.1.3. Units of Measure. Visibility observed from a ship is

reported in nautical miles (NM) using the reportable values
given in Table II-4-1. The visibility may be observed in meters
or yards but must be converted to nautical miles for reporting.
a. Rounding to Reportable Values. If the observed

visibility is determined to be between two reportable values the
visibility should be rounded down to the lower reportable value.
b. Limitations on Reportable Values. Due to the curvature

of the earth and the relative flatness of the ocean, the
distance from the ship to the horizon with unrestricted
visibility is limited. A maximum value for reporting visibility
at sea has been set at 10-NM.
II.4.1.4. Point of Observation. Visibility observations should

be taken from as many points as necessary to give an entire view
of the horizon and from a point as close to the surface as
practical to get the most accurate observation of surface
visibility; i.e., the visibility should not be observed from the

3 Aug 10
signal bridge if it is possible to observe it from a lower

level.
II.4.2. Visibility Aids. Because of the ship's mobility, the

surrounding environment is constantly changing while the ship is
underway. This makes identification of permanent visibility
markers impossible to construct. Therefore, the presence of
possible visibility aids must be evaluated before each
observation is taken.
II.4.2.1. Visibility Aids at Sea. When available, the

following aids should be utilized when observing visibility
underway.
a. Landmass (coastline or island). When the ship is

operating near the coastline or in the vicinity of islands, the
observer should check navigation charts or radar to see if the
landmass is close enough to the ship to be used as an aid to
determine visibility. Determine the direction and distance from
the ship and the presence of prominent features from navigation
charts, such as hills, towers, and cities/towns, etc.
b. Ships. When other ships are in company, or transiting

the area, the observer should determine their direction and
distance from the ship (usually by radar) and use them as
visibility aids.
c. Rain Showers. Often, rain showers of moderate or heavy

intensity will have clearly defined edges and can be used as
visibility aids. These showers show up well on radar, making
the direction and distance from the ship relatively easy to
determine.
d. Horizon and Sea Surface. When none of the above aids

are present, observers must estimate visibility by judging the
clarity of the line of the horizon (the line between sea and
air) to determine if the visibility is unrestricted (6-NM or
greater) or restricted (less than 6-NM) by an obstruction or
weather occurring at the ship or at a distance.
II.4.2.2. Constructing Visibility Aids for Port and Anchorage.

When ships are anchored or moored import, a chart of easily
identifiable visibility markers should be constructed and posted
for use by the observer, bridge, and quarterdeck watchstanders.
This chart will be particularly useful to the quarterdeck
Officer of the Deck (OOD), as well as the boat Coxswain for
determining visibility when boat operations are being conducted.

3 Aug 10
All available aids must be used to determine the visibility as

accurately as possible.
a. As a minimum, the chart should extend 10-NM around the

position of the ship with the ship as the center. The coastline
may be highlighted and positions of landmarks such as towers,
bridges, and prominent buildings should be identified along with
their distance and direction from the ship.
b. If other ships are anchored or moored within 10-NM, the

name and position should be indicated along with distance and
direction from the ship. When using other ships, periodic
checks should be made since they could change position or get
underway.
II.4.2.3. Visibility Aids at Night. The most desirable

visibility aids at night are unfocused lights of moderate
intensity. The red and green lights of other ships are suitable
as visibility aids. Focused lights such as search and signal
beacons should not be used as markers due to their high
intensity; however, when the distance to the beacon is known,
their brilliance and clarity may serve as an aid in determining
the visibility. On nights when the moon provides sufficient
light, visibility aids discussed in paragraphs II.4.2.1 and
II.4.2.2 should be used.
II.4.3. Observing Visibility. To observe prevailing visibility

the observer should use all aids available at the time of
observation. Ensure that the direction and distance of markers
are current at the time of observation. From a moving ship,
relative positions of stationary objects can change
significantly within a ten minute period and the relative
position of another moving ship could change drastically in a
short time. Ensure that the visibility determined by a marker
is representative of the visibility in that sector, whether the
visibility is uniform, or if it varies from sector to sector.
Also, determine whether the visibility is fluctuating up and
down, increasing, decreasing or steady during the period of
observation.
a. Uniform Conditions. Under uniform conditions, the

prevailing visibility is the same as the visibility that is
determined in any sector of the horizon circle.
b. Non-uniform Conditions. Under non-uniform conditions,

the prevailing visibility must be derived from the differing
sectors. Determine the visibility in each differing sector

3 Aug 10
(sector visibility) and the degrees of the horizon circle in

each sector. Take the sectors with the greatest visibilities
and add the degrees in each sector until half or more of the
horizon circle is obtained. The visibility of these sectors
that is the lowest is then used as the prevailing visibility
(See Table II-4-1). Sector visibilities different from the
prevailing visibility are reported as Remarks in Column 14.
c. Variable Conditions. Under conditions where the

visibility is below 3-NM and increases and decreases between
values (variable visibility) during the observation, a mean
visibility is determined. When it varies between two values
with a reportable value in between, use the middle value as the
prevailing visibility. When there is no reportable value
between the extreme values of variability, the lower visibility
value should generally be used as the prevailing visibility
unless the higher visibility is considered to be more
representative of conditions. The value of maximum and minimum
visibility values observed is reported as Remarks in Column 14.
II.4.3.1. Use of Visibility Aids. After visibility aids have

been determined, they must be properly used to determine
accurate surface visibility.
a. Use of Landmarks. When using landmarks such as

mountains, steep coastlines, large towers, etc., it is important
to use the base of the object to judge the visibility in the
direction of the landmark. The upper portion of tall landmarks
can be seen from great distances but they don't give a true
indication of surface visibility, (i.e., from an observation
point at a height of 40-feet, the upper 1000-feet of a 2000-feet
mountain can be seen 43-NM away.) Distant landmarks may be used
to determine if an obstruction is present or whether the
visibility is unrestricted. When landmarks are within 10-NM of
the ship, the clarity of the base will determine if the
visibility is greater than the distance to the landmark. If the
base is obscured with the upper portion visible, the surface
visibility is somewhat less than the distance to the landmark.
(See Table II-4-2)
b. Use of Other Ships. When using ships within 10 NM as

visibility markers, the clearness of the ship will determine if
the visibility is greater than the distance to the ship. If the
ship is blurred or indistinct, the visibility is about the same
as the distance to the ship. If a ship is not visible in the
direction it was determined to be in, the visibility is somewhat
less.

3 Aug 10
c. Use of Lights at Night. When using lights as night

visibility markers, make sure their distance is known and their
height above the sea if possible. Lights from a ship of a known
distance will indicate the visibility is at least as great as
the distance to the ship and the brilliance of the lights can be
used to determine if an obstruction is present. When using
lights from land, the distance to the coast and location of the
light source (i.e., city, hilltop, sea wall, etc.), should be
known.
d. Use of the Horizon. When no aids are present,

visibility must be estimated by judging the horizon line. Judge
the clearness of the horizon (the contrast between ocean and
air). A sharp, clear horizon indicates the visibility is
unrestricted. A blurry horizon indicates the presence of an
obstruction to vision. When there is little color contrast
between ocean and air, care must be taken when determining if an
obstruction is present. When it is determined that the
visibility is restricted, the range of visibility must be
estimated.
II.4.4. Column 7 - Prevailing Visibility. Enter the prevailing

visibility in nautical miles using the nearest reportable value
listed in Table II-4-1 and as follows:
a. When the prevailing visibility is estimated to be more

than the distance to the farthest visibility marker, estimate
the visibility to the nearest reportable value up to 10 NM.
b. If visibility is halfway or less than halfway between

two reportable values, enter the lower value; e.g., 6 1/2 and 6
1/4 miles are rounded down to 6-miles. If the visibility is
more than halfway between two reportable values, report the
higher value; e.g., 6 3/4 and 6 7/8 miles are rounded up to 7
miles.
c. If the visibility is less than 3-miles and variable

during the period of observation, suffix the average of all
observed values with a "V" e.g., 2V and enter the range of
variability in Remarks of the observation, e.g. VIS 1V3.

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-4-1

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-4-2

3 Aug 10
II.5. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES AND FORM ENTRIES - Columns 9 and

14 - PRESENT WEATHER AND OPERATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT REMARKS
II.5.1. Introduction. This chapter contains instructions for

observing atmospheric phenomena classified as weather and/or
obstructions and making entries on CNMOC Form 3141/3, Columns 9
and 14. Procedures and tables for encoding weather and
obstructions for the synoptic report are contained in Section
III.
II.5.2. General Observing and Reporting Requirements.

Atmospheric phenomenon must actually be occurring at the ship at
the time of observation to be reported as present weather in the
body of an observation. Table II-5-1 indicates the
abbreviations used for types of present weather to be observed
and reported in column 9 of the observation form. Definitions
of these phenomena are specified in the following paragraphs.
Table II-5-2 provides examples of Column 14 Remarks commonly
used to record operationally significant information not
reported elsewhere, and to elaborate on preceding coded data.
Table III-3-6 in Section 3, Chapter 3 contains the appropriate
Synoptic Code figure, a description of the occuring phenomena,
and its related METAR present weather abbreviation. Table III-
3-6 shall be used for encoding the Synoptic Report present and
past weather in Part II of the observation form.
II.5.2.1. Tornadic Activity. Observe and report tornadic

activity from beginning to end according to special observation
criteria established in Section II, Chapter 2, Table II-2-1, in
Table II-5-2 Remarks, and as follows:
a. A tornado, funnel cloud, or waterspout is considered to

be occurring "at the ship" when the phenomenon is visible from
the observation site.
(1) Tornado. A violent rotating column of air, forming

a pendent, protruding from a cumulonimbus cloud, and touching
the ground. It nearly always starts as a funnel cloud and is
accompanied by a loud, roaring noise (+FC in column 9).
(2) Funnel Cloud. A violent rotating column of air,

protruding from a cumulonimbus cloud, which does not touch the
surface (recorded as FC in column 9).

3 Aug 10
(3) Waterspout. A violent rotating column of air,

protruding from a cumulonimbus cloud, occurring over a large
body of water such as a bay, gulf, or lake, and touching the
water surface (recorded as +FC in column 9).
b. Determine the following information for reports on

tornadic activity:
(1) Type of phenomenon (i.e., TORNADO, FUNNEL CLOUD, or

WATERSPOUT).
(2) The time of beginning, ending or disappearance, or

both, to the nearest minute.
(3) Location with respect to the ship or with reference

to a well known point (with distances expressed in nautical
miles).
(4) Direction toward which the phenomenon moved or is

moving.
c. Although QM personnel are not required to take Special

Observations (SPECI) to report occurrences of TORNADO, FUNNEL
CLOUDS, or WATERSPOUTS, it is recommended that an observation be
taken to document their existence near the ship.
II.5.2.2. Thunderstorm Activity. Observe and report thunder

and lightning activity during its occurrence according to
special observation criteria established in Section II, Chapter
2, Table II-2-1 and Table II-5-2 Remarks, and as follows:
a. Thunderstorm. One or more sudden electrical discharges,

manifested by a flash of light (lightning) and a sharp or
rumbling sound (thunder). It is a local storm associated with a
cumulonimbus (CB) cloud and is usually accompanied by strong
gusts of wind, heavy rain, and sometimes hail. For reporting
purposes, a thunderstorm is considered to have begun and to be
occurring "at the ship" when thunder is first heard. It may
also be considered as occurring when hail is falling or
lightning is observed in the immediate vicinity of the ship and
the local noise level is such that resulting thunder cannot be
heard. A thunderstorm is considered as ended 15-minutes after
the last occurrence of the above criteria. A thunderstorm may
be encoded by itself, i.e., a thunderstorm without associated
precipitation, or it may be coded to describe the character of
precipitation, i.e., TSGS would be a thunderstorm with small
hail.

3 Aug 10
b. Lightning. A luminous manifestation accompanying a

sudden electrical discharge which takes place from or inside a
cloud. Four main types of lightning are distinguished. When
lightning is observed, determine for each storm center the
frequency (i.e., "frequent" or "occasional"), type (e.g., in-
cloud, cloud to ground, etc.) and the location with respect to
the ship. See Table II-5-3 for lightning type and frequency
definitions.
c. Determine the following information for reports of

thunderstorms:
(1) The time of beginning, ending, or both, to the

nearest minute.
(2) Location of each storm center with respect to the

ship, to include distance in nautical miles if known. If
available, use radar to determine the distance(s) of
thunderstorms and CB's visible at a distance from the ship.
(3) Direction toward which the storm is moving (or

moved), if known.
(4) Frequency, type, and location of lightning (if

observed). Location need not be reported when it is the same as
the thunderstorm with which it is associated.
II.5.2.3. Precipitation. Observe and report precipitation

during its occurrence according to special observation criteria
established in Section II, Chapter 2, Table II-2-1 and Table II-
5-2 Remarks, and as follows:
a. General. Precipitation is considered as occurring at

the ship based on fall directly affecting any part of the ship,
as detectable from the observation site.
b. Type and Character of Precipitation. Determine the type

and character of precipitation forms primarily on the basis of
experience, with consideration given to knowledge of the
synoptic situation.
(1) Rain. Precipitation of liquid water particles, in

the form of drops larger than 0.02 inch (0.5 mm) or smaller
drops which, in contrast to drizzle, are widely separated.
(2) Freezing Rain. Rain that freezes on impact with the

ground or with objects in flight or on the ground.

3 Aug 10
(3) Drizzle. Fairly uniform precipitation composed

exclusively of fine drops (diameter less than 0.02 inch or 0.5
mm) very close together. Drizzle appears to float while
following air currents although, unlike fog droplets, it falls
to the ground.
(4) Freezing Drizzle. Drizzle which freezes upon impact

with the ground or with objects in flight or on the ground.
(5) Snow. Precipitation of ice crystals, mostly

branched in the form of six-pointed stars.
(6) Snow Pellets. Precipitation of white opaque grains

of ice. The grains are round or sometimes conical. Diameters
range from about 0.08 to 0.2 inch (2 to 5 mm). Snow pellets are
brittle and easily crushed; and, when they fall on hard ground,
they bounce and often break up. They generally fall together
with snowshowers or rainshowers when the surface temperature is
near 32°F (O°C). They may occasionally fall from stratocumulus.
(7) Snow Grains. Precipitation of very small white and

opaque grains of ice. The grains are fairly flat or elongated.
Diameters are generally less than .04 inch (1 mm). When the
grains hit hard surfaces they do not bounce or shatter. They
usually fall in very small quantities from stratus clouds (or
occasionally from fog).
(8) Ice Pellets. Precipitation of transparent or

translucent pellets of ice, which are round or irregular, rarely
conical, and have a diameter of 0.2 inch (5 mm) or less. The
pellets usually rebound when striking hard surfaces and make a
sound on impact. They are divided into two main types, based
primarily on character.
(a) Type (a): Hard grains of ice consisting of

frozen raindrops or largely melted and refrozen snowflakes
(formerly sleet). This type falls as continuous or intermittent
precipitation.
(b) Type (b): Pellets of snow encased in a thin

layer of ice which has formed from the freezing either of
droplets intercepted by the pellets or of water resulting from
the partial melting of the pellets. This type falls as showers.
(9) Hail. Precipitation of small balls or other pieces

of ice (hailstones) falling separately or frozen together in
irregular lumps. Hailstones consist of alternate opaque and

3 Aug 10
clear layers of ice in most cases. Hail is normally associated

with thunderstorms and surface temperatures above freezing.
Diameters generally range from 0.2 to 2.0 inches (5 to 50 mm) or
sometimes more.
(10) Ice Crystals. A fall of unbranched (snow crystals

are branched) ice crystals in the form of needles, columns, or
plates. They are termed "Ice Prisms" in synoptic observations.
Ice crystals are often so tiny that they seem to be suspended in
the air. They may fall from a cloud or from clear air. The
crystals are visible mainly when they glitter in the sunshine or
other bright light (diamond dust), thus producing a luminous
pillar or other optical phenomena. This hydrometeor (rarely
more than the lightest precipitation), which is frequent in
polar regions, occurs only at very low temperatures in stable
air masses.
(11) Continuous and Intermittent Rain, Freezing Rain,

Snow and Ice Pellets Type. These are normally associated with
nimbostratus and altostratus clouds, but may also occur with
stratocumulus and (rarely) altocumulus. Rainshowers,
snowshowers, and ice pellet showers are associated with
cumuliform-type clouds such as cumulonimbus and towering
cumulus. Hail falls exclusively as showers; and, snow pellets
almost always fall as showers.
(12) Drizzle, freezing drizzle, and snow grains are

associated with stratus clouds. Ice crystals are associated
with cirroform-type clouds or clear skies (common primarily to
polar regions at very low temperatures); the character of fall
is generally continuous.
(13) For reporting purposes, only the predominant

character is determined for a specific type. For example, if
both continuous and showery snow is falling and the showers
appear to be predominant, only the showery character is
reported. This condition is common to cumulonimbus imbedded in
nimbostratus and with occluded fronts.
c. Precipitation Intensity. Intensity of precipitation is

an indication of the amount of precipitation falling at the time
of observation. It is expressed as light, moderate, or heavy.
The intensity is defined with respect to the type of
precipitation occurring; based either on rate-of-fall for rain
and ice pellets or visibility for snow and drizzle. The rate-
of-fall criteria are based on time, and do not accurately
describe the intensity at the time of observation. For this

3 Aug 10
reason, Tables II-5-4, II-5-5, and II-5-7 should only be used as

a guide to estimate the intensity at the time of observation.
Table II-5-6, on the other hand, is based on the visibility at
the time of observation, and must be used to determine intensity
of drizzle or snow, if either is occurring alone. If snow or
drizzle is present with other obscuring phenomena, Table II-5-8
should be used as a guide to determine intensity.
d. Hailstones. During occurrence and following the end of

hail, obtain the diameter of the largest hailstone. Determine
hail size in inches and fractions of an inch. In reports of
hail, include the time of beginning, ending, or both, to the
nearest minute, when required. Report hail according to special
observation criteria established in Section II, Chapter 2, Table
II-2-1 and Table II-5-2 Remarks.
e. Significant Changes. Observe and report significant

changes in precipitation conditions. Significant conditions are
those involving the occurrence (beginning and ending) of hail,
ice pellets, ice pellet shower, freezing rain, and freezing
drizzle, to include changes in their intensity (i.e., except
Hail). Normally, the beginning and ending of other types must
also be reported. However, a change from one type to another
(e.g., rain changes to snow) and the beginning or ending of one
type while another is in progress (e.g., rain and snow changes
to snow) need not be reported as a significant change.
II.5.2.4. Obstructions. Observe and report obstructions during

occurrence according to Section II, Chapter 3.
a. An obstruction is considered as occurring when the

phenomenon restricts the visibility to 6-NM (10-km) or less.
The phenomenon is considered as occurring "at the ship" based on
its apparent existence, as detectable from the observation
location. Determine the specific type of obstruction based on
observer experience and the definitions provided below.
b. Types of Obscuring Phenomena. Determine the specific

type based on experience and on the guidance provided with the
following definitions.
(1) Fog. The common term used to identify a suspension

of minute water droplets in the air, generally reducing the
horizontal visibility at the earth's surface. Specific terms
used to report fog conditions are defined as follows:
(a) Ship Observations:

3 Aug 10
(1) Fog. The fog condition that reduces

horizontal visibility to 6-NM (10 km) or less and the vertical
depth of the phenomenon is approximately 20-feet (6-meters) or
greater. Shallow fog (MIFG), patches (of) fog (BCFG), and
partial fog (PRFG) may be encoded even when prevailing
visibility is 7-miles or greater.
(2) Ground Fog. A fog condition that reduces

horizontal visibility to 6-NM (10-km) or less and vertical depth
is less than 20-feet (6 meters). This is a local phenomenon,
usually formed by radiational cooling of the air. When the
occurrence does not clearly fit this definition, the condition
should be classified as fog (vice ground fog).
(b) Synoptic Observations:
(1) Fog. The fog condition that reduces

horizontal visibility to less than 0.55-NM (1-Km).
(2) Freezing Fog. A fog condition that reduces

horizontal visibility to less than 0.55-NM (1-Km), and the water
droplets are freezing upon contact with exposed objects to form
a coating of rime and/or glaze. This condition can occur even
though the air temperature is above freezing.
(3) Mist. A fog condition that reduces

horizontal visibility to 6-NM (10-km) or less but not less than
0.55-NM (1-km). Water droplets may or may not be freezing upon
contact with the exposed objects.
(2) Freezing Fog. The suspension of numerous minute ice

crystals suspended in the air, based at the earth's surface,
which reduces horizontal visibility (similarly as specified with
fog above). Ice fog does not produce rime or glaze on cold
exposed objects. Temperatures are usually at or below -20°F (-
29°C) when ice fog forms. However, a mixture of liquid and ice
fog occasionally forms at temperatures below freezing. This
condition may persist for a few hours as the fog changes to ice
fog and dissipates due to a drying of the air, even though
temperatures continue to fall. Optical effects similar to those
associated with ice crystals are observed in ice fog (diamond
dust, etc.). Temperature-dew point differences may approach 8F°
(13C°) or more.
(3) Shallow Fog. A suspension of minute water droplets

(or ice crystals) in the air which do not reduce horizontal
visibility above a height of 6-feet (1.8-meters). This

3 Aug 10
condition may also be referred to as "shallow ground fog." For

reporting purposes, the two terms are considered synonymous.
(4) Partial and Patches of Fog. A suspension of minute

water droplets (or ice crystals) in the air that has little
vertical extent (normally greater than or equal to 6-feet but
less than 20) which do not reduce horizontal visibility above a
height of 6-feet (1.8-meters). This condition may also be
referred to as "shallow ground fog." For reporting purposes,
the two terms are considered synonymous.
(5) Blowing Snow. Snow particles raised and stirred

violently by the wind to moderate or great heights. Visibility
is reduced to 6-NM (10-km) or less and the sky may become
obscured when the particles are raised to great heights.
(6) Spray and Blowing Spray:
(a) Spray. Water droplets torn by the wind from a

substantial body of water (generally from the crests of waves)
and carried up a short distance into the air.
(b) Blowing Spray. Spray raised in such quantities

that it reduces the visibility at eye level (approximately 6
feet or 1.8 meters) to 6-NM (10-km) or less.
(7) Haze. A suspension in the air of extremely small,

dry particles invisible to the naked eye and sufficiently
numerous to give the air an opalescent appearance. This
phenomena resembles a uniform veil over the ocean that subdues
all colors. Dark objects viewed through this veil tend to have
a dirty yellow or reddish hue. When haze is present and the sun
is well above the horizon, its light may have a peculiar silvery
tinge. Haze particles may be composed of a variety of
substances; e.g., dust, salt, residue from distant fires or
volcanoes, pollen, etc., which generally are well diffused
through the atmosphere.
(8) Dust. Fine particles of dust or sand suspended in

the air by a duststorm or sandstorm that have occurred inland
and extend far out to sea. Dust gives a tan or gray tinge to
distant objects. The sun's disk is pale and colorless, or has a
yellow tinge through dust.
(9) Smoke. A suspension in the air of small particles

produced by combustion. This phenomena may be present either
near the sea's surface or in the free atmosphere. When viewed

3 Aug 10
through smoke, the disk of the sun at sunrise and sunset appears
very red. The disk may have an orange tinge when the sun is
above the horizon. Evenly distributed smoke from distant
sources generally has a light grayish or bluish appearance. A
transition to haze may occur when smoke particles have traveled
great distances (e.g., 25 to 100-miles or more) and when the
larger particles have settled out and the remaining particles
have become widely scattered through the atmosphere.
(10) Blowing Dust. Dust raised by the wind to moderate

or great heights above the ground and blown out to sea that
restricts horizontal visibility to 6-NM (10-km) or less. NOTE:
The Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean are common areas where
dust and/or sand are blown out to sea.
(a) Duststorm. Same as blowing dust except

visibility is reduced to less than 0.55-NM (1-km) but not less
than 0.25-NM (500-meters).
(b) Severe Duststorm. Same as blowing dust except

visibility is reduced to less than 0.25-NM (500-meters).
(11) Blowing Sand. Sand raised by the wind to moderate

or great heights above the ground and restricting horizontal
visibility to 6-NM (10-km) or less.
(a) Sandstorm. Same as blowing sand except

visibility is reduced to less than 0.55-NM (1-km) but not less
than 0.25-NM (500-meters).
(b) Severe Sandstorm. Same as blowing sand except

visibility is reduced to less than 0.25-NM (500-meters).
(12) Predominance. When more than one type of

obstruction is occurring at the same time, determine which
appears to be most predominant (types are reported in order of
decreasing predominance, if discernible).
II.5.2.5. Volcanic Eruptions. Volcanic eruptions shall be

reported whenever observed. The entry shall be plain language
and contain the following if known:
a. Name of volcano.
b. Latitude and longitude or the direction and approximate

distance from the ship.

