ABOUT THE BOOK

This material was born out of necessity to help in narrowing down the bulky
works at the Nigerian Law School. It is basically summarized to give
students a sense of focus and direction on what to know in other to study
smart and pass the Bar exams in flying colours.
In order to achieve this aim, this work contains the following features:
1. Reference to important focus topics
2. Reference to areas that has consistently appeared in the bar final
exams.
3. Specific possible questions on each topic.
4. Selected sample drafts and years of reference in the bar exam
5. Bar Final Exam Tips.
It is our aim that proper use of the material will not only grant all our
students their desired success but also guide them in their sojourn into the
legal practice thereafter.

PLEASE NOTE: Over the years we have battled and are still battling with
pirating and plagiarising of this work. This work is always subject to
constant review from the author Chijioke Kelvin Ogazi Esq and at all times
only him can give the updated and current version of the work.

BEWARE OF PIRATED COPIES

1
 GENERAL EXAM TIPS

 Good preparation cures exam tension and fear; so prepare well.

 Pray to your God for Guidance, Assistance and Protection.
 Do not enter the exam hall hoping to be helped by anyone; thus believe in
you.
 Go to the exam Hall at least 30 minutes before the time for the exam.
 Always make sure your Exam Slip and I.D Card is with you at all times.
 At all times ensure that you have not less than three writing material (Pen
or Bic) in the Hall and a Rule for drawing lines.
 Dress properly while going for the exam to avoid being sent back which
may destabilize you.
 Ensure that you fill the attendance sheet properly.
 Do not rush to answer a question read the scenario thoroughly and
underline important facts for reference.
 Attempt your question 1 and 4 first because each carry 25 marks
(Compulsory).
 Ensure that you don’t mix questions from Section A (i.e. question 1 and
either 2 or 3) with the Answer script of Section B (i.e. question 4 and
either 5 or 6).
 Always refer to the questions indicated in this material to see how the
question was asked for proper understanding.
 Having this study material without reading it is wrong; thus personal
effort must be evident to ensure quality success.

DISCLAIMER: THIS MATERIAL IS JUST A GUIDE TO HELP

YOU STUDY AND PREPARE FOR THE BAR EXAM; IT IS NOT
MEANT TO REPLACE YOUR TEXT BOOKS OR HANDBOOKS.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENT

MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS IN CIVIL LITIGATION…………………………...4

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction To Civil Litigation………………………………5-6

CHAPTER TWO: Jurisdiction in Civil Litigation………....................................7-14

CHAPTER THREE: Parties To A Civil Suit………………………..………….15-18

CHAPTER FOUR: Preliminary Issues and

Commencement of Action In Magistrate Courts..................................................19-22

CHAPTER FIVE: Commencement of Action In The High Court........................23-32

CHAPTER SIX: Interlocutory Applications………………………………...……33-41

CHAPTER SEVEN: Summary Judgment Procedure…………………………..42-47
CHAPTER EIGHT: Pleadings……………………………………………………48-55
CHAPTER NINE: Pre Trial Issues and Pre Trial Proceedings……..………….56-60
CHAPTER TEN: Trial I & II Evidential Issues…………………………………..61-68
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Examination of Witnesses……………………………….69-75

CHAPTER TWELVE: Closing Address and Judgment………………………..76-80

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Enforcement of Judgment……………………………..81-85

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Interim Orders/Applications Pending Appeal………86-88

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Appeals……………………………………………………89-95

CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Recovery of Premises……………….………………….96-101

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: Election Petition………………………………….102-110

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Matrimonial Causes………………………………111-119

CHAPTER NINETEEN: Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure…….120-125

CHAPTER TWENTY: Salient Sample Drafts………………………………..126-170

3
 MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS IN CIVIL LITIGATION

One of the most popular quotes in the famous novel ‘Animal Farm’ by
George Orwell is that; “All Animals are equal but some are more equal
than others”.

The above quote is very true when it comes to all courses at the Nigerian
Law School. Therefore, it can rightly be stated that; “All topics are equal,
but some topics are more equal and frequent than others”.

Based on proper analysis and review of past and present bar final exams
including the popular trends in legal practice, the following topics are very
important in Civil Litigation in their order of preference:

1. DRAFTS: This constitutes at least 40-45% of your success.

2. Commencement of Action at the High Court

3. Recovery of Premises

4. Fundamental Rights Enforcement

5. Interlocutory Applications

6. Pleadings

7. Summary Judgment Procedure

8. Trial

9. Election Petition

10.Final Address and Judgment

11.Enforcement of Judgment.

12. Appeals

NOTE: This is not to say that every other topic is not important
especially for students who desire to be the best. It is advisable that after
covering the above highlighted topics, you should look up the other
ones.
4
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL LITIGATION

Here you will be taught sources of civil litigation, the applicable laws, and
the various rules of court. Under this course, only Abuja and Lagos are
focused on for now (although reference may be made to other jurisdictions).
Therefore, in addition to the general applicable laws like the Constitution of
the FRN, the Evidence Act, Sheriffs and Civil Processes Act etc.; civil
litigation is regulated mainly by the High Court Rules of various states. For
example in Abuja, the High Court of Federal Capital Territory Abuja
(Civil Procedure) Rules 2018 applies while the High Court of Lagos State
(Civil Procedure) Rules 2019 applies in Lagos State.

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR):

This means other methods of resolving civil disputes other than litigation. It
includes; Arbitration, Negotiation, Mediation, Conciliation etc.
Under the Abuja Rules 2018, ADR was made an integral part of civil
process. Order 2 Rule 7 of the 2018 Rules provides that the Chief Judge of
FCT can refer any matter considered appropriate for ADR to Abuja Multi-
Door Court or to other appropriate ADR institutions or practitioners.
Also under, the new 2019 Lagos Rules, ADR has been included as one of
the fundamental overriding objectives of the Rule. Parties are therefore
mandated to seek amicable resolution of the dispute with the court as the last
resort; see Order 2 Rule 1 of the 2019 Lagos Rules.

Under the 2018 Abuja and 2019 Lagos Rule, the scope of ADR is wider.
The court or judge is now duty bound to encourage settlement of matters via
ADR. Where a matter is suitable for ADR, the Judge shall by enrolment
order refer the case to the Abuja Multi Door Court House (AMDC) for
resolution within 21 days except otherwise ordered by the court.
Where a party refuses to submit to ADR and loses the case in court, he shall
pay a penalty as may be determined by the court; see Order 19. R. 2(1) of
the 2018 Abuja Rules; Order 28 Lagos Rules 2019.

It is therefore one of the ethical responsibilities of a lawyer to advice the

parties to seek amicable resolution of their dispute and should only go to
court where amicable resolution fails or is not possible; Rule 15(3)(d) Rules
of Professional Conduct for Legal Practitioners 2007

5
Advantages of ADR are as follows: (the following are reasons why you
will advise your client to resort to ADR other than litigation)
1. It saves time and cost
2. Promotion of good cordial relationship
3. It is litigant friendly as no much legal technicalities are needed
4. De-congests the Court of cases
5. Promotion of confidentiality of parties matters
6. Promotes party autonomy
7. Enforcement of Resolution by the parties is easier
8. It encourages the use of experts on an aspect of Law.
Disadvantages of ADR
1. Parties can easily re-open the matter except in Arbitration
2. Does not create precedents
3. It does not generate revenue for the State
4. Its application is limited in some cases
5. Decisions are not binding on the parties like judicial judgments (except
Arbitration).
LIMITATIONS OF ADR
ADR mechanisms are not available in respect of the following matters:
1. Election petition
2. Divorce or nullity of marriage as regards to declaration of status
3. Capital offences which are not compoundable
4. Injunction restraining an immediate act
5. Interpretation of statutes or the Constitution.
6. Enforcement of fundamental rights
7. Declaration of rights

Possible EXAM QUESTIONS, you may be asked the following questions:

1. State the ethical obligations you owe the parties before instituting an
action in court?
2. Other than going to court highlight other methods you may adopt in
resolving the dispute?
3. State why it is advisable to adopt alternative means in resolving the
dispute other than litigation?

THE ANSWERS ARE CONTAINED ABOVE

6
 CHAPTER TWO
JURISDICTION IN CIVIL CAUSES
It is very important for you to know the courts that will assume jurisdiction
in any given scenario. N/B law school will not ask you to define jurisdiction,
however for the purpose of emphasis;
Jurisdiction is the power of a Court to decide or sit over a matter, which is
fundamental. Madukolu v. Nkemdilim
The issue of jurisdiction can be raised at any time in trial, and even on
appeal for the first time.

TYPES OF JURISDICTION
1. Substantive Jurisdiction: This is the jurisdiction imposed on the court
by the law establishing the court or any other statute; e.g. section 251
CFRN which conferred exclusive jurisdiction on the Federal High
Court over certain issues.
2. Procedural Jurisdiction: This jurisdiction based on the rule and
practice of the court. A good example is the issue of giving pre-action
notice before instituting an action against some government agencies.
Such procedural jurisdiction may be waived where the defendant fails
to raise objection timeously; Mobil v LASEPA
3. Territorial Jurisdiction: This is jurisdiction based on the subject of
the dispute and where the cause of action arose or where the parties
are. For instance, where a contract is entered into in Lagos and
executed in Lagos, if the defendant resides in Lagos, the action ought
to be instituted in Lagos and not anywhere else.

NOTE: Where the court lacks jurisdiction, the trial no matter how well
conducted will be a nullity: Anih v. Nna

FACTORS DETERMINING JURISDICTION OF A COURT;

1. Nature and Subject Matter of Dispute: for example, if it is contract, then

the court that will have jurisdiction is determined by where the contract is to
be performed or where the defendant resides; Order 4 Rules 1(3), Lagos
Rules 2019 and Order 3 Rules 3 of the 2018 Rules. If it is land then the
court in the place where the land is situate will assume jurisdiction see
generally Order 4 Rule 1(1) Lagos Rules 2019 and Order 3 Rule 1
Abuja Rules 2018.
2. Parties: The parties to the dispute will also determine the court, for instance,
where it involves the Federal Government or its agency in relation to its
7
 statutory functions or disputes between two Banks in relation to Banking
policies, the FHC will have jurisdiction. The proper parties must be before
the court and they must be juristic persons for the court to assume
jurisdiction.
3. Mode of commencement of action: Some actions must be instituted using a
specific mode for instance election matters must be by PETITION. If it is
instituted by any other mode, it will be entertained by the court.
4. Geographical area (this is determined by the cause of action for example
matters of interest in land is to be instituted where the land is situate )
5. Presence of any legal requirements or condition precedents (for example
actions requiring pre-action notice or leave of court before it can be
instituted.)
6. Constitutional provisions.

COURTS WITH CIVIL JURISDICTION

1. SUPREME COURT (Check December 2020 Re-sit Exam Q 2(a-f))
This is the apex (highest court) in Nigeria.
 Composition: It is composed of the Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN) and
not more than 21 Justices, as may be prescribed by an Act of the
National Assembly; section 230 (2) CFRN 1999.
 Constitution: This means the number of the Justices that can sit to
entertain a given matter or appeal. For an appeal from Court of Appeal;
at least 5 justices of the SC will sit to entertain it, but if it relates to an
appeal involving the interpretation of the constitution or matters
relating to the original jurisdiction of the SC, it will sit with not less
than 7 Justices; section 234 CFRN

Examples of matters that fall within the Original Jurisdiction of the

Supreme Court are: TAKE NOTE

a. Disputes between the Federation and a State or States: section 232(1)

CFRN
b. Disputes between the National Assembly and the President
c. Dispute between the National Assembly and a State of the Federation in
so far as the dispute involves any question whether of law or fact non
which the existence or extent of a legal right depends
d. The National Assembly and any State House of Assembly.

NOTE items (b-d) was made pursuant to Section 1 of the Supreme Court
(Additional Original Jurisdiction) Act 2002 and S. 233(2) of the 1999
8
Constitution (the latter allows the National Assembly to confer additional
original jurisdiction on the Supreme Court by an Act).

NOTE also that neither the National Assembly nor State House Assembly
shall institute or initiate legal proceedings under this Act except upon the
resolution of the House passed by a simple majority of the members of that
House present and sitting at the time the resolution is put to vote; (Dec 2020
Q 2f)

The nominal Parties in the suit shall be:

 National Assembly vs. AGF or AGS or;
 If it is House of Assembly of a state then the Speaker of the House of
Assembly will be the nominal party; S. 3 Supreme Court Additional
Jurisdiction Act, 2002.

Qualification of Supreme Court Justices: To be appointed as a Justice of

the Supreme Court: the person must be a legal practitioner in Nigeria of at
least 15 years post call experience - S. 231(3) of the 1999 Constitution as
amended.
Appointment: The Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the
President of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial
Council (NJC) and all such appointment shall be subject to confirmation by
the Senate; Section 231(1) & (2) of the 1999 Constitution
Appellate Jurisdiction: the SC has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over
appeals from the Court of Appeal. Appeals to the Supreme Court could be as
of right or with leave. Its decision is final and not appealable. S. 235 of the
1999 Constitution as amended.
Retirement Age: Section 291(1) CFRN: A judicial officer appointed to the
Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal may retire when he attains the age of
(65) sixty-five years and he shall cease to hold office when he attains the age
of seventy years (70).

Conditions For Invoking Original Jurisdiction of The Supreme Court:

i. The action must be brought by the ATTORNEY GENERAL of the
State or the Federation-section 20 Supreme Court Act
ii. Subject matter of dispute must be one where State government
/Federal government are direct beneficiaries-AGF v. AG Imo; Plateau
State v. AGF.
iii. Must pertain to existence of a legal right.

9
2. COURT OF APPEAL: See S. 237 of the 1999 Constitution as
amended.
Composition: Composed of the President but not less than 49 justices and 3
to be learned in customary law and 3 learned in Islamic personal law:
section 237(1) CFRN
Qualification for Appointment: must be a legal practitioner in Nigeria of
not less than 12 years post-call experience: S. 238(3) CFRN
Appointment: It is done by the President on the recommendation of the
National Judicial Council (NJC): S. 238(2) while only the appointment of
the President of the Court is subject to confirmation by the Senate: S. 238(1)
CFRN
Constitution: while sitting to hear an appeal, it shall sit with at least 3
Justices sit on a matter: S. 239(2) CFRN
Original Exclusive Jurisdiction: S. 239(1) CFRN
a. It has jurisdiction to determine if a person has been validly
elected to the office of the President or Vice President
b. Whether the term of office of the president has ceased
c. The office of President or Vice President has become vacant.
Exclusive Appellate Jurisdiction: It has exclusive appellate jurisdiction on
decisions from the Federal High Court, High Court of the States and the
FCT, Sharia Court of Appeal, Customary Court of Appeal, National
Industrial Court, Code of conduct Bureau, Court Martial and the National
and State Houses of Assembly Election Tribunals - S. 240 of the 1999
Constitution as amended.

Final Decisions of the Court of Appeal: The Court of Appeal shall be

the final appellate Court in the following matters: TAKE NOTE
i. Decisions on appeals from the National and State Houses of
Assembly Election Tribunal are final - S. 246(3) of the 1999
Constitution
ii. Decisions on appeals from the National Industrial Court are final;
(S. 243(4) CFRN)

3. FEDERAL HIGH COURT S. 249 CFRN.

Composition: It is composed of the Chief Judge and such other number of
Judges as prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly – S. 249 (1) CFRN
Constitution: it shall sit with at least one judge on a matter - S. 253 CFRN
10
Qualification for Appointment: must be a lawyer of at least 10 years post-
call experience -S. 250 (3) CFRN
Appointment: It is done by the President on the recommendation of the
National Judicial Council (NJC) while only the Chief Judge’s appointment is
subject to confirmation by the Senate. See S. 250 (1) & (2) of the 1999
Constitution as amended.
Jurisdiction: The FHC has exclusive jurisdiction over all matters contained
in section 251 of the Constitution and any other matter as may be conferred
on it by an Act of the National Assembly.