3 Aug 10
c. Date/Time (UTC) of the eruption.
d. Size description, approximate height, and direction of

movement of the ash cloud.
e. Any other pertinent data about the eruption. Pre-

eruption activity should not be reported. Pre-eruption refers
to the unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity prior to a
volcanic eruption.
II.5.2.6. Other Atmospheric Phenomena. Observe and report

other atmospheric phenomena using Table II-5-2 as a guide and
for Auroral Phenomena as follows: When located north of 45°N
latitude, observe and report the occurrence of aurora according
to Section III guidelines. An Aurora is a luminous phenomenon
which appears in the high atmosphere in the form of arcs, bands,
draperies or curtains. This phenomenon is usually white but may
have other colors. The lower edges of the arcs or curtains are
usually well defined while the upper edges are not. Polar
aurorae are due to electrically charged particles, ejected from
the sun, acting on the rarified gases of the higher atmosphere.
The particles are channeled by the earth's magnetic field, so
that aurorae are mainly observed near the magnetic poles.
II.5.3. Column 9 - Present Weather Entries. Enter present

weather entries using symbols (plain language for volcanic
activity), order of entry, and intensity signs in Table II-5-1.
Atmospheric phenomena must be occurring at the ship at the time
of the observation. Obstructions must restrict prevailing
visibility to 6 NM or less. Enter phenomena not occurring at
the ship in Remarks of the observation. Precipitation, with no
obstruction to vision present, can and usually does reduce
visibility. Therefore, no assumption should be made that an
obstruction to vision must be present with low visibilities.
II.5.4. Column 14 - Remarks and Supplemental Coded Data

Entries. The order of entry for remarks in Column 14 and other
coded data listed below should be followed. The remarks field
shall be identified by the contraction RMK, followed by a blank
space, and then remark information prioritized by category as
follows:
a. Breaks in An Obscured Sky Condition. Enter the

direction of discontinuity in an obscured sky; e.g.,"THN FG NW."

3 Aug 10
b. Other Remarks Elaboration on Preceding Coded Data.

Enter remarks significant to aircraft or ship operations. Any
other remarks the observer considers significant may also be
entered in this category, with the order of entry the same as
the coded data to which the remark relates.
c. Enter direction and location of phenomena in a clockwise

order using the 8 Points of the compass in no more than 90º
increments, e.g., N-E-SE. Increments for the 16 points of the
compass may be used if considered necessary.
d. Report movement of clouds or other phenomena with

respect to location and direction toward which the phenomena are
moving.
e. Distances of phenomena should be based on a reliable

method of determination; e.g., by means of radar or an aircraft
pilot report. Phenomena between 5 to 10-nautical miles shall be
reported as vicinity (VC). Anything beyond 10-nautical miles is
considered distant (DSNT).
f. Remarks pertaining to tornadic or thunderstorm activity

may be combined with those for CB/CBMAM when the direction of
movement is the same; e.g., TS VCNTY NE AND CB SW-W MOV E.
g. Synoptic Cloud Types 8/CLCMCH. Enter the three and six

hourly synoptic cloud type. An "0" shall be encoded for low,
middle or high cloud type if no cloud is present in that
classification. A solidus "/" shall be encoded for layers above
an overcast.
h. Pressure Tendency 5appp. The 5appp group shall be

included in the 3 and 6 hourly observations only when the ship
is at anchor.
i. Sea-Level Pressure SLPppp. The SLPppp group shall be

included in the hourly observations. It is encoded using the
tens, units, and tenths of the Sea-Level Pressure from column
22a, e.g., 998.2 = SLP982. If the sea-level pressure is not
available, encode as SLPNO.

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-5-1

3 Aug 10

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-5-3
TABLE II-5-4

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-5-5
TABLE II-5-6

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-5-7
TABLE II-5-8

3 Aug 10
II.6. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES AND FORM ENTRIES - Columns 13, 22,

and 22a - ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
II.6.1. Introduction. This chapter contains observing and

computation procedures for determining atmospheric pressure data
and making entries on COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3, columns 13,
22, and 22a.
II.6.1.1. General. Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted

by the weight of the column of air above the ship. It is
measured by a precision aneroid barometer (ML-448/UM). Certain
ships are authorized an allowance for the marine barograph (ML-
563A/UM) as a backup capability. Pressure measurements and
computations are used in the testing and calibration of
equipment and operation of weapon systems and aircraft.
Pressure values transmitted in the ship synoptic code are used
in weather analyses from which weather forecasts and warnings
are derived.
II.6.1.2. Distribution of Pressure Data. Providing pressure

data in the correct unit of measure using proper computation is
important to the safety of those that use the data. Personnel
requiring pressure data will often ask for the "Atmospheric
Pressure," while having little or no knowledge of the various
types of pressure computations or the different units of
measure. Some pressure data is critical in their application.
Therefore, the type of computation and unit of measure required
should always be verified. If the requester is not sure of what
data is required, have them determine what is required before
providing a figure that, when used, may affect their safety, a
pilot's safety, or the condition of the equipment or weapon
system they are operating or servicing.
II.6.1.3. Units of Measure. Atmospheric pressure is measured

in two units, hectopascals (hPa) and inches of mercury (Hg).
The hectopascal is the international unit of measure for
atmospheric pressure and inches of mercury are used in the U.S.
for aviation purposes. Note: Pressure was formerly reported as
millibars (mb). The hectopascal is numerically equivalent to the
millibar.
1 inch Hg = 33.86389 hPa

1 millibar = 0.02952998 In Hg

3 Aug 10
Table II-6-1 provides a convenient reference for conversion of
hectopascals to inches of mercury (Hg).
II.6.2. Pressure Measurement Definitions. Atmospheric pressure

is routinely determined for three basic values - station
pressure, sea level pressure and altimeter setting. Values for
pressure altitude (PA) and density altitude (DA) are determined
for local use to support aircraft operations. The pressure
change and tendency for three hours is determined for the
synoptic report or when other certain criteria are met.
II.6.2.1. Station Pressure. Station pressure is the pressure

observed from the aneroid barometer, ML-448/UM (or marine
barograph ML-563A/UM) with any instrument correction added.
Station pressure is the base from which all other pressure
values are derived. It is reported in inches of mercury (Hg) to
the nearest 0.005 inch Hg.
II.6.2.2. Sea Level Pressure. Sea level pressure is the

atmospheric pressure computed to represent the pressure at mean
sea level. This pressure reported from a ship is a pressure
derived by adding to the station pressure a value representing
the pressure exerted by the column of air existing between the
barometer and sea level. Since this represents a relatively
small section of the atmosphere, a constant value can be used
for a given height. These values are called Additive Reduction
Constants which are found in Table II-6-2.
II.6.2.3. Altimeter Setting. This pressure setting is based on

a standard atmosphere with the station pressure reduced to sea
level. It is derived by adding to the station pressure a value
representing the pressure exerted by the column of air existing
between the barometer and sea level. As with sea level pressure
(paragraph II.6.2.2), constant values are also used for given
heights. Additive reduction constants are found in Table II-6-
2.
II.6.2.4. Pressure Altitude (PA). Pressure altitude (PA) is a

value representing the height above or below sea level that a
given pressure would occur based on a standard atmosphere
(standard atmosphere having a pressure at sea level of 29.921
inch Hg/1013.25 hPa). PA is reported in feet. When the
computed sea level pressure is less than the standard atmosphere
(29.921 inch Hg), PA is positive (pressure must be added to
arrive at the standard atmosphere). When computed sea level
pressure is greater than 29.921 inch Hg, PA is negative
(pressure must be subtracted to get to standard atmosphere).
Table II-6-3 provides pressure altitudes for various sea level

3 Aug 10
pressures. PA is computed with the Density Altitude Computer

(CP-718/UM).
II.6.2.5. Density Altitude (DA). Density altitude (DA) is a

value representing the height above or below sea level that a
given density would occur based on a standard atmosphere
(standard atmosphere having a density at sea level of .001225
grams per cubic centimeter). DA is reported in feet. When the
actual density is greater than standard atmosphere, DA is
negative. When the actual density is less than standard
atmosphere, DA is positive. DA is also computed with the
Density Altitude Computer (CP-718/UM).
II.6.3. Observing and Computing Pressure Measurements.

Pressure measurements are determined using the method and
instruments indicated below. Figure II-6.1 is a sample pressure
computation which utilizes the hourly pressure computation
worksheet, Figure II-6.2. The computation worksheet may be a
useful aid to standardize calculations for those ships not
having pressure tables tailored for the ship's standard
barometer elevation.
a. Aneroid Barometer. Gently tap the glass face of the

barometer with a finger, to reduce the effect of friction, until
the pointer stops changing pressure when tapped.
(AG) b. Marine Barograph. Gently tap the top of the

instrument case to reduce the effect of friction. Tap until the
pen stops changing pressure when tapped.
c. Error of Parallax. The observer's eye should be at 90º

(perpendicular) to the face of the barometer so the pointer
position can be ready with accuracy to a 0.1 tenth of a hPa.
When the eye is perpendicular to the barometer face a mirror
strip on the barometer helps the observer line up their eye to
detect any reflection of the pointer. If there is a reflection,
you are not lined up correctly. This is known as the "error of
parallax."
d. Pressure Tables. Pressure tables can be developed for

the ship's standard barometer elevation. When constructed
properly, these tables reduce errors in routine computations and
will save time while taking and recording an observation.
Tables are constructed by adding the reduction constants to each
station pressure observable and converting the values to hPa.
The same thing can be done for altimeter settings, thus when
computing sea level pressure and altimeter setting, enter the

3 Aug 10
station pressure in the table and read the corresponding values
for sea level pressure and altimeter setting. Great care must
be taken when preparing these tables to ensure no errors are
induced. If errors occur, they will constantly produce errors
when used. In addition, if the barometer height is changed, the
tables become useless and must therefore be redone to reflect
the new barometer height. The National Climatic Data Center,
Ashville, North Carolina should be consulted for technical
assistance on construction of these tables.
II.6.3.1. Station Pressure. Read the pressure indicated to the

nearest 0.1 tenth of hPa (or 0.005 inch Hg) and convert the
value to the equivalent inch Hg. Algebraically add any
instrument correction to the observed pressure to determine the
station pressure. This value is the station pressure.
II.6.3.2. Sea Level Pressure. Compute the sea level pressure

by first observing the station pressure. Add the additive
reduction constant from Table II-6-2 for the given station
elevation. Convert the value from inch Hg to hPa. Recheck all
computations.
II.6.3.3. Altimeter Setting. Compute the altimeter setting by

first observing the station pressure. Add the additive
reduction constant from Table II-6-2 for the given station
elevation or use prepared tables discussed in paragraph 2.6.3.
Recheck all computations.
II.6.3.4. Pressure Altitude (PA). Compute the pressure

altitude (PA) by first computing the sea level pressure. Using
the Density Altitude Computer (CP 718/UM), set the hairline
cursor on the sea level pressure value represented on the
Pressure in Millibars Scale. Read the PA where the cursor
crosses the PA scale. Pressure altitude (PA) for the respective
sea level pressure can also be found by using Table II-6-3. Be
careful not to change the positive or negative sign of the PA
value.
II.6.3.5. Density Altitude (DA). Computation of density

altitude (DA) involves several steps as follows: Observe the
dry bulb temperature, compute the dew point, then compute the
pressure altitude on the Density Altitude Computer (CP-718/UM).
With the cursor on the PA, rotate the cursor and inner plate
around until the cursor also crosses the air temperature on the
temperature scale on the outer disc. The cursor should now lie
on the sea level pressure, pressure altitude and the air
temperature. Taking care not to let the inner or outer discs
slide, rotate the cursor around to the window in the inner disc.

3 Aug 10
Set the cursor on the dew point temperature and read the DA
value that lies under the cursor on the outer disc visible
through the window. Be careful not to change the positive or
negative sign of the value. Recheck the computations to ensure
that the discs did not slip.
II.6.3.6. Pressure Change. Compute the net 3-hour amount of

change on the basis of station pressure entries in Column 22 of
Part I, by subtraction, to the nearest 0.005 inch Hg.
a. If an observation was not taken 3-hours earlier,

consider the net change as undeterminable (missing), otherwise
determine if the current station pressure is higher than, the
same as, or lower than 3-hours ago.
(AG) b. If a barograph is available, determine the

characteristic of the pressure change by observing the trace on
the barograph chart and select the condition which best
describes the pattern corresponding to the barograph trace
during the past 3-hours. Disregard minor irregularities. Use
the latter part of a trace, consistent with the direction of
change, when the pattern contains representations of two
characteristics. See Figure II-6-3 for barograph trace
comparison for determining pressure characteristics.
II.6.3.7. Barometer Calibration. Periodic barometer

calibration is required, but should never exceed one-year from
the last calibration. An ideal time to schedule barometer
calibration services is prior to an extended deployment.
Contact the nearest NAVMETOCCOM activity to receive assistance
with calibrating barometers.
(AG) 2.6.4. Barograph Operation. Operate and use the barograph

as necessary for determination of pressure tendency and as a
backup to the ML-448/UM for routine pressure measurements. Make
adjustments for pressure and time errors during periods in which
the barograph is in use for routine station pressure
observations and as otherwise necessary for local purposes.
(AG) 2.6.4.1. Pressure Adjustment. To adjust the position of

the pen, turn the knurled pressure-adjusting knob at the top of
the cylindrical pressure-element housing until the pen is at the
correct station pressure. Tap the case or chassis lightly to
overcome any sticking in the linkage mechanism before checking
the adjustment of the pen. Adjust the barograph to a zero
correction as specified below at 6-hourly synoptic hours.

3 Aug 10
a. Readjust the barograph to a zero correction when a
comparison with the ML-448/UM reveals a difference exceeding 1.5
hPa (0.050 inch Hg); i.e., based on the difference between the
observed barograph reading and station pressure from the aneroid
barometer. Also readjust the barograph to a zero correction
when the chart is changed and the correction exceeds 0.3 hPa
(0.010 inch Hg). Following any readjustment, lightly tap the
top of the instrument and recheck the setting in order to be
certain the barograph has been accurately adjusted to a zero
correction.
b. Monitor the barograph for any indications of unreliable

performance. The corrections can be expected to remain
essentially constant and should not normally change more than
0.3 hPa (0.010 inch Hg) from the preceding 6-hourly comparison.
(1) If the difference between the current and previous

correction exceeds 0.5 hPa (0.015 inch Hg), verify the accuracy
by making a second comparison.
(2) Take whatever other action is deemed appropriate

based on knowledge of past instrument performance, diurnal
conditions, etc. If the difference between corrections tends to
be persistently great or to increase rapidly, the instrument may
be defective and require replacement.
(AG) II.6.4.2. Time Adjustment. To adjust the cylinder for

time, turn it counterclockwise until all slack motion in the
drive mechanism is removed. If the pen position does not bear
the proper relationship to the time-ordinate lines after the
slack has been removed, continue to turn the cylinder
counterclockwise with sufficient force to override the friction
drive until the timing error is eliminated. When in use as the
primary pressure instrument, adjust the barograph chart for time
error if the record trace is in error by more than 1/4 of a
chart division (15-minutes). When the instrument is in use for
routine pressure observations, make a time check on the
barograph immediately after the six-hourly correction has been
determined. The line should be about equal in length to the
width of two divisions on the chart and should be made carefully
to avoid injury to the mechanism. Do not make a time-check line
when the instrument is so cold that the pen might not readily
return to the original position (i.e., due to increased
viscosity of the fluid in the damper of the dashpot). Do not
make a time check for aircraft mishap Local observations; i.e.,
do not disturb the pressure trace for this purpose.

3 Aug 10
(AG) II.6.4.3. Chart Scale Adjustment and Change. Monitor the

barograph during routine operation to ascertain that the clock
is running and the ink is flowing properly, and note the
position of the pen on the chart. Whenever it appears that the
pen will pass off the printed divisions of the chart, set the
pen up or down equivalent to one full inch of pressure by means
of the adjusting screw, and renumber the pressure lines
accordingly. The barograph chart must be changed to begin a new
trace at four-day intervals. Change charts on the first day of
each month, then every fourth day during the month. The
following instructions summarize steps to be taken when a chart
is changed.
a. Enter the beginning date and time at the start of each

separate trace on the chart.
b. Change charts at 1200 UTC.
(1) To replace a chart, remove the pen from the chart by

means of the pen shifting level and open the case. Lift the
cylinder vertically until it is free of the spindle and remove
the chart from the cylinder. (Avoid storing or handling the
chart in a manner that might smear the trace before it is dry.)
Fit the replacement chart smoothly and tightly on the cylinder,
with the bottom edge of the chart uniformly in contact with the
flange at the bottom of the cylinder, and replace the clip.
Inaccurately cut charts should be trimmed along a line parallel
to and 1/4 inch (or 5mm) below the lower, horizontal boundary
ordinate.
(2) Wind the clock mechanism in conjunction with the

changing of the chart. The mechanism requires 7-8 half-turns
for a 4-day interval between windings (or 5-6 half-turns for a
3-day interval). After winding the clock, lower the cylinder
gently over the center spindle until the gears have fully
meshed, holding the cylinder at the top and bottom to avoid
disturbing the position of the chart. Fill the pen with ink and
return it to the surface of the chart, adjusting it, if
necessary, for pressure and time. Check the pen and clock
mechanisms to ensure they are functioning.
II.6.5. Column 22a, Sea-Level Pressure. Enter the sea-level

pressure in hectopascals using tens, units, and tenths (without
the decimal point); e.g., enter 132 for 1013.2 hPa. Enter an
"M" for a missing sea-level pressure.

3 Aug 10
II.6.6. Column 13, Altimeter Setting. Enter the altimeter
setting in inches of mercury using tens, units, tenths, and
hundredths (without the decimal point); e.g., enter 2994 for an
altimeter setting of 29.94 inches Hg. Prefix the numerical
entry with an "E" when estimated. Enter "M" for a missing
altimeter setting.
II.6.7. Column 22, Station Pressure. Enter station Pressure to

the nearest 0.005 inch Hg on each hourly observation (e.g.,
29.995). Prefix station pressure with an "E" when the data are
estimated. Enter "M" if station pressure is missing.

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-6-1

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-6-2

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-6-3

3 Aug 10
FIGURE II-6-4

3 Aug 10
FIGURE II-6-5

3 Aug 10

20, and D - AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE

observing the dry and wet-bulb air temperature and sea water
temperature. Instructions are also provided for computing dew
point, relative humidity and making entries on COMNAVMETOCCOM
Form 3141/3, columns 11, 12, 20, and D. Information related to
the effects of wind chill, heat stress and exposure to sea water
on the temperature felt on the human body are also included.
II.7.1.1. Units of Measure. Temperatures are reported in one

unit of measure. The Celsius (Centigrade) degree scale is used
as the international unit of measure for temperature. Observed
and computed temperatures can be converted from Fahrenheit to
provide values in Celsius for transmission in the synoptic code.
Conversion of degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius temperature
values are contained in Table II-7-1. The psychrometric
computer (CP-165/UM) also contains a scale for converting
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
II.7.2. Observation of Dry and Wet-Bulb Temperatures. Dry-bulb

temperature is the ambient air temperature measured on the dry-
bulb thermometer of the psychrometer. Wet-bulb temperature is
the temperature a parcel of air would have if cooled
adiabatically to saturation at constant pressure by evaporation
of water into it, with all latent heat supplied by the parcel.
II.7.2.1. Point of Observation. To observe the dry and wet-

bulb temperatures, choose a point on the windward side of the
ship in a relatively open area away from heat sources such as:
a. Ship's stacks
b. Air vents
c. Steam lines and catapults
d. Jet blast prop and rotor wash
e. Operating internal combustion engines
f. Large decks with dark surfaces that receive prolonged

direct sun.

3 Aug 10
All of the above will increase the observed dry-bulb temperature
and generally reduce the relative moisture content of the
ambient air.
II.7.2.2. Psychrometers and Kestrals. Psychrometers and

Kestrals are used to measure the ambient air temperature and the
water vapor content of the air. Psychrometers consist of two
glass thermometers. The bulb of the wet-bulb thermometer is
covered with a clean muslin wick which is saturated with water
prior to an observation. When the bulbs are properly
ventilated, they indicate the wet and dry-bulb temperatures of
the atmosphere. There are two types of psychrometers. Both
accurately measure the dry and wet-bulb temperatures when
operated properly. There is no preferred one for use, however,
sling psychrometers are more fragile and require more care when
they are used. Kestrals are a battery operated device that
records ambient air temperature, dew point, wet-bulb
temperature, and wind speed.
a. Sling Psychrometer. The sling psychrometer consists of

two matched thermometers mounted on a common back. Ventilation
is achieved by whirling the thermometers with a handle and a
swivel link until the maximum wet-bulb depression has been
obtained.
b. Electric Psychrometer. The electric psychrometer ML-

450A/UM is a hand-held portable instrument which serves the same
purpose as the sling psychrometer. Batteries furnish power to a
self contained ventilation fan which aspirates the thermometers.
The instrument also contains a lamp for night-time readings.
c. Type of Thermometer. There are two types of

thermometers used in psychrometers, mercury thermometers and
spirit (alcohol) thermometers. They are used as follows:
(1) Spirit Thermometers: temperatures minus 35-degrees

Fahrenheit and colder.
(2) Mercury Thermometers: temperatures warmer than minus

35 degrees Fahrenheit. Note: Should a mercury thermometer
break during operation, particular caution should be taken to
avoid skin contact when cleaning or disposal of the mercury.
It is recommended that several replacement thermometers be

available for use in the event of accidental breakage or if it
is noted that there is a separation of the spirit or alcohol
column.

3 Aug 10
d. Kestral. The Kestral is a hand held portable instrument

which serves to take temperature, dew point, humidity, and wind
speed readings. The device is battery operated and the screen
can light up for night time operations.
II.7.2.3. Operation of Psychrometers. The psychrometer used

regularly should be stored outside in a shaded box with good
ventilation, away from spray, precipitation and heat sources.
If such a location is not available, store the psychrometer in a
clean, dry place that is not exposed to extreme temperature
changes. If the psychrometer is kept inside between
observations it will require longer ventilation outside to let
the thermometers adjust. The greater the temperature difference
between inside and outside, the longer it will take to stabilize
the thermometers.
a. The muslin wicking of the wet-bulb thermometer should be

inspected for cleanliness before each observation. If presence
of salt spray, oil, grease or dirt is noted, the wicking should
be changed before the observation. If the wet-bulb is not the
same as the temperature of the dry-bulb when the wicking is dry,
this is an indication that the wicking is contaminated and
should be changed. It is recommeded the wicking be changed
weekly.
b. The water used to moisten the wick on the wet-bulb

should be the purest available. The wick will become stiff and
the bulb encrusted if the water contains impurities. Any
minerals or other impurities will change the evaporation
characteristics of the water. Change the water periodically to
ensure its purity.
c. Preparing to Observe Wet-bulb Temperature. Moisten the

wicking of the wet-bulb just before each observation using the
following instructions.
(1) Temperature Above Freezing (Normal Conditions).