4. STATE HIGH COURT AND THE HIGH COURTS OF THE FCT

They are established by S. 270 and S. 255 of the 1999 Constitution as
amended respectively.
Appointment: The Chief Judge and other Judges of the High Courts of the
States are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the National
Judicial Council while the Chief Judge’s appointment is subject to
confirmation of the House of Assembly. See S. 271 (1) & (2) of the 1999
Constitution as amended.
While the appointment of the Chief Judge and other Judges of the FCT High
Court is done by the President on the recommendation of the National
Judicial Council and the Chief Judge’s appointment is subject to the
confirmation of the Senate. See S. 256(1) & (2) CFRN
Qualification: At least 10 years post call experience. See S. 271(3) CFRN
Constitution: At least one judge can sit over a matter. See S. 273 CFRN
1999 as amended.
Jurisdiction of the State High Courts: This is provided under section 272
of the 1999 Constitution. It can assume jurisdiction over any civil
proceeding, which is not covered by section 251 of the Constitution.
Appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court: Have appellate jurisdiction over
decisions of Magistrate Courts, Area Courts, Customary Courts

5. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COURT

It is recognised as a Superior Court of record pursuant to Section 6 (Altering
S. 254’CC’) of the Third Alteration Act 2010 to the 1999 Constitution and
the National Industrial Court Act 2004.
Composition: It is composed of a President and other number of Judges to
be determined by the Act of the National Assembly – section 254A CFRN
Constitution: At least one judge can sit over a matter or not more than 3
Judges as directed by the President of the Court; S. 254E of the Third
Alteration Act 2010 to the Constitution.
11
Appointment: The appointment of the President and other Judges of the
Court is done by the President on the recommendation of the National
Judicial Council and the President’s appointment is subject to the
confirmation of the Senate. S. 254B (1) & (2) of the Third Alteration Act
2010 to the 1999 Constitution.
Qualification for Appointment: A Lawyer with at least 10 years post call
experience and has considerable knowledge in the law and practice of
industrial relations/employment conditions in Nigeria. Section 254B (3) of
the Third Alteration Act 2010 to the 1999 Constitution
Jurisdiction: It has exclusive jurisdiction in civil causes and matters to try
all labour, trade unions, industrial relations or employment related matters
notwithstanding the provisions of sections 251, 257 and 272 of the 1999
Constitution as amended.

6. JURISDICTION OF MAGISTRATE COURT IN LAGOS

By Section 28 of the Magistrate Court Law 2009 of Lagos State, vest civil
jurisdiction over:
a. All personal actions arising from contract, tort, or both, where the
debt or damage claimed, whether as a balance of account or otherwise
is not more than Ten million, N10, 000,000.00 at the time of filling.
b. In Abuja civil matters involving monetary claim of not more than N5
million are to be instituted before the District Court
c. Actions of recovery of penalties, charges, rates, taxes, expenses, cost
of enforcement of statutory provisions, contributions or other like
demands, which may be recoverable by virtue of any existing law.

JURISDICTIONAL CONFLICT BETWEEN THE FEDERAL HIGH

COURT AND THE STATES HIGH COURTS
Although the State High Court is a court of unlimited jurisdiction, the
establishment of the Federal High Court, has created a lot of controversy as
to some matters which fall within the exclusive jurisdictions of the FHC and
the one which falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the SHC. Due to the
importance of the issue of jurisdiction, it is important that some of such
controversies be reconciled. Some of the areas of controversies will be
discussed thus:

1. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

The issue of the court that will assume jurisdiction in fundamental rights
enforcement cases always comes out in the bar exams. Generally, both the

12
FHC and SHC has concurrent jurisdiction over fundamental rights matters;
section 46(1) & (2) CFRN
But in your bar exam, if you see such a question as “In which court will you
institute the action?” and the scenario bothers on the breach of fundamental
right;
 Check the subject matter or facts leading to the breach and the parties
involved before determining the appropriate court to approach; Tukur
v Government of Gongola State, Adetona v Igele General Enterprise
Ltd.
 For example, if the breach arose from matters like tort, contract, civil
offences etc. and it involves individuals or police, then the appropriate
court should be State High Court; (Dec 2020 Re-sit Q 4b)
 On the other hand, where the breach arose issues like terrorism,
treason or financial fraud and involving a federal government agency
like EFCC, NDLEA etc. then the action should be filled before the
Federal High Court; Adegbite & Anor v Amosu; Mrs Moji Iheme v
Nigerian Army Council & Ors.

2. BANKS AND ITS CUSTOMER

In cases of banker-customer relationship for example where the customer of
a bank wants to sue the bank or vice versa, both the Federal High Court and
the High Courts of the States will have jurisdiction under the proviso to S.
251(1)(d) of the 1999 Constitution. See Federal Mortgage Bank v. NDIC
and NDIC v Okem Enterprises
A good example is where the customer is suing for negligence or breach of
contract; SGB v. DELLUCH
If it’s an action between a bank and another bank and it is not an ordinary
banker customer relationship, the FHC will have exclusive jurisdiction
Non-customer of Bank suing for negligence–FHC has exclusive jurisdiction

3. SIMPLE CONTRACTS
In simple contracts between a Federal Government agency and an
individual, the State High Courts alone will have jurisdiction to try the
matter. See Onuorah v. KRPC Ltd.

TRANSFER OF CASES TO THE STATE HIGH COURT BY THE

FEDERAL HIGH COURT
This will occur when a matter is wrongly instituted at the Federal High
Court which lacked the jurisdiction to entertain it. The only thing the Federal
High Court will do is to transfer the case to the State High Courts and not to
13
 strike it out. See S. 22 of the Federal High Court Act, Fasakin Foods Ltd
v. Shosanya and AMC Ltd v. NPA;
NOTE that the States or FCT High Courts cannot transfer a matter, which it
lacked jurisdiction to try to the Federal High Court; (see Bar Final April
2019 Q. 4C)

NOTE: In the High Court of FCT Abuja, cases instituted in wrong judicial
divisions may be transferred only by the Chief Judge if need be, see Order 3
Rule 6 (Abuja Rule 2018).

In Lagos, the action may be heard in that division unless the Chief Judge
directs otherwise; Order 4 Rule 3 Lagos Rules 2019.

POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTION FROM JURISDICTION

In the bar exam, you may be asked the following questions in relation to the
issue of jurisdiction:
1. In which court will you institute the action and why? (see April 2018
Q 1a & c)
To answer the above question, check the cause of action and the parties.
2. Comment on the jurisdiction of the court to entertain the suit above?
If you are asked the above question, it means the scenario must have
mentioned a particular court where the action was commenced.
Therefore you are expected to check from that given scenario if that
court has jurisdiction and if not; state the appropriate court. (See August
2019 Q 3a, December 2020 Q 1a)

ETHICAL ISSUES ON JURISDICTION: (Every topic has its own

ethical issues it is not only in LIP that questions on ethical issues are
asked):
1. A Lawyer should avoid commencing an action in the wrong court or judicial
division.
2. A lawyer should advise the client on the importance of ADR
3. A lawyer should represent the client competently R. 16 of RPC
4. Dedication and devotion R. 14 of RPC.
5. Avoid conflict of interest; R. 17 RPC
Note: RPC means Rules of Professional Conduct 2007.

14
 CHAPTER THREE
PARTIES TO A CIVIL SUIT
Your interest here is only to ascertain the proper designation of parties in
different jurisdictions.
In Abuja & Lagos: Presently in Abuja and Lagos the party suing is the
CLAIMANT while the party sued is the DEFENDANT; see Order 1 and
Order 13 of the 2018 Abuja Rules.
NOTE the following:
 Claimant and Defendant is used when the action is instituted by Writ
of summons
 Applicant and Respondent is used when instituted by originating
summons/or motions)
 Petitioner and Respondent is used when the action is instituted by
Petition

TYPES OF PARTIES
N/B law school may not ask you to define the various types of parties but
you should be able to identify from every given scenario who is suing and
who is to be sued. So you should know those who are directly involved in
the suit (PROPER PARTIES), those who should be made parties because
of their office (NOMINAL PARTIES e.g. A.G) and those whose presence
are necessary for proper determination of the suit (NECESSARY
PARTIES).

SPECIAL PARTIES TO A SUIT:

1. INFANTS: infants are categorised as persons with legal disability therefore,

they can sue and defend actions through their guardian ad litem; Order 1
Rule 5 of the 2018 Rules and Order 15 Rule 9 Lagos Rules 2019.
NOTE: such guardian must however file a written authority for that purpose
signed by that person in the registry; Order 15 Rule 10 Lagos Rules (Bar
final August 2016 Q 1 and 2020 Q4).

Sample draft as it would appear in the originating process if a minor is

suing; (very important)
BOBO KELS
(Suing through his Guardian, MR. JIDE KELS)’………..CLAIMANT

2. LUNATICS: in Abuja can sue and defend actions through a Guardian or

Committee in Lunacy. In Lagos; they sue or defend by their guardians.
15
3. TRUSTEES/ Executors and Administrators of Estates: the name of the
trustee or Executor must appear on the Court processes stating that they sue
as the executor of the deceased or the administrator if there is no will: Order
13 Rule 15 Abuja 2018; Order 15 Rule 11 Lagos Rules 2019
Sample draft:
Musa Ardo (suing as Trustees/Executor or Administrators of the Estate of
Sani Abacha deceased) …… Claimant

4. Charitable organisations/non-trade organisation, schools, churches etc.;

can sue and be sued in the name of its Incorporated Trustees.
Draft: Incorporated Trustees of J &J School…Claimants or Defendants;

5. Partnerships– could sue in the firm’s name, individual name as partners or

one or more could sue representing the other parties e.g. (see August Bar
Final 2018 Q1a & 2019 Q 1d);
Obi John and James King;
(Trading under the Name and Style of Bus G. Enterprises) ………..Claimant

6. The Government of a State or Federation: can sue and defend actions

through the Attorneys-General of the States or the Federation. This is
because they are the Chief Law officers of the Government. See S. 150, 195
of the 1999 Constitution as amended.

NOTE Diplomats and members of their families are immune to all forms of
civil action and therefore cannot be sued, Section 1(1) Diplomatic
Immunities and Privileges Act; Ishola Noah v British High
Commissioner; (August 2019 Bar Final Q. 3b&c)

EFFECT OF SUING OR BEING SUED IN A WRONG CAPACITY

a) It is fatal to the action if the person is the claimant; Order 13 Abuja Rules;
Order 15 Rule 2 Lagos 2019 Rules. This is because only juristic persons
known to law can sue.
b) Order 15 Rule 5 Lagos: Where an action has been instituted against a
wrong defendant or where the name of a defendant has been incorrectly
stated a judge may upon application order a substitution or addition of any
person as defendant or correction of any such name on any term as may be
just.

16
 JOINDER OF PARTIES TO AN ACTION
In the a given case, if a person who was ordinarily supposed to be a party
was omitted in the suit, such a person or any of the parties who intends to
join the person to the suit can bring an application by MOTION ON
NOTICE supported with an AFFIDAVIT and a WRITTEN ADDRESS to
be joined in the suit; Order 14 Rule 5 of the Abuja Rules 2018; Awoniyi v.
Registered Trustees of ARMOC; Order 15 Rule 16 Lagos 2019 Rules.

The joinder of parties takes effect from the date the court so orders and not
from the date the writ of summons was filed before the court–Oduola v.
Ogunjobi.

NOTE: The court may in its discretion suo motu order that a person be
joined in a suit.
Time to apply for Joinder:
Although an application for joinder may be made at any time even on
appeal, it is however preferable to do so at Case Management Conference in
Lagos or Pre-trial Conference in Abuja.
NOTE: The application must be coupled with; statement of claim or
defence, list of the exhibits to be relied on and written deposition of the
witnesses.
Conditions for Grant of the Application:
A party complaining of not being joined in the suit must satisfy the court
that:
i. He is entitled to some share or has interest in the subject matter of the
suit;
ii. He is likely to be affected by the outcome of the suit; and
iii. If he is not made a party, the case cannot be decided with finality
Order 14 Rule 5(1) Abuja High Court Rules;

MISJOINDER OF PARTIES
Where a wrong person who is unconnected to the suit in any way is joined in
an action or a person who is immune to a civil action is sued for instance a
diplomat, an application praying the Court to strike out the name of the party
wrongly joined will be made. See O. 14 R. 5(5) FCT Rules 2018, O. 15 R.
16(2) Lagos Rules 2019; (August Bar final 2019 Q 3C)
The application will be by a MOTION ON NOTICE supported with an
AFFIDAVIT and a WRITTEN ADDRESS.

17
DEATH OF PARTIES IN A CIVIL SUIT
A dead party ceases to have legal personality from the time of his death
either personally or in a representative capacity. The action then abates:
Okotie & Ors. v. Olughor.
The only exception is where the cause of action is not a personal action. This
is captured in the Latin maxim: action personalis moritur cum persona
meaning “a personal action dies with the person”.
However, where the action survives the sole plaintiff, an application may be
brought by his legal representatives to be substituted for the dead party;
Order 14 R. 39 Abuja
Procedure for Substitution of Party: It is applied for by a Motion on
Notice supported with an affidavit and a written address.

POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS ON PARTIES

1. Identify the necessary parties in the above case and their
designation?
If you are asked the above question check if any of the following is
involved:
i. A minor (mention the name of the minor and add ‘suing through the
guardian………..)
ii. State or federal government (write A.G of the State or Federation)
iii. Registered associations/schools/churches (add ‘Incorporated Trustees
of……(add the name of the school or association))
iv. Business name (write the name of the persons doing the business and
add ‘trading under the name and style of…….)
v. Representative action (write the name of the appointed
representatives and add ‘suing for themselves and on behalf of……..
(name of the group to be represented))

2. Draft the heading of the court up to the parties as it would appear

in the originating process to be filed in the above suit? (See Sept.
2016 Q1a, Jan. 2020 Q 4b)

18
 CHAPTER FOUR
PRELIMINARY ISSUES TO CONSIDER BEFORE
COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION
Before commencing an action, there are certain factors a legal practitioner
should consider. Some of such matters include: (see August bar final 2019
Q 1a, Dec 2020 Re-sit Q 5b)
1. Cause of action (this relates to the facts which entitles the claimant to
sue)
2. Parties (proper parties must be brought before the court and must be
juristic persons. Where the wrong parties are sued, the matter will be
struck out)
3. Court with jurisdiction
4. Locus standi (this means the right of the claimant to sue. He must
show that he was somehow affected by the wrong actions of the
defendant)
5. Limitation of time (some actions must be instituted within a specific
period from the period it arose; for example simple contracts must be
instituted within 6 years from the time the breach occurred)
6. Pre-action notice to be issued for statutory bodies
7. Other condition precedents like obtaining leave of court
8. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms

PRE-ACTION NOTICE
The law most times requires certain conditions to be satisfied before filing
an action in court especially statutory bodies or government agencies. Such
condition precedents may be by way of service of pre-action notice or
satisfaction of other steps required by law before commencement of action.
Non-issuance of such pre-action notice or other conditions, where required,
is fatal to the suit as such suit will be incompetent against the party who
ought to have been served with the notice.
This right may, however, be waived by the defendant if he fails to raise
objection timeously before taking further steps in the proceedings for
example, by filing his statement of defence – Ugwuanyi v. NICON PLC;
NNPC v. Sele ; Mobil v LASEPA.

19
COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION IN THE MAGISTRATE COURT
IN LAGOS STATE
There are 2 main methods: (a) by way of claim and (b) by originating
application: See Order 1 Rules (1) and (2) of the Magistrate Court (Civil
Procedure) Rules 2009 Schedule 4 to the Magistrate Court Law No.16
2009 of Lagos State.

SMALL CLAIMS COURT LAGOS STATE

(NOTE questions came out from here in the January 2020 Bar Final
Exam MCQ Qs. 1-5)
The objective of the small claims procedure which was recently introduced
in Lagos to provide easy access to an informal, inexpensive and speedy
resolution of simple debt recovery disputes in the Magistrates’ Courts.

COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION AT SMALL CLAIMS COURT

An action may be commenced in the Small Claims Court where:
(a) The Claimant or one of the Claimants resides or carries on business in
Lagos State;
(b) The Defendant or one of the Defendants resides or carries on business
in Lagos State
(c) The cause of action arose wholly or in part in Lagos State.
(d) The claim is for a liquidated monetary demand in a sum not exceeding
N5, 000,000 (Five Million Naira), excluding interest and costs.
(e) The Claimant has served on the Defendant, a LETTER OF DEMAND
as in Form SCA 1.
(f) The action shall be commenced by CLAIM (by completing the Small
Claims Complaint; Form SCA 2)
SERVICE OF THE SUMMONS
The Summons shall be served on the defendant within seven (7) days of
filing by the Sheriff of the Small Claim Court.
NOTE: if personal service is not possible, the claimant will apply for
substituted service.

20
FILING OF DEFENCE/ADMISSION/COUNTERCLAIM
1. Upon service of the Summons, the Defendant shall file his
Defence/Admission or Counterclaim within Seven (7) days by
completing Form SCA 5.
2. The Claimant may file a reply to the defence or counterclaim within 5
days of service and NO further pleadings will be filed thereafter.
Note that the defendant can counterclaim up to an amount not exceeding
N10, 000,000 (Ten Million naira) (interest and cost not included).

NON APPEARANCE OF THE PARTIES

 Where on the date fixed for hearing, neither party appears, the
Magistrate shall unless he sees good reason to the contrary, strike out
the claim.
 Where the Claimant appears but the Defendant does not appear,
provided there is proof of service, the Magistrate shall proceed with
the hearing of the claim and enter Judgment as far as the Claimant can
prove his claim.
 Where the Defendant appears but the Claimant does not appear, the
Defendant if he has no counterclaim shall be entitled to an Order
striking out the claim, but if he has a counterclaim, the Magistrate
shall proceed to hear the counterclaim and enter Judgment
accordingly.

DURATION OF PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE SMALL CLAIMS

COURT
1. Before hearing, the parties will be given 7 days to explore amicable
settlement of the matter. If they fail, the matter will proceed to
hearing.
2. The entire hearing period shall not be more than thirty (30) days from
the first date of hearing, inclusive of the seven (7) days for amicable
settlement.
3. The entire period of proceedings from filing till judgment shall not
exceed Sixty (60) days.

21
4. The Magistrate must deliver its judgment within 14 days of
completion of hearing; however any judgment delivered after the 14
days period is not invalid.
5. Hearing shall be from day to day and adjournment will only be
granted in exceptional cases for a short period.
6. The judgment when entered shall be enforced 14 days after it was
given.

APPEALS
1. Appeals from Small Claims Court lies to the High Court
2. Where either party is aggrieved with the Judgment, such party shall
fill the Appeal form, as in Form SCA 8 within 14 (fourteen days) of
the delivery of the Judgment.
3. The Appeal shall be by oral hearing of the parties and on the records
of the appeal.
4. The whole Appellate Process from the assignment of the Appeal to
Judgment shall not exceed thirty (30) days
SEE ARTICLE 2-14 OF THE SMALL CLAIMS PRACTICE
DIRECTION

22
 CHAPTER FIVE
COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION IN THE HIGH COURT
This is one of the most important topics in civil litigation. This is because
the High court is a court of unlimited jurisdiction; therefore it can entertain
any matter except where the law clearly stipulates that such matter should go
exclusively to another court.
NOTE, all matters relating to contract, tort (negligence, nuisance,
defamation etc.), land matters etc. are commenced at the state high court.

PLACE OF COMMENCEMENT/VENUE: (this will help you to answer

questions like “In which Court will you institute the action?” see August
2013 Q2, 2014 Q2, 2016 Q3, April 2018 Q1 & 4)

1. For Land matters/disputes the matter can be instituted in the High court of
the State where the land is situated (lex situs): Order 3 Rule 1 Abuja
Rules 2018; Order 4 Rule 1(1) Lagos 2019 Rules

2. An action arising from contracts is to be instituted where the contract is to

be performed or where the defendant resides or does his business: Order
3 Rule 3 Abuja; Order 4 Rule 3 Lagos.
If a company is a party in the suit, action is to be commenced in the judicial
division where it has its central place of business, management and control
or its registered head office-Kraus Thompson v UNICAL

3. For any other type of breach like tort, fundamental rights breach etc. you
institute the action where the breach occurred or where the defendant
resides.

ACTION COMMENCED IN THE WRONG JUDICIAL DIVISION

 In Abuja PRESENTLY, under the new Rules, it is only the Chief Judge
that can consider a case for transfer to another judicial division if the action
was commenced in a wrong one. See Order 3 Rule 6 of the 2018 Rules.
 In Lagos, the matter could proceed in that court’s judicial division UNLESS
the Chief Judge directs otherwise: Order 4 Rule 3 Lagos 2019 Rules.

FORM/MODES OF COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION (This is also

known as Originating Processes).
Over the years, law school has continuously asked students to identify the
modes or the originating process for commencing an action arising from a

23
given scenario. It is therefore important that students understand when each
mode is most suitable in any given case.
Actions are commenced in the High Court through four different processes
via:
a. Originating motion
b. Originating summons
c. Petition
d. Writ of summons

1. ORIGINATING MOTION
This is used only when provided for by a statute or a rule of court.
Examples of actions to be commenced by this way are;
a. Application for habeas corpus,
b. Order for mandamus,
c. Prohibition or certiorari,
d. Application for judicial Review
e. Action for the enforcement of fundamental rights under the
Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules 2009.
Note: that the parties are usually referred to as ‘Applicant and
Respondent’.
Documents to be attached to the application: Affidavit, written Address
and other exhibits to be relied on.

2. ORIGINATING SUMMONS
This is used whenever there is interpretation of a written law, documents or
other agreements. It is used generally for non-contentious matters i.e. those
matters where the facts are not likely to be in dispute.
In Abuja, the defendant has 8 days to respond and in Lagos, the Respondent
has 21 days to respond.
Examples of some actions to be commenced by This Mode Are:
a. Action for interpretation of the constitution or other laws, documents
etc.
b. Actions between States and federal government or between National
Assembly and the President; (Dec 2020 Q 2b)
c. Interpretation of any instrument or deed,
d. Construction of Wills, clauses in contracts, agreement or some other
question of law. O. 2 R. 3(2) Abuja; O. 5 R. 4 (Lagos 2019 Rules)
Documents that will accompany the Originating Summons are:
a. An affidavit
b. All exhibits to be tendered
24
 c. A written address and
d. Pre-Action Protocol Form 01 or Certificate of pre-action counselling;
Order 5 R. 4(3) Lagos Rules; Order 2 Rule 3(5) Abuja Rules

3. PETITION
This is a written application made to court setting out a party’s case. It is
only used where a statute or the rule of court provide for its use.
Some examples of Suits to Be Commenced by Petition Include:
a. Dissolution of marriage-matrimonial proceedings,
b. Election petitions; section 133 Electoral Act
c. Winding up of companies and other applications under the CAMA.
NOTE: that in a petition, the parties are referred to as PETITIONER and
RESPONDENT.

4. WRIT OF SUMMONS (This is exam focus August 2013 Q 2b, 2014 Q

2b, 2016 Q 3b; April 2018 Q 1(b & d), April 2019 Q 4b, Jan 2020 Q
4a and Dec 2020 Q 1d)

(If you are asked in the exam, by what Mode/originating process will
you commence the action? Your answer is below)

Writ of summon is used to commence every action EXCEPT if a particular

rule or law, provides otherwise: Order 2 Rule 2(1) Abuja; Order 5 Rule 1
(Lagos 2019 Rule).
The writ is the default or main mode of commencing all actions in the
High Court for contentious matters.
Generally, when counsel is in doubt as to how to commence a proceeding, it
is most appropriate to use the writ of summons- Doherty v. Doherty.

Thus in the exam, all actions relating to contract or interest in land, tort
e.g. negligence or defamation, trespass etc. which mostly are contentious
should be commenced by writ of summons.

COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION
An action is commenced when all of the following has been done:
1. Filing fees are paid on the processes.
2. Any Affidavit or Witness Statement on Oath have been taken before the
Commissioner of oaths
3. The processes are duly served on the adverse parties

25
4. The Registrar of the Court gives it a suit number and it is entered in the
Cause Book; see UBA v. Mode Nig. Ltd; Alawode v. Semoh

FRONTLOADING OF DOCUMENTS
This means the document that must be filed together with the writ of
summons. THE DOCUMENTS ARE:
a. Statement of claim;
b. List of witnesses to be called at the trial;
c. Written statements on oaths of the witnesses except witnesses on
subpoena
d. Copies of every document/exhibit to be relied on at trial
e. Pre-Action Protocol Form 01 (in Lagos) OR Certificate of Pre-Action
Counselling (in Abuja); O. 2 R. 2(2) Abuja Rules 2018 and O. 5 R.
1(2) Lagos Rules 2019
NOTE: Students are always asked in the exam to list the documents that
will accompany a writ of summons: (see, August 2018 Q 1b, 2019 Q 3h,
April 2018 Q 4c, Dec 2020 Q 1d)

Effect of Not Filing the Requisite Documents Along With the Writ:
 In Abuja, the Registrar shall not issue the writ– Order 2 Rule 1(3) Abuja
Rules. In Lagos, failure to include the accompanying documents will nullify
the action–Order 5 Rule 1(3) Lagos 2019 Rules; (Dec 2020 Q 1d(iii))
 In Jabita v Onikoyi, it was held that a writ unaccompanied by the prescribed
documents shall be struck out.

When Is A Writ Said To Be Issued?

The Registrar issues the writ of summons, but it could be issued by any
other officer authorised by the court.
In ABUJA, the writ is issued when it is signed by the Registrar provided it is
accompanied with the necessary documents required above–Order 2 Rule 1
Abuja. In LAGOS, a writ is said to be issued when the Registrar seals the
writ; O. 8 R. 1(1) Lagos 2019 Rules. But in practice, it is also signed.
NOTE: the Writ must be signed by a named Legal Practitioner in the Firm
and not by or in the name of the firm; see Nweke v Okafor; (August 2019 Q
3d).

CONCURRENT WRITS
When a writ is to be served on a defendant within jurisdiction and also on
another defendant outside jurisdiction, the writs are described as concurrent
writs; O. 8 R. 9 & 10 of the Lagos Rules 2019, O. 6 R. 9 Abuja Rules
26
 It must be endorsed on top of the Writ that it is issued by the Court for
service outside the jurisdiction of the Court and marked ‘CONCURRENT’.

EFFECT OF ACTIONS COMMENCED BY WRONG MODE

Commencing an action by the wrong mode is no longer interpreted to be
fundamental EXCEPT where the law specifically provides otherwise.
For example, if an action is commenced by originating summons instead of
by writ of summons, the court will order a conversion of the originating
summons to a writ of summons and order the parties to file their pleadings;
Uchendu v Ogboni.

SERVICE OF ORIGINATING PROCESSES

Purpose of Service-
The general purposes of service of process is to give notice to the defendant
where an originating process is not served on the adverse party, the court
lacks jurisdiction to entertain the action-NBN v. Guthrie; Ezomo v
Oyakhire. Any decision arrived at without service to an adverse party will
be set aside on appeal or even by the same court; Marke v Eke

MODES OF SERVICE OF PROCESSES:

There are two types of service:
a. Personal service
b. Substituted service

PERSONAL SERVICE:
 Originating processes must be served personally on the defendant (or
defendants if more than one) unless where substituted service become
necessary upon order of the court; Order 7 Rule 2 (Abuja 2018); Order 9
Rule 2 (Lagos Rules 2019).
 Note: where the Claimant authorized a Legal Practitioner in writing to
accept services on his behalf and the Legal Practitioner enters appearance,
the processes may be served directly on the LP; O. 9 R. 3 Lagos Rules 2019

SUBSTITUTED SERVICE: (Important area for Bar Final Exams see

August 2018 Q. 6a, August 2019 Q. 5e)
This is usually applied for when an attempt to effect service personally on a
party has failed or that the party is evading service. Sometimes the court
may order substituted service without an attempt at personal service; O. 7 R.
11 Abuja Rules; O. 9 R. 5 Lagos Rules

27
 Procedure for applying for Substituted Service: (This is very important
and it is usually asked)
1. Apply for leave of the court by MOTION EX PARTE supported with an
AFFIDAVIT stating the grounds for the application (why personal service
had been difficult or impossible) and WRITTEN ADDRESS.
2. State in the application the proposed means of serving it on the party. This
may include the following:
a. Newspaper publication
b. Pasting at the last known address of the defendant
c. Delivering it to an adult occupant of the defendants compound
d. Sending it via email or other electronic means agreed upon by the
parties or as may be allowed by the court see Order 7 Rules 11(1) &
(2) Abuja; O. 9 R. 5(1) & (2) Lagos Rules 2019

NOTE: You serve a company by delivering the process to a director or any

principal officer of the company or by leaving it at the registered address of
the company within jurisdiction of the court; O. 9 R. 9 Lagos Rules 2019;
Order 7 Rule 8 of Abuja 2018 Rule (Dec 2020 Q 1f)

Service of Originating Processes Outside Jurisdiction of the Court

IN ABUJA, the Procedure is as follows:

1. A special endorsement must be made on the writ by the Registrar indicating
that it is for service out of Jurisdiction-Section 97 of Sheriff and Civil
Processes Act (SCPA). The endorsement may be drafted thus:

‘This originating process is to be served out of the Federal Capital

Territory, Abuja and ………..State’ see Order 2 Rule 4 of the Abuja
Rules 2018
2. The defendant must be given not be less than 30 days after service to enter
appearance: section 99 of the SCPA.

IN LAGOS, the only procedure required is:

That the Registrar will only endorse on the writ that it is to be served outside
jurisdiction. The special endorsement may be drafted vice versa as the
sample given for Abuja above; i.e.
‘This originating process is to be served out of Lagos State and in
………..State’ Order 9 Rule 16 Lagos Rules 2019

28
 NOTE: in Lagos, there is no need to give the defendant 30 days to enter
appearance since the Lagos Rules provided for a period of 42 days which is
longer than the period provided under the section 99 of the SCPA.

Effect of Non-Compliance with Procedure for Service Outside

Jurisdiction:
Where a writ to be served out of jurisdiction did not comply with the
procedure above, it will be defective and may be set aside by the court;
Sken-Consults Limited v Ukey. Therefore, if you are counsel to the
defendant you will raise a preliminary objection against such writ; Odua
Investment Ltd. v. Talabi; Adegoke Motors Ltd. v. Adesanya & sons

Service Of Originating Processes Outside Nigeria (this has never been

asked in Bar Final Exam)
The procedure is as follows:
1. Apply by Motion Ex Parte for leave to issue Writ out of the jurisdiction of
Nigeria and for substituted service stating how the process should be
served.
2. The proposed Writ of Summons to be served will be attached as an exhibit
to the affidavit in support of the Motion; see Order 8 of Abuja Rules
2018; Order 10 of Lagos Rules 2019.
3. The defendant must also be given 30 days to enter appearance.