Moisten the wicking of the wet-bulb just prior to ventilating
the psychrometer when the dry-bulb temperature is warmer than
3ºC (37ºF) even if the humidity is high or the wicking already
appears wet. If the wet-bulb temperature is expected to be 0ºC
(32ºF) or colder, moisten the wicking several minutes before
ventilation so that a drop of water will have formed on the end
of the bulb.
(2) High Temperature and Low Humidity. Moisten the wet-

bulb wick with precooled water whenever possible in areas where

3 Aug 10
the temperature is high and the relative humidity is low.
Thoroughly moisten the wicking several minutes prior to and
again at the time of ventilation, thus helping to reduce the
temperature and prevent the wicking from drying out during
ventilation. If this procedure is not effective, keep the
wicking extended into an open container of water between
observations.
(3) Temperature of 3ºC (37ºF) and Colder. Use water

kept at room temperature to melt any accumulation of ice on the
wet-bulb whenever the dry-bulb temperature of 3ºC (37ºF) or
colder occurs. Moisten the wicking thoroughly at least 15
minutes before ventilation to allow the latent heat to dissipate
before ventilation is begun. Do not allow excess water to
remain on the wet-bulb since a thin ice coating is necessary for
accurate data. If the wicking is not frozen at wet-bulb
temperatures colder than 0ºC (32ºF), induce freezing by touching
the wick with clean ice, snow or other cold objects. If unable
to induce freezing of the wicking, use the low temperature range
of the psychrometric computer. Moisten the wick again at the
time of ventilation.
d. Preparing to Observe Dry-Bulb Thermometer. When

appropriate, take the following actions to ventilate the
psychrometer.
(1) Dew and Frost Conditions. When dew or frost is

expected, check the dry-bulb thermometer 10 to 15 minutes prior
to ventilation. Lightly remove any collection on the
thermometer with a soft cloth. Allow sufficient time for the
dissipation of extraneous heat before ventilation.
(2) Precipitation Conditions. When a sling psychrometer

is used when precipitation is occurring, read the dry-bulb
temperature before ventilation. If there is moisture on the
thermometer, gently wipe it dry with a soft cloth and shield the
thermometer from the precipitation as long as necessary. This
permits dissipation of any extraneous heat before reading the
temperature.
e. Psychrometer Ventilation. To ventilate the

psychrometer, the minimum speed of air passing over the bulbs
should be 15-feet per second (or 5-meters per second). This is
approximately two revolutions per second of the sling
psychrometer.
(1) Using the Sling Psychrometer. Select a shady area

with no obstructions within 3-4 feet and face into the wind. It

3 Aug 10
is preferable to hold the instrument over the rail of the ship

while whirling it. If the reading must be taken in the sun,
keep the instrument in the shade of a hat, clipboard, or the
body as much as practical, but not so close that body heat will
affect readings. If the apparent wind is over 9-knots, the air
flow should be sufficient enough for ventilation without having
to whirl the sling.
(2) Using the Electric Psychrometer. The electric

psychrometer should be exposed to the ambient air for at least
five minutes before reading. Select a shady area with no
obstructions within 3-4 feet. Hold the instrument over the
ships railing with the air intake pointing into the wind. If
the reading must be taken in direct sunlight, turn the
instrument in such a manner that it precludes direct sunlight
from hitting the thermometers. When the ambient air temperature
is 10ºC (50ºF) and above, it is not necessary to energize the
ventilation fan. When the ambient air temperature is below 10ºC
(50ºF), expose the psychrometer with the ventilation fan
running.
(3) Using the Kestral. Turn the power button on in the

middle of the hand held unit. From there you will be able to
scroll through the menu and different weather readings.
Placement and operation of the Kestral should be done in the
same manner as the electric psychrometer.
(4) Steps in Ventilation. After the wicking of the wet-

bulb has been moistened, use the following steps to ventilate
the psychrometer.
(a) Begin ventilating the psychrometer for about 15

seconds; i.e., turn-on the aspirator motor, or begin whirling
the sling psychrometer, as appropriate. Read the wet-bulb
thermometer, but do not record the reading.
(b) When using a sling, ventilate the psychrometer

for another 10 seconds and again read the wet-bulb thermometer.
Continue this process at 10-second intervals until succeeding
readings are within 1ºC or less of each other. Then ventilate
the instrument at intervals of 5-seconds.
(c) If the wet-bulb temperature rises between

successive readings, remoisten the wick and repeat the entire
ventilation process.

3 Aug 10
(d) In reading the thermometers, make sure the line
of sight from the eye to the top of the liquid column is at such
an angle (approximately 90º) as to minimize the error of
parallax. Obtain readings with reference to the middle of the
degree markings.
(e) When consecutive readings show no further

decrease, the wet-bulb temperature has been reached.
(f) Read temperatures to the nearest 0.1ºC. Read

the dry-bulb temperature first, followed by the wet-bulb
temperature.
(5) Condition of Saturation. During dense fog or heavy
precipitation, a condition of 100-percent relative humidity may
exist and no evaporation from the wet-bulb can occur. In this
event, the temperature of the wet-bulb is the same as that of
the dry-bulb thermometer and dew point temperature must be
determined according to procedures in paragraph 2.7.3.
II.7.3. Determination of Dew Point Temperature
a. The dew point temperature is the temperature to which a

given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant pressure and
water vapor content in order for saturation to occur. It is the
temperature at which dew forms on surfaces, hence the name dew
point. Fog also forms when the air temperature approaches the
dew point temperature. The dew point is computed using the
following steps:
(1) Determine the wet-bulb depression by subtracting the

wet-bulb temperature from the dry-bulb temperature. Examples:
Dry-bulb
+73.5ºF
temperature
Wet-bulb +69.0ºF
temperature (subtract)
Depression 4.5ºF
Dry-bulb
+34.5ºF
temperature
Wet-bulb +26.0ºF
temperature (subtract)
Depression 8.5ºF
(2) When using Table II-7-2, Dew Point Computation,

round off the observed wet-bulb temperature to the nearest .5ºC
before computation of the wet-bulb depression. In Table II-7-2,

3 Aug 10
from the wet-bulb temperature along the left column, move to the
right until you find the correct "depression of the wet-bulb"
column. Where these two columns intersect is the dew point
temperature in whole degrees Fahrenheit.
(3) If the psychrometric computer CP-165/UM is used to

compute the dew point temperature, use the following steps:
(a) Using the outer D scale, set the arrow at OºF on

the observed wet-bulb temperature to the nearest .1ºF.
(b) Set the rotating cursor on the value on the D

scale equaling the wet-bulb depression.
(c) The dew point temperature is the value on the DP

scale that the cursor is on, above the wet-bulb depression value
on the D scale.
(d) When the wet-bulb temperature is above 32ºF use

the high temperature range.
(e) When the wet-bulb is 32ºF and below, use the low
temperature range.
(f) When the wet-bulb temperature is 32ºF and below

and the wicking in the wet-bulb thermometer is ice covered, use
the Ti scale instead of the DP scale in step 2.7.3.(3)(c).
(4) Statistical Dew Point Temperature. At dry-bulb

temperatures of -35ºF (-37ºC) and colder, assume the dew point
with respect to ice is the same as the dry-bulb temperature.
Obtain a statistical dew point value for the observation record
by converting this temperature to the corresponding dew point
with respect to water.
II.7.4. Relative Humidity. Relative humidity is the ratio of

the actual vapor pressure of the air to the saturation vapor
pressure expressed as a percentage. The relative humidity is
not routinely computed and is not required as a data entry in
either the ship observation or the ship synoptic code. However,
the relative humidity is a frequently requested value and the
observer should become familiar with computing it. To compute
relative humidity, use the Psychrometric Computer CP-165A/UM.
Observe the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures and compute the
dew point. Compute relative humidity as follows:

3 Aug 10
a. Using the inner two scales of the CP-165A/UM, scales RH
and T, set the arrow at 100% RH on the dry-bulb value on the T
scale.
b. Rotate the cursor until the line is on the dew point

value on the T scale.
c. Read the percent of relative humidity on the RH scale

below the dew point value.
II.7.5. Sea Water Temperature. The sea water temperature

reported in the ship observation and synoptic code is the
temperature of the first few feet of water as close to the
surface layer as possible. There are three methods of observing
the sea water temperature; the bucket method, from a
bathythermograph observation, or from the sea water injection
thermometers in the machinery spaces.
II.7.5.1. Bucket Observation Method. The bucket method is the

preferred method of observation. Attach a line to the bail of
the bucket. From as far forward as possible, heave the bucket
overboard. Allow time for the bucket to come to the sea
temperature. Haul in the sample rapidly and take it to a point
out of sunlight and wind. Stir the water with a thermometer
until the thermometer reading stabilizes. Read the thermometer
to the nearest tenth of a degree Fahrenheit with the bulb still
immersed in the water.
II.7.5.2. Bathythermograph Observation Method. If a

bathythermograph observation is taken within 15-minutes of the
scheduled observation time the temperature recorded at the
surface may be used as the sea water temperature.
II.7.5.3. Injection or Condenser Intake Temperature. Determine

from the engineering department which machinery room has the
most accurate sea water injection readings and compare the
readings with bucket or bathythermograph observations. If the
readings are not within 0.5ºC, determine if the difference is
consistent for temperature ranges. If possible, determine
correction values to be used. Validate the accuracy of the
readings routinely. If the sea water injection temperature
cannot be observed or corrected to within 0.5ºC, do not use
these readings. If the required accuracy can be met, obtain a
reading within 15-minutes of the scheduled time of observation.
II.7.6. Column 11 - Temperature. Enter the dry-bulb

temperature to the nearest tenth degree Celsius. Prefix subzero

3 Aug 10
temperatures with a "M"; e.g., M08.1. If temperature is

missing, leave blank and do not encode dew point and wet-bulb
temperatures as well.
II.7.7. Column 12 - Dew Point Temperature. Enter the dew point

temperature to the nearest whole degree Celsius. Prefix subzero
dew point temperatures with a "M". Enter statistical data in
parenthesis; i.e., enter the water equivalent of the dry-bulb
temperature when the air temperature is -37ºC (-35ºF) or below.
II.7.8. Column 20 - Wet-bulb Temperature. Enter the wet-bulb

temperature to the nearest tenth degree Celsius. Prefix subzero
wet-bulb temperatures with a "M".
II.7.9. Column D - Sea Water Temperature. Enter the sea water

temperature to the nearest tenth degree Celsius. Enter "M" for
missing data.
TABLE II-7-1
CONVERSION OF FAHRENHEIT DEGREES TO CELSIUS DEGREES

Deg Tabular values deg C
F 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
129 53.9 53.9 54.0 54.1 54.1 54.2 54.2 54.3 54.3 54.4
128 53.3 53.4 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.6 53.7 53.7 53.8 53.8
127 52.8 52.8 52.9 52.9 53.0 53.1 53.1 53.2 53.2 53.3
126 52.2 52.3 52.3 52.4 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.6 52.7 52.7
125 51.7 51.7 51.8 51.8 51.9 51.9 52.0 52.1 52.1 52.2
124 51.1 51.2 51.2 51.3 51.3 51.4 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.6
123 50.6 50.6 50.7 50.7 50.8 50.8 50.9 50.9 51.0 51.1
122 50.0 50.1 50.1 50.2 50.2 50.3 50.3 50.4 50.4 50.5
121 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.6 49.7 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.9 49.9
120 48.9 48.9 49.0 49.1 49.1 49.2 49.2 49.3 49.3 49.4
119 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.6 48.7 48.7 48.8 48.8
118 47.8 47.8 47.9 47.9 48.0 48.1 48.1 48.2 48.2 48.3
117 47.2 47.3 47.3 47.4 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.6 47.7 47.7
116 46.7 46.7 46.8 46.8 46.9 46.9 47.0 47.1 47.1 47.2
115 46.1 46.2 46.2 46.3 46.3 46.4 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.6
114 45.6 45.6 45.7 45.7 45.8 45.8 45.9 45.9 46.0 46.1
113 45.0 45.1 45.1 45.2 45.2 45.3 45.3 45.4 45.4 45.5
112 44.4 44.5 44.6 44.6 44.7 44.7 44.8 44.8 44.9 44.9
111 43.9 43.9 44.0 44.1 44.1 44.2 44.2 44.3 44.3 44.4
110 43.3 43.4 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.6 43.7 43.7 43.8 43.8
109 42.8 42.8 42.9 42.9 43.0 43.1 43.1 43.2 43.2 43.3
108 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.4 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.6 42.7 42.7
107 41.7 41.7 41.8 41.8 41.9 41.9 42.0 42.1 42.1 42.2
106 41.1 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.4 41.4 41.5 41.6 41.6
105 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.7 40.8 40.8 40.9 40.9 41.0 41.1
104 40.0 40.1 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.4 40.5

3 Aug 10
103 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.6 39.7 39.7 39.8 39.8 39.9 39.9
102 38.9 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.4
101 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.7 38.8 38.8
100 37.8 37.8 37.9 37.9 38.0 38.1 38.1 38.2 38.2 38.3
99 37.2 37.3 37.3 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.6 37.7 37.7
98 36.7 36.7 36.8 36.8 36.9 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.1 37.2
97 36.1 36.2 36.2 36.3 36.3 36.4 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.6
96 35.6 35.6 35.7 35.7 35.8 35.8 35.9 35.9 36.0 36.1
95 35.0 35.1 35.1 35.2 35.2 35.3 35.3 35.4 35.4 35.5
94 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.6 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.8 34.9 34.9
93 33.9 33.9 34.0 34.1 34.1 34.2 34.2 34.3 34.3 34.4
92 33.3 33.4 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.8 33.8
91 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.9 33.0 33.1 33.1 33.2 33.2 33.3
90 32.2 32.3 32.3 32.4 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7
89 31.7 31.7 31.8 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.0 32.1 32.1 32.2
88 31.1 31.2 31.2 31.3 31.3 31.4 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.6
87 30.6 30.6 30.7 30.7 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.9 31.0 31.1
86 30.0 30.1 30.1 30.2 30.2 30.3 30.3 30.4 30.4 30.5
85 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.6 29.7 29.7 29.8 29.8 29.9 29.9
84 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.2 29.2 29.3 29.3 29.4
83 28.3 28.4 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.8 28.8
82 27.8 27.8 27.9 27.9 28.0 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.2 28.3
81 27.2 27.3 27.3 27.4 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.7
80 26.7 26.7 26.8 26.8 26.9 26.9 27.0 27.1 27.1 27.2
79 26.1 26.2 26.2 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.6
78 25.6 25.6 25.7 25.7 25.8 25.8 25.9 25.9 26.0 26.1
77 25.0 25.1 25.1 25.2 25.2 25.3 25.3 25.4 25.4 25.5
76 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.8 24.8 24.9 24.9
75 23.9 23.9 24.0 24.1 24.1 24.2 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.4
74 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.7 23.8 23.8
73 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.3
72 22.2 22.3 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.7
71 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.8 21.9 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1 22.2
70 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6
69 20.6 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.1
68 20.0 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.4 20.5
67 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.6 19.7 19.7 19.8 19.8 19.9 19.9
66 18.9 18.9 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.4
65 18.3 18.4 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.6 18.7 18.7 18.8 18.8
64 17.8 17.8 17.9 17.9 18.0 18.1 18.1 18.2 18.2 18.3
63 17.2 17.3 17.3 17.4 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.7 17.7
62 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.2
61 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.6
60 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.7 15.8 15.8 15.9 15.9 16.0 16.1
59 15.0 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.5
58 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.6 14.7 14.7 14.8 14.8 14.9 14.9
57 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.2 14.2 14.3 14.3 14.4
56 13.3 13.4 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.6 13.7 13.7 13.8 13.8
55 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.2 13.3

3 Aug 10
54 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7
53 11.7 11.7 11.8 11.8 11.9 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.2
52 11.1 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.6
51 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.1
50 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.5
49 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9
48 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4
47 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.8
46 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.3
45 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.7
44 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2
43 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6
42 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.1
41 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5
40 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9
39 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4
38 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8
37 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3
36 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7
35 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2
34 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6
33 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1
32 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
31 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1
30 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6
29 -1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2
28 -2.2 -2.2 -2.1 -2.1 -2.0 -1.9 -1.9 -1.8 -1.8 -1.7
27 -2.8 -2.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.5 -2.4 -2.4 -2.3 -2.3
26 -3.3 -3.3 -3.2 -3.2 -3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8
25 -3.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.7 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.5 -3.4 -3.4
24 -4.4 -4.4 -4.3 -4.3 -4.2 -4.2 -4.1 -4.1 -4.0 -3.9
23 -5.0 -4.9 -4.9 -4.8 -4.8 -4.7 -4.7 -4.6 -4.6 -4.5
22 -5.6 -5.5 -5.4 -5.4 -5.3 -5.3 -5.2 -5.2 -5.1 -5.1
21 -6.1 -6.1 -6.0 -5.9 -5.9 -5.8 -5.8 -5.7 -5.7 -5.6
20 -6.7 -6.6 -6.6 -6.5 -6.4 -6.4 -6.3 -6.3 -6.2 -6.2
19 -7.2 -7.2 -7.1 -7.1 -7.0 -6.9 -6.9 -6.8 -6.8 -6.7
18 -7.8 -7.7 -7.7 -7.6 -7.6 -7.5 -7.4 -7.4 -7.3 -7.3
17 -8.3 -8.3 -8.2 -8.2 -8.1 -8.1 -8.0 -7.9 -7.9 -7.8
16 -8.9 -8.8 -8.8 -8.7 -8.7 -8.6 -8.6 -8.5 -8.4 -8.4
15 -9.4 -9.4 -9.3 -9.3 -9.2 -9.2 -9.1 -9.1 -9.0 -8.9
14 --10.0 -9.9 -9.9 -9.8 -9.8 -9.7 -9.7 -9.6 -9.6 -9.5
13 -10.6 -10.5 -10.4 -10.4 -10.3 -10.3 -10.2 -10.2 -10.1 -10.1
12 -11.1 -11.1 -11.0 -10.9 -10.9 -10.8 -10.8 -10.7 -10.7 -10.6
11 -11.7 -11.6 -11.6 -11.5 -11.4 -11.4 -11.3 -11.3 -11.2 -11.2
10 -12.2 -12.2 -12.1 -12.1 -12.0 -11.9 -11.9 -11.8 -11.8 -11.7
9 -12.8 -12.7 -12.7 -12.6 -12.6 -12.5 -12.4 -12.4 -12.3 -12.3
8 -13.3 -13.3 -13.2 -13.2 -13.1 -13.1 -13.0 -12.9 -12.9 -12.8
7 -13.9 -13.8 -13.8 -13.7 -13.7 -13.6 -13.6 -13.5 -13.4 -13.4
6 -14.4 -14.4 -14.3 -14.3 -14.2 -14.2 -14.1 -14.1 -14.0 -13.9
5 -15.0 -14.9 -14.9 -14.8 -14.8 -14.7 -14.7 -14.6 -14.6 -14.5

3 Aug 10
4 -15.6 -15.5 -15.4 -15.4 -15.3 -15.3 -15.2 -15.2 -15.1 -15.1
3 -16.1 -16.1 -16.0 -15.9 -15.9 -15.8 -15.8 -15.7 -15.7 -15.6
2 -16.7 -16.6 -16.6 -16.5 -16.4 -16.4 -16.3 -16.3 -16.2 -16.2
1 -17.2 -17.2 -17.1 -17.1 -17.0 -16.9 -16.9 -16.8 -16.8 -16.7
0 -17.8 -17.7 -17.7 -17.6 -17.6 -17.5 -17.4 -17.4 -17.3 -17.3
(-)0 -17.8 -17.8 -17.9 -17.9 -18.0 -18.1 -18.1 -18.2 -18.2 -18.3
-1 -18.3 -18.4 -18.4 -18.5 -18.6 -18.6 -18.7 -18.7 -18.8 -18.8
-2 -18.9 -18.9 -19.0 -19.1 -19.1 -19.2 -19.2 -19.3 -19.3 -19.4
-3 -19.4 -19.5 -19.6 -19.6 -19.7 -19.7 -19.8 -19.8 -19.9 -19.9
-4 -20.0 -20.1 -20.1 -20.2 -20.2 -20.3 -20.3 -20.4 -20.4 -20.5
-5 -20.6 -20.6 -20.7 -20.7 -20.8 -20.8 -20.9 -20.9 -21.0 -21.1
-6 -21.1 -21.2 -21.2 -21.3 -21.3 -21.4 -21.4 -21.5 -21.6 -21.6
-7 -21.7 -21.7 -21.8 -21.8 -21.9 -21.9 -22.0 -22.1 -22.1 -22.2
-8 -22.2 -22.3 -22.3 -22.4 -22.4 -22.5 -22.6 -22.6 -22.7 -22.7
-9 -22.8 -22.8 -22.9 -22.9 -23.0 -23.1 -23.1 -23.2 -23.2 -23.3
-10 -23.3 -23.4 -23.4 -23.5 -23.6 -23.6 -23.7 -23.7 -23.8 -23.8
-11 -23.9 -23.9 -24.0 -24.1 -24.1 -24.2 -24.2 -24.3 -24.3 -24.4
-12 -24.4 -24.5 -24.6 -24.6 -24.7 -24.7 -24.8 -24.8 -24.9 -24.9
-13 -25.0 -25.1 -25.1 -25.2 -25.2 -25.3 -25.3 -25.4 -25.4 -25.5
-14 -25.6 -25.6 -25.7 -25.7 -25.8 -25.8 -25.9 -25.9 -26.0 -26.1
-15 -26.1 -26.2 -26.2 -26.3 -26.3 -26.4 -26.4 -26.5 -26.6 -26.6
-16 -26.7 -26.7 -26.8 -26.8 -26.9 -26.9 -27.0 -27.1 -27.1 -27.2
-17 -27.2 -27.3 -27.3 -27.4 -27.4 -27.5 -27.6 -27.6 -27.7 -27.7
-18 -27.8 -27.8 -27.9 -27.9 -28.0 -28.1 -28.1 -28.2 -28.2 -28.3
-19 -28.3 -28.4 -28.4 -28.5 -28.6 -28.6 -28.7 -28.7 -28.8 -28.8
-20 -28.9 -28.9 -29.0 -29.1 -29.1 -29.2 -29.2 -29.3 -29.3 -29.4
-21 -29.4 -29.5 -29.6 -29.6 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -29.9
-22 -30.0 -30.1 -30.1 -30.2 -30.2 -30.3 -30.3 -30.4 -30.4 -30.5
-23 -30.6 -30.6 -30.7 -30.7 -30.8 -30.8 -30.9 -30.9 -31.0 -31.1
-24 -31.1 -31.2 -31.2 -31.3 -31.3 -31.4 -31.4 -31.5 -31.6 -31.6
-25 -31.7 -31.7 -31.8 -31.8 -31.9 -31.9 -32.0 -32.1 -32.1 -32.2
-26 -32.2 -32.3 -32.3 -32.4 -32.4 -32.5 -32.6 -32.6 -32.7 -32.7
-27 -32.8 -32.8 -32.9 -32.9 -33.0 -33.1 -33.1 -33.2 -33.2 -33.3
-28 -33.3 -33.4 -33.4 -33.5 -33.6 -33.6 -33.7 -33.7 -33.8 -33.8
-29 -33.9 -33.9 -34.0 -34.1 -34.1 -34.2 -34.2 -34.3 -34.3 -34.4
-30 -34.4 -34.5 -34.6 -34.6 -34.7 -34.7 -34.8 -34.8 -34.9 -34.9
-31 -35.0 -35.1 -35.1 -35.2 -35.2 -35.3 -35.3 -35.4 -35.4 -35.5
-32 -35.6 -35.6 -35.7 -35.7 -35.8 -35.8 -35.9 -35.9 -36.0 -36.1
-33 -36.1 -36.2 -36.2 -36.3 -36.3 -36.4 -36.4 -36.5 -36.6 -36.6
-34 -36.7 -36.7 -36.8 -36.8 -36.9 -36.9 -37.0 -37.1 -37.1 -37.2
-35 -37.2 -37.3 -37.3 -37.4 -37.4 -37.5 -37.6 -37.6 -37.7 -37.7
-36 -37.8 -37.8 -37.9 -37.9 -38.0 -38.1 -38.1 -38.2 -38.2 -38.3
-37 -38.3 -38.4 -38.4 -38.5 -38.6 -38.6 -38.7 -38.7 -38.8 -38.8
-38 -38.9 -38.9 -39.0 -39.1 -39.1 -39.2 -39.2 -39.3 -39.3 -39.4
-39 -39.4 -39.5 -39.6 -39.6 -39.7 -39.7 -39.8 -39.8 -39.9 -39.9
-40 -40.0 -40.1 -40.1 -40.2 -40.2 -40.3 -40.3 -40.4 -40.4 -40.5
-41 -40.6 -40.6 -40.7 -40.7 -40.8 -40.8 -40.9 -40.9 -41.0 -41.1
-42 -41.1 -41.2 -41.2 -41.3 -41.3 -41.4 -41.4 -41.5 -41.6 -41.6
-43 -41.7 -41.7 -41.8 -41.8 -41.9 -41.9 -42.0 -42.1 -42.1 -42.2
-44 -42.2 -42.3 -42.3 -42.4 -42.4 -42.5 -42.6 -42.6 -42.7 -42.7
-45 -42.8 -42.8 -42.9 -42.9 -43.0 -43.1 -43.1 -43.2 -43.2 -43.3

3 Aug 10
-46 -43.3 -43.4 -43.4 -43.5 -43.6 -43.6 -43.7 -43.7 -43.8 -43.8
-47 -43.9 -43.9 -44.0 -44.1 -44.1 -44.2 -44.2 -44.3 -44.3 -44.4
-48 -44.4 -44.5 -44.6 -44.6 -44.7 -44.7 -44.8 -44.8 -44.9 -44.9
-49 -45.0 -45.1 -45.1 -45.2 -45.2 -45.3 -45.3 -45.4 -45.4 -45.5
-50 -45.6 -45.6 -45.7 -45.7 -45.8 -45.8 -45.9 -45.9 -46.0 -46.1
-51 -46.1 -46.2 -46.2 -46.3 -46.3 -46.4 -46.4 -46.5 -46.6 -46.6
-52 -46.7 -46.7 -46.8 -46.8 -46.9 -46.9 -47.0 -47.1 -47.1 -47.2
-53 -47.2 -47.3 -47.3 -47.4 -47.4 -47.5 -47.6 -47.6 -47.7 -47.7
-54 -47.8 -47.8 -47.9 -47.9 -48.0 -48.1 -48.1 -48.2 -48.2 -48.3
-55 -48.3 -48.4 -48.4 -48.5 -48.6 -48.6 -48.7 -48.7 -48.8 -48.8
-56 -48.9 -48.9 -49.0 -49.1 -49.1 -49.2 -49.2 -49.3 -49.3 -49.4
-57 -49.4 -49.5 -49.6 -49.6 -49.7 -49.7 -49.8 -49.8 -49.9 -49.9
-58 -50.0 -50.1 -50.1 -50.2 -50.2 -50.3 -50.3 -50.4 -50.4 -50.5
-59 -50.6 -50.6 -50.7 -50.7 -50.8 -50.8 -50.9 -50.9 -51.0 -51.1
-60 -51.1 -51.2 -51.2 -51.3 -51.3 -51.4 -51.4 -51.5 -51.6 -51.6
-61 -51.7 -51.7 -51.8 -51.8 -51.9 -51.9 -52.0 -52.1 -52.1 -52.2
-62 -52.2 -52.3 -52.3 -52.4 -52.4 -52.5 -52.6 -52.6 -52.7 -52.7
-63 -52.8 -52.8 -52.9 -52.9 -53.0 -53.1 -53.1 -53.2 -53.2 -53.3
-64 -53.3 -53.4 -53.4 -53.5 -53.6 -53.6 -53.7 -53.7 -53.8 -53.8
-65 -53.9 -53.9 -54.0 -54.1 -54.1 -54.2 -54.2 -54.3 -54.3 -54.4
-66 -54.4 -54.5 -54.6 -54.6 -54.7 -54.7 -54.8 -54.8 -54.9 -54.9
-67 -55.0 -55.1 -55.1 -55.2 -55.2 -55.3 -55.3 -55.4 -55.4 -55.5
-68 -55.6 -55.6 -55.7 -55.7 -55.8 -55.8 -55.9 -55.9 -56.0 -56.1
-69 -56.1 -56.2 -56.2 -56.3 -56.3 -56.4 -56.4 -56.5 -56.6 -56.6
-70 -56.7 -56.7 -56.8 -56.8 -56.9 -56.9 -57.0 -57.1 -57.1 -57.2

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-7-2
TEMPERATURE OF THE DEW POINT IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

[Tabular values are dew points with respect to water]
Wet-bulb Depression of Wet-bulb thermometer (Dry-bulb minus wet-bulb)
(ºF.) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
-20.0 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -58 -70
-19.5 -26 -28 -30 -32 -35 -37 -40 -44 -49 -55 -64 -92
-19.0 -26 -28 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39 -43 -47 -52 -60 -76
-18.5 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -57 -69
-18.0 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -44 -48 -54 -64 -87
-17.5 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -33 -36 -39 -42 -46 -52 -59 -74
-17.0 -24 -25 -27 -28 -30 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -49 -56 -67
-16.5 -23 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -36 -39 -43 -47 -53 -62 -80
-16.0 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -42 -46 -51 -58 -70
-15.5 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -44 -48 -54 -64 -88
-15.0 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -33 -36 -39 -42 -46 -52 -59 -73
-14.5 -21 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -35 -37 -40 -44 -49 -55 -65
-14.0 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39 -42 -47 -52 -60 -76
-13.5 -20 -21 -22 -23 -25 -27 -28 -30 -32 -35 -38 -41 -45 -49 -56 -67
-13.0 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -28 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39 -43 -47 -53 -61 -78
-12.5 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -28 -30 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -56 -67
-12.0 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -28 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39 -43 -47 -53 -61 -78
-11.5 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -28 -30 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -56 -67
-11.0 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39 -43 -47 -52 -61 -77
-10.5 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22 -23 -25 -27 -28 -30 -32 -35 -37 -41 -44 -49 -56 -66
-10.0 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -33 -36 -39 -42 -47 -52 -60 -75
- 9.5 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -44 -49 -55 -65 -94
- 9.0 -14 -15 -16 -17 -19 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -36 -38 -42 -46 -51 -58 -72
- 8.5 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -43 -48 -54 -63
- 8.0 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -30 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -57
- 7.5 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -33 -36 -39 -42 -47 -52
- 7.0 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -44 -48
- 6.5 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
- 6.0 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39 -43
- 5.5 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40
- 5.0 -10 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -30 -33 -35 -38
- 4.5 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -14 -15 -16 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -33 -36
- 4.0 - 9 -10 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34
- 3.5 - 8 - 9 -10 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32
- 3.0 - 8 - 8 - 9 -1O -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31
- 2.5 - 7 - 8 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -19 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29
- 2.0 - 7 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27
- 1.5 -6 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -24 -26
- 1.0 -5 -6 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -25
- 0.5 -5 -5 -6 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22 -23
0.0 -3 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22
+ 0.5 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21
1.0 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20
1.5 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18
2.0 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17
2.5 -1 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16
3.0 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15
3.5 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -l2 -13 -14
4.0 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -12 -13
4.5 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 -4 -5 -5 -6 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -10 -11 -12
5.0 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -5 -5 -6 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -10 -11
5.5 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -5 -5 -6 -7 -7 -8 -9 -9 -10
6.0 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -9 -9
6.5 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8
7.0 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 -4 -5 -5 -6 -7 -8
7.5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -5 -5 -6 -7
8.0 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -6
8.5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 -4 -5
9.0 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4
9.5 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3
10.0 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2
10.5 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -2
11.0 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
11.5 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0
12.0 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
12.5 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2
13.0 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2
13.5 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 3
14.0 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4
14.5 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5
15.0 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5
15.5 13 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6
16.0 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 7 7
16.5 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8
17.0 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8
17.5 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 9 9
18.0 16 16 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10
18.5 17 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11
19.0 17 17 17 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 11
19.5 18 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12
20.0 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 13
(ºF.) 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2
-10.0
- 9.5
- 9.0
- 8.5 -84
- 8.0 -68
- 7.5 -60 -76
- 7.0 -55 -64 -92
- 6.5 -50 -57 -70
- 6.0 -47 -52 -61 -77
- 5.5 -44 -48 -55 -64 -91
- 5.0 -41 -45 -50 -57 -69
- 4.5 -39 -42 -46 -52 -59 -74
- 4.0 -37 -40 -43 -48 -53 -62 -82

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2
- 3.5 -35 -37 -40 -44 -49 -55 -65 -99

- 3.0 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -57 -69
- 2.5 -31 -33 -36 -38 -42 -46 -51 -59 -73
- 2.0 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39 -43 -47 -53 -61 -78
- 1.5 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -43 -48 -54 -63 -84
- 1.0 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -44 -49 -55 -65 -95
- 0.5 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -35 -37 -41 -44 -49 -56 -66
0.0 -23 -25 -27 -28 -30 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -57 -68
+ 0.5 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -57 -69
1.0 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -41 -46 -51 -58 -71
1.5 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -42 -46 -51 -58 -71
2.0 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -42 -46 -51 -58 -72
2.5 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -42 -46 -51 -58 -71
3.0 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -42 -46 -51 -58 -71
3.5 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -57 -70
4.0 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22 -23 -25 -27 -28 -30 -33 -35 -38 -41 -45 -50 -57 -69
4.5 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30 -32 -35 -37 -41 -44 -49 -56
5.0 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -25 -27 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -44 -49
5.5 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -37 -40 -43
6.0 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27 -29 -31 -34 -36 -39
6.5 -9 -10 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -19 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -36
7.0 -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -21 -22 -23 -25 -27 -28 -30 -33
7.5 -7 -8 -9 -10 -10 -11 -l2 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23 -25 -26 -28 -30
8.0 -6 -7 -8 -9 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -14 -15 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -23 -24 -26 -27
8.5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -20 -21 -22 -24 -25
9.0 -5 -5 -6 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23
9.5 -4 -4 -5 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -19 -20 -21
10.0 - 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19
10.5 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -14 -15 -17 -18
11.0 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16
11.5 0 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -14
12.0 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 7 - 8 – 9 -10 -10 -11 -12 -13
12.5 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 6 - 7 – 8 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12
13.0 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 5 - 6 – 7 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 9 -10
13.5 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 – 5 - 6 - 7 - 7 - 8 - 9

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2
14.0 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 – 4 - 5 - 6 - 6 - 7 - 8
14.5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 – 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 6
15.0 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2 – 2 - 3 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 5
15.5 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 – 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 4
16.0 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3
16.5 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1 - 1 - 2
17.0 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 - 1
17.5 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0
18.0 10 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1
18.5 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2
19.0 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 3
19.5 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4
20.0 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5
(ºF.) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5
20.0 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 4 - 7 -11 -16 -22 -30 -44

20.5 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0 - 3 - 6 - 9 -13 -19 -26 -36 -62
21.0 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 - 1 - 4 - 8 -11 -16 -22 -31 -46
21.5 19 18 16 15 14 12 10 9 7 5 2 0 - 3 - 6 – 9 -14 -19 -26 -37 -67
22.0 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 - 1 - 4 – 8 -12 -16 -23 -31 -47
22.5 20 19 18 16 15 14 12 10 9 7 5 2 0 - 3 – 6 -10 -14 -19 -26 -38 -69
23.0 21 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 1 – 4 - 8 -12 -16 -23 -31 -47
23.5 21 20 19 18 16 15 14 12 10 9 7 5 2 0 – 3 - 6 - 9 -14 -19 -26 -37
24.0 22 21 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 – 1 - 4 - 8 -11 -16 -22 -31
24.5 22 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0 - 3 - 6 - 9 -14 -19 -26
25.0 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 15 13 11 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 4 - 7 -11 -16 -22
25.5 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0 - 2 - 5 - 9 -13 -18
26.0 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 16 13 12 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 4 - 7 -11 -15
26.5 25 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 14 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 - 2 - 5 - 8 -12
27.0 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 14 12 10 9 7 5 2 0 - 3 - 6 -10
27.5 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 - 1 - 4 - 7
28.0 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0 - 2 - 5
28.5 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 13 12 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 3
29.0 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 9 8 6 3 1 - 2

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5
29.5 28 27 27 26 25 24 23 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0
30.0 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 13 12 10 8 6 4 2
30.5 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 4
31.0 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5
31.5 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 14 12 10 9 7
32.0 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 15 13 12 10 8
32.5 32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 14 13 11 9
33.0 32 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 26 25 24 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 14 12 10
33.5 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 15 13 12
34.0 33 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 14 13
34.5 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 24 23 21 20 19 18 17 15 14
35.0 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 16 15
35.5 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17 16
36.0 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 19 18 17
36.5 36 35 34 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 24 23 21 20 19 18
37.0 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19
37.5 37 36 36 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
38.0 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
38.5 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
39.0 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 24 23
39.5 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
40.0 39 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24
40.5 40 39 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25
41.0 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 36 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26
41.5 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 27
42.0 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 29 28
42.5 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 29
43.0 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32 31 30 29
43.5 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32 31 30
44.0 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32 31
44.5 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32
45.0 45 44 44 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32
45.5 45 45 44 44 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33
46.0 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34
46.5 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5
47.0 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35
47.5 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36
48.0 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 39 39 38 38 37
48.5 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 39 39 38 38
49.0 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 38
49.5 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39
50.0 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 41 41 40 40
50.5 50 50 49 49 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 40
51.0 51 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41
51.5 51 51 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42
52.0 52 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43
52.5 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43
53.0 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44
53.5 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 46 45 45
54.0 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 45
54.5 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46
55.0 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47
55.5 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47
56.0 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48
56.5 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48
57.0 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 54 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 50 49
57.5 57 57 57 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50
58.0 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 50
58.5 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51
59.0 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52
59.5 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 53 53 53 52
60.0 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53
60.5 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54
61.0 61 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54
61.5 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 58 57 57 56 56 55 55 55 55
62.0 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55
62.5 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56
63.0 63 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57
63.5 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 59 58 58 58 57
64.0 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5
64.5 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58
65.0 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59
65.5 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60
66.0 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 60
66.5 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61
67.0 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61
67.5 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62
68.0 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 63 63 63 63
68.5 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 63 63
69.0 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64
69.5 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64
70.0 70 70 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65
70.5 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66
71.0 71 71 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66
71.5 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67
72.0 72 72 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67
72.5 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 69 68 68 68
73.0 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 68
73.5 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 69 69 69
74.0 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70
74.5 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 71 70 70
75.0 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71
75.5 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 71 71
76.0 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72
76.5 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 72 72
77.0 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73
77.5 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73
78.0 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74
78.5 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75
79.0 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75
79.5 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76
80.0 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 76 76
80.5 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77
81.0 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 77
81.5 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5
82.0 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 78
82.5 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79
83.0 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80
83.5 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80
84.0 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81
84.5 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81
85.0 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82
85.5 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82
86.0 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83
86.5 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83
87.0 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84
87.5 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85 85
88.0 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85
88.5 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86
89.0 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86
89.5 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87
90.0 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87
90.5 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88
91.0 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88
91.5 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89
92.0 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89
92.5 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90
93.0 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90
93.5 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91
94.0 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 91
94.5 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5 -68
24.0 -47
24.5 -37 -64
25.0 -30 -45
25.5 -25 -35 -58
26.0 -21 -29 -42
26.5 -17 -24 -33 -52
27.0 -14 -20 -27 -39 -79
27.5 -11 -16 -22 -31 -46
28.0 - 9 -13 -18 -25 -36 -59
28.5 - 7 -10 -15 -21 -28 -41
29.0 - 4 - 8 -12 -17 -23 -32 -49
29.5 - 2 - 6 - 9 -13 -19 -26 -36 -62
30.0 - 1 - 3 - 7 -10 -15 -21 -29 -42
30.5 1 - 1 - 4 - 8 -12 -17 -23 -32 -48
31.0 3 0 - 2 - 5 - 9 -13 -18 -25 -36 -59
31.5 5 2 0 - 3 - 6 -10 -14 -20 -28 -40 -90
32.0 6 4 2 - 1 - 4 - 7 -11 -16 -22 -30 -45
32.5 7 5 3 1 - 2 - 5 - 8 -13 -18 -24 -34 -55
33.0 9 7 5 2 0 - 3 - 6 -10 -14 -20 -27 -39 -78
33.5 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 4 - 7 -11 -16 -22 -30 -45
34.0 11 9 7 5 3 1 - 2 - 5 - 8 -12 -17 -24 -34 -53
34.5 12 11 9 7 5 3 0 - 3 - 6 - 9 -14 -19 -26 -38 -69
35.0 13 12 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 3 - 7 -11 -15 -21 -29 -42
35.5 14 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 - 1 - 4 - 8 -12 -17 -23 -32 -49
36.0 15 14 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 - 2 - 5 - 9 -13 -18 -25 -35 -57
36.5 17 15 14 12 10 9 7 5 2 0 - 3 - 6 -10 -14 -19 -27 -38 -75
37.0 18 16 15 13 12 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 3 - 7 -11 -15 -21 -29 -43
37.5 19 17 16 15 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 - 1 - 4 - 8 -11 -16 -22 -31 -47
38.0 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 9 8 5 3 1 - 2 - 5 - 8 -12 -17 -24 -34 -54

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0
38.5 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0 - 2 - 5 - 9 -13 -19 -26 -36 -62

39.0 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 10 9 7 5 2 0 - 3 - 6 -10 -14 -20 -27 -39
39.5 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 13 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 - 3 - 7 -10 -15 -21 -29
40.0 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 15 13 12 10 8 6 4 2 - 1 - 4 - 7 -11 -16 -22
40.5 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 15 13 11 10 8 6 4 1 - 1 - 4 - 8 -12 -16
41.0 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 8 6 3 1 - 2 - 5 - 8 -12
41.5 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 14 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 - 2 - 5 - 8
42.0 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 14 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 - 2 - 5
42.5 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0 - 2
43.0 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3 0
43.5 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7 5 3
44.0 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 6 5
44.5 31 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9 7
45.0 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11 9
45.5 32 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 11
46.0 33 33 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 15 14 12
46.5 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 19 18 17 15 14 14
47.0 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16
47.5 36 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17
48.0 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18
48.5 37 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
49.0 38 37 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
49.5 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 24 23
50.0 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 26 25 24
50.5 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 36 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 26 25
51.0 41 40 39 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27 26
51.5 41 41 40 40 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 34 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 27
52.0 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28
52.5 43 42 42 41 41 40 39 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 30
53.0 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 34 33 32 31 31
53.5 44 44 43 43 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 32 32
54.0 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 39 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 33 33
54.5 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 38 38 37 36 36 35 34 34
55.0 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37 36 35 35
55.5 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 39 39 38 38 37 36 36
56.0 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 37 37
56.5 48 48 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 42 42 41 41 40 39 39 38 38
57.0 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 42 42 41 41 40 40 39 38

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0
57.5 49 49 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 39
58.0 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 41 41 40
58.5 51 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41
59.0 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43 42
59.5 52 52 51 51 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44 43 43
60.0 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 45 45 44 44
60.5 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47 46 46 45 45
61.0 54 53 53 53 52 52 52 51 55 50 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47 46 46 45
61.5 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 48 47 47 46
62.0 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47
62.5 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48
63.0 55 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 49 49 49
63.5 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49
64.0 58 57 57 57 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50
64.5 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 51 51
65.0 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52
65.5 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52
66.0 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53
66.5 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54
67.0 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55
67.5 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55
68.0 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56
68.5 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57
69.0 64 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 59 58 58 58
69.5 64 64 64 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 58
70.0 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 60 59 59
70.5 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 60 60 60
71.0 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 60
71.5 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61
72.0 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62 62 62
72.5 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 63 63 63 63 62
73.0 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 63 63
73.5 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64 64 64
74.0 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 64
74.5 70 70 69 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 65 65
75.0 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 66
75.5 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 67 66

3 Aug 10
(ºF.) 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0
76.0 72 71 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 67 67 67
76.5 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 68 68 68 68 68
77.0 73 73 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 68
77.5 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70 69 69
78.0 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 70 70 69 70 70
78.5 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 70 71 70
79.0 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71
79.5 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 71
80.0 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 72 72
80.5 77 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73
81.0 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74 74 74 73
81.5 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 74 74
82.0 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75
82.5 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75
83.0 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76
83.5 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 76
84.0 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77
84.5 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78
85.0 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 78
85.5 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 79
86.0 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 79
86.5 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80
87.0 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81
87.5 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82 81 81
88.0 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82
88.5 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 83 82
89.0 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 83 83 83
89.5 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 84 84 84
90.0 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85 84 84 84
90.5 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 85
91.0 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85 85
91.5 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86 86 86 86 86
92.0 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87
92.5 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87 87 87
93.0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88 88 88 88 88 88
93.5 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 88 88
94.0 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 89 89
94.5 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89

3 Aug 10

5, 6 - WIND

observing the apparent wind speed and direction, computing true
wind data (speed, direction, gusts, squalls and shifts) and
making entries on COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3.
II.8.1.1. Wind Data at Sea. The movement of the ship affects

the wind speed observed by both the ship's anemometers and hand
held anemometers (e.g., AN/PMQ-3). The wind direction is
observed in relation to the ship's bow so that the wind
direction in relation to true north is affected by the ship's
direction. The wind speed and direction, with the affect of the
ship's speed and direction, is the apparent or relative wind.
The wind speed and direction, minus the affect of the ship's
speed and direction, is the true wind.
II.8.1.2. Units of Measure. Wind speed (including gust and

squalls) are observed, computed, and reported in nautical miles
per hour (knots), to the nearest whole knot. Wind direction is
observed to the nearest whole degree and computed to the nearest
ten degrees.
II.8.1.3. Accuracy. Since true wind must be computed, the

chance of committing an error is increased. True wind or
estimates are one of the most important observations made by
ships at sea since the data reported in the ship synoptic code
is used as criteria for issuance of wind, storm, high seas
warnings, and ship routing forecasts. Therefore, care must be
taken whenever computing true wind data.
II.8.2. Observing Wind Data. Wind data can be observed using

the following methods. The order given is also the priority of
use.
a. Wind data observed from the speed and direction

indicators of the installed anemometer. Anemometers measure the
apparent wind speed and indicate the apparent wind direction.
b. Use of a hand held anemometer.
c. Visual estimation of the true wind direction and speed.

Visual estimation should be used only when the installed and
hand held anemometers are inoperative or not available. When

3 Aug 10
the wind data is visually estimated the true wind speed and
direction are directly derived.
II.8.2.1. General Instructions for Using Anemometers.
a. Ensure that the ship's course is on a steady track

throughout the period of observing the wind. Never observe the
wind while the ship is turning.
b. Observe the speed and direction for a two minute period

noting the following:
(1) The predominant (average) wind speed.
(2) The peaks and lulls in wind speed, checking for gust
and squall criteria.
(3) The predominant (average) wind direction.
(4) The degrees of variability of the wind direction,

checking for variability criteria.
(5) Wind shifts.
II.8.2.2. Use of Installed Anemometers. Use of installed

anemometers is the preferred method for observing wind. Wind
data is taken from the indicator panel which provides both
instantaneous speed and direction. When using an installed
anemometer, the data observed should always be compared with the
wind conditions as they appeared while other elements of the
observation were observed outside. This is to ensure that the
anemometer or indicator panel is not malfunctioning. If two
anemometers are installed ensure that the windward anemometer is
used.
II.8.2.3. Use of Hand Held Anemometers. If anemometers are not

installed, the installed anemometer is inoperative, or the data
from it is in doubt, the hand held anemometer should be used.
a. The wind measuring set AN/PMQ-3 is a portable hand

anemometer. It is a combination wind direction and speed
indicator which indicates direction to 360º and speed from 0 to
60-knots. The speed indicator has two scales, graduated from 0
to 15-knots and 0 to 60-knots.