TIME OF SERVICE OF PROCESSES (MCQ question)

In Abuja and Lagos, processes of courts are to be served between 6am and
6pm daily (Monday to Saturday) EXCEPT on Sundays and Public
Holidays. However, in exceptional circumstances, by a court order
processes may be served on a Sunday or Public Holiday: O. 9 R. 14(1) &
(2) Lagos 2019 Rules; O. 7 R. 15(1) & (2) Abuja Rules 2018.

Refusal to Accept Process or Threat of Violence:

Where a defendant or any person to be person to be served refuses to accept
the process, the Bailiff or the process server should leave the process within
the reach of the Defendant. The Bailiff has to swear an affidavit stating what
transpired: O. 9 R. 12 Lagos Rules and O. 7 R. 12 Abuja 2018 Rules.

Options Open to Defendant After Being Served With A Defective Writ

The defendant can enter a conditional appearance and by filing a Motion on
Notice to set aside the service for the Writ for being defective:

29
 1. File a motion on notice to set aside the writ itself for being defective
without entering an appearance: Sken Consult Ltd. v. Ukey.
2. File a Notice of preliminary objection challenging the jurisdiction of the
court with or without entering appearance: AG Eastern Nigeria v. AGF

TIME FOR ENTERING OF APPEARANCE (Exam Focus April 2018

Q.4g & August 2018 Q.1b)
 In ABUJA the defendant has 14 DAYS within which to enter appearance. If
the defendant is outside jurisdiction, then he has 30 DAYS; Order 9 Rule 1
of the 2018 Rule
 In LAGOS, the defendant is to enter appearance within 42 DAYS after the
service of the writ whether the defendant is within or outside the
jurisdiction.–O.11 R. 1-3 Lagos Rules 2019.
 The defendant will enter appearance by filing his MEMORANDUM OF
APPEARANCE. This Memorandum of Appearance must be served on the
claimant(s) and other defendants if more than one defendant was sued within
7 DAYS of entering appearance.
Documents that will accompany Memorandum of Appearance:
a. Statement of defence
b. Witness Statement on Oath
c. Copies of the documents to be relied upon during trial
d. List of witnesses (both Abuja and Lagos).

Types of Appearances that may can be entered by the defendant:

1. Conditional Appearance: this is used to challenge the action at an early
stage without allowing full trial. For example, where the writ was defective
or there was no proper service or the court lacks jurisdiction, the defendant
may simply enter a condition appearance also known as ‘Appearance in
Protest’.
2. Unconditional Appearance: this is used where the defendant simply
intends to join issues with the claimant by defending or denying his claims.

APPEARANCE OUT OF TIME

1. Where the defendant is unable to enter appearance within the stipulated time
as indicated above, the claimant may apply for default judgment. However,
the defendant through his counsel may avoid a default judgment given
against him by seeking the leave of the Court to enter appearance out of
time. This application will be by MOTION ON NOTICE supported with

30
 an AFFIDAVIT disclosing the reasons for non-appearance within time and
a WRITTEN ADDRESS.
2. The Motion will be supported with the following :
a. Statement of defence
b. Witness Statement on Oath
c. Copies of the documents to be relied upon during trial
d. List of witnesses (both Abuja and Lagos); (see Jan 2020 Q 6a & b)

NOTE: the defendant will pay cost of N1000 per each day of default in
LAGOS; see O.11 R. 5 Lagos Rule and in ABUJA; cost of N200 for each
day of default for entering appearance out of time.

LIFE SPAN OF A WRIT (August 2013 Q2, 2014 Q2, 2016 Q 3)

This means how long a writ will remain valid until served on a defendant by
the claimant.
The life span of writ in ABUJA and LAGOS is 6 months renewable for a
period of 3 months twice. The second renewal may only be granted for
good cause; O. 6 R. 6 & 7 Abuja Rules; O. 8 R. 6(1) Lagos Rules.

NOTE: where a defendant is served with an expired Writ without renewal,

he may raise a preliminary objection or file a motion on notice for the writ to
be set aside.

RENEWAL OF A WRIT
Once a writ is expired, it cannot be served on the defendant until it is
renewed. A writ can be renewed by filling a MOTION EX PARTE for
renewal supported with affidavit stating cogent reasons for the delay. In
Abuja and Lagos you can apply for renewal before the expiration of the
writ: O. 6 R. 6(2) Abuja; O. 8 R. 6 (2) & 7 Lagos.
NOTE that in kolawole v. Alberta the Supreme Court held that a writ of
summons can be renewed even after its expiration.
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS FROM COMMENCEMENT OF
ACTION AT THE HIGH COURT
1. In which court will institute the action? Give reasons for your
answer. (To answer this question check whether the issue is land matter,
contract or tort) for e.g. see January 2020 Q 4a (Answer: I will institute
the action in the high court of Lagos state. This because the incident took
place in Lagos and the defendant resides in Lagos).

31
2. By which mode/originating process will you adopt in commencing
the action and why? (Always choose WRIT OF SUMMONS unless the
question talks about interpretation or it involves breach of fundamental
right.), see Dec 2020 Q 1d (reason is because the facts of the case is
likely to be contentious)
3. State/list the documents you will file together with the originating
process.
4. Assuming you are counsel to the defendant, what step will you take
to defend the action? (Answer: you will enter appearance by filing
Memorandum of appearance with 14 days or 42 days)
5. Assuming the defendant is evading service, what step will take to
ensure he is duly served? (Answer: you will for leave of court for
substituted service by motion on notice, supported with affidavit and
written address).
6. Possible Drafts: Memorandum of Appearance, Motion on Notice for
Extension of time, Motion ex parte for substituted service.

CHECK THE PAST QUESTIONS REFERRED AND ATTEMPT IT

32
 CHAPTER SIX
INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATIONS (VERY IMPORTANT)
Generally, interlocutory applications are applications made in the course of
pending proceedings. Once an action has been commenced, all subsequent
applications are referred to as interlocutory applications–NALSA Team
Associates Ltd. v. NNPC, Kotoye v. Saraki.

PURPOSES OF INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATIONS

1. To cure defects in substantive suit e.g. to amend pleadings.
2. To obtain some temporary relief especially when time is of essence.
3. To nip an action in the bud e.g. a preliminary objection to the Court’s
jurisdiction to hear the matter.
4. To fulfill a condition precedent to the commencement of a substantive suit
e.g. a man suing in a representative capacity and he needs leave of court to
sue.
NOTE: all Interlocutory Applications are by MOTION which may be on
Notice (to be served on the adverse party) or Ex parte (no address for
service).
APPLICATIONS BY MOTION ON NOTICE
1. All applications extension of time to do any act or to file any process.
2. Application for interlocutory injunction
3. Application for striking out of a suit or name
4. Application for adjournment a case (Motion on Notice or by a formal
letter to the Judge in chamber)
5. Interpleader summons
6. Application for amendment of any court process
7. Application for joinder of party in a suit
8. Application for installment payment of judgment sum

APPLICATIONS BY MOTION EX PARTE

1. Leave to sue in a representative capacity.
2. Anton Pillar Injunction
3. Mareva injunction
4. Application for substituted service
5. Application for third party proceedings.
6. Application for Interim injunction
7. Application for renewal of writ of summons.
33
 SPECIFIC INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATIONS
A. REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS Order 13 Rule 15 Abuja:
This will arise where two or more persons have the same interest in one suit,
one or more of them may, with the leave of the Court, be authorised by the
other persons interested to sue or to defend the suit on behalf of all the
parties. It is mostly used for family, community or unregistered associations.
(See August 2017 Q 4a and April 2018 Re-sit Q 4b)

Matters Where Representative Actions Can Be Filed: The Abuja (Civil

Procedure) Rules 2018 provides and specifies matters where representative
actions can commence, they are matters under:

i. Administration of estate
ii. Property subject to trust
iii. Land devolved under other interest as family or community property
iv. Construction of any written instrument including a statute
v. Torts. See order 13(15) Abuja (Civil Procedure) Rules 2018;
Order 15 Rule 13 Lagos Rules 2019

Procedure for Bringing Representative Action (NOTE Exam Question)

The representatives will first seek the leave of the Court to sue in a
representative capacity by a MOTION EX PARTE supported with an
affidavit exhibiting the letter of authority or memorandum signed by a
majority of members authorising the representation indicating the names of
the appointed representatives and a written address.

The Conditions/Factors for Representative Action (check August 2017

Q4, April 2018 Q4).
The court will consider the following before granting the leave:
i. Common interest and grievance of all the persons sought to be
represented. It must be the same.
ii. The reliefs sought must be beneficial to all represented. See Atanda
v. Olarenwaju
iii. The applicants must be duly appointed by the persons to be
represented.

34
B. THIRD PARTY PROCEEDINGS (Bar Final August 2016 Q 1d &
2017 Q. 1C, August 2018 Q 4E)
This procedure is only available to a defendant or a claimant who is a
defendant to a counter-claim. See Bank of Ireland v. UBA; Order 14 Rule
18 Abuja Rules; Order 15 Rule19 (1) Lagos Rules.
Circumstances When Third Party Application Is Needed:
i. The watch word to look out for in the exam is LIABILITY.
ii. Where the third party will bear eventual liability in whole or in part
or will indemnify the defendant for contributing to the breach.
So if in the scenario in exam you see any of the above elements and they
ask you to advise the defendant on what to do, your answer will be that
he should bring an application for third party proceedings.

PROCEDURE for 3rd Party Proceedings: (very important)

i. The defendant will apply for leave of the court by way of
MOTION EX PARTE to issue and serve third party notice.
ii. The application will be supported with an AFFIDAVIT stating the
grounds for wishing to join the third party and a WRITTEN
ADDRESS.
iii. If the order is granted a copy of the order and all other necessary
processes in the matter will be served on the third party.
iv. The third party to be joined has 8 days to enter appearance if within
jurisdiction and if not within jurisdiction he has 35 days to enter
appearance; O. 13 R. 21 Abuja FCT Rules 2018; Okafor v. ACB
Ltd. O. 15 R. 19 Lagos Rules 2019.

C. APPLICATION FOR INJUNCTIONS

Injunctions are applications aimed at stopping the doing of an act or to
maintain the status quo of the parties in certain case either pending the
determination of the suit or pending the hearing of the dispute between the
parties.
Types of Injunctions:
1. Interim Injunction
Generally, applications for injunctions are to be made on notice and only in
cases of urgency are they to be made ex parte – Order 43 R. 3 (1) Abuja
2018 and Order 43 Rule 3(1) Lagos 2019. Interim injunction is not granted
as a matter of course because the power of the court to grant it is of a very
35
extraordinary jurisdiction – Ogujiefor v. FRN, It is granted in circumstances
of real urgency.
The Main Features of An Interim Injunction Are:
i. In the exam, once you see the word “Pending when the parties
will be heard or pending the hearing of the suit” choose
INTERIM INJUNCTION
ii. It is made to preserve the status quo until a named date, or until a
further order, or until an application on notice for interlocutory
injunction is heard or determined. It is only meant to last for a
short period especially in cases of extreme urgency.
iii. In Abuja and Lagos an ex parte interim order lasts for 7 days and
may be extended for another 7 days only; O. 43 Rule 3(2)&(3)
Abuja Rules 2018; O. 43 Rule 3(3) & (4) Lagos Rules 2019
iv. It is applied via a MOTION EX PARTE supported with an
AFFIDAVIT of urgency and a WRITTEN ADDRESS.
NOTE: where there is no urgency or where the right of the adverse
party will be affected the court will hardly grant an order of interim
injunction.
2. Interlocutory Injunction
This is granted pending the determination of the suit or unless discharged by
the court. It is applied for through a MOTION ON NOTICE only after a
suit has been properly commenced. It is aimed at protecting or preserving
the subject matter of the dispute or to order the parties to maintain status quo
PENDING THE DETERMINATION OF THE SUIT.
N/B in the EXAM once the words: ‘PENDING THE
DETERMINATION OF THE SUIT’ is used in the question; the correct
answer will be interlocutory injunction.
3. Mareva Injunction (Bar Final April 2019 Q. 2B)
This is a kind of injunction which a claimant suing for debt can obtain
against a defendant who has assets within the jurisdiction of the court, to
restrain that defendant from removing the assets from the jurisdiction or
from disposing of them, pending the trial of the action. See Mareva
Compania Naveira SA v. International Bulk Carrier Ltd; AIC LTD v.
NNPC; It is by a MOTION EX PARTE supported with an AFFIDAVIT
which must state the fact that the subject matter of the dispute which is in
36
possession of the adverse party is at risk of being taken out of jurisdiction,
and a WRITTEN ADDRESS.
4. Anton Pillar Injunction
It is particularly useful to claimants who are victims of commercial
malpractice like breach of copyrights, patent rights, etc. (alleging breach of
intellectual property). The practice is confirmed in the case of Anton Pillar
K.G. v. Manufacturing Process Ltd. & Ors. Where a claimant shows a very
strong prima facie case that a property, the subject matter of the suit, is in
the possession of the defendant and that the defendant will most probably
destroy it if he had notice of the proceedings, the order may be granted.
It is also by MOTION EX PARTE supported with an AFFIDAVIT and a
WRITTEN ADDRESS.
NOTE: that it is the Federal High Court that can entertain an application for
Anthon Pillar injunction since it is aimed at Copy Rights protection.
D. INTERPLEADER SUMMONS (Order 48 Abuja Rules 2018 and
Order 47 Lagos Rules 2019)
We have two types of interpleader to wit: stakeholder interpleader and
sheriff’s interpleader.
1. Stakeholder Interpleader (This is mostly asked in MCQ)
This is an application to be made by a person who is in possession of a
property subject to two adverse claims of which he is not certain of the
owner and he has no interest in the subject matter. It is aimed at urging the
court to ascertain between the two adverse claimants who is the rightful
owner of the property.
(For instance where a tenant whose landlord has died is been pressured by
two sons of the landlord from different mothers to pay rent and the tenant
has no idea who amongst the two sons to pay to).
The PROCEDURE is that the applicant will file an Interpleader
Summons supported with an affidavit which MUST state the following
facts: MCQ and THEORY)
i. That the applicant has no interest in the subject matter in dispute
other than for charges or costs;
ii. That he does not act in collusion with any of the claimants; and
37
 iii. That the Applicant is willing to pay or transfer the subject matter into
court or to dispose of it as the Judge may direct
iv. That the applicant is in possession and control of the subject matter–
Order 48 R. 1(2) &(5) Abuja; O. 47 R. 2(1) & (2) Lagos 2019

2. Sheriffs Interpleader: (Bar Final August 2019 Q 1f & g)

This arises where a third party claims that the property on which execution
of a judgment by the Sheriff is levied or about to be levied belongs to him
and not to the judgment debtor. The essence of this proceeding is to
determine whether the property belongs to the judgment debtor or not–
Nwekeson v. Onuigbo. Interpleader proceedings enables the Sheriff to ask
the court to determine whether the goods or property belong to the judgment
debtor or the rival claimant, Section 34 of the Sheriffs and Civil Process
Act.
AFFIDAVIT EVIDENCE
All motions whether on Notice or exparte must be supported with an
affidavit and written address.
An affidavit is a written declaration of facts made voluntarily and confirmed
on oath or affirmation of the party making it.
NOTE THE FOLLOWING ABOUT AN AFFIDAVIT:
a) Where the deponent is not a party, he must state the authority on
whom he deposes;
b) Where the deponent deposes to facts not within his personal
knowledge, the source and circumstances of his information must be
stated – Ajayi Farms Ltd. v. NACB
c) It must contain only relevant facts and not extraneous matters or law,
legal arguments, prayers or conclusion. See section 115 of the
Evidence Act.
d) It must be written in chronological order and in numbered paragraphs.