3 Aug 10
b. To use the hand held anemometer, choose an observation

site on the windward side of the ship, as far upwind as
possible, i.e., if the wind is from the stern go aft, from the
bow go forward. Stand facing parallel to the ship's centerline
and into the wind. Note: Unless the wind is blowing parallel
to the ship's direction the wind will be at an acute angle while
facing parallel to the ship's center line.
(1) Grasp the instrument by the handle and hold it in an

approximately vertical position at arm's length with the sight
at eye level.
(2) Aim the instrument parallel to the ship's center

line at an imaginary point on the horizon by aligning the center
of the slot in the front of the sight with the center of the
strip between the two slots on the rear sight.
(3) Press and hold the vane locking trigger. Note the
reading on the 0-60 (upper) scale on the wind speed indicator.
If the wind speed reading is less than 15-knots as indicated on
the 0-60 scale, press the range selecting trigger on the side of
the housing (3B and 3C models) or handle (3 and 3A models) and
observe the indication on the 0-15 scale. CAUTION: The range
selecting trigger should not be pressed if the initial
observation of the wind speed indicator indicates a wind speed
in excess of 15-knots. Mechanical damage may result due to the
slamming of the pointer.
(4) Note the motion of the wind vane as it moves between

the extremes of variability. Release the vane locking trigger
when the vane is in the position of the predominant (average)
wind direction. Carefully lower and tilt the anemometer and
note the wind direction reading on the direction dial. If the
wind is being observed facing aft, the direction must be
converted in relation to the bow, add 180º for directions from
0º thru 90º, subtract 180º for directions from 270º thru 360º.
II.8.2.4. Visual Estimation. Wind direction may also be

observed by noting the direction from which ripples, small wave,
and sea spray are coming. The direction is most easily found by
sighting along the wave crests and turning 90º to face the
advancing waves. The observer is then facing the true wind
direction. The true wind speed may be estimated by noting the
sea condition and referring to Table II-8-2.
a. Table II-8-2 is based upon two assumptions which should

be considered in arriving at an estimated wind speed:

3 Aug 10
(1) The wind has been blowing at a relatively constant
speed and direction for the time indicated.
(2) The fetch area is unlimited.
b. Some factors which cause the wind speed estimation to be

too low are:
(1) Winds which have rapidly increased.
(2) Off-shore winds when within sight of land.
(3) Moderate or heavy precipitation smoothing the sea

surface.
c. Some factors which will cause the wind speed estimation

to be too high are:
(1) Waves running into shallow water.
(2) A decreasing wind speed.
d. When the surface of the sea cannot be observed, the true

wind will be determined from the apparent wind. Estimate the
apparent wind direction (relative to the bow of the ship) to the
nearest 10-degrees. Estimate the apparent wind speed to the
nearest 5-knots by observing the effect of the wind on the
ship's pennants or flags, smoke, and rigging on the windward
side of the ship. Use Table II-8-1 to estimate the apparent
wind speed based on the effect of the apparent wind on the ship.
With this basic information at hand (ship's course and speed,
apparent wind direction and speed), compute the true wind.
II.8.3. Computation of True Wind. There are three basic

methods for computing the true wind. All three methods use the
vectors of the apparent wind and ship's movement. These methods
are the true wind computer method, the maneuvering board method
and the plotting board method. All three produce accurate
computations. Since the true wind speed is reported to the
nearest knot and the direction is reported to the nearest ten
degrees, accuracy is not a factor in choosing a preferable
method. The maneuvering board and plotting board methods are
about equal in computation time and ease of use, but plotting
boards are not as commonly available as maneuvering boards. The
True Wind Computer CP 264/U is the quickest and easiest method
and should be used over the other two methods.

3 Aug 10
II.8.3.1. True Wind Computer Method. The true wind computer

consists of an oval base plate and a clear plastic compass rose
fastened with a center pivot. The compass rose rotates and
slides freely along the axis of the base plate. All
computations are made directly on the computer, and solutions
are read off of its scales. Directions for use are printed on
the reverse side of the base plate.
a. An example of using the computer for determining the

true wind direction and speed is given as follows. Assume that
the apparent wind is 300-degrees and 18-knots, and the ship's
course and speed are 080-degrees and 16-knots.
(1) Slide the rotor disk along the ship's speed

reference line until the center index of the rotor disk is
opposite the ship's speed, (16-knots) and then rotate the disk
until the ship's heading (080-degrees true on the compass rose
of the rotor disk) is directly over the 000-degrees/360-degrees
bearing radius of the base plate.
(2) Using a grease pencil, plot a dot on the rotor disk

at the point determined by the apparent wind (300-degrees true
and speed 18-knots) utilizing the base grid.
(3) Slide the rotor disk to the zero of the ship's speed
reference index (the center of the concentric circles of the
base plate) and rotate the disk until the grease pencil dot,
previously plotted, lies along the 000-degrees/360-degrees
bearing radius of the base plate. The true wind direction, 328-
degrees can now be read directly off the rotor disk over the
000-degrees/360-degrees bearing radius of the base plate. The
true wind speed, 17.5-knots, can now be read directly opposite
the grease pencil dot by utilizing the ship's speed reference
index.
b. The computer can also be used to determine a ship's

course and speed required to produce a desired apparent wind.
For example, assume that the desired wind direction is 5-degrees
off the port bow and the desired wind speed is 40-knots, actual
apparent wind is 300-degrees and 18-knots, present ship's course
is 080-degrees true, and present ship's speed is 16-knots.
(1) Repeat steps 1, 2, and 3 of the example in above

sub-paragraph 2.8.3.1.a. to find the true wind direction and
speed of 328-degrees and 17.5-knots.

3 Aug 10
(2) Manipulate the rotor disk (by rotation and sliding
along the 000-degrees/360-degrees bearing radius of the base
plate) until the grease pencil dot, the head of the true wind
vector, is directly over the reference point on the base plate
as determined by the given requirements of the desired apparent
wind (direction at 5-degrees off the port bow and speed of 40-
knots across the deck), utilizing the grid of the base plate.
(3) Read directly off the rotor disk the ship's course,
340-degrees true, which is directly over the 000-degrees/360-
degrees bearing radius of the base plate. Read directly the
ship's speed, 23.5-knots, opposite the center of the rotor disk,
from the ship's speed reference index. This ship's course, 340-
degrees true, and a speed of 23.5-knots, with the given true
wind direction and speed, will produce the desired apparent wind
of 5-degrees off the port bow and a speed of 40-knots across the
deck.
II.8.3.2. Estimation Method. When the wind is estimated (see

paragraph 2.8.2.4) the true wind speed is directly observed.
The direction is figured by determining the direction from the
bow that the true wind is blowing from, then adding the course
of the ship to the wind direction relative to the bow. If the
sum is greater than 360 subtract 360 from the sum, e.g., the
wind waves are coming from 320º (off the port bow) and the
ship's course is 060º, 320 + 060 = 380º, 380 - 360 = 020º true
wind direction.
II.8.3.3. Computation Check. No matter which method of

computation is used to derive the true wind direction and speed,
the observer should check the results by considering the
following statements:
a. The true wind direction is always on the same side of

the ship as the apparent wind direction, but farther from the
bow than the apparent wind direction.
b. When the apparent wind direction is abaft of the beam,

the true wind speed is greater than the apparent speed.
c. When the apparent wind direction is forward of the beam,

the true wind speed is less than the apparent speed.
II.8.4. Gusts, Squalls and Wind Shifts. Gusts and squalls are
significant fluctuations in the true wind speed while wind
shifts are significant changes in true wind direction. To
report them use the following criteria:

3 Aug 10
a. Gust. A rapid fluctuation in wind true speed with a

variation of 10-knots (five m/s) or more between peak and lull.
b. Squall. A strong wind characterized by a sudden onset

in which the wind speed increases at least 16 knots and is
sustained at 22-knots or more for at least one minute.
c. Wind Shift. A change in true wind direction of 45º or

more taking place in less than 15-minutes. Note: It is
difficult to observe gusts, squalls, and wind shifts since the
only wind directly observable by the observer is the apparent
wind. The ship's speed and heading will always affect the
observation of true changes in wind speed and direction.
II.8.5. Column 3 Wind Direction. Enter the true direction from

which the wind is blowing, to the nearest 10-degrees using three
figures. Directions less than 100-degrees shall be preceded
with a zero, i.e., Winds from due east shall be coded as 090.)
a. When the wind is calm, enter "000" for the direction and
"00" for speed.
b. Enter the 2-minute mean direction when wind is variable

(varying by 60º or more) and the wind speed is greater than 6-
knots. In addition, include in Column 6.
c. When the wind direction is varying by 60-deg or more and

wind speed is 6-knots or less, enter the contraction VRB.
II.8.6. Column 4 Wind Speed. Enter the wind speed in whole

knots using tens and units. When the wind is calm (less than 1
knot), enter "00" for wind speed. When the speed is 100-knots
or more, enter three digits for the observed wind speed (i.e.,
112).
II.8.7. Column 5 Wind Character. AG enter G (for gust) or Q

(for squall), as appropriate, followed by the peak speed of
gusts or squalls observed in the 10-minute period prior to the
actual time of observation. Reporting criteria is contained in
paragraph 2.8.4. Note: when gusts are reported, there must be
at least a 5-knot difference between the average speed recorded
in column 4 and the speed entered in column 5.
II.8.8. Column 6 Variability. Enter the variability of the

true wind direction to the nearest tens of degrees from where
the wind is blowing using 3 digits for each direction separated

3 Aug 10
by a “V.” The direction must vary by 60º or more (i.e, 180V240)
and the wind speed must be greater than 6 knots.
TABLE II-8-1
APPARENT WIND SPEED INDICATORS
Knots Indication
Less than
Calm, smoke rises vertically.
1
1 - 3 Smoke drifts slowly from funnel.
4 - 6 Wind felt on face. Smoke rises at about 80º.
7 - 10 Wind extends light flag and pennants. Smoke
rises at about 70º.
11 - 16 Wind raises dust, loose paper on deck. Smoke
rises at about 50º. No noticeable sound in
rigging. Slack halyards curve and sway. Heavy
flag flaps limply.
17 - 21 Wind felt strongly on face. Smoke rises at
about 30º. Slack halyards whip while bending
continuously to leeward. Taut halyards maintain
slightly bent position. Low whistle in the
rigging. Heavy flag doesn't fully extend but
flaps over entire length.
22 - 27 Wind stings face in temperature below 35ºF.
Slight effort in maintaining balance against the
wind. Smoke rises at 15º. Both slack and taut
halyards whip slightly in bent position. Low
moaning, rather than whistle, in rigging. Heavy
flag extends and flaps more vigorously.
28 - 33 Necessary to lean slightly into the wind to
maintain balance. Smoke rise at 5º to 10º.
Higher pitched moaning and whistling heard from
rigging. Halyards whip slightly. Heavy flag
extends fully and flaps only at the end. Loose
clothing inflates and pulls against the body.
34 - 40 Head is pushed back by the force of the wind if
allowed to relax. Loose clothing inflates and
pulls strongly. Halyards rigidly bent. Loud
whistle from rigging. Heavy flag straight out
and whipping.

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-8-2
BEAUFORT WIND SCALE1 WITH CORRESPONDING SEA STATE
Number Knots Mph Description Sea Conditions

0 0 0 Calm Sea smooth and mirrorlike.
1 1-3 1-3 Light air Scale-like ripples without
foam crests.
2 4-6 4-7 Light Small, short wavelets; crests
breeze have a glassy appearance and
do not break.
3 7-10 8-12 Gentle Large wavelets; some crests
breeze begin to break. Occasional
white foam crests.
4 11-16 13- Moderate Small waves, becoming longer;
18 breeze fairly frequent white foam
crests.
5 17-21 19- Fresh Moderate waves taking a more
24 breeze pronounced long form; many
white foam crests; there may
be some spray
6 22-27 25- Strong Large waves begin to form;
31 breeze white foam crests are more
extensive everywhere; there
may be some spray.
7 28-33 32- Near gale Sea heaps up and white foam
38 from breaking waves begins to
be blown in streaks along the
direction of the wind.
8 34-40 39- Gale Moderately high waves of
46 greater length edges of crests
break foam is blown in well-
marked streaks along the
9 41-47 47- Strong gale High waves; dense streaks of

54 foam along the direction of
the wind; crests of waves
begin to roll over; spray may
reduce visibility.
10 48-55 55- Storm Very high waves with long
63 overhanging crests. Foam in
great patches is blown in
dense white streaks along the
Visibility is reduced.

3 Aug 10
11 56-63 64- Violent Exceptionally high waves. The

72 sea is storm completely
covered with long white
patches of foam lying along
the direction of the wind.
Visibility reduced.
12 64-72 73- Hurricane The air is filled with foam
82 and spray. Sea is completely
white with driving spray.
Visibility very much reduced.
13 72-80 83-
92
14 81-89 93-
103
15 90-99 104-
114
16 100- 115-
108 125
17 109- 126-
118 136
NOTE:
1. It is recommended to always reference specific sea heights
and sea height limitations using meters or feet. References to
sea states contain ambiguity as there are several sea state
scales in existence.

3 Aug 10
II.9. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES AND FORM ENTRIES - Columns E, F,

and G - SEA CONDITIONS
II.9.1. Introduction. This chapter contains information and

instructions for observing the condition of the sea and for
making entries in columns E, F, and G of COMNAVMETOCCOM Form
3141/3. Sea condition refers to wave action and is divided into
two types of waves. These are wind waves (also referred to as
sea waves) and swell waves. Both types have general properties
in common and are observed in the same manner.
II.9.1.1. General. Wind and swell waves are formed by the

movement of the air (wind) over the sea surface. The friction
between the air and the water transfers energy from the air to
the sea. This energy moves through the surface layer as a wave.
Theoretically, this energy moves as a sine wave. Due to
continuous fluctuations in the speed and direction of the wind
over an area, many separate energy waves are formed overriding
each other (see Figure II-9-1). Many properties of sine waves
still apply to the waves observed in the natural environment.
a. Wind Waves. Wind waves are those formed by the wind in

the local area. The direction of a wind wave will always be the
same as the direction of the local winds.
b. Swell Waves. Swell waves are those waves not raised by

the local winds blowing at the time of observation, but which
are due to winds blowing at a distance or from winds that have
ceased to blow.
II.9.1.2. Properties of Waves. Wind and swell waves have the

following properties in common.
a. Wave Height. Wave height is the vertical distance from

the top of the crest to the bottom of the trough. Wave height
is observed in feet.
b. Average Wave Height. The average wave height is the

estimated heights of the larger, well formed waves, usually the
highest one-third of all waves.
c. Period. The period of a wave is the time interval in

seconds for successive wave crests to pass a fixed point.

3 Aug 10
(1) The average period of all the swell waves is the
period reported for swell waves.
(2) The average period of the larger, well formed wind

waves is the period reported for wind waves.
d. Frequency. The frequency of waves is the number of

waves passing a given point during 1 second. It is the
reciprocal of the period. In general, the lower the frequency,
the higher the wave; the larger the frequency, the smaller the
wave.
e. Wave Length. The wave length is the horizontal distance

between two successive crests or from a point on one wave to the
corresponding point on the succeeding wave. Wave length is
measured in feet, and it is found by the formula: L = 5.12T2.
T being the period of the wave.
II.9.2. Wave Observations. Wind and swell waves are observed

by visual estimation. Measured wind speed data can be used as
an aid when estimating wind waves. The following elements are
recorded for wind and swell waves.
a. For wind waves determine the average wave height and

period.
b. For swell waves determine the average wave height,

period and direction from which the swell is coming.
c. Report swell waves when:
(1) The swell direction differs from the wind direction

by 30-degrees or more, or
(2) The swell period differs from the wind wave period
by 4-seconds or more.
(3) Any additional swell systems must differ in

direction from both the wind direction and each evaluated swell
direction by 30-degrees. In most circumstances, only one swell
system can be distinguished.
II.9.2.1. Observation of Wave Height. The observation of wave

height from aboard ship is complicated by the rolling, pitching,
rising and falling of the ship with the waves. There is a
tendency to underestimate low waves and overestimate the heights
of high ones.

3 Aug 10
a. The best wave height estimate can be obtained by

observing another ship in company. The height from trough to
crest of a wave against the ship's side can be estimated as a
part of some known vertical distance. For example, a wave might
be 1/4 of the bridge height of 28-feet, or 7-feet high.
b. When no other ships are in company the height(s) must be

determined by the wave action on the side of the ship or near
the ship.
(1) Observe wind waves on the windward side of the ship

as close to the water line as possible.
(2) Observe swell waves on the side of the ship from

which the swell is coming. When the ship is running into the
swell, observe it from the windward side of the ship (this is
the optimum condition to observe swell wave height). As with
the wind wave height, the swell wave height should be observed
as close to the water line as possible.
(3) When the wave lengths are shorter than the length of
the ship (generally all wind waves are, but some swell waves may
be longer) estimate the wave height by looking over the side and
notice the distance between the wave crests and troughs on the
ship's side.
(a) For wind waves, note the heights of the well

formed waves and average the heights.
(b) For swell waves, note all waves that are not
confused by the wind waves and average the heights.
(4) If the ship is rolling and pitching excessively, or

is in a turn or running across a high swell, the wave action
along the side of the ship should not be used to determine wave
height. Judge the waves near the ship and estimate the average
height of the wind waves and the average height of all the swell
waves in each swell train present.
c. When determining the height of the wind wave always

consider the true wind at the time of observation and the
prevailing wind that has blown in the past several hours. Use
Table II-9-1 as a guide to determine the minimum fetch area and
duration time for the estimated wave height to become fully
arisen for a given wind speed. If the duration time is limited,
use Table II-9-2 to determine the estimated wave height that
would arise at the wind speed for the length of time the wind

3 Aug 10
has been constant in speed and direction. The heights derived
from these tables should be used only as a guide while
estimating wind wave heights because the actual heights may
differ from the table values for many reasons. The observed
wind wave height cannot be higher than the height that can be
produced by the wind speed that has been occurring in the fetch
area.
II.9.2.2. Observation of Wave Period. The average period of

the wind waves and the average swell waves are determined by
timing the passage of successive wave crests past a fixed point.
a. Point of Observation. The period of waves should be

observed from a relatively high position on the ship so the wave
crests are looked down upon to more easily distinguish well
defined wave crests.
b. Determination of Wave Period. Look out away from the

ship so that the waves are oncoming. If possible, locate a
stationary floating object such as a clump of seaweed, a patch
of foam or floating debris. When the object reaches the apex of
a wave crest, start timing until the object reaches the apex of
the next wave crest. Do this about 15-times, and then average
the times to determine the period. Repeat this procedure for
each train of swell waves present. Table II-9-1 contains the
range of periods normally found for given wind wave heights.
II.9.2.3. Observing Wave Direction. The direction from which

the swell waves are coming is determined for each swell wave
train present.
a. Point of Observation. The swell wave direction should

be observed from a relatively high position on the ship so that
a large area of the sea is visible and the swell wave train can
be seen moving as a whole.
b. Determination of Direction. Face into the swell waves

so that a right angle is formed between the swell and an
imaginary line running from the point of observation to the
horizon. Determine the degrees of the angle formed by the
imaginary line and a line running from the ship's bow going
clockwise from the bow. Add the degrees to the direction of the
ship, if the sum is greater than 360°, subtract 360º from the
sum; i.e., the swell is 280º clockwise from the ship's bow, the
ship's course is 180º, 280º + 180º = 460º - 360º = 100º. 100º is
the direction from which the swell wave is coming. The ship's

3 Aug 10
compass located on the bridge (or bridge wing) can also be

utilized to establish wave direction.
II.9.3. Wave Observations at Night. When observing waves at

night, the observer should wear darkness adaptation goggles or
glasses for a period of 10 to 15-minutes (as long as possible)
prior to the observation. This will allow the observer's eyes
to become accustomed to darkness. Allow as much time outdoors
as practical to ensure that complete adaptation to darkness is
made before the sea condition is observed. If the sea surface
cannot be seen sufficiently owing to extreme darkness or low
visibility due to weather phenomena, and the observer feels that
a wave observation cannot be accurately estimated, omit the wave
groups. It is better to report no wave data than to report
incorrect wave information based on a poor estimation.
II.9.4. Column E - Sea Waves, Period and Height. Enter the

average period of the significant wind waves in seconds. Enter
a period of three seconds as 03; enter a period of 12 seconds as
12, etc. Enter calm seas as 00. Enter 99 if a period is
confused. Enter the height of the significant wind waves in
feet.
II.9.5. Columns F and G - Swell Waves, Direction, Period and

Height. Enter the hundreds and tens of degrees of the direction
and average period of the swell waves in seconds from which the
primary swell is coming from in Column F. Secondary swell is
entered in Column G. Enter the period as described in paragraph
II.9.4. Enter the average height of the swell waves in feet.

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-9-1
FULLY ARISEN SEA BY WIND SPEED
Wind Fully Fetch Duration Wave Period in Seconds

speed arisen Area minimum Low Average High
(Knots) wave minimum (hours)
height (naut.
(feet) miles)
10 1.5 10 2.5 1 3 6
12 2 18 4 1 3.5 7
14 3 28 5 1.5 4 8
16 5 40 7 2 4.5 9
18 6 55 8 2.5 5 10
20 8 75 10 3 5.5 11
22 10 100 12 3.5 6 12
24 12 130 14 4 7 13
26 15 180 17 4 7.5 15
28 18 230 20 4.5 8 16
30 22 280 23 5 8.5 17
32 26 340 27 5 9 18
34 30 420 30 5.5 9.5 19
36 34 500 34 6 10 20
38 39 600 38 6 11 21
40 45 700 42 6.5 12 22
42 50 830 47 7 12 23
44 57 950 52 7 13 24
46 63 1100 57 7 13 25
48 70 1250 63 7.5 14 26
50 78 1400 69 8 14 27
52 86 1600 75 8 15 28
54 94 1800 81 8 15 30
56 103 2100 88 9 16 31

3 Aug 10
TABLE II-9-2
ESTIMATION OF WAVE HEIGHTS BY WIND SPEED AND DURATION
Wind Speed in knots Duration in Hours

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
8 1
10 1.5
12 2
14 2.5 3
16 3 5
18 3.5 6
20 4 6 8
22 4 6 9
24 5 7 10
26 5 7 11 13
28 5 8 11 14 18
30 6 8 12 15 18 22
32 6 9 12 15 19 24 26
34 7 9 13 16 19 25 28 30
36 7 10 13 16 20 26 30 33 34
38 8 11 14 17 21 27 31 34 36 39
40 8 13 14 19 23 28 32 35 38 42 45
42 9 14 16 21 25 30 33 36 39 43 47 50
44 9 15 19 24 27 32 34 37 40 44 48 52
46 10 16 22 27 30 35 36 39 41 45 49 53
48 11 17 24 30 33 37 38 40 42 47 51 55
50 12 18 25 32 35 39 40 42 45 49 52 56
52 13 19 27 34 38 41 43 45 47 51 54 57
54 14 20 28 36 40 43 45 47 50 53 56 59
56 15 21 30 38 43 45 48 51 53 56 58 61

3 Aug 10
II.10. Columns A, B, C, 15, and 72 - POSITION, COURSE, SPEED,

OBSERVER'S INITIALS, AND REMARKS.
II.10.1. General. Determining the ship's location, speed, and

direction of movement are important elements of each
observation. These elements are particularly useful pieces of
information when transmitted in the synoptic weather report.
Without an accurate or missing position, the data contained in
the observation becomes useless. In addition, only qualified
observers should initial the observation form. Trainees will
normally complete watchstation qualifications (i.e., Personnel
Qualification Standards (PQS)) under the direct supervision of
qualified observers.
II.10.2. Column A - Position. This column entry consists of

the quadrant of the globe the ship is located and the latitude
and longitude.
a. Q - Enter the quadrant of the globe which the ship is

located by using code figures in Section III, Code Table III-2-
1.
b. LAT - Enter the latitude in whole degrees and tenths.
c. LONG - Enter the longitude in whole degrees and tenths.
II.10.3. Column B - Course. This column entry consists of the

ship's true course to the nearest degree. Enter a dash if the
ship is not underway.
II.10.4. Column C - Speed. This column entry consists of the

ship's speed to the nearest knot. Enter a dash when the ship is
not underway.
II.10.5. Column 15 - Observer's Initials. Enter the initials

of the qualified observer responsible for taking the
observation.
II.10.6. Column 72 - Remarks, Notes, and Miscellaneous

Phenomena. This column is used to record data or information
considered significant but not recorded elsewhere on the form.
All times entered to the nearest hour and minute UTC. Examples
of such entries are:

3 Aug 10
a. Conditions which affect the accuracy or representatives

of recorded data, such as ice or snow accumulation on outdoor
instruments.
b. Outages of primary observing equipment, include the

following:
(1) Equipment that is inoperative.
(2) Time outage began.
(3) Reason for outage.
(4) Type of equipment used as replacement.
(5) Time primary equipment became operative.
c. Reason for omitting mandatory data entries.
d. Times of departure and arrival from/at port of

anchorage, e.g., anchored Rota, Spain 1850Z, departed Subic Bay
R.P. 0630Z.
e. Reasons for terminating observations:
(1) Steaming in company with other ships with another

ship designated as the weather guard. Identify the ship taking
the observations.
(2) Arrival at a port with a Naval Meteorology and

Oceanography Command Center, Facility, or Detachment that takes
observations for the port (e.g., in port, observations taken by
NAVLANTMETOC DET Mayport, Florida, NAVEURMETOCCEN Rota, SP,
etc.).
(3) Bridge navigation duties during special evolutions,

such as sea and anchor detail in restricted waters, may require
the Quartermaster's full attention and therefore restrict the
ability to take a weather observation at the normally scheduled
time. At a minimum, an effort should be made to document Local
observation criteria, outlined in Table II-1-1. If an incident
occurs, weather data will be thus available for reconstruction
of events.

3 Aug 10
II.11. OBSERVING AND REPORTING OF ICE

observing ice accretion and sea ice and contains only those
instructions needed to encode data in the Ship Synoptic Code. A
more detailed description of sea ice observation procedures and
definitions are provided in the "Ice Observation Handbook,"
produced and distributed by Naval Ice Center (NAVICECEN),
Suitland, MD. If an extended period of ship operations is
planned for the polar region, it is recommended that NAVICECEN
Suitland be contacted to ensure environmental factors affecting
ship safety and operations are considered. Information on how
to obtain services from NAVICECEN are contained in
NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1L .
II.11.1.1. General. Ice accretion is the rime or clear (glaze)

ice that builds up on the outside of structures of the ship.
Sea ice is floating ice of land origin or of sea origin.
a. Ice accretion is observed by measuring its thickness,

noting its origin and formation or break up.
b. Sea ice is observed visually noting its amount,

arrangement, development or size.
II.11.2. Ice Accretion. Ice accretion forms when outer

surfaces of the ship are below freezing and water droplets are
suspended, falling or being blown in the air.
II.11.2.1. Clear (Glaze) Ice. When temperatures are between

32ºF (0.0ºC) and 25°F (-4.0ºC) and dense fog, freezing rain or
blowing spray is present, ice will form on outer surfaces of the
ship. Clear ice forms slowly due to the relatively high
freezing temperatures. This ice is hard and will form slowly.
II.11.2.2. Rime Ice. Rime ice forms best at temperatures

nearing 14ºF (-10ºC) - (note that at temperatures colder than
this value, it is unusual for there to be enough liquid water
drops in the air to freeze, except for spray blowing up around
the ship). Rime ice is generally whitish opaque ice that is
relatively soft (similar to frost in a freezer). The water
droplets freeze quickly upon contact with outer surfaces of the
ship and catch air in between the drops. Rain is quite unusual
with surface temperatures as cold as 14ºF, so rime ice generally
will form from fog or blowing spray.

3 Aug 10
II.11.2.3. Ice Formation. Ice accretion generally begins to

form on wires, railings, masts and fittings that are exposed to
the open air. Ice will begin to form on flat surfaces such as
cat walks, weather decks, and bulkheads that are not affected by
heating from inside the ship. Lastly, ice will form on decks
and bulkheads which are heated by conduction from inside the
ship.
II.11.2.4. Observing Ice Accretion
a. Determine Origin of Ice Accretion
(1) Blowing spray
(2) Fog
(3) Blowing spray and fog
(4) Freezing rain/drizzle
(5) Blowing spray and freezing rain/drizzle
b. Measurement of Ice Accretion Thickness. In areas where

the ice is generally uniform in thickness, chip the ice down to
the ship's surface and measure its thickness in centimeters. Do
this for several areas and average the thicknesses.
c. Determine Development or Decomposition of Ice Accretion.
(1) Ice present but not building up.
(2) Ice building up slowly in the judgment of the

observer.
(3) Ice building up rapidly in the judgment of the

observer.
(4) Ice melting slowly in the judgment of the observer.
(5) Ice melting quickly in the judgment of the observer.
II.11.3. Observation of Sea Ice. Observe sea ice from a high

position on the ship where the entire horizon may be viewed.
II.11.3.1. Ice Formed by the Freezing of Sea Water (Termed Sea

Ice by WMO). Because of its salinity, seawater does not begin
to freeze until it reaches approximately -1.9ºC (28ºF). The

3 Aug 10
higher the salinity, the lower the freezing point. The
thickness and physical characteristics of sea ice vary greatly
with its age and stage of development. Determine the following:
a. Concentration, coverage, and arrangement of the ice.
b. Whether the ice is fast ice (ice attached to the shore),

grounded in shallow water, or pack ice (ice which is free
floating).
c. The age and development of the ice as follows:
(1) Newly Formed Ice
(a) Frazil ice, fine spicules or plates of ice

suspended in water.
(b) Grease ice, a sludge of ice crystals which gives

the surface a greasy appearance.
(c) Slush.
(d) Shuga, spongy white ice clumps.
(e) Nilas, a thin elastic crust of ice.
(f) Ice rind, a brittle crust of ice.
(2) Young Ice
(a) Gray ice, ice 10-15 cm thick, rafts under

pressure.
(b) Gray-white ice, ice 15-30 cm thick, generally

ridges under pressure instead of rafting.
(3) First-Year Ice, ice of not more than one winter's

growth.
(4) Old Ice, ice that has survived at least one summer's
melts. Has a smoother feature than first-year ice.
d. The direction, relative to true north, of the major ice

edge.
II.11.3.2. Ice of Land Origin. Ice that has been formed on

land as a result of the compaction of snow into glaciers is

3 Aug 10
frequently found in certain areas of the Polar Regions. In

these regions, the glaciers flow to the sea and form ice
shelves. The ice shelves calve off icebergs or ice islands.
Because of their large mass and unusual strength, icebergs are a
hazard to navigation. When ice of land origin is observed
determine:
a. The classification of the ice as follows:
(1) Iceberg, a massive piece of ice with more than five

meters visible above sea level. About the size of a medium
sized ship or larger.
(2) Bergy Bit, a large piece of ice with more than one
meter but not more than five meters visible above sea level.
About the size of a small house or cottage.
(3) Growler, a small piece of ice with up to one meter

visible above sea level, about the size of a truck.
b. The number of icebergs visible or if no icebergs are

present the number of growlers and bergy bits visible.
II.11.4. Ship Synoptic Code Ice Groups. Instructions and

tables for coding synoptic weather code ice groups are contained
in Section III, Chapter 4.

3 Aug 10
SECTION III - CHAPTER 1
III.1. SHIP SYNOPTIC CODE
III.1.1. Introduction. The World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) has developed the FM 13 SHIP synoptic code report of
surface observations from a sea station. The entire common code
consists of six sections briefly described below. Each section
contains data groups which have five elements. Almost every
group contains a numerical identifier so that a single group can
be eliminated without affecting the rest of the section.
FM 13 SHIP SYNOPTIC CODE FORMAT

Section 0 BBXX DDDD YYGGiw 99LaLaLa QcLoLoLoLo
Section 1 iRiwhVV Nddff (00fff) 1snTTT 2snTdTdTd
4PPPP 5appp
7wwW1W2 8NhCLCMCH 9GGgg
Section 2 222Dsvs 0SsTwTwTw 2PwPwHwHw 3dw1dw1dw2dw2
4Pw1Pw1Hw1Hw1 5Pw2Pw2Hw2Hw2 6IsEsEsRs 8SwTbTbTb
ICE + plain language or ICE ciSibiDizi
Section 0 - This section contains identification information.

There are groups for the ship's call sign, the date and time of
the observation, and the ship's position at the time of
observation. Entries are required in each group to ensure
proper identification and positioning.
Section 1 - This section contains general meteorological

information which includes visibility, wind, temperature, dew
point, atmospheric pressure, weather phenomena, and cloud data.
Section 2 - This section contains meteorological data pertaining

to sea water temperature, wind and swell wave, ice data, wet-
bulb temperature and ship movement and speed.
Section 3 - Is not used by U.S. Navy ships.
Section 4 - Is not used by U.S. stations.
Section 5 - Reported by selected land stations and by automated

sea stations, and includes data for National use only. Is not
used by U.S. Navy.
III.1.2. Reporting Requirements. Section I, Chapter 1,

contains the requirements for transmitting the ship synoptic
code. Section II contains instructions on observing the various
III-1-1 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
elements of the code. The ship synoptic code is encoded for

transmission purposes only. If the observation is not
transmitted, no entries need to be made.
III.1.3. Entry of Data on COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3. The ship

synoptic code is entered in part II of the COMNAVMETOCCOM 3141/3
observation form. The top line of part II contains the symbolic
format of the code for reference. Each element is entered
directly below the symbol representing the entry. Entries that
remain the same on all observations are already entered on the
form. The following chapters describe procedures for coding
each of the elements of the FM 13 SHIP code.

3 Aug 10
III.2. CODING OF SECTION 0 DATA
III.2.1. Section 0 BBXX DDDD YYGGiw 99LaLaLa QcLoLoLoLo.
III.2.1.1. DDDD. This is the four letter ship international

radio call sign (IRCS). This group is entered on the
observation form and is transmitted in the observation. This is
the only group with only four elements in the code.
III.2.1.2. YYGGiw. This group identifies the date and time of

the observation, and information about the wind group.
a. YY - Enter the day of the month (UTC) as two digits,

i.e., the second is entered as 02, the thirteenth as 13, etc.
Note that the date UTC will vary by a day from the date LST on
certain hours of the day, depending on the time zone.
b. GG - Enter the hour of observation (UTC) as two digits,

i.e., 0900 UTC is entered as 09, 1200 UTC as 12, etc.
Observation times are at three hour intervals starting at 0000
UTC, i.e., 00, 03, 06, etc.
c. iw - Navy ships will report wind speed in knots. Enter

the code figure indicating how the wind speed was observed and
encode as follows:
(1) If wind speed is estimated: Code figure 3.
(2) If wind speed is measured: Code figure 4.
III.2.1.3. 99LaLaLa. This group identifies the latitude of the

ship at the time of observation.
a. 99 - Indicates that latitude information follows.
b. LaLaLa - Enter the latitude to the tenth of a degree. To

obtain the tenths value, divide the minutes of latitude by 6 and
disregard the remainder.
III.2.1.4. QcLoLoLoLo. The group identifies the quadrant of the

globe that the ship is in and the longitude of the ship at the
time of observation.
a. Qc - Enter the code figure that indicates the quadrant of

the globe the ship is in. See Table III-2-1.

3 Aug 10
b. LoLoLoLo - Enter the longitude to the tenth of a degree.

To obtain the tenths value divides the minutes of longitude by 6
and disregards the remainder.
TABLE III-2-1

3 Aug 10
III.3.1. Section 1 iRixhVV Nddff (00fff) 1snTTT 2snTdTdTd

4PPPP 5appp 7wwW1W2 8NhCLCMCH 9GGgg
III.3.1.1. iRixHvv
a. iR - This element is always reported as 4. This

indicates that no precipitation data is included in the
observation since ships do not measure precipitation amounts.
b. ix - Enter the code figure indicating the presence of

weather phenomena data in the observation. See Table III-3-1.
c. h - Enter the code figure indicating the height of the

base of the lowest layer of cloud observed. See Table III-3-2.
Note a layer of obscuring phenomena aloft is disregarded when
reporting the lowest layer of cloud present.
d. VV - Enter the code figure indicating the prevailing

visibility value observed. This includes all sector visibility
values. See Table III-3-3.
III.3.1.2. Nddff (00fff). Nddff identifies the total sky

covered by clouds, and the direction and speed of the true wind.
The two digits 00 is an indicator for the group 00fff, which is
used only when wind speeds are 99-knots or greater.
a. N - Enter the code figure representing the octas

(eights) of the total sky covered by clouds. Conversion of
tenths to octas can be found in Table III-3-4.
Note 1 - A thin cloud layer is considered the same as an opaque

cloud layer.
Note 2 - A partial obscuration by surface-based obscuring

phenomena and all layers of obscuring phenomena aloft are not
considered when figuring the total sky cover.
Note 3 - A total obscuration by surface-based obscuring

phenomena is not disregarded but encoded as 9.
b. dd - Enter hundreds and tens of the direction from which

the true wind is blowing. If the wind is calm, both dd and ff
are each encoded 00.

3 Aug 10
c. ff Enter the knots (kts) of the true wind speed. If the
true wind speed is 99-knots, ff in Nddff is encoded 99 and fff
in 00fff is encoded 099.
III.3.1.2.1. (00fff). As indicated in paragraph 3.3.1.2, if

the wind speed is 99-knots or more, ff in Nddff is encoded 99.
If the wind speed is 100-knots or more, ff is encoded 99 and fff
is encoded with the actual wind speed. For example, if the wind
speed is 115 knots, the speed would be encoded as Ndd99 00115.
III.3.1.2.2. Shaded Area. This group is encoded but not

transmitted. It is used for determining the true wind direction
and speed based on the ship's course and speed at the time of
observation and the wind direction and speed relative to the
ship's movement. Enter the height of the anemometer in meters
in the space provided. Enter the ship's course at the time of
observation in whole degrees true (i.e., 215, 010). This entry
should be the same entry as Column B of Part 1 of the
COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3. Enter the ship's speed at the time
of observation. This entry should be the same entry as Column C
of Part 1 of the COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3. Enter the Apparent
Wind direction relative to the ship in whole degrees (i.e. 015,
275). Enter the Apparent Wind speed in knots. If the apparent
wind speed is 99-knots or more, enter the speed in whole knots
(i.e., 115).
III.3.1.3. 1snTTT. This group indicates the ambient air

temperature in degrees Celsius.
a. 1 - Identifies the air temperature group in section 1 of

the code. If the temperature cannot be observed, the entire
group is deleted from the observation and the 1 group will not
appear in section 1.
b. sn - Enter the code figure indicating if the temperature

value is positive (including zero degrees) or negative (0 =
positive or zero; 1 = negative temperature).
c. TTT - Enter the ambient air temperature in tens, units

and tenths degrees Celsius.
III.3.1.4. 2snTdTdTd. This group indicates the dew point

temperature in degrees Celsius. Note that for air temperatures
below zero, the dew point in relation to liquid water, vice
frozen water, should be reported, i.e., dew point vice frost
point.

3 Aug 10
a. 2 - Identifies the dew point temperature group in

section 1 of the code.
b. sn - Enter the code figure indicating if the temperature

value is positive (including zero degrees) or negative (0 =
positive or zero; 1 = negative temperature).
c. TdTdTd - Enter the dew point temperature in tens and

units of degrees Celsius. Tenths of degrees are not used and a
“/” is printed on the form.
III.3.1.5. 4PPPP. This group identifies the sea level pressure

in hectopascals (hPa), the numerical equivalent of millibars.
a. 4 - Identifies the sea level pressure group in section 1

of the code.
b. PPPP - Enter the sea level pressure as computed, in

hundreds, tens, units and tenths of hectopascals. Note: When
the sea level pressure is equal or greater to 1000 hectopascals,
the thousands units is assumed and omitted from the group.
III.3.1.6. 5appp. This group identifies the pressure change

for the past three hours, reported in hectopascals. Note this
group is reported only when the ship is anchored or moored in
the same position for the full three hour period.
a. a - Enter the code figure indicating the characteristic

of pressure tendency during the past three hours preceding the
time of observation. See Table III-3-5.
b. ppp - Enter the change in pressure during the three

hours preceding the time of observation in tens, units and
tenths of a hectopascal.
III.3.1.7. 7wwW1W2. This group identifies the weather

conditions at the time of observation and the preceding hours
since the last synoptic observation.
a. 7 - Identifies the present and past weather group in

section 1 of the code. If no significant weather is reported
for present weather (ww code figures 00, 01, 02, and 03 are
considered not significant) and no significant weather is
reported for past weather (W1 W2 code figures 0, 1 and 2 are
considered not significant) this group will be encoded as 70000.
If not observed or not determined, encode as 7////. Only in
this case will ix be encoded as "3".

3 Aug 10
b. ww - Enter the code figure indicating the present
weather, or weather occurrences for the past hour. The highest
numerical code shall be used except that code figure 17
thunderstorm without precipitation at the station shall be
reported over code figures 20 through 49. See Table III-3-6.
c. W1W2 - Enter the code figures indicating the types of

weather that occurred in the period of time indicated as
follows. See Table III-3-7.
(1) At the 0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 UTC observation,

report the past weather for the last five hours preceding the
last hour, (i.e., 1200Z to 1700Z for W1W2, and 1700Z to 1800Z
for ww.)
(2) At the 0300, 0900, 1500, 2100 UTC observation,

report the past weather for the last two hours preceding the
last hour, (i.e., 0600Z to 0800Z for W1W2, and 0800Z to 0900Z
for ww.) The code figures for W1 and W2 shall be selected in
such a way that W1W2 and ww together give as complete a
description as possible of the weather in the time interval
concerned, i.e., if the type of weather undergoes a complete
change during the time interval concerned, the code figures
selected for W1 and W2 shall describe the weather pre-vailing
before the type of weather indicated by ww began. When two or
more types of weather occurred in the time period, the highest
figure shall be reported for W1, and the second highest code
figure shall be reported for W2. When the entire period covered
has been under the influence of only one type of weather, the
corresponding code figure shall be used for both W1 and W2, i.e.,
rain during the entire period shall be reported by means of W1 W2
= 66.
III.3.1.8. 8NhCLCMCH. This group identifies the predominant

cloud forms present at the time of observation.
a. 8 - Identifies the cloud group in section 1 of the code.

If no low, middle and high clouds are present, enter zeros,
i.e., 80000. If the sky is totally obscured, the group will be
encoded as soliduses (8////).
b. Nh - Enter the code figure indicating the amount of all

low clouds present CL, or if no low cloud is present, enter the
amount of all middle clouds present CM, at the time of
observation (see Table III-3-4). If the sky is totally
obscured, encode Nh as either 9 or /. If only high clouds are
observed, enter a “0.”

3 Aug 10
c. CL - Enter the code figure representing the predominant

type of low cloud present CL. If no low cloud is present, but a
middle CM or high cloud CH is present, enter 0 for CL (see Table
III-3-8).
d. CM - Enter the code figure representing the predominant

type of middle cloud CM present. If no middle cloud is present
but a low CL or high cloud CH is present, enter 0 for CM. If the
total of all low clouds present equals 10/10, 8/8 (overcast)
enter " / " for CM (see Table III-3-9).
e. CH - Enter the code figure representing the predominant

type of high cloud CH present. If no high cloud is present but a
low CL or middle cloud CM is present, enter 0 for CH. If the
total of all low CL and middle clouds CM present equals 10/10,
8/8 (overcast) enter " / " for CH (see Table III-3-10).
III.3.1.9. 9GGgg. This group identifies if the actual time of

the observation is not within 10 minutes of the standard
reporting time. Since most observation reports are made within
ten minutes of the standard time, this group will usually not be
included.
a. 9 - Indicator.
b. GG - Time in whole hours UTC.
c. gg - Time in whole minutes UTC.
TABLE III-3-1

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-3-2
h - Height above the ground of the base of the lowest cloud

layer
Code Feet Meters

figure
0 00 to 99 00 to 49
1 100 to 299 50 to 99
2 300 to 699 100 to 199
3 700 to 999 200 to 299
4 1000 to 1999 300 to 599
5 2000 to 3299 600 to 999
6 3300 to 4899 1000 to 1499
7 4900 to 6499 1500 to 1999
8 6500 to 7999 2000 to 2499
9 8000 or above, or no 2500 or above, or no
clouds clouds
/ Height not known Height not known
TABLE III-3-3

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-3-4
N - Total cloud cover

Nh - Amount of all low clouds present, or if no low cloud is
present, the amount of all mid clouds present
Code Oktas
figure Tenths (eighths)
0 0 0 (SKC)
1 1/10 or less, but not 0 1 okta or less, but not 0
2 2/10 and 3/10 2 oktas (FEW)
3 4/10 3 oktas
4 5/10 4 oktas (SCT)
5 6/10 5 oktas
6 7/10 and 8/10 6 oktas (BKN)
7 9/10 or more, but not 10/10 7 oktas or more, but not 8
8 10/10 8 oktas (OVC)
9 Sky obscured by fog and/or other meteorological phenomena
/ Cloud cover is indiscernible for reasons other than fog
or
other meteorological phenomena, or observation is not
made.
TABLE III-3-5
a -- Characteristic of pressure tendency during the three

hours preceding the time of observation
Code figure Pressure higher now than three hours ago

0 Increasing, then decreasing; atmospheric pressure
the same or higher than three hours ago.
1 Increasing, then steady; or increasing then
increasing more slowly.
2 Increasing, steadily or unsteadily.
3 Decreasing or steady, then increasing; or
increasing, then increasing more rapidly.
4 Steady; pressure the same as three hours ago
5 Decreasing, then increasing; pressure the same or
lower than three hours ago.
Pressure lower now than three hours ago
6 Decreasing, then steady; or decreasing, then
decreasing more slowly.
7 Decreasing, steadily or unsteadily
8 Steady or increasing, then decreasing; or
decreasing, then decreasing more rapidly.

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-3-6
ww -- Present Weather Code Specification In Order of Priority
Encode the first weather condition or restriction to
visibility that applies. If more than one applies, the first
described weather or restriction to visibility is the one to
be reported.
ww = 99-50. Use code figures 99-50 for precipitation at the
station at the time of observation.
ww = 99-80. Use code figures 99-80 for showery precipitation
or precipitation with current or recent thunderstorms.
ww = 99-95. In order to have a thunderstorm at the time of
your observation, thunder must have been heard or lightning
must have been seen within 15-minutes of the observation time.
In a U.S. observation there are only two intensities of
thunderstorms: thunderstorm and severe thunderstorm. A
thunderstorm is less than severe if within the past 15 minutes
all wind gusts were less than 50-kt and all hail was less than
3/4 in (19 mm) in diameter. A thunderstorm is a severe
thunderstorm if within the past 15-minutes there were any wind
gusts of 50 kt or more or any hail 3/4 in (19 mm) or greater
in diameter.
99 - Thunderstorm, severe, with hail, small hail, or snow
pellets at time of observation.
If there is a severe thunderstorm with hail, ice pellets, or
snow pellets, use code figure 99. There may or may not also
be rain or snow or a mixture of rain and snow of any intensity
(i.e., +TSGR, +TSPE).
98 - Thunderstorm at time of observation combined with

duststorm or sandstorm at time of observation (unlikely at
sea).
If there is a thunderstorm and a duststorm or sandstorm at the
time of observation, use code figure 98. There must also be
some sort of precipitation at the time of observation, but it
may not be seen because of poor visibility. Judgment must be
used. (e.g., TSSA, +TSSA)
97 - Thunderstorm, severe without hail, small hail, or snow

pellets but with rain and/or snow at time of observation.
If there is a severe thunderstorm at the time of observation,
with rain, snow, or a mixture of rain and snow, but with no
hail, ice pellets, or snow pellets, use code figure 97. The
rain or snow may be of any intensity (i.e., +TSSN, +TSRA).
96 - Thunderstorm with hail, small hail, or snow pellets at

3 Aug 10
time of observation. If there is a thunderstorm at the time

of observation, and there is also hail, ice pellets, or snow
pellets, use code figure 96. There may or may not be rain or
snow or a mixture of rain and snow of any intensity (i.e.,
TSGR, -TSPE).
95 - Thunderstorm without hail, small hail or snow pellets,

but with rain and/or snow at time of observation. If there is
a thunderstorm at the time of observation with rain or snow or
a mixture of rain and snow but with no hail, ice pellets, or
snow pellets, use code figure 95. The rain or snow may be of
any intensity (i.e., -TSRA).
ww = 94-91. Use code figures 94-91 if there was a
thunderstorm during the past hour, and there is some sort of
precipitation at the time of observation. In order to have
this situation, the last lightning or thunder observed must
have been more than 15 minutes before the observation, but
less than 1 hour 15 minutes before the observation.
94 - Moderate or heavy snow or rain and snow mixed or hail,
small hail or snow pellets at time of observation.
Thunderstorm during previous hour but not at time of
observation. If there is moderate or heavy snow or moderate
or heavy snow showers, or if there is a mixture of rain and
snow or mixed rain showers and snow showers, and the intensity
of either is moderate or heavy, or if there are moderate or
heavy ice pellets or snow pellets, or if there is hail at the
time of observation, use code figure 94 (i.e., GR, SHSN).
93 - Slight snow or rain and snow mixed or hail, small hail,

or snow pellets at time of observation. Thunderstorm during
previous hour but not at time of observation. If there is
light snow or light snow showers, or if there is a mixture of
rain and snow or mixed rain showers and snow showers and the
intensity of both is light, or if there are light ice pellets
or light snow pellets at the time of observations, use code
figure 93 (i.e., -SHRAGR, -SHSN).
92 - Moderate or heavy rain at time of observation.