COUNTER–AFFIDAVIT
A party served with an affidavit in support of a motion and who is desirous
of contesting the motion must file a counter-affidavit. The only way to
controvert affidavit evidence is by another affidavit.
38
Where a Respondent fails to file a counter-affidavit or fails to specifically
deny averments made in the affidavit in support of the motion, the court
shall act on the unchallenged or un-contradicted evidence and deem them to
be admitted and treat them as such–Falobi v. Falobi.
The EXCEPTION to this rule is that where the Respondent wants to rely on
points of law alone as deposed to by the applicant himself, he need not
bother to file a counter-affidavit – Badejo v. Minister of Education.
CONFLICTS IN AFFIDAVITS (Dec 2020 Re-sit Exam Q 4h)
Where there is a conflict on material facts deposed to by the parties, the
court will call for oral evidence in order to be able to resolve the conflicts
and make a finding of fact – Falobi v. Falobi; Okonjo & Anor v Njokama.
However, where there is documentary evidence that can resolve the conflict,
the court may dispense with oral evidence; see section 116 of Evidence Act
2011.

SWEARING OF AFFIDAVIT BY COUNSEL

It is unethical for a counsel to swear an affidavit on behalf of his client.
According to Rule 20(1) of the RPC, a lawyer shall not accept to act in any
contemplated or pending litigation if he knows or ought reasonably to know
that he will be called as a witness. However, in circumstances mentioned in
Rule 20(2) RPC, a counsel can depose to an affidavit.

PRIORITY IN HEARING APPLICATIONS (Bar final September 2015

Q.1C and Jan 2020 Q 6D)
Generally, it is usual to take pending motions in the order in which they are
filed. However, where there are two motions with adverse effect on the
proceeding, one seeking to regularise (e.g. motion for extension of time),
and the other to dismiss or strike out the suit (motion for default judgment),
the motion seeking to regularise the proceeding will be taken first–A. G
(Fed.) v. AIC Ltd., NALSA & Team Associates v. NNPC.

CONDITIONS FOR GRANT OF INTERLOCUTORY

APPLICATIONS
1. Existence of a legal right – Injunctions are usually granted to protect
legally recognized rights – Green v. Green
2. There must be a substantial issue to be tried.

39
3. Balance of convenience. This is a question of who will stand to lose more
if the status quo ante is restored and maintained in the final determination
of the suit.
4. Irreparable damage or injury–The applicant has to show that damages
will not adequately compensate him for the injuries he will suffer if the
injunction is refused; Ayorinde v. A-G. Oyo State.
5. Conduct of the parties; the applicant must not be guilty of misconduct.
6. Undertaking as to damages (for all these conditions CBN v. Kotoye will
suffice).

Ethical Issues on Use of Interlocutory Applications:

a. A legal practitioner should not use frivolous applications to obstruct,
delay, or adversely affect the administration of justice; Rule 30 RPC.
b. A legal practitioner shall not mislead the court–He shall deal candidly
and fairly with the court; Rule 32 RPC.
c. Counsel should not file application which he ought to know will amount
to an abuse of court process or an act which is dishonourable.

HOW TO MOVE A MOTION IN COURT–(August 2016 Q1 and 2018

after announcing appearance): motions are moved not heard.

1. My Lord before this Honourable Court is a motion on notice for……….

(mention the purpose of the motion), dated the _____day of ___2020 and
filed______(usually lawyers will say; ‘and filed the same day’)
2. The motion is brought pursuant to Order….Rule…….of the Rules of this
Court and under the inherent jurisdiction of this Honourable Court
3. My Lord, we seek the following RELIEFS (read out reliefs)
4. My Lord, our motion is supported by a 10 paragraph affidavit deposed to
by one ____(name of deponent)_______We rely on all the paragraphs of
the affidavit. Accompanying the affidavit is ___ exhibits marked___.
5. In compliance with the rules of court, we have also filed a written address
dated and filed on the…..day of…2020 in support of our application. We
wish to adopt same as our argument in support of our application
6. We humbly pray this honourable court to grant our application as prayed.
Thank you, my Lord

HOW TO ANNOUNCE APPEARANCE

May it please this Honourable Court I am C. O. Ude appearing for the
Claimant/Applicant or for the defendant. OR
If you are holding the brief of a Senior Counsel or another lawyer:
40
‘May it please this Honourable Court; I am C. O. Ude, holding the brief of
A. A. Yusuf SAN, appearing for the Claimant’.
(This is usually asked in exam see August 2016 Q 1g)

POSSIBLE QUESTION FROM INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATIONS

1. What step will you take to stop the defendant from interfering with
the res pending the determination of the suit?
Answer: I will bring an application for interlocutory injunction by
motion on notice supported with affidavit and written address.
2. Assuming you are counsel to the defendant, what step will you take
to join ABZ Limited to bear part of the liability?
Answer: I will bring an application for third party proceedings. It will be
by motion ex parte for leave of court to serve ABZ Ltd with a third party
notice.
3. Considering the number of your clients, how will the action be
properly instituted?
Answer: I will seek leave of court to bring a representative action on
behalf of all my clients. It will be by motion ex parte supported by
affidavit and a written address.
4. Assuming the defendant is selling off its assets and moving same out
of the jurisdiction of the court, what step will take to stop it?
Answer: I will bring an application for mareva injunction by motion ex
parte supported with affidavit and a written address to restrain the
defendant from selling or taking its properties out of jurisdiction.
5. Assuming the claimant filed a motion for default judgment and the
defendant in response filed a motion for extension of time, with the
aid of decided cases, state which of the application the court should
hear first?
Answer: The court will hear the motion for extension of time first
because it will give life to the proceedings; NALSA & Team Associates v
NNPC

41
 CHAPTER SEVEN
SUMMARY JUDGMENT PROCEDURE
Summary judgment is any judgment given in favour of the claimant
summarily, without going through a full trial or plenary trial of the action.
The main reason for summary judgment is to save time and cost of lengthy
and expensive trial where the defendant obviously has no defence to the
action. Mcgregor Associates v. NNBN
Distinction between Summary Judgment and Default Judgment
1. A summary judgment is a final judgment and can only be set aside on appeal
since it is a judgment given on the merit for want of a defence by the
defendant – Iron Product Ltd. v. Sac; ACB v. Gwagwada. While a default
judgment can be set aside by the same court that gave the judgment because
it was given in default not necessarily for want of a defence.
2. A summary judgment is resorted to in circumstances where it is obvious or,
at least, it appears to the claimant that the defendant has no defence to the
action –UTC (Nig.) Ltd. v. Pamotei. While a default judgment is resorted to
where the defendant has failed, neglected and or refused to either enter
appearance or file his defence.

UNDEFENDED LIST PROCEDURE (Order 35 Abuja Rules 2018)

(Bar Final September 2015 Q 4f, April 2019 Q. 2a)
The Undefended list procedure is better discussed under five (5) main
headings: they are:
1. Purpose/Use of undefended list: it is used for recovery of debts or
liquidated money demand only.
2. Procedure for Undefended list: the action must be commenced by
WRIT OF SUMMONS accompanied by an AFFIDAVIT stating the
grounds on which the claim is based and stating that in the claimant’s
belief there is no defence to the suit. Ahmed v. Trade Bank Nigeria
PLC; Order 35 R. 1(1) & (2) Abuja.
NOTE THAT:
The court, where the action is filed, shall examine the claim and the
supporting affidavit and if satisfied that there are good grounds for believing

42
that there is no defence to the claim will enter the suit for hearing under the
undefended list and mark the writ of summons accordingly.
The court cannot delegate the power to consider or place the writ in the
undefended list since it is a judicial function; Nwakanma v. Iko Local
Government Council Rivers State. Thus it cannot be done by the Registrar.

3. What The Defendant Will Do If He Intends To Defend

If the defendant intends to defend the suit, he shall within 5 DAYS file his
NOTICE OF INTENTION TO DEFEND and a COUNTER AFFIDAVIT
disclosing a defence to the merit. See Ahmed v. Trade Bank PLC, Bulet
International (Nig.) Ltd v Adamu; (April 2019 Q. 2d)
NOTE: where a defendant fails to file within the time limit, he may apply
for an extension of time.

4. Orders The Court May Make Upon Hearing The Application

After examining the affidavit and counter affidavit of both parties, the court
may make any of the following orders:
a. Where the court is satisfied that no defence has been disclosed in the
defendant’s counter affidavit, the case will be heard as an undefended
list and judgment thereupon given to the claimant. See Bature v.
Savannah Bank.
b. Where the defendant has disclosed a defence, the action shall be
removed from the undefended list and transferred to the general cause
list; Gwagwada v. ACB Ltd.
c. The court may order the parties to file their pleadings, or proceed to
hearing without further pleadings or make such order as it deems fit –
Order 35 Rule 3(2) Abuja.
5. Effect of Judgment Obtained Under Undefended List
The general rule is that any judgment obtained under the undefended list
procedure is a final judgment on the merit and cannot be set aside by the
same court that gave it; the only option open to an aggrieved defendant is to
appeal against it–ACB Ltd. v. Gwagwada.
The EXCEPTION to this rule is that the court has the power to set aside its
own judgment even where the judgment was entered under the undefended
list where:
a. Judgment was entered without jurisdiction; or
b. The judgment was obtained by fraud.
c. Non-service of the originating process; Mark v. Eke

43
The defendant seeking to set aside the judgment must come by way of
MOTION ON NOTICE specifying in the affidavit attached, the nature of
the irregularity, how it arose and disclosing a defence on the merits; Jepreze
v. Okonkwo.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT PROCEDURE (Order 13 Lagos Rule 2019
and Order 11 Abuja new Rule 2018) (Bar final September 2015 Q. 4 a-c,
August 2017 Q 1a, April 2019 Q 4e )
This procedure is applicable in Lagos State under Order 13 of Lagos Rules
2019 and in Abuja it is provided under Order 11 Abuja Rules 2018
It will also be discussed in five main headings:
1. Purpose/use of Summary Judgment: This procedure is used for all
types of claim and is used where the claimant believes that there is no
defence to his claim; or where it will amount to delay to allow the
defendant defend the action or where the facts are straight forward and
uncontested by the defendant –UTC (Nig.) Ltd. v. Pamotei.
2. Procedure: The claimant shall file the Writ of summons accompanied
with following documents;
a. Statement of claim;
b. List of Documents to be relied upon;
c. List and depositions of his witnesses (Note in Abuja, only the
depositions of witnesses is required)
d. An application for summary judgment (by motion on notice);
e. Affidavit in support stating grounds for his belief that there is no
defence to the claim
f. A written brief; O. 13 R. 1 Lagos Rules; O. 11 R. 1 Abuja Rules.

NOTE: every time you’re asked to draft the application for commencing
summary judgment in the exam: draft a MOTION ON NOTICE
(together with affidavit and written address unless they said without
supporting documents).
3. What The Defendant Will Do If He Intends To Defend
A defendant who is served with the process if he intends to defend the claim,
he must do so by filing within 42 DAYS in Lagos and 21 DAYS in Abuja,
the following documents:

44
 a) His statement of defence;
b) List of deposition of his witnesses;
c) List and copies of documents to be used in his defence (for Lagos);
(for Abuja the Exhibits to be used in his defence)
d) A counter affidavit and
e) A written brief in reply to the application for summary judgment;
Order 13 Rules 4, Lagos; O. 11 R. 4 Abuja
4. Orders The Court May Make Upon Hearing The Application
(September 2015 Q. 4)
i. Where it appears to a judge prima facie that a defendant has a good
defence and ought to be permitted to defend the claim, he may be
granted leave to defend – Order 13 Rule 5(1) Lagos; Okamgba
Ltd. v. Sule
ii. Where it appears to the judge that the defendant has no good
defence, the judge may enter judgment in favour of the claimant –
Order 13 Rule 5(2) Lagos.
iii. Where it appears to a Judge that a defendant has a good defence to
a part of the claim but no defence to the other parts of the claim,
the Judge may thereupon enter judgment in respect of the part of
the claim to which no defence has been disclosed, and grant leave
to defend that part to which a defence has been disclosed – Order
11 Rule 5(3) Lagos.
iv. Where there is more than one defendant, the judge may enter
judgment against those defendants who do not disclose a defence
to the claim but shall grant leave to defend to those defendants who
disclose a defence – Order 11 Rule 6 Lagos.
5. Effect of Judgment Obtained Under Summary Judgment
a. If the judgement was given because of failure of defendant to file his
defence or counter affidavit, it is a default judgment and it could be set
aside for fraud, lack of jurisdiction or non-service; UTC Ltd. v. Pamotei
b. If the judgment was given after the defendant has filed his defence and
counter affidavit, it is a final judgment (judgment on the merits) which
can only be set aside on appeal.

45
Similarities Between Undefended List (Order 35 Abuja) And Summary
Judgment Order 11 Abuja and Order 13 Lagos Rules
1. They are both summary judgment procedures
2. They both apply where the claimant believes that the defendant has no
defence to an action.
3. They are both filed at commencement.
4. They are both commenced by writ of summons.
5. They are both supported by affidavit.

Differences Between Undefended List (Order 35 Abuja) And Summary

Judgment Order 11 Abuja And Order 13 Lagos Rules
1. Undefended list relates to debt or liquidated money demand only while
summary procedure relates to all claims (liquidated and un-liquidated).

2. The time for filing a defence is at least is five (5) days before the date
fixed for hearing under undefended list while the time for filing a defence
is 42 days (in Lagos) 21 days (in Abuja) from service of the writ

3. Under Undefended list if the defendant intends to defend, he will file

notice of intention to defend while under summary judgment Order 11
Abuja and 13 Lagos it is by a statement of defence and other documents.

4. Undefended list allows for only a final judgment whether the defendant
files a defence or not while Order 11 Procedure has two (2) types of
judgment which are default judgment and judgment on merits (final
judgment).

FAST TRACK PROCEDURE (this is not frequently asked in the

exam because Summary judgment is preferred to it); Order 59 Lagos
Rules 2019.

The main objective of the Fast Track Court is to reduce the time spent on
litigation to a period not exceeding nine (9) months from the
commencement of the action till final Judgment.
The action must be commenced by Writ of Summons and the claim is for
liquidated monetary claims or counterclaim in a sum not less than One
Hundred Million Naira (N100, 000,000.00)

46
FAST TRACK UNDER THE NEW FCT RULES 2018
In Abuja fast track procedure may be used for almost every action where
there is need for urgency PROVIDED that the monetary claim in is not less
than N50,000,000 (Fifty Million Naira).

The period from commencement to conclusion of trial in fast track

procedure shall be within 30 days, the filing and adoption of final addresses
is within 14 days, judgment shall be delivered within 7 days after final
address.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS FROM SUMMARY JUDGMENT

1. State the procedure you will adopt to commence the action
expeditiously (or as quickly as possible) without going through full
trial.
Answer: If the scenario is in Lagos I will adopt summary judgment
procedure under order 13 Lagos Rules BUT if the scenario is Abuja, I
will adopt undefended list procedure under order 35 of the Abuja Rules.
2. List the documents you will file while commencing the action under
the procedure you identified above.
Answer: check the procedure as indicated above to learn the documents.
3. Assuming the defendant intends to defend the procedure adopted by
you, what step will he take?
Answer: Check the notes for the answer depending on whether it is
Lagos or Abuja
4. Drafts: Notice of intention to defend; Motion on notice for summary
judgment.

NOTE: In the exam, once the word ‘Expeditiously’, ‘as Quickly as

Possible’ or ‘Quickest means Possible’ are used, if the scenario is Lagos,
choose Summary Judgment Order 13 Lagos Rules BUT if the scenario is
Abuja, choose Undefended List Order 35 Abuja Rules. See August 2017
Q 1a and April 2019 Q 2a for proper appreciation.

47
 CHAPTER EIGHT
PLEADINGS
Pleadings set out material facts in a dispute. It is a brief summary of the facts
of each party’s case. Pleadings are mostly used for actions commenced by
way of writ of summons. Order 15 Abuja; Order 17 Lagos

Relationship between Writ of Summons and Pleadings:

 Writ of summons ordinarily does not form part of pleadings-Lewis v. Parker
 A Writ of Summons may qualify as a pleading if it is specially endorsed.
 However, once a statement of claim is filed, it SUPERCEDES the writ.
Therefore, any statement/relief or prayer contained in the Writ but which is
not in the Statement of Claim is deemed abandoned. On the other hand, the
court will consider and may grant all reliefs in the SOC even if not contained
in the Writ; (check January 2020 Q4d)

FUNCTIONS OF PLEADINGS
1. Pleadings define and ascertain the various matters in dispute between the
parties and those upon which they are agreed. Highgrade Maritime Ltd
v. FBN LTD.
2. Pleadings serve as a notice to the other party as to what to expect and
thus forestalls the springing of surprises thus saving time and cost.
George v. Dominion Flour Mills Ltd.
3. They serve as a guide to the court as to the precise matters to decide
between the parties.
4. Pleadings constitute a permanent record of the issues and questions raised
and determined between the parties and constitute public record.
5. Pleadings show on whom the burden of proof lie on the respective issues
raised-Bakare v. ACB LTD.
6. It aids the parties to determine the proper approach to the opponents’
case. A party may upon the pleadings apply for judgment upon admission
–Order 16 Rule 3 Abuja Rules; Order 17 Rule 4 Lagos Rules

CONTENTS OF PLEADINGS
These are the cardinal rules as to what the pleadings should contain or
should not contain; O. 15 R. 4 Abuja Rules 2018; O. 17 R. 2 Lagos Rules
2019; Agu v. Ikewibe
1. Every pleading must contain only material facts. The material facts are
those facts essential to the party’s case; Bruce v. Odham’s Press Ltd.
2. Pleadings must not contain evidence but shall contain facts by which
the evidence is shown.
48
 3. A party is not allowed to plead law or legal arguments or
conclusions; Obiajulu v. Ozim EXCEPT where the point of law
pleaded will dispose of the entire action-Martins v. Federal
Administrator General
4. The facts must be stated precisely, positively, distinctly and briefly.
5. Pleadings must contain relief sought or prayers.
6. Pleadings are arranged in paragraphs and numbered consecutively.

Facts That Must Be Specifically Pleaded (Dec 2020 Q 5c)

Generally, any matter, which will take the other party by surprise if not
pleaded, must be pleaded. “Pleaded” means it must be mentioned in
either your statement of claim or defence; O. 15 R. 6 Abuja; O. 17 R.
7 Lagos Rules
The following facts must be specifically pleaded:
1. Charges of fraud, commission of crime or any fact showing illegality.
2. the particulars of the crime committed (e.g. falsification of results in
election petition); Usen v. Bank of West Africa Ltd; George v.
Dominion Flour Mills Ltd
3. Unenforceability of document must be pleaded. Documents of
material fact must be specifically pleaded where the document itself is
in issue; Tebara v. Mercury Assurance Co. Ltd.
4. Statute of limitation must be specifically pleaded where it is sought to
be relied upon Ishola Balogun v. Wahabi Onikono
5. Equitable defences of laches, acquiescence standing by; undue
influence; Ibenwehi v. Lawal.
6. The plea of estoppel must be specifically pleaded; Obanya v.
Okunwa.
7. The plea of res ipsa loquitur must be specifically pleaded by pleading
facts, which justify its application; Okeke v. Obidife.

EXAMPLES OF PLEADINGS
i. Statement of claim (filed by claimant)
ii. Statement of defence (filed by defendant)
iii. Reply (filed by claimant in reply to SOD)
iv. A counterclaim or set-off (filed by defendant)
v. Defence to counter-claim (filed by the claimant if there is a counter
claim)
vi. Further and better particulars

RULE NOT TO DEPART FROM PLEADINGS

49
 Evidence of a matter not specifically pleaded goes to no issue. A claimant
cannot raise new issues by way of Reply to a counterclaim.

STATEMENT OF CLAIM; O. 18 Lagos Rules 2019 and O. 16 Abuja

Rules 2018
This is filed by the claimant alongside other documents during
commencement of an action with writ of summons. It usually contains the
facts giving rise to the claimant’s cause of action. It also clearly states the
reliefs or remedies sought by the claimant against the defendant.
(Students are always asked to draft OR redraft the Statement of claim
see August 2017 Q 1f, 2018 Q 1a, Jan 2020 Q 4c, Dec 2020 Q 1b)

STATEMENT OF DEFENCE; O. 19 Lagos Rules and O. 17 Abuja

Rules 2018
This is filed by the defendant in reply to the facts stated in the claimant’s
statement of claim. It is aimed at denying all or part of the claimant’s claim.
This is called ‘Traverse’.

TRAVERSE/DENIAL
A traverse is a categorical or unequivocal denial of a fact alleged by the
opposing party more specifically in relation to statement of defence. Order
17 Rule 9 Abuja; Order 19 Rule 5 (1) Lagos

FORM OF DENIAL/TRAVERSE
A denial must not be evasive, vague or ambiguous; it must answer
specifically the point of substance alleged in a statement of claim: e.g. “The
defendant denies paragraphs 4, 5, 6 and puts the plaintiff to his strictest
proof”; is not a good denial. O. 17 R. 14 Abuja; O. 19 R. 2 Lagos Rules.
Where the defendant states that he is not in a position to admit or deny a
particular paragraph in the statement of claim, this would be bad for
equivocal denial. Thus, the allegation may be deemed to have been
admitted- Lewis Petroleum Ltd v. Akhimien

NOTE-Reliefs in pleadings need not to be denied. It simply means that the

defendant need not deny the reliefs claimed by the claimant in his statement
of claim.

TYPES OF TRAVERSE

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GENERAL TRAVERSE: General traverse is stated at the preamble of the
statement of defence thus: (N/B sometimes in exam you may be required to
draft only the general traverse (bar final August 2018 Q 1c)

“SAVE AND EXCEPT as herein expressly admitted, the defendant denies

each and every allegation of fact contained in the statement of claim as if the
same were herein set out and traversed seriatim”
NOTE THAT: General traverse is not sufficient denial of essential and
material facts–Lewis Petroleum Ltd. v. Akhimien
ADMISSIONS Order 20 Abuja Rules 2018; Order 21 Lagos Rules 2019
This is where the defendant in his statement of defence, admits an alleged
fact in the statement of claim. Any fact admitted is deemed established.
NB: Any fact which is not denied is deemed admitted and any fact
admitted needs no proof: Section 123 Evidence Act 2011.

EXCEPTION-an admission will not be effective where the claimant is

bound to prove his claim-National Investment Properties v. Thompson.

SET-OFF: Order 20 Rule 16 & 33 Abuja; Order 19 Rule 6 Lagos

This is a money claim pleaded by the defendant as a defence to the
claimant’s claim for money. Where successful, the court will set-off or
deduct the different claim from the sum claimed by the claimant. Thus set-
off reduces claimant’s claim
This plea collapses with the discontinuance or resolution of the claimant’s
action. It does not stand on its own. If the claimant’s action fails, the set-off
will also fail.
NB-Where the amount of set-off exceeds the claimant’s claim, the defence
should come by way of a counter claim.

COUNTER CLAIM: Order 17 Rule 16 ABUJA; Order 19 Rule 6

LAGOS
This is a cross action included in the statement of defence (under a different
heading) arising where a defendant has a cause of action against a claimant
who has sued him. Therefore, the claimant becomes defendant in this action.
It need not be monetary claim.
A counter claim is a separate and independent action; thus may proceed
irrespective of the dismissal, stay or discontinuance of the claimant’s action.

51
 DISTINCTION BETWEEN SET-OFF AND COUNTER CLAIM
a. A set-off is tied to the claimant’s A counterclaim is an independent
claim. action.

b. A set-off must be a monetary Counter claims need not to be a

claim. monetary claim.
c. A claimant is not required to A claimant is required to file a defence
traverse a set-off except it raises to a counterclaim except he admits it.
new issues.
d. The defendant can plead the set-off A defendant must file a counterclaim
in his statement of defence. under a different heading

REPLY Order 18 Abuja 2018 Rules; Order 20 Lagos Rules 2019

This is usually filed by the claimant when:
1. New issues are raised in a Statement of Defence or
2. He has to reply on point of Law.

TIME FOR FILING PLEADINGS

1. STATEMENT OF CLAIM (SOC)

In Abuja and Lagos: The Statement of Claim shall be filed along with the
writ of summons - Order 3 Rule 15 Abuja, Order 5 Rule 2 Lagos 2019

2. STATEMENT OF DEFENCE (SOD):

In Abuja, the defendant shall file his Statement of Defence, set off or
Counter Claim if any, not later than 21 days after service on him of the
originating process; O. 15 R. 1(2) Abuja Rules 2018.

In Lagos, the Statement of Defence (Set-off or Counter Claim where

inclusive) shall be filed together with the memorandum of appearance
within 42 days from date of service of the claimant's originating process and
accompanying documents. -Order 17 Rule 1(2) Lagos 2019 Rules

3. FOR REPLY;
IN ABUJA & LAGOS, Reply shall be filled by the claimant within 14
days for the service on him of the statement of defence or counterclaim:
Order 15 Rule 1(3) Abuja; Order 17 Rule 1(4) Lagos

EXTENSION OF TIME TO FILE PLEADINGS

52
 The time limited by the Rules for filing/service of pleadings may in all cases
be extended by the court. It is discretionary for the court to grant extension
of time; Order 49 Rule 4 Abuja; Order 48 Rule 4 Lagos.
Pleadings filed out of time without the leave of court is only voidable and
not void; UBA v. Dike Nworah. Thus it may be ignored by the court if the
adverse party fails to raise objection timeously.

The application is by MOTION ON NOTICE supported with an

AFFIDAVIT and a WRITTEN ADDRESS (the affidavit should set out
reasons for the delay and the proposed pleading to be filed should be
exhibited).

NOTE that in LAGOS extension of time attracts cost of N1000 and in

ABUJA; an extension of time attracts a cost of N200 for each day of
default–Order 48 Rule 4 Lagos; Order 49 R. 5 Abuja.

CLOSE OF PLEADINGS
This refers to the stage when parties are no longer allowed to file further
pleadings except with the leave of court. At this stage, parties are said to
have joined issues (usually asked as MCQ Question)

NOTE: parties join issues where one party denies or states fact in
contradiction to the facts stated by the other party.

IN ABUJA; pleadings are deemed to be closed

a) At the expiration of 7 days after service of the reply or defence to
counterclaim
b) where neither a reply nor defence to counterclaim is served, pleadings are
closed at the expiration of 14 days after service of the defence; Order 15
Rule 19 (2) Abuja

IN LAGOS; pleadings are deemed to have closed;

a) In the event of failure to file defence within 42 days, at the expiration of 7
days from the service of the defence or reply.
b) Pleadings close at the expiration of 14 days from service of the
counterclaim.
EXCEPTION-where a defence is filed to the counterclaim, then such time
as court may be allow for filing of a defence, see Order 17 Rule 18 Lagos.

AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS-Order 26 Lagos and Order 25 Abuja)

53
 Under the Abuja & Lagos Rules: WHO CAN APPLY?
 The court may also amend pleadings suo motu (on its own motion)-O. 25 R.
8 Abuja; O. 26 R. 8 Lagos; Maerskline v. Addide Investment Ltd
 A party to the proceeding; O. 25 R. 1 Abuja; O. 26 R. 1 Lagos Rules.

TIME FOR AMENDMENT:

In Lagos, during the Case Management Conference, parties can amend
pleadings at any time. After the CMC, amendment of pleadings can only be
allowed twice before judgment; Order 26 Rule 1 Lagos Rules 2019
PRESENTLY in Abuja amendment can be allowed any time before pre-
trial conference and not more than 2 times during trial but before the close of
the case; Order 25 Rules 1 of 2018 Rules.
Circumstances When the Court May Allow Amendment
1. When the purpose of amendment is to bring the pleadings in line with
evidence already adduced before the court. See SPDC v. AMBAH;
England v. Palmer.
2. Where it is necessary to secure substantial justice; See Oja v. Ogboni;
Adekeye v. Akin-Olugbade.
3. To include an additional claim where there is evidence on record to
sustain that claim and the parties have canvassed it in the proceedings.
4. To reflect the capacity in which a party sues or is being sued or to
correct the name of a party but not to introduce an entity or to substitute
a juristic person for a non-juristic person.-Okechukwu & Sons v. Ndah.

Circumstances When an Application For Amendment Will Be Refused

1. The proposed amendment is immaterial.
2. The facts sought to be added were not in existence at the
commencement of the suit.
3. If the amendment is allowed, it will change the nature of the claim.
4. When the amendment will result to a new cause of action, which was
not included at the initial stage: Gowon v. Ike Okongwu
5. When the amendment will amount to hearing further evidence.
6. It will amount to an abuse of court process.
7. It is to introduce fraud or defence of justification for the first time;
Okolo v. CBN; Gowon v. Ike Okongwu.

POST AMENDMENT REQUIREMENTS

54
Where amendment of pleadings is ordered, the amended pleading must be
filed and served on all the parties in the suit and endorse the date the court
gave the order of amendment on the writ.

Time Limit For Filing Amendment of Pleadings:

If the court grants the application for amendment, the amended pleadings
must be filled within 7 days from the time specified in the order in both
Lagos and Abuja: (Order 25 Rule 4 Abuja and Order 26 Rule 4 Lagos)

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS FROM PLEADINGS

1. One of the most frequent questions asked in the bar exam is DRAFT of
Statement of Claim (this is best practised in physical class)

2. Students are also asked to DRFAT the General Traverse in a Statement of

Defence (this is also to be practised).

3. Assuming the claimant omitted some facts in the statement of claim;

as counsel to the claimant what step will you take?
Answer: I will apply for leave of court to amend the statement of claim by
motion on notice, supported with affidavit and a written address.

4. What time does the defendant have to file his defence to the above
suit?
Answer: it is 42 days in Lagos and 21 days in Abuja

CHAPTER NINE
PRE TRIAL ISSUES AND PRE TRIAL PROCEEDINGS
55
 This topic is aimed at examining the various things that may occur before a
matter is ripe for trial. That is all the applications and procedures that may
take place from the time a case is filed till when the trial is commenced.
Some of such procedures and applications include:

A. Case Management Conference (CMC) (Exam August 2013 Q2,

2014 Q2, May 2015 and August 2016 Q 3, April 2019 Q 1C)
CMC is applicable in Lagos. Before a matter commenced by writ of
summons goes to trial, within 14 DAYS of close of pleadings the claimant is
to apply for Notice of Case Management Conference Form 17 while the
Registrar or Case Management Judge will issue the parties Form 17 together
with Case Management Information Sheet Form 18: Order 27 Lagos
Rules 2018

Duration of CMC
CMC must be concluded within 3 months and can be extended by the
judge. A case management conference report will be issued upon completion
and case file will be forwarded to a judge – Order 27 Rule 3 & 8(1) of
Lagos Rules 2019.