Thunderstorm during previous hour but not at time of
observation. If there is moderate or heavy rain, or a
moderate or heavy rain shower at the time of observation (and
no other forms of precipitation), use code figure 92 (i.e.,
SHRA, +RA).
91 - Light rain at time of observation. Thunderstorm during

previous hour but not at time of observation. If there is

3 Aug 10
light rain or a light rain shower at the time of observation

(and no other precipitation), use code figure 91 (i.e., SHRA,
-RA).
ww = 90-80. Use code figures 90-80 to report showery
precipitation that is not associated with a thunderstorm.
Showers fall from cumuliform clouds that are, by nature,
isolated. Because of this, individual showers do not last
very long. Between showers openings, other clouds may be
seen. Code figure 89 is not reported in the United States.
90 - Moderate or heavy shower(s) of hail, with or without rain
or rain and snow mixed, not associated with thunder.
If there are showers of hail at the station at the time of
observation, and the hail is not associated with a
thunderstorm, use code figure 90. The hail may or may not be
mixed with rain or both rain and snow (i.e., GR, +SHRAGR).
ww = 88-87. Use code figure 88 or 87 if showers of snow
pellets or ice pellets are observed at the station at the time
of the observation. The snow pellets or ice pellets may or
may not be mixed with rain or both rain and snow.
88 - Moderate or heavy shower(s) of snow pellets or small
hail, with or without rain or rain and snow mixed. If the
only precipitation is snow pellets or ice pellets, and the
intensity is moderate or heavy, then use code figure 88. If
there is also rain, or mixed rain and snow, and any of the
precipitation is moderate or heavy, use code figure 88 (i.e.,
-SHRA, +SHPE).
87 - Light shower(s) or snow pellets or small hail, with or

without rain or rain and snow mixed. If the only
precipitation is snow pellets or ice pellets, and the
intensity is light, then use code figure 87. If there is also
rain, or mixed rain and snow, and all of the precipitation is
light, use code figure 87 (-SHSN-SHPE).
ww = 86-85. Use code figure 86 or 85 if only snow showers are
observed at the station at the time of observation.
86 - Snow shower(s), moderate or heavy.
Encode as SHSN or +SHSN.
85 - Snow shower(s), light.

Encode as -SHSN.
ww = 84-83. Use code figure 84 or 83 if mixed rain showers
and snow showers are observed at the station at the time of
observation.

3 Aug 10
84 - Moderate or heavy shower(s) of rain and snow mixed.

Intensity of either may be moderate or heavy.
Encode as SHRA+SHSN, etc.
83 - Light shower(s) of rain and snow mixed. Intensity of

both must be light. Encode as -SHRA-SHSN.
ww = 82-80. Use code figures 82-80 to report rain showers at
the time of observation. The code figure used depends upon
the intensity of the shower at time of observation.
82 - Violent rain shower(s). If a violent rain shower is
observed at the station at the time of observation, use code
figure 82. Report a rain shower as violent if the rate of
fall is at least 1 in (25 mm) per hour or 0.10 in (3 mm) in 6
minutes (i.e., +SHRA).
81 - Moderate or heavy rain shower(s). Encode as SHRA.
80 - Light rain shower(s). Encode as -SHRA.

ww = 79-50. Use code figures 79-50 for precipitation that is
not showery.
ww = 79-70. Use code figures 79-70 to report solid
precipitation not in showers.
ww = 79-76. Use code figures 79-76 to report types of solid,
non-showery precipitation.
79 - Ice pellets.
If ice pellets observed are not in the form of showers, at the
time of observation, use code figure 79. Use this code figure
regardless of the intensity of the ice pellets and regardless
of whether the ice pellets are mixed with another type of
precipitation (i.e., -PE, PE, +PE).
78 - Isolated star-like snow crystals with or without fog or

ice fog.
77 - Snow grains with or without fog or ice fog.

If snow grains are observed at the station at the time of
observation, use code figure 77. Use this code figure
regardless of intensity of the snow grains. Snow grains may
or may not be accompanied by fog or ice fog (i.e., -SG, SG,
+SG).
76 - Diamond dust (ice crystals) with or without fog or ice

fog. If ice crystals are observed at the station at the time
of the observation, use code figure 76. Ice crystals may or

3 Aug 10
may not be accompanied by fog or ice fog (i.e., IC).

ww = 75-70. Use code figures 75-70 to report snow that is not
in the form of showers at the station at the time of the
observation. The code figure selected depends on a
combination of intensity and whether the snow is intermittent
or continuous.
75 - Continuous fall of snowflakes, heavy at time of
observation. Encode as +SN.
74 - Intermittent fall of snowflakes, heavy at time of

observation. Encode as +SN.
73 - Continuous fall of snowflakes, moderate at time of

observation. Encode as SN.
72 - Intermittent fall of snowflakes, moderate at time of

observation. Encode as SN.
71 - Continuous fall of snowflakes, light at time of

observation. Encode as -SN.
70 - Intermittent fall of snowflakes, light at time of

observation. Encode as -SN.
ww = 69-60. Code figures 69-60 are generally used to report
rain.
ww = 69-66. Use code figures 69-66 to report liquid
precipitation that is mixed with snow or is freezing.
69 - Rain or drizzle and snow, moderate or heavy.
Encode as RA-SN, +RASN, etc.
68 - Rain or drizzle and snow, light. Encode as -DZ-SN, -RA-

SN.
67 - Rain, freezing, moderate or heavy. If the intensity of

the freezing rain (or mixed freezing rain and freezing
drizzle) is moderate, or heavy use code figure 67 (i.e., FZRA,
+FZRA).
66 - Rain, freezing, light. If the intensity of the freezing

rain (or mixed freezing rain and freezing drizzle) is light,
use code figure 66 (i.e., -FZRA).
ww = 65-60. Use code figure 65-60 to report rain (but not
freezing rain or rain mixed with snow) at the station at the
time of observation. The code figure used depends on the
combination of intensity and whether the precipitation is

3 Aug 10
intermittent or continuous.
65 - Rain, not freezing, continuous, heavy at time of
observation. Encode as +RA.
64 - Rain, not freezing, intermittent, heavy at time of

observation. Encode as +RA.
63 - Rain, not freezing, continuous, moderate at time of

observation. Encode as RA.
62 - Rain, not freezing, intermittent, moderate at time of

observation. Encode as RA.
61 - Rain, not freezing, continuous, light at time of

observation. Encode as -RA.
60 - Rain, not freezing, intermittent, light at time of

observation. Encode as -RA.
ww = 59-50. Use 59-50 to report drizzle.
ww = 59-56. Drizzle mixed with rain, or freezing drizzle.
59 - Drizzle and rain, moderate or heavy. Encode as RADZ,
+DZRA, etc.
58 - Drizzle and rain, light. Encode as -RA-DZ.
57 - Drizzle, freezing, moderate or heavy. Encode as FZDZ or

+FZDZ.
56 - Drizzle, freezing, light. Encode as -FZDZ.
ww = 55-50. Use code figures 55-50 to report drizzle (but not

freezing drizzle or drizzle mixed with rain) at the station at
the time of observation.
55 - Drizzle, not freezing, continuous, heavy at time of
observation. Encode as +DZ.
54 - Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent, heavy at time of

observation. Encode as +DZ.
53 - Drizzle not freezing, continuous, moderate at time of

observation. Encode as DZ.
52 - Drizzle not freezing, intermittent, moderate at time of

observation. Encode as DZ.

3 Aug 10
51 - Drizzle not freezing, continuous, light at time of

observation. Encode as -DZ.
50 - Drizzle not freezing, intermittent, light at time of
observation. Encode as -DZ.
ww = 17. Thunderstorm, but no precipitation at time of
observation. Code figure 17 has priority over code figures
49-20 and 16-00.
17 - Thunderstorm, but no precipitation at time of observation
(17TS). A thunderstorm is an electrical storm that may or may
not be accompanied by precipitation. If there is a
thunderstorm at the station, but no precipitation, use code
figure 17. Since by U.S. definition, a thunderstorm does not
end until 15 minutes after the last lightning or thunder, code
figure 17 would be used if the thunderstorm occurred within 15
minutes of the observation (i.e., TS or +TS).
ww = 49-00. Use code figure 49-00 when no precipitation is
occurring at the station at the time of observation.
ww = 49-40. Use code figures 49-40 only if there is fog. The
fog may be made of water droplets or ice crystals (ice fog).
The visibility in fog or ice fog must be less than 5/8 mi (1
km). If the visibility is 5/8 mi (1 km) or more, use code
figure 10. The code figure used will depend on whether the
fog has changed during the past hour and whether the sky can
be seen (blue sky, stars or higher clouds).
49 - Fog depositing rime, sky invisible. Fog that deposits
rime will be made up mostly of supercooled water droplets, not
ice crystals (FZFG). Sky is obscured.
48 - Fog depositing rime, sky visible. Sky is visible. Encode

as FZFG.
47 - Fog or ice fog, sky invisible. Fog has begun or has

become thicker during the preceding hour. Encode as FG.
46 - Fog or ice fog, sky visible. Fog has begun or has become
thicker during the preceding hour. Encode as FG
45 - Fog or ice fog, sky invisible. Fog has shown no

appreciable change during the preceding hour. Encode as FG
44 - Fog or ice fog, sky visible. Fog has shown no

appreciable change during the preceding hour. Encode as FG
43 - Fog or ice fog, sky invisible. Fog has become thinner

3 Aug 10
during the preceding hour. Encode as FG
42 - Fog or ice fog, sky visible. Fog has become thinner

during the preceding hour. Encode as FG
41 - Fog or ice fog in patches. Fog has begun or has become

thicker during the preceding hour. Encode as FG
40 - Fog or ice fog at a distance at the time of observation,

but not at the station during the preceding hour, the fog or
ice fog extending to a level above that of the observer.
Encode as PRFG or BCFG
ww = 39-30. Use code figures 39-30 to report a duststorm,
sandstorm, or drifting or blowing snow. These phenomena are
rarely observed from ships except close to deserts or ice
fields.
ww = 39-36. In deciding among code figures 39-36, the
following must be considered: snow that is being moved by the
wind may be generally low (below about 6-feet (2 m)) or
generally high (above 6-feet (2 m)). If the snow is low, it
is drifting snow; if high, it is blowing snow. Code 37 is not
used in the United States.
39 - Heavy blowing snow, generally high (above eye level).
Visibility less than 5/16 mi (1/2 km). Encode as +BLSN.
38 - Slight or moderate blowing snow, generally high (above

eye level). Visibility 6 mi (10 km) or less but not less than
5/16 mi (1/2 km). Encode as -BLSN or BLSN.
37 - Heavy drifting snow, generally high (above eye level).

Encode as +DRSN.
36 - Light to moderate drifting snow, generally low (below eye

level). Encode as -DRSN or DRSN.
ww = 35-30. In deciding among code figures 35-30 the
following must be considered: if the visibility at the
station at the time of observation is less than 5/16 mi (1/2
km), there is a severe duststorm or sandstorm; if the
visibility is at least 5/16 mi (1/2 km) but less than 5/8 mi
(1 km), there is a slight or moderate duststorm or sandstorm.
The code figure used depends on the intensity of the sandstorm
or duststorm and any change in its intensity during the
preceding hour.
35 - Severe duststorm or sandstorm that has begnn or has
increased during the preceding hour. Encode as +SS or +DS.

3 Aug 10
34 - Severe duststorm or sandstorm that has had no appreciable

change during the preceding hour. Encode as +SS or +DS.
33 - Severe duststorm or sandstorm that has decreased during

the preceding hour. Encode as +SS or +DS.
32 - Slight or moderate duststorm or sandstorm that has begun

or has increased during the preceding hour. Encode as SS or -
DS.
31 - Slight or moderate duststorm or sandstorm that has had no

appreciable change during the preceding hour. Encode as -SS
or DS.
30 - Slight or moderate duststorm or sandstorm that has

decreased during the preceding hour (30SA). Encode as SS or -
DS.
ww = 29-20. Use code figures 29-20 to report precipitation,
fog, ice fog, or thunderstorm at the station during the
preceding hour but not at the station at the time of
observation. Code figures 29-20 are used only if there was
precipitation, fog, ice fog (but not mist), or a thunderstorm
at the station during the past hour, but not at the time of
observation. Use code figures 29-25 if the precipitation was
showery; otherwise use code figures 24-20.
29 - Thunderstorm (with or without precipitation).
Since by U.S. definition a thunderstorm ends 15 minutes after
the last thunder or lightning, the last thunder or lightning
must have happened at least 15 minutes before the time of the
observation. Encode as TS.
28 - Fog or ice fog.

The visibility in the fog or ice fog must have been less than
5/8 mi (1 km). Encode as FG or FZFG.
27 - Shower(s) of hail, small hail, or ice pellets, or of rain

and hail, small hail or ice pellets. Encode as SHGR or
SHRAGR.
26 - Shower(s) of snow, or of rain and snow. Encode as SHSN

or SHRASN.
25 - Shower(s) of rain. Encode as SHRA.
24 - Freezing drizzle or freezing rain, not falling as

3 Aug 10
shower(s). Encode as FZRA.
23 - Rain and snow or ice pellets, not falling as shower(s).

Encode as PA or SN or PE
22 - Snow not falling as shower(s). Encode as SN
21 - Rain (not freezing), not falling as shower(s). Encode as

RA
20 - Drizzle (not freezing) or snow grains, not falling as

shower(s).
ww = 19-00. Use code figures 19-00 to report certain
hydrometeors, electrometeors, lithometeors or no precipitation
at the station at the time of observation or during the
preceding hour.
19 - Funnel cloud(s), tornado, or waterspout at or within
sight of the station during the preceding hour of the time of
the observation. Since the highest code figure is reported
(except code figure 17), code figure 19 cannot be used if ww
can be encoded as some higher number. If a tornado is
observed at or near the station at the time of the observation
or during the preceding hour, include the plain language word
TORNADO as the last group in Section 3. This instruction
shall be followed regardless of the code figure selected for
ww. Do not include a plain language word for funnel cloud or
waterspout if code figure 19 is used.
18 - Squalls. By U.S. definition, a sudden increase of at

least 15 knots in average wind speed and sustained at 20 knots
or more for at least 1 minute. This must occur at or within
sight of the station during the preceding hour or at the time
of observation. If a squall without any precipitation is
observed, either at the time of observation or during the past
hour, use code figure 18. If there was any precipitation, or
if there was a thunderstorm with the squall, use one of the
other code figures, possibly code figure 29 or one of the code
figures 99-80. Select the one that best describes what
happened. Encode as SQ.
16 - Precipitation within sight, reaching the ground or the

surface of the sea near to, but not at the station.
The precipitation must be less than 3 mi (5 km) from the
station, but not at the station to use code figure 16.
Encode as VCSH
15 - Precipitation within sight, reaching the ground or the

3 Aug 10
surface of the sea, but distant; i.e., estimated to be more

than 3 mi (5 km), from the station. Encode as VCSH
14 - Precipitation within sight, not reaching the ground or

the surface of the sea. Sometimes precipitation may fall from
a cloud, but into air that is dry enough to evaporate it
before it can reach the ground. This is fairly common in
desert areas, like some parts of the southwestern United
States. This phenomena is called virga.
13 - Lightning visible, no thunder heard. There are two

reasons you may see lightning but not hear thunder. The first
is that the lightning may be far enough away that the thunder
doesn't reach the station. The other is that local sounds may
muffle the thunder. Use code figure 13 to report distant
lightning.
ww = 12-10. Use code figure 12 or 11 to report shallow fog.
Continuous refers to covering more than half of the ground or
sea; patchy refers to less than one-half coverage. The
apparent visibility shall be less than 5/8 mi (1 km). Code
figure 10 is used to report fog that is neither shallow nor
has visibility less than 5/8 mi (1 km). (Code figures 49-40
are used to report fog that is not shallow but with visibility
less than 5/8 mi (1 km).
12 - More or less continuous shallow fog or ice fog at the
station, whether on land or sea; the fog or ice fog is not
deeper than about 6 ft (2 km) on land or 30 ft (10 m) at sea.
Encode as MIFG.
11 - Patches of shallow fog or ice fog at the station, whether

on land or sea; the fog or ice fog not deeper than about 6 ft
(2 km) on land or 30 ft (10 m) at sea. Encode as MIFG.
10 - Mist (10BR).
Code figure 10 refers only to water droplets and ice crystals.
The visibility restriction shall be 5/8 mi (1 km) or more but
less than 6 mi (10 km). Use code figure 10 whether the mist
is patchy or more or less continuous. Encode as BR.
ww = 09-04. Use code figure 09-04 to report lithometeors.
09 - Duststorm or sandstorm within sight at the time of
observation, or at the station during the preceding hour.
Visibility in dust or sand must be (or have been) 6 mi (10 km)
or less. Encode as DS or SS.
08 - Well-developed dust whirl(s) (devils) or sand whirl(s)

3 Aug 10
seen at or near the station during the preceding hour or at

the time of observation, but no duststorm or sandstorm.
Encode as PO.
07 - Dust or sand raised by wind at or near the station at the

time of observation, but no well-developed dust whirl(s)
(devils) or sand whirl(s), and no duststorm or sandstorm seen;
or in the case of ships, blowing spray at the station.
Use code figure 07 if there is dust in the air, the wind is
strong enough to be lifting more dust or sand at the time of
observation and the visibility at the time of observation is 6
mi (10 km) or less. Do not use code figure 07 if there is a
well-developed dust whirl (devils) or a duststorm or a
sandstorm. Encode as BLSA or BLDU.
06 - Widespread dust is suspended in the air, not raised by

wind at or near the station at the time of observation.
Use code figure 06 if there is dust in the air, but the wind
at the time of observation is not strong enough to be lifting
more dust into the air. This code figure may be used with any
visi-bility, as long as there is dust in the air.
Encode as HZ.
05 - Haze.
Code figure 05 is not restricted to the definition applied for
reports of haze in the basic observation, but can be used if
it is simply hazy, regardless of the visibility. Encode as
HZ.
04 - Visibility reduced by smoke; e.g., veldt or forest fires,

industrial smoke or volcanic ash. If the smoke is coming from
a great distance, it will be spread through a deep layer of
the atmosphere. In this case use code figure 04 regardless of
how much the visibility is restricted. If the smoke is coming
from somewhere fairly close, then it will be pretty much
layered in the lower atmosphere. In this case, the visibility
has to be 6 mi (10 km) or less before code figure 04 is used.
If smoke is the only weather or restriction to visibility in
the basic U.S. observation, use code figure 04.
Encode as FU
ww = 03-00. Phenomena without significance.
03 - Clouds generally forming or developing.
Use code figure 03 only if there are clouds at the time of the
observation, but no other weather and both of these conditions
exist: (1) The clouds must have increased or become more
developed during the past hour (examples of this would be low

3 Aug 10
stratus clouds forming at night, clouds moving into the area

in advance of a frontal system, or cumulus clouds growing
taller during the day); and (2) there is also some significant
past weather to report.
02 - State of sky on the whole unchanged. This is the

characteristic of the sky during the past hour. Use code
figure 02 if the sky is clear at the time of observation and
it was also clear during the past hour. Also use code figure
02 if there are clouds at the time of observation, but there
had not been any significant change in the clouds during the
past hour.
01 - Clouds generally dissolving or becoming less developed.

This is the characteristic of the sky during the past hour.
Use code figure 01 if the sky is clear at the time of
observation, but there were clouds during the past hour. Use
code figure 01 if there were clouds at the time of
observation, but the clouds had dissolved or become less
developed during the past hour. Some examples of this are low
stratus clouds breaking up in the morning or cumulus clouds
beginning to flatten in the afternoon.
00 - Cloud development not observed or not observable. This

is the characteristic of the sky during the past hour.
Use code figure 00 if clouds were not observed during the past
hour, whether the sky is clear or not at the time of
observation.
CODE TABLES
TABLE III-3-7
WlW2 -- Past Weather Code Specifications in Order of

Priority
Code Weather
figure
9 Thunderstorm(s) with or without precipitation
8 Shower(s)
7 Snow, or rain and snow mixed
6 Rain
5 Drizzle
4 Fog or ice fog, or thick haze
3 Sandstorm, duststorm, or blowing snow
2 Cloud covering more than 1/2 of the sky throughout the
appropriate period
1 Cloud covering more than 1/2 of the sky during part of

3 Aug 10
the appropriate period and covering 1/2 or less during

part of the period
0 Cloud covering 1/2 or less of the sky throughout the
appropriate period
TABLE III-3-8

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-3-9

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-3-10

3 Aug 10
III.4.1. Section 2 222Dsvs OssTwTwTw 2PwPwHwHw 3dw1dw1dw2dw2

4Pw1Pw1Hw1Hw1 5Pw2Pw2Hw2Hw2 6IsEsEsRs 8SwTbTbTb ICE + Plain
Language or ICE ciSibiDizi
III.4.1.1. 222Dsvs. This group identifies the direction and

speed of the ship.
a. 222 - Identifies the beginning of section 2 of the code.
b. Ds - Enter the code figure representing the direction of

the movement of the ship during the three hours preceding the
time of observation (see Table III-4-1).
c. vs - Enter the code figure indicating the average speed

made good during the three hours preceding the time of
observation (see Table III-4-2).
III.4.1.2. OssTwTwTw. This group indicates the sea water

a. O - Identifies the sea water temperature group in

section 2 of the code. If the temperature cannot be observed,
the entire group is deleted from the observation and group O
will not appear in section 2.
b. ss - Enter the code figure indicating the sign and type

of sea water temperature (see Table III-4-3).
c. TwTwTw - Enter the sea water temperature in tens, units,

and tenths degrees Celsius.
III.4.1.3. 2PwPwHwHw. This group indicates the wind wave data

determined from visual observation.
a. 2 - Identifies the wind wave group in section 2 of the

code.
b. PwPw - Enter the average period of the significant wind

waves in seconds. Enter a period of three seconds as 03, enter
a period of twelve seconds as 12. Enter 00 for calm. Enter 99
if period is confused.

3 Aug 10
c. HwHw - Enter the code figure indicating the height of the

wind waves (see Table III-4-4).
III.4.1.4. 3dw1dw1dw2dw2. This group indicates the directions of
the primary and secondary swell waves.
a. 3 - Identifies the swell wave direction group in section

II of the code. If element is not observed, encode as 30000.
b. dw1dw1 - Enter hundreds and tens of degrees of the

direction from which the primary swell is coming from.
c. dw2dw2 - Enter hundreds and tens of degrees of the

direction from which the secondary swell is coming from. If
there is only one swell present, enter " 00 " for dw2dw2.
III.4.1.5. 4Pw1Pw1Hw1Hw1. This group indicates the primary swell

wave data.
a. 4 - Identifies the primary swell wave group in section 2

of the code when no swell is present. If the element is not
observed, encode as 40000.
b. Pw1Pw1 - Enter the average period of the primary swell

a period of twelve seconds as 12, etc.
c. Hw1Hw1 - Enter the code figure indicating the height of

the primary swell waves (see Table III-4-4).
III.4.1.6. 5Pw2Pw2Hw2Hw2. This group indicates the secondary

swell wave group in section 2 of the code. If the element is
not observed, encode as 50000.
a. Pw2Pw2 - Enter the average period of the secondary swell

a period of twelve seconds as 12, etc.
b. Hw2Hw2 - Enter the code figure indicating the height of

the secondary swell waves (see Table III-4-4).
III.4.1.7. 6IsEsEsRs. This group identifies the state of ice

accretion on the ship at the time of observation. Omit the
entire group from the report if ice is not observed.
a. 6 - Identifies the ice accretion group in section 2 of

the code.