Issues Considered During CMC (April 2019 No 1)

1. Formulation and Settlement of issues
2. Amendment of pleadings
3. Admission of facts
4. Deal with interlocutory applications
5. Consider documents to be tendered without objections
6. Consider other ADR options; O. 27 R. 2 Lagos Rules

Effect of Failure To Participate In CMC (August 2013 Q2 and 2014 Q2)

 If it is the claimant who failed to participate, the court will dismiss his
action.
 If it is the defendant, the court will enter judgment in favour of the claimant.
 In any of the above case, the party may within 7 days of the court order
bring an application for the court to set aside its decision with an
undertaking to participate effectively in the CMC; O. 27 R. 5 & 6, Lagos
Rules
 The application above is by motion on notice supported with an affidavit and
a written address.

B. Pre-Trial Conference (Applicable in Abuja)

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According to Order 27 R.10 (1) & (3) of the Rule, the claimant is required
to apply for the issuance of a Pre-trial Conference Notice Form 19 within
7 days of the close of pleadings. Upon application, the Court shall issue to
the parties Pre-trial Information Sheet Form 20. If he fails to do so, the
defendant may make the application or apply to dismiss the action.

Agendas To Be Considered at the Pre-trial Conference

It is the same with the agendas of Case Management Conference, O. 27 R
13 Abuja.
1. Formulation and Settlement of issues
2. Amendment of pleadings
3. Admission of facts
4. Deal with interlocutory applications
5. Consider documents to be tendered without objections
6. Consider other ADR options

Duration of the Pre-trial Conference

The pre-trial conference must be concluded within 30 days of its
commencement unless extended by the Chief Judge; O. 27 R. 14 Abuja
Rules 2018

Effect of Refusal To Participate in the Conference

The effect is the same as failure to participate in Case Management
Conference. If it is the claimant that failed to participate, his claim will be
dismissed and if it’s the defendant, judgment will be entered against him.

C. PRE-TRIAL APPLICATIONS
Applications That Are Usually Taken Before Trial Include The
Following:
1. Application for Striking out pleadings where no reasonable cause of
action is disclosed.
2. Interrogatories/Discovery of facts.
3. Inspection/Discovery of Documents.
4. Notices to admit documents and facts.
5. Settlement of issues.

1. APPLICATION FOR STRIKING OUT OF PLEADINGS

Pleadings may be struck out in any of the following circumstance:
a. Where the statement of claim discloses no reasonable cause of
action;
57
 b. Where the statement of defence discloses no reasonable defence to
the claimant’s action
c. Where the pleading of any of the parties is embarrassing, frivolous
or scandalous or vexatious
d. Where the pleadings amounts to an abuse of the process of the
Court. Tony-Anthony Holdings Ltd v. CBA; Amobi v. Adogu; O.
17 R. 15 & 17 Lagos Rules; O. 15 R. 16 Abuja Rules

In any of the above instance, the aggrieved party may bring an application
by a Motion on Notice supported with an Affidavit and a Written Address
for the pleading to be struck out.
Upon hearing the application for striking out of pleadings, the court may:
a. Order for amendment of the pleadings; or
b. Enter judgment, strike out or dismiss the action depending on the
circumstances of the case; Tika-Tore Press Ltd. v Uma

2. DISCOVERIES; O. 28 ABUJA; O. 29 LAGOS

We have two types of discoveries:
a. Discovery as to facts-This is used where a party to the suit wants to
elicit facts from the adverse party. The mode of doing so is known as
‘INTERROGATORIES’ or
b. Discovery as to documents-This is when a party to the suit desires
the adverse party to produce some documents. The process to be
served is ‘NOTICE TO PRODUCE’

A. Discovery of Facts (Interrogatories) (August 2018 Q4d)

Interrogatories are a set of questions administered to the other party to
answer with the aim of eliciting facts in support of the case of the adverse
party; Order 28 Abuja; Order 29 Lagos

The Procedure For Interrogatories

In Abuja and Lagos, it is by delivering a letter containing the
interrogatories to the adverse party within 7 days of close of pleadings. It is
done during the CMC or Pre-trial conference; O. 28 R. 1 Abuja Rules; O.
29 R. 1 Lagos Rules.
In Abuja, the form for interrogatories is FORM 21 and the form for answer
to interrogatories is FORM 22 while in LAGOS, it is FORM 19 and the
answer is in FORM 20. Two copies of the answer must be filed.
58
 Answer To Interrogatories:
 The party interrogated must answer within 7 days in Abuja and Lagos of
the service of the interrogatories except the court extends the time.
 The answer shall be by AFFIDAVIT, re-stating each question and followed
by the relevant answer.
 Where the party does not answer sufficiently or fail to answer, the pre-trial
judge may on application order him to answer.-O. 29 R. 7 Lagos; O. 28 R.
7 Abuja

Objections To Interrogatories: O. 28 R 4 Abuja; O. 29 R 3 Lagos

The person upon whom interrogatories are administered may object.
In Abuja, he can raise the objections in the Affidavit of Answer while in
Lagos; he should raise the objections at the case management conference.
The grounds for objection may include:
a. That the questions are not material to the issue at hand.
b. It is brought in mala fide (bad faith)
c. That the person has right of privilege, immunity (information is
privileged)
d. The questions seek to disclose the defendant’s evidence
e. Questions are insulting or degrading, scandalous or vexatious.

B. Discovery of Documents (Notice to Produce)

This is the disclosure of the documents relevant in the suit which are in a
party’s possession or control for him to inspect and make copies if
necessary: O.28 Rule 8 Abuja; O.29 Rule 6 Lagos.
Procedure For Discovery of Documents:
 In Abuja and Lagos, a party may within 7 days of close of pleadings
may make a written request to the other party to make discovery on
oath of the documents that or have been in his possession, custody,
power or control, relating to the suit-Order 29 Rule 6(1) Lagos Rules
 The party against whom the order is made would be required to file an
Affidavit in answer within 7 days (attaching copies of the document
which referred to). O. 28 R 8(1) & (2) Abuja Rules
 The party may raise objections to the production of certain

Effect of Failure to Answer Interrogatories or Notice to Produce

Since it forms part of CMC or Pre-trial proceedings, failure to obey will
attract any of the following:

59
 (i) Committal for disobedience
(ii) Dismissal of Claimant’s case
(iii) Order the parties’ solicitors to pay cost for disobedience.

3. SETTLEMENT OF ISSUES:
This is done or filed after the close of pleadings. It is simply a process by
which the parties bring out their points or areas of disagreement to enable
the court to easily ascertain the main issues between the parties.
The aim is to isolate the real issues in dispute for the Court to determine. It
may be done by the parties or by the court suo motu

Time For Settlement of Issues:

In Abuja parties are to submit in writing within 7 days after the close of
pleadings the material facts in controversy between them; O. 27 R. 1 Abuja
Rules. In Lagos, settlement of issues is done at the Case Management
Conference. Parties are to settle the issues as to facts only within 14 days
after the close of pleadings, and if they fail to do so the Case Management
Judge may settle the issues; O. 30 R. 1 Lagos Rules 2019.

Consequences of Failure of Parties To Settle Issues In Abuja

a. Where one party fails to submit issues, the court may set down the
matter for trial based on the issues submitted by the other party.
b. Where both parties fail to submit issues the court shall cause a notice
to be served on the parties to attend court and settle issues.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS FROM PRE-TRIAL ISSUES

1. At the close of pleadings, as counsel to the claimant what step will you
take before the matter will proceed to trial?
Answer: I will apply for Case Management /Pre-Trial Conference within
14/7 days of close of pleadings.
2. Assuming both parties fails to participate in the procedure stated by
you above, what are the likely consequences?
Answer: if it is claimant that fails to participate, the court will dismiss his
claim and if it is the defendant, the court will grant the claim of the claimant

CHAPTER TEN
TRIAL PREPARATION AND EVIDENCE

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 RULES OF EVIDENCE AT CIVIL TRIALS

The important point here is to identify those who are competent to testify or
to be called as a witness during trial.
A. Competence and Compellability: Sections 175–196 Evidence Act 2011
The important point here is to identify those who are competent to testify or
to be called as a witness during trial.
Generally, all persons shall be competent to testify, unless the court
considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to
them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by reason of tender
years, extreme old age, disease, whether of body or mind, or any other cause
of the same kind; section 175 E.A.
 A person of unsound mind is not incompetent to testify UNLESS he
is prevented by his mental infirmity from understanding the questions
put to him and giving rational answers to them – S.175 (2) EA.
 For a blind person, he can testify by writing or signs which must be
made in open court and such evidence shall be deemed to be oral
evidence–S.176 (1) & (2) EA.

B. Evidence of a Child: (April 2019 Q. 3a)

For a child below the age of 14 years to be competent to give evidence, he
must show:
i. That he understands the questions put to him and that he can give
rational answers to it;
ii. That he understands the duty of speaking the truth.
NOTE: such a child must give unsworn evidence UNLESS he is 14
years or above then he can give sworn evidence.

C. Parties to the Proceedings:

Is a defendant a competent and compellable witness for the Claimant
and vice versa?
The Supreme Court held that a defendant is both competent and
compellable to testify on behalf of a claimant especially if the defendant has
been subpoenaed-Obolo v. Rev. Aluko. Conversely, a claimant is a
competent and compellable witness at the instance of a defendant.

COMPELLABILITY

61
A witness is only compellable if he is competent but is unwilling to come
and testify or give evidence. There are two main ways to compel a witness to
wit: (Exam Focus; August 2019 Q. 2h, January 2020 Q 4e)
1. Witness summons (mostly used at the Magistrate court)
2. Subpoena: this is the most popularly used at the High court to compel an
unwilling witness. It is of three main types. They are: section 218 E.A
a. Subpoena ad testificandum: This is used to compel a witness to
come and give oral testimony only; Buhari v Obasanjo

b. Subpoena duces tecum: This is used to compel a witness to come

and tender document only. Such a witness will not be cross
examined; Famakinwa v University of Ibadan

c. Subpoena ad testificandum et duces tecum: This is applied for

where the witness is expected to testify as well as tender document in
the trial.

EXCEPTIONS:
The following persons are competent witnesses but are not compellable
either by virtue of office or occupation:
1. DIPLOMATS
By Section 1(1) Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges Act; foreign
envoys, consular officers and members of their families and staff are
accorded immunity from suits, and legal processes. It does not cover their
Nigerian staff; (Bar final August 2019 Q3)

2. Bankers:
By virtue of Section 177 Evidence Act 2011, a banker or an officer of a
bank or of other financial institution shall not in any legal proceedings to
which the bank or financial institution is not a party, be compellable to
produce any banker’s book or financial book the content of which can be
proved in the manner provided in Section 89 & 90 of Evidence Act or to
appear as a witness to prove the matters recorded in such book–UNLESS by
order of the court made for special cause.

3. President, Vice President, Governor and Deputy Governor

They cannot be compelled to attend and give evidence while they are in
office–S. 308 (CFRN 1999); Tinubu v. IMB; Rotimi v. Macgregor

62
 4. Judges, Magistrates and other Judicial Officers…
No judicial officer shall be compelled to answer any questions in a trial
over which he presides or as to anything which comes to his knowledge by
acting in that capacity.
5. Legal Practitioners:
No legal practitioner shall at any time be permitted, unless with his client's
express consent, to disclose any communication made to him in the course
and for the purpose of his employment; unless it was made in furtherance of
any illegal purpose; or commission of crime; S. 192(1) EA
6. Public Officers
No Public Officer shall be compelled to disclose communications trade to
him in official confidence, when he considered that the public interests
would suffer by the disclosure; Section 191 Evidence Act.

NUMBER OF WITNESS
The general rule is that a single witness is enough to prove a case unless the
matter is one that requires corroboration; S. 200 of the Evidence Act. The
exceptions where more than a witness or evidence will be required to
proof a case in civil trials are as follows:
1. Breach of promise to marry needs an independent evidence to
corroborate the claimant’s action. S. 197 of the Evidence Act:
2. To prove a custom or tradition.

OPINION EVIDENCE
The general rule is that the opinion of a person is not admissible in Court
except as provided in the Evidence Act: Section 67 EA; except the opinion
of experts or person that is especially skilled in the area in question. S.
68 EA.

VISIT TO THE LOCUS IN QUO

In the course of proceedings, there may be need for the court to visit the
venue of the cause of action especially on land or boundary issues. In such
circumstance, the court may conduct a visit to locus in quo.
There are two procedures to be followed to conduct a visit to locus in quo as
follows:
a. Adjourn the case, visit the place and the parties come to Court to give
evidence. See S. 127(2) (b) of the Evidence Act.

63
 b. Adjourn the case, the judge will visit the place and hold the
proceedings at the locus. The Parties give evidence and are cross-
examined there. S. 127(2) (a) of the Evidence Act

HEARSAY EVIDENCE: generally, the testimony of a witness must come

from his or her personal experience and not from a reported speech. Such
reported speech is known hearsay evidence and it is not admissible in
evidence. This is because of the unreliability of the original maker who is
not called to Court to be cross-examined (section 38 EA). Exceptions: (s.
39 EA): Hearsay evidence admissible if the statement was made by a
person:
1. Who is dead;
2. Cannot be found,
3. Who had become incapable of giving evidence or
4. Whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or
expense which under the circumstances of the case appears to the Court
unreasonable,
5. Some affidavit evidence,
6. Statement of opinion as to a public right

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
Section 258(1) Evidence Act, defines documentary evidence. The
admissibility of a document depends on whether it is the primary evidence
i.e. the original copy of the document or secondary evidence (any copy other
than the original).
TENDERING OF DOCUMENTS
 The contents of a document may be proved by either primary evidence
(original) or secondary evidence (any other copy other than the original);
section 85 Evidence Act. Also, a document may either be private or
public document; section 102 and 103 of E.A
 Every document must be tendered through the maker unless the maker is
dead, is outside Nigeria, or unfit by reason of mental or bodily condition
or that it is not reasonably practicable to secure his attendance; section 83
E.A

64
 In tendering documents generally, proper foundation must be laid by first
asking the witness relevant questions in reference to the document in
his/her witness statement on oath.
 If it is the original, there will be no problem if tendered through the
maker. But where the original is not available then proper foundation
must be laid before tendering the secondary evidence.
 If it is a private document, the proper foundation to lay is to ask
questions in relation to the whereabouts of the original. However if it
is a public document and the original is not available then it is only
the Certified True Copy (CTC) that will be admissible in secondary
evidence. The proper foundation to lay is to show that it is a public
document. See s. 89 & 90 E.A; see (Bar final January 2020 Q5)
Conditions/Requirements for Admissibility of CTC of a Public
Document: (Bar final August 2019 Q. 5g and January 2020 5c)
1. It must be duly certified by the person/authority in custody of the
document
2. The necessary legal fees must be shown to have been paid
3. A certificate must be written at the foot of the document that it is a
true copy of such document
4. The document must be dated and signed and the name, title and
official seal of the issuing officer subscribed therein; section 104 E.A
Effect of A Wrongful Admission Or Exclusion Of Evidence:
If a document is wrongly admitted or excluded but it did not affect the
outcome of the case, then the judgment in the case will be upheld on appeal.

On the other hand, if the evidence wrongly admitted or excluded affects

the result of the case occasioning the miscarriage of justice on appeal it will
be set aside. S. 251 of the Evidence Act.