3 Aug 10
b. Is - Enter the code figure identifying the source of the
ice accretion (see Table III-4-5).
c. EsEs - Enter the average thickness of the ice in

centimeters (see Table III-4-6).
d. Rs - Enter the code figure identifying the rate of

buildup of the ice accretion (see Table III-4-7).
III.4.1.8. 8SwTbTbTb. This group identifies the wet-bulb

a. 8 - Identifies the wet bulb temperature group in section

II of the code.
b. Sw - Enter the sign and type of wet-bulb temperature (see

Table III-4-8).
c. TbTbTb - Enter the wet-bulb temperature in tens, units,

and tenths degree Celsius.
III.4.1. 9 ICE + Plain Language or ICE ciSibiDizi. This group

identifies the presence and state of sea ice and ice of land
origin.
a. ICE - Indicates that the sea ice group is present in

section II of the code. When no sea ice or ice of land origin
is observed, this group will be omitted from the code.
b. ci - Enter the code figure that best describes the

concentration and arrangement of the sea ice at the time of
c. Si - Enter the code figure that best describes the stage

of development of the sea ice at the time of observation (see
Table III-4-10).
d. bi - Enter the code figure that best describes the ice of

land origin present at the time of observation (see Table III-4-
11).
e. Di - Enter the code figure that best describes the

orientation of the principle edge of the sea ice at the time of

3 Aug 10
f. zi - Enter the code figure that best describes the effect

of the sea ice on the ship over the past three hours (see Table
III-4-13).
g. Plain Language - Remarks considered significant by the

observer.
CODE TABLES
TABLE III-4-1
TABLE III-4-2
TABLE III-4-3

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-4-4
HwHw, Hw1Hw1, Wave Height in Half-meters

Hw2Hw2
Code figure Height in feet Code figure Height in feet

00 calm 16 25 or 26
01 1 or 2 17 27 or 28
02 3 or 4 18 29
03 5 19 30 or 31
04 6 or 7 20 32
05 8 21 33 or 34
06 9 or 10 22 35 or 36
07 11 or 12 23 37
08 13 24 38 or 39
09 14 or 15 25 40
10 16 26 41 or 42
11 17 or 18 27 43 or 44
12 19 or 20 28 45
13 21 29 46 or 47
14 22 or 23 30 48
15 24 31 49 or 50
TABLE III-4-5
Is -- Ice accretion on ships
Code
figure
1 Icing from ocean spray
2 Icing from fog
3 Icing from spray and fog
4 Icing from rain
5 Icing from spray and rain
The next two symbolic letters EsEs, indicate the thickness

of the ice that has built up, expressed in centimeters
(using a leading zero if less than 10 centimeters). For
those who measure in inches, each inch is equivalent to 2.54
centimeters. See Table III-4-6.

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-4-6
ESES -- Thickness of Ice Accretion in Centimeters and Inches
Code Code
figure Inches figure Inches
(cm) (cm)
00 Less 15 5 3/4 or 6
than l/4
01 1/4 or ½ 16 6 1/4
02 ¾ 17 6 1/2 or 6
3/4
03 1 or 1 ¼ 18 7 or 7 1/4
04 1 1/2 or 19 7 1/2
1 ¾
05 2 20 7 3/4 or 8
06 2 1/4 or 21 8 1/4
2 ½
07 2 ¾ 22 8 1/2 or 8
3/4
08 3 or 3 ¼ 23 9 or 9 1/4
09 3 ½ 24 9 1/2
10 3 3/4 or 25 9 3/4 or
4 10
11 4 1/4 or 26 10 1/4
4 ½
12 4 ¾ 27 10 1/2 or
10 3/4
13 5 or 5 ¼ 28 11
14 5 ½ 29 11 1/4 or
11 1/2
The subjective evaluation of the observer concerning the

relative rate of accretion, RS, is coded per Table III-4-7.

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-4-7
Rs -- Rate of ice accretion on ships
Code figure
0 Ice not building up
1 Ice building up slowly
2 Ice building up rapidly
3 Ice melting or breaking up slowly
4 Ice melting or breaking up rapidly
TABLE III-4-8
SW -- Sign and Type of Wet-Bulb Temperature
Code figure
0 positive or zero measured
1 negative measured
2 iced bulb measured
3-4 not used
5 positive or zero computed
6 negative computed
7 iced bulb computed

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-4-9
Ci -- Concentration or Arrangement of Sea Ice in Priority

Order
Code
figure
NOTE: When reporting code figures 9 through 6:
· The ship is in ice or within 0.5 NM of an ice edge, and
· The sea ice is not uniform in the observation area
9 Fast ice with close or very close pack ice to seaward

of the ice boundary
8 Fast ice with open water, very open or open pack ice to
seaward of the ice
7 Strips and patches of close or very close pack ice with
areas of lesser concentration between
6 Strips and patches of pack ice with open water between
NOTE: When reporting code figures 5 through 2:

· The ship is in ice or within 0.5 NM of an ice edge, and
· The sea ice is uniform in the ice area
5 9/10 or more, but not 10/10 (7/8 to less than 8/8),

very close pack ice
4 7/10 to 8/10 (6/8 to less than 7/8), close pack ice
3 4/10 to 6/10 (3/8 to less than 6/8), open pack ice
2 Sea ice present in concentrations less than 3/10 (3/8),
open water or very open pack ice
NOTE: Remaining codes follow:
1 Ship in open lead more than 1.0 NM, (also code Di = 0)

or,
Ship in fast ice with boundary beyond limit of
visibility (also code Di = 9)
0 No sea ice in sight
/ Unable to report, because of darkness, lack of
visibility, or because ship is more than 0.5 NM from
ice edge

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-4-10
Si -- Stage of development of Sea Ice in Priority Order
Code
figure
9 Predominantly old ice
8 Predominantly medium and thick first-year ice with
some old ice (usually more than 2 meters thick)
7 All medium and thick first year ice
6 Predominantly medium first-year ice (70 to 120cm thick)
and thick first year ice (greater than 120cm thick)
with some thinner (young) first year ice
5 All thin first-year ice (30 to 70cm thick)
4 Predominantly thin first-year ice with some new and/or
young ice
3 Predominantly new and/or young ice with some first-
year ice
2 young ice (grey ice, grey-white ice), 10 to 30cm thick
1 Nilas or ice rind, less than lOcm thick
0 New ice only (frazil ice, grease ice, slush, shuga)
/ Unable to report, because of darkness, low visibility,
only ice of land origin is visible, or because ship
is more than 0.5 nautical miles away from ice edge
TABLE III-4-11
bi -- Ice of land origin in Priority Order
Code
figure
9 More than 20 icebergs with growlers and bergy bits,
a major hazard to navigation
8 11-20 icebergs with growlers and bergy bits
5 More than 10 growlers and bergy bits, no icebergs
4 Up to and including 10 growlers and bergy bits,
no icebergs
3 11-20 icebergs, no growlers or bergy bits
0 No ice of land origin
/ Unable to report, because of darkness, low visibility,
or because only sea ice is visible

3 Aug 10
TABLE III-4-12
Di -- True Bearing of Principal Ice Edge
Code
figure
0 Ship in shore or flaw lead
1 Principal ice edge towards NE
2 Principal ice edge towards E
3 Principal ice edge towards SE
4 Principal ice edge towards S
5 Principal ice edge towards SW
6 Principal ice edge towards W
7 Principal ice edge towards NW
8 Principal ice edge towards N
9 Not determined (ship in ice)
/ Unable to report, because of darkness, lack of
visibility, or because only ice of land origin
is visible
TABLE III-4-13
zi -- Present Ice Situation and Trend of Conditions over

Preceding 3 hours in Priority Order
Code
figure
Code figures 9 through 6 are used when the ship is in
ice that is difficult to penetrate and the conditions
are worsening.
9 Ship beset
8 Ice under moderate or severe pressure
7 Ice under slight pressure
6 Ice forming and floes freezing together
Code figures 5 through 1 are used for all other

situations when the ship is in ice.
5 Ship in ice difficult to penetrate, conditions not
changing
4 Ship in ice difficult to penetrate, conditions improving
3 Ship in easily penetrable ice, conditions worsening
2 Ship in easily penetrable ice, conditions not changing
1 Ship in easily penetrable ice, conditions improving
0 Ship in open water with floating ice in sight
/ Unable to report because of darkness or lack of
visibility

3 Aug 10
APPENDIX A
INDEX FOR DATA GROUPS IN THE SHIP SYNOPTIC CODE
A.1. DATE AND TIME/WIND INFO GROUP (YYGGiw)

a. Page III-2-1 Para 3.2.1.2a requirement for entry/proper
entry procedure
b. Page III-2-1 Para 3.2.1.2c requirement for entry/proper
entry procedure for (iw)
________________________________________________________________
A.2. LATITUDE GROUP (99LaLaLa)

Page III-2-1 Para 3.2.1.3b requirement for entry/proper
entry procedure
________________________________________________________________
A.3. QUADRANT/LONGITUDE GROUP (QcLoLoLoLo)

a. Page III-2-1 Para 3.2.1.4 requirement for entry
b. Page III-2-1 Para 3.2.1.4a proper entry procedure for (Qc)
c. Page III-2-2 Table III-2-1 proper entry procedure for (Qc)
d. Page III-2-1 Para 3.2.1.4b proper entry procedure for
(LoLoLoLo)
________________________________________________________________
A.4. GENERAL METEOROLOGICAL INFO GROUP (irixhVV)

a. Page III-3-1 Para 3.3.1.1a requirement for entry
b. Page III-3-1 Para 3.3.1.1b proper entry procedure for (ix)
c. Page III-3-5 Table III-3-1 proper entry procedure for (ir)
d. Page III-3-1 Para 3.3.1.1c proper entry procedure for (h)
e. Page III-3-5 Table III-3-2 proper entry procedure for (h)
f. Page III-3-1 Para 3.3.1.1d proper entry procedure for (VV)
g. Page III-3-5 Table III-3-3 proper entry procedure for (VV)
________________________________________________________________
A.5. SKY COVER AND WIND DATA GROUPS (Nddff (00fff))

a. Page III-3-1, Para 3.3.1.2 requirement for entry a,b,c
b. Page III-3-1, Para 3.3.1.2a proper entry procedure for (N)
c. Page III-3-6, Table III-3-4 proper entry procedure for (N)
d. Page III-3-1, Para 3.3.1.2b proper entry procedure for (dd)
e. Page III-3-1, Para 3.3.1.2c proper entry procedure for (ff)
f. Page III-3-2, Para 3.3.1.2.1 proper entry procedure for (fff)
________________________________________________________________
A-1 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
A.6. AIR TEMPERATURE GROUP (1snTTT)

b. Page III-3-2 Para 3.3.1.3b proper entry procedure for (sn)
c. Page III-3-2 Para 3.3.1.3c proper entry procedure for (TTT)
________________________________________________________________
A.7. DEW POINT TEMPERATURE GROUP (2snTdTdTd)

b. Page III-3-2 Para 3.3.1.4b proper entry procedure for (sn)
c. Page III-3-2 Para 3.3.1.4c proper entry procedure for
(TdTdTd)
________________________________________________________________
A.8. SEA LEVEL PRESSURE GROUP (4PPPP)

b. Page III-3-3 Para 3.3.1.5b proper entry procedure
________________________________________________________________
A.9. PRESSURE CHANGE GROUP (5appp)

Page III-3-3 Para 3.3.1.6a,b proper entry procedures
________________________________________________________________
A.10. PRESENT/PAST WEATHER GROUP (7wwW1W2)

b. Page III-3-3 Para 3.3.1.7b proper entry procedure for (ww)
c. Page III-3-7 Table III-3-6 proper entry procedure for (ww)
d. Page III-3-3 Para 3.3.1.7c proper entry procedure for (W1W2)
e. Page III-3-23 Table III-3-7 proper entry procedure for (W1W2)
________________________________________________________________
A.11. CLOUD GROUP (8NhCLCMCH)

b. Page III-3-4 Para 3.3.1.8b proper entry procedure for (Nh)
c. Page III-3-24 Table III-3-8 proper entry procedure for (Nh)
d. Page III-3-4 Para 3.3.1.8c proper entry procedure/no low cloud
e. Page III-3-4 Para 3.3.1.8d proper entry procedure/no mid cloud
f. Page III-3-4 Para 3.3.1.8e proper entry procedure/no
high cloud
________________________________________________________________
A-2 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
A.12. ACTUAL TIME OF OBSERVATION GROUP (9GGgg)
b. Page III-3-4 Para 3.3.1.9b proper entry procedure for (GG)
c. Page III-3-4 Para 3.3.1.9c proper entry procedure for (gg)
________________________________________________________________
A.13. DIRECTION AND SPEED OF SHIP GROUP (222DsVs)

b. Page III-4-1 Para 3.4.1.1b proper entry procedure for (Ds)
c. Page III-4-4 Table III-4-1 proper entry procedure for (Ds)
d. Page III-4-1 Para 3.4.1.1c proper entry procedure for (Vs)

e. Page III-4-4 Table III-4-2 proper entry procedure for (Vs)
________________________________________________________________
A.14. SEA WATER TEMPERATURE GROUP (0ssTwTwTw)

a. Page III-4-1 para 3.4.1.2a requirement for entry
b. Page III-4-1 para 3.4.1.2b proper entry procedure for (ss)
c. Page III-4-4 Table III-4-3 proper entry procedure for (ss)
d. Page III-4-1 para 3.4.1.2c proper entry procedure for
(TwTwTw)
________________________________________________________________
A.15. WIND WAVE DATA GROUP (2PwPwHwHw)

b. Page III-4-1 Para 3.4.1.3b proper entry procedure for (PwPw)
c. Page III-4-1 Para 3.4.1.3c proper entry procedure for (HwHw)
d. Page III-4-5 Table III-4-4 proper entry procedure for (HwHw)
e. Page II-9-4 Para 2.9.4 x height does not agree with
Column E
________________________________________________________________
A.16. DIRECTION OF PRIMARY/SECONDARY SWELL WAVE GROUP

(3dw1dw1dw2dw2)
b. Page III-4-2 Para 3.4.1.4b proper entry procedure for
(dw1dw1)
(dw2dw2) and no (dw2dw2)
________________________________________________________________
A-3 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
A.17. PRIMARY SWELL WAVE DATA GROUP (4Pw1Pw1Hw1Hw1)

b. Page III-4-2 Para 3.4.1.5b proper entry procedure for
(Pw1Pw1)
(Hw1Hw1)
d. Page III-4-5 Table III-4-4 proper entry procedure for
(Hw1Hw1)
e. Page II-9-4 Para 2.9.5 height does not agree with
Column F
________________________________________________________________
A.18. SECONDARY SWELL WAVE DATA GROUP (5Pw2Pw2Hw2Hw2)

b. Page III-4-2 Para 3.4.1.6a proper entry procedure for
(Pw2Pw2)
c. Page III-4-2 Para 3.4.1.6b proper entry procedure for
(Hw2Hw2)
________________________________________________________________
A.19. ICE ACCRETION GROUP (6IsEsEsRs)

a. Page III-4-2, Para 3.4.1.7 requirement for entry
b. Page III-4-2, Para 3.4.1.7b proper entry procedure for (Is)
c. Page III-4-5, Table III-4-5 proper entry procedure for (Is)
d. Page III-4-2, Para 3.4.1.7c proper entry procedure for (EsEs)
e. Page III-4-6, Table III-4-6 proper entry procedures for
(EsEs)
f. Page III-4-2, Para 3.4.1.7d proper entry procedure for (Rs)
g. Page III-4-6, Table III-4-7 proper entry procedure for (Rs)
________________________________________________________________
A.20. WET-BULB TEMPERATURE GROUP (8SwTbTbTb)

a. Page III-4-2, Para 3.4.1.8 requirement for entry
b. Page III-4-3, Para 3.4.1.8b proper entry procedure for (Sw)
c. Page III-4-6, Table III-4-8 proper entry procedure for (Sw)
d. Page III-4-3, Para 3.4.1.8c proper entry procedure for
(TbTbTb)
________________________________________________________________
A-4 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
A.21. ICE GROUP (ICE ciSibiDizi)

b. Page III-4-3 Para 3.4.1.9 proper entry procedures for ICE
b,c,d,e,f,g group
c. Page III-4-8 Tables proper entry procedures for ICE
III-4-11, group
III-4-12,
III-4-13
A-5 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
APPENDIX B
INDEX FOR DATA COLUMNS IN PART I COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3

SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS FORM
AEROGRAPHER'S MATE
COLUMN ENTRY ERRORS:
B.1. TYPE OF OBSERVATION (Column 1)

a. Page II-1-1 Para 2.1.3.1 proper entry procedures
2.1.3.2
b. Page II-2-1 Para 2.2.1 requirement for entry
2.1.3.2
________________________________________________________________
B.2. DATE AND TIME OF OBSERVATION (Column 2)

a. Page II-1-2 Para 2.1.4.1 proper entry of time
b. Page II-2-1 Para 2.2.2 requirement for entry
c. Page II-2-1 Para 2.2.2a(ME) proper entry procedures
d. Page II-2-1 Para 2.2.2b(SP) proper entry procedures
________________________________________________________________
’
B.3. WIND DIRECTION, SPEED, GUSTS, & VARIABILITY
(Columns 3, 4, 5, 6)
a. Page II-8-6 Para 2.8.5, requirement for entry/proper
(Col 3 entry procedures
direction)
b. Page II-8-6 Para 2.8.6 requirement for entry/proper
(Col 4 speed) entry procedures
c. Page II-8-6 Para 2.8.7 (AG) requirement for entry of gust
(Col 5
character)
d. Page II-8-6 Para 2.8.8
(Col 6 requirement for entry/proper
variability) entry procedures
________________________________________________________________
B.4. VISIBILITY (Column 7)

a. Page II-4-1 Para 2.4.1.3a,b proper entry procedures
b. Page II-4-4 Para 2.4.4a,b,c proper entry procedures
_______________________________________________________________
B-1 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
B.5. PRESENT WEATHER (Column 9)

a. Page II-5-1 Para 2.5.2 requirement for entry/proper
entry procedures
b. Page II-5-3 Para 2.5.2.3 precipitation
c. Page II-5-5 Para 2.5.2.4 obstructions to vision
d. Page II-5-9 Para 2.5.3 present weather entries
e. Page II-5-11Table II-5-1 present weather groups
f. Page II-5-18Tables II-5-4, precipitation intensity
II-5-6,
II-5-7
II-5-8
_______________________________________________________________
B.6. SKY CONDITION (Column 10)

a. Page II-3-2 Para 2.3.5(1) sky cover amounts
b. Page II-3-4 Para 2.3.5.3 sky cover classifications
c. Page II-3-7 Para 2.3.7 sky cover and ceilings
d. Page II-3-8 Para 2.3.7.2 layer heights
e. Page II-3-17 Table II-3-8 sky cover contractions
_______________________________________________________________
B.7. TEMPERATURE, DEW POINT, AND WET-BULB (Columns 11, 12, 20)
a. Page II-7-7 Para 2.7.6, requirements for entry
2.7.7,
2.7.8
______________________________________________________________
B.8. REMARKS AND SUPPLEMENTAL CODED DATA (Column 14)

a. Page II-5-9 Para 2.5.4, a, requirement for entry/proper
b and c entry procedures
b. Page II-5-13 Table II-5-2 significant remarks
________________________________________________________________
B.9. PRESSURE - ALTIMETER, STATION, SEA LEVEL

(Columns 13, 22, 22a)
a. Page II-6-6 Para 2.6.6 requirement for entry/proper entry
Altimeter procedure
(Col 13)
b. Page II-6-6 Para 2.6.7 requirement for entry/proper entry
Station Pressure procedure
(Col 22)
B-4 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
c. Page II-6-6 Para 2.6.5 requirement for entry/proper entry

Sea Level procedure
Pressure
(Col 22a)
________________________________________________________________
B.10. OBSERVERS INITIALS (Column 15)

Page II-10-1 Para 2.10.5 requirement for entry
_______________________________________________________________
B.11. SKY COVER TOTAL (Column 17)

Page II-3-8 Para 2.3.8 requirement for entry/proper
entry procedures
________________________________________________________________
B.12. SHIP'S POSITION (Column A)

a. Page II-10-1 Para 2.10.2 requirement for entry/proper
entry procedures
b. Page II-10-1 Para 2.10.2, requirement for entry/proper
a,b,c entry procedures
c. Page III-2-2 Table III-2-1 Quadrants of Globe
________________________________________________________________
B.13. SHIP'S COURSE (Column B)

Page II-10-1 Para 2.10.3 requirement for entry/ proper
entry procedure
________________________________________________________________
B.14. SHIP'S SPEED (Column C)

entry procedure
________________________________________________________________
B.15. SEA WATER TEMPERATURE (Column D)

entry procedure
________________________________________________________________
B.16. SEA (WIND) WAVES, PERIOD, AND HEIGHT (Column E)

entry procedure
________________________________________________________________
B-3 Enclosure (1)

3 Aug 10
B.17. SWELL WAVES (Columns F, G)
a. Page II-9-4 Para 2.9.5 proper entry procedures
b. Page II-9-2 Para 2.9.2c(1) swell direction
c. Page II-9-2 Para 2.9.2c(2) swell period
d. Page II-9-2 Para 2.9.2c(3) secondary swell
________________________________________________________________
B.18. REMARKS, NOTES (Column 72)

a. Page II-10-1 Para 2.10.6a, requirement for entry/proper
b,c,d, and e entry procedures
B-4 Enclosure (1)

(3144 1E) USN Manual For Ships Surface Weather Observations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(3144 1E) USN Manual For Ships Surface Weather Observations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(3144 1E) USN Manual For Ships Surface Weather Observations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

COMNAVMETOCCOM INSTRUCTION 3144.1E

From: Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command

Subj: U.S. NAVY MANUAL FOR SHIP'S SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS

Ref: (a) NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1L

Encl: (1) U.S. Navy Manual for Ship’s Surface Weather

1. Purpose. The purpose of enclosure (1) is to provide U.S.

2. Cancellation. COMNAVMETOCCOMINST 3144.1D

3. Discussion. Accurate and timely submissions of

4. Action. All U.S. Navy ships shall conduct a surface weather

5. Responsibility for the Manual. Commander, Naval Meteorology

6. Report Symbols and Forms

a. Report symbol COMNAVMETOCCOM 3141/3 is assigned to the

b. Report symbol COMNAVMETOCCOM 3140/2DF is assigned to the

c. COMNAVMETOCCOM Form 3141/3, referred to herein, is

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-1-1

CHAPTER 2 – Observation Program Requirements. . . . .I-2-1

CHAPTER 3 – Weather Communication Procedures. . . . .I-3-1

CHAPTER 1 – General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-1

Table II-1-1: Required Content of Ships Observations

CHAPTER 2 – Observation Procedures and Forms Entries

Table II-2-1: Special Observation Criteria. . . . . .II-2-1

CHAPTER 3 – Observation Procedures and Forms Entries

II.3.6 – Determination of Layer Heights. . . . . . . .II-3-5

Table II-3-1: Obscurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-3-11

Table II-3-2: Sky Cover Evaluation in Tenths

Table II-3-3: Reportable Values for Layer Heights. . II-3-13

Table II-3-4: Conversion of Elevation Angles to

Table II-3-5: Balloon Ascension Rates 10-gram

Table II-3-6: Approximate Height of New Forming

Table II-3-7: Reportable Cloud Height Values. . . . .II-3-16

Table II-3-8: Criteria for Variable Ceiling. . . . . II-3-16

Table II-3-9: Cloud Height Ranges. . . . . . . . . . II-3-17

Table II-3-10: Sky Cover Contractions. . . . . . . . II-3-17

CHAPTER 4 – Observation Procedures and Form Entries

Table II-4-1: Reportable Visibility Values. . . . . .II-4-6

Table II-4-2: Distance to Objects on the Horizon

CHAPTER 5 – Observation Procedures and Form Entries

II.5.2.1 – Tornadic Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5-1

II.5.3 – Column 9: Present Weather Entries. . . . . .II-5-10

Table II-5-1: Abbreviations Used for Clouds, Present

Table II-5-2: Operationally Significant Remarks-

Table II-5-3: Type and Frequency of Lightning. . . . II-5-14

Table II-5-4: Estimating Intensity of Precipitation

Table II-5-5: Estimating Intensity of Rain. . . . . .II-5-15

Table II-5-6: Intensity of Drizzle, Snow Grains,

Table II-5-7: Estimating the Intensity of Ice

Table II-5-8: Estimating the Intensity of Drizzle

CHAPTER 6 – Observation Procedures and Form Entries

iii Enclosure (1)

II.6.5 – Column 22a: Sea-Level Pressure. . . . . . . II-6-7

Table II-6-1: Conversion of Hectopascals (hPa) to

Table II-6-2: Sea Level Pressure and Altimeter

Table II-6-3: Pressure Altitude. . . . . . . . . . . II-6-11

Table II-6-4: Instructions for Using the Pressure

Table II-6-5: Pressure Computation Worksheet. . . . .II-6-13

CHAPTER 7 – Observation Procedures and Form Entries

Table II-7-1: Conversion of Fahrenheit Degrees to

Table II-7-2: Temperature of the Dew Point in