ADMISSIBILITY OF COMPUTER GENERATED EVIDENCE

(EXAM August 2014 Q2 vii, 2017 Q 3b(v) and 2018 Q 4f, Jan 2020 Q 2e
& Q 4f, Dec 2020 Q 1i)
For a computer/electronically generated evidence to be admissible in court
the proper foundation as contained under section 84 of the Evidence Act
must be laid. This foundation is summarized as follows:
1. That the computer was regularly used to store and process the type of
evidence sought to be tendered;
65
 2. That the evidence was supplied to the computer in the ordinary cause
of business;
3. That the computer is functioning properly and even if it was not
functioning properly it did not affect the authenticity and production of
the evidence and;
4. An oral testimony or certificate by the person who operated the
computer verifying the above facts. See Kubor v. Dickson; Silver v.
Dickson

BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF

Generally, the burden of proof is a suit or proceeding lies on that person who
would fall if no evidence were produced on either side, regard being had to
any presumption that may arise on the pleadings-Onobruchere & Anor v.
Esegine & Ors; S.133(1) EA
“In the arena of proof in a civil case, the onus of proof does not remain static
but shifts from side to side-Nigerian Maritime Services Ltd v. Alhaji Bello
Afolabi

STANDARD OF PROOF
On the standard of proof, in civil proceedings, the burden of proof shall be
discharged on the balance of the probabilities or preponderance of
evidence section 134 EA. This is not determined by the number of witness
called by each party, but the quality of the probative value of the testimony
of those witnesses.
EXCEPTIONS:
There may be circumstances where a higher standard of proof would be
required in civil cases. Such as:
i. Where there is an allegation of crime in a civil action, such crime
must be proved beyond reasonable doubt S. 135 EA. E.g. within an
election petition matter, an allegation of fraud is made, this fraud must
be proved beyond reasonable doubt.
ii. Where there is a claim for special damages or special interest, such
damage or interest must be strictly proved–e.g. by tendering the
receipt of payment for medical treatment due to negligence of the
defendant.

SETTING DOWN CASE FOR TRIAL (Hearing)

ABUJA RULES:
The Registrar shall within 7 days of the settlement of issues, set a matter
down for hearing; Order 32 Rule 1 Abuja.
66
LAGOS RULES:
There is no specific provision for hearing.
This is one of the issues to be dealt with in the Report of the CMC Judge at
the end of the conference.

APPEARANCE OF PARTIES AT TRIAL:

The parties to a case are to be present on the day of trial. However, if they
are absent and represented by legal practitioners it is deemed that they are
represented as the services of the Lawyers has been engaged.
Effect of Non-Appearance of Parties At Trial:
1. Where both parties are absent, the Court may strike out the matter or
adjourn the matter if it sees good reason to do so.
2. If it is the claimant that is absent and the defendant is in Court, the
defendant may apply that the case be dismissed or struck out. If the
defendant has a counter claim, he may be allowed to lead evidence and
proof his counter claim.
3. If the defendant is absent and the claimant is in Court, the claimant may
apply that default judgment be entered for him or set down the case for
hearing where he needs to prove his claim in order to be given judgment
–O. 32 R. 2,3 & 4 Abuja; O. 33 R. 2,3 & 4 Lagos 2019 Rules
4. In Lagos, within 7 days or 6 days in Abuja (or such larger period as the
judge will allow; such default judgment may be set aside upon good
cause being shown– the defendant must file a Motion On Notice with an
Affidavit; O. 33 R. 5(3) Lagos 2019, O. 32 R. 5(3) Abuja

ORDER OF PRESENTATION OF A PARTY’S CASE AT TRIAL

 In a matter commenced by writ of summons, a party on who burden of
proof lies is to open his case first.
 Usually, the claimant starts first by calling his witnesses which will
involve the usual process of examination of witnesses starting with
examination in chief, cross examination and re-examination
respectively.
 The same stages will be followed if the defendant intends to call
witnesses
 At the close of evidence, the parties will file and adopt their final
written address
 The court will then fix a date for delivery of judgment.

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 Options Open to a Defendant in a Civil Trial after the claimant has
closed His Case:
1. He may decide to rest his case on the claimant’s evidence
2. He may make a No case submission

No Case Submission In Civil Trial

He may make a submission that the claimant or the party beginning has
failed to make a case for him to answer. Once a no case submission is made;
the other party will be entitled to address the court in reply.
A no case submission in civil proceedings may be made;
1. If no case has been established in law.
2. If the evidence led by the claimant is so unsatisfactory or unreliable
that the court should hold that the burden on the claimant has not
been discharged.

NOTE: The party intending to make the no case submission must elect
whether he will call evidence or not should the ruling on the no case
submission be against him. If he elects not to call evidence he will be bound
by the outcome of the ruling.
If he elects to call evidence, the court may reject the no case submission.

POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS

1. Assuming the only witness of the claimant has refused to come to
court and testify, as counsel to the claimant what step will you take?
Answer: I will apply for subpoena ad testificandum to compel the
witness to come and testify.
2. Comment on the effect of the failure of the claimant to call all the
witnesses listed in his list of witnesses to his claim.
Answer: the position of the law is that the claimant is not bound to call
any number of witnesses. So failure to call all the witnesses in his list
will not affect his claim.
3. During the trial, the claimant sought to tender the photocopy of his
certificate of occupancy because the original was lost in fire, what
possible objection will you raise to the admissibility of the
photocopy?
Answer: the objection I will raise is that since the C of O is a public
document, in the absence of the original, only the Certified True Copy is
admissible in evidence after laying proper foundation.

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 CHAPTER ELEVEN
TRIAL II–EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES
The Order of examination of Witnesses is thus;
i. Witness shall be first examined-in-chief; section 214(1) Evidence Act
2011 (E.A)
ii. If any other party so desires, the witness is cross-examined s.214(2)
E.A
iii. If the party calling him so desires, the witness is re-examined S.
214(3) E.A

EXAMINATION-IN-CHIEF:
The examination of a witness by the party who calls him shall be called
examination-in-chief- Section 214(1) Evidence Act 2011.
The Purpose of Examination-In-Chief is:
1. To place witnesses story before the court so as to obtain testimony in
support of the facts for which the party calling that witness is contending.
2. It is designed for the party to put across his case or evidence to the court.
3. To introduce facts relevant to the admissibility of documents in a party’s
case
4. If it is a party to a case that is being examined, it may be to also pray the
Court to grant his prayers or reliefs sought.

Prohibited Questions in Examination-in-Chief are as follows:

1. Leading questions that suggest the answers the examiner expects
2. Irrelevant questions to the facts in issue. S. 221(1) of the Evidence Act
3. Questions in the character of cross-examination questions
LEADING QUESTIONS: A Leading Question is defined as any question
suggesting the answer which the person putting it wishes or expects to
receive S. 221(1) EA:
Illustration; (In a charge of assault brought against Ibrahim, Counsel trying
to establish that the witness Okon saw Ibrahim the accused hit Akpan the
victim:
It is not allowed for counsel to ask: “Okon, did you see Ibrahim hit
Akpan”?
The proper question could be to ask Okon “What did you see during the
incident?

69
 Exceptions Where Leading Questions Can Be Asked (Dec 2020 Q 6d)
1. Introductory matters like the name, address and occupation of a witness
(if it is not in issue);
2. Undisputed facts or facts already proved in a case
3. If permitted by the Court
4. A hostile witness can be asked leading questions; S. 221. (3)& (4) E. A

OPEN QUESTIONS
Open questions guide the witness along a story line but allow him to tell his
story. Thus, open questions are used in examination-in-chief in preference.
Example include questions starting with the words “why”, “where”, “how”,
“what”, describe, explain.

Advantages of Open Questions:

1. They subtly direct the witness and towards the desired answers without
necessarily leading him.
2. It ensures credibility of a witness testimony since he would be telling his
own story.

NOTE: Open questions should be used with care as the witness could steer
out of course or say more than he is required to say especially if he is not
properly guided by counsel.
Secondly, it is not advisable to use open questions in cross examination
because it will give the witness an opportunity to correct the loopholes in his
examination in chief.

Procedure for Adopting Witness’ Statement on Oath

Before a witness starts testifying, he will be sworn on oath of made to affirm
unless he states that his religion does not permit the taking of an oath, or he
is a child below 14 years; 208 Evidence Act 2011
Due to the frontloading system in civil litigation, Examination-in-chief is
limited to adopting the witness written deposition and tendering in evidence
all disputed documents or other exhibits referred to in the statement on oath
provided, except a witness on subpoena; Order 35 Rule 1(4) Lagos.
Ask the witness the following questions: (asked in exams regularly;
August 2019 Q 4h, Jan 2020 Q. 5f, Dec 2020 Q 6d)
1. Tell this court your name address and occupation?
2. Did you make any statement on oath in relation to this suit?
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 3. If you see the statement will you recognise it?
4. How will you recognise it?
5. Is this your statement on oath?
6. What do you want to do with the statement?
NOTE the Following:
 In answer to the last question the witness usually will say: ‘I want to
adopt the statement as my evidence in chief/testimony in this suit
or case’.
If a witness does not appear and adopt his written statement on oath, it
cannot be used in evidence. If the witness disowns his written statement on
oath, the evidence is worthless.

CROSS EXAMINATION
The examination of a witness by a party other than the party who calls him
shall be called cross-examination S. 214(2) i.e. examination by the
opposite party.
PLEASE NOTE:
 Cross-examination must relate to relevant facts, but need not be confined to
the facts to which the witness testified on in his examination-in-chief-S.
215(2) Evidence Act.
 Leading questions may be asked in cross-examinations Section 221(4) E.A
 It is also preferable to use closed questions (questions requiring just yes or
no answer)
 Avoid the use of open questions at all cost
 Also do not ask questions which you do not know the answer. This is
because the answer may be damaging to your case.

The Purpose of Cross Examination:

1. To extract from the witness evidence, which is favourable to the party
cross-examining or which would destroy the case for the party producing
the evidence.
2. In case of an Expert, to discredit the qualification of the expert, thus
render his opinion unreliable.
3. To discredit the witnesses and destroy case of opposing party:
Olomoshola v. Oloriawo
4. To test his accuracy, veracity or credibility or
5. To discover who he is and what is his position in life; or
6. To shake his credit, by injuring his character; section 223 EA 2011

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The Statement “The Sky Is the Limit” In Cross Examination
This is a proverb that counsel use arbitrarily when throwing questions to
witnesses in cross-examination. However, this is not correct in its entirety. It
is only correct to the extent that in cross-examination, questions need not be
confined to facts or issues arising from examination-in-chief. (Thus,
questions may be asked of things unrelated to facts raised in examination-in-
chief once it is relevant).
The sky is the limit approach was discredited in the case of Olomosola v.
Olariawo where the court stated that the sky has nothing to do with cross
examination.

Questions Not Allowed In Cross Examination-Ss. 227, 228 Evidence Act

(Dec 2020 Q 5d).
i. Indecent, frivolous or scandalous questions
ii. Questions intended to insult or annoy the witness
iii. Question that are needlessly offensive in form even though proper
iv. Irrelevant questions

NOTE that cross examination is not compulsory. Thus a witness need not be
cross-examined when his testimony will not affect the other party’s case.

RE – EXAMINATION
This is conducted by the party who called the witness after the cross-
examination: S. 214(3). Where there is no cross-examination, there
cannot be a re-examination

NOTE-Re-examination is not absolutely necessary, EXCEPT where it is

required in order to clear any ambiguities arising from the witness’s
responses to cross-examination questions.-S. 215(3) EA

New issues are not allowed to be raised during re-examination.

1 If a new matter is, by permission of the court, introduced in re-
examination, the adverse party may further cross-examines upon that
matter.-S. 215(3)
2 Leading questions are also not allowed during re-examination
NB: The court should not refuse a party the right to re-examine his
witness after cross-examination.

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REFRESHING OF MEMORY
The general rule is that all testimonies of witnesses must be given from
personal memory.

EXCEPTION: is the use of a document earlier made to refresh memory for

the purpose of giving testimony-See section 239 Evidence Act.

Conditions for Refreshing Of Memory

The condition for its use is that:
1. The document was made when the transaction was fresh in the maker’s
memory
2. The writing in question must have been made either at the transaction or
so soon thereafter.
3. When he read it he knew it to be correct.-S. 239(2) E.A
4. Any such writing a witness used to refresh his memory must be
produced and shown to the adverse party if he requires it,
5. The adverse party may if he pleases, cross-examine the witness upon the
writing.-S. 241 EA

HOSTILE WITNESS:
The general rule is that a party producing a witness is not allowed to
impeach his witness’ credit during examination-in-chief. An exception to
this rule is when the witness is adverse to the party calling him and he does
not tell the truth. S. 230 EA. Such a witness is called a hostile witness

When the Counsel to a party calling a witness discovers that the witness is
hostile;
a. He should apply to the Court to declare the witness hostile or
b. Ask that the evidence he has given be expunged from the record.
c. To contradict him by other evidence or by leave of court, prove that he
has made at other times a statement inconsistent with this testimony.
d. Where the court is of the opinion that a witness is hostile to the party
who called him, the court will permit the party S. 230, S 231 EA
The Consequences of the Court Declaring A Witness As Hostile Are:
1. The Court will attach less weight to his testimony or disregard the
testimony he has given
2. The witness can be cross-examined by the party calling him
3. He can be contradicted using his previous statements made which is
inconsistent with his present testimony

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 4. He can be asked leading questions
EXAMINATION OF WITNESS BY COURT
The court may ask witnesses questions in order to clear up ambiguities or to
clarify points which have been left obscure in the giving of evidence by any
witness.

Note: The Judge shall not compel any witness to answer any question or to
produce any document which such witness would be entitled to refuse to
answer or produce under this Act, if the question/document was called for by
the adverse party: S. 246(3) EA; Ogbodu v. Odogha

MODES OF TENDERING EVIDENCE DURING TRIAL

Tendering of documents in examination of witnesses can be done through
any of the following ways:
a. Undisputed documents can be tendered from the Bar after an agreement
by the Counsel in the matter
b. Disputed documents are to be tendered through the witnesses in
evidence-in chief for the party calling him or in cross-examination by
the adverse party; Ogbunyinya v. Okudo

Procedure for Tendering Document through a Witness

After the witness is sworn on oath and has adopted his/her witness statement on
oath; proceed to ask the following questions; (For Original Document)
1. In your written statement on Oath, you mention…..document, do you
have it in Court?
2. If you see the document can you recognise/identify it?
3. How will you identify the document?
Counsel will seek the leave of court to show the document to the witness for
identification;
4. Is this the document?
Counsel will seek the leave of court to tender the document in evidence and
for the court to mark it as Exhibit.

If it is photocopy (for private document) or CTC (for Public document)

1. In your written statement on Oath, (you mention…..document), do
you have the Original in Court?
2. Where is the Original?
3. Which Copy do you have?
4. If you the Photocopy/CTC of the document can you recognise/identify
it?
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 5. How will you identify the document?
POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS
1. Assuming you are counsel to the claimant set out in numbered
paragraph the questions you will put to him in his examination in
chief.
Answer: check your note under examination in chief and learn the
questions
2. State the requirements for admissibility of a Certified True copy of a
public document.
Answer: check your note under tendering of documents.
3. Comment on the propriety or otherwise of the aphorism ‘in cross
examination the sky is the limit’.
Answer: In cross examination only relevant questions are allowed
whether or not such questions were raised in examination in chief.
Therefore it is not proper to state that in cross examination the sky is the
limit as certain questions are not allowed.
4. Assuming you want to tender a document through your witness, in
numbered paragraphs highlight the questions you will put to the
witness.
Answer: check your note under tendering of document to learn the
questions

CHECK December 2020 Re-Sit Exam Question 6 for Questions on

TRIAL

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 CHAPTER TWELVE
CLOSING ADDRESS AND JUDGMENT
Closing address is also referred to as Final Address Order 33 Abuja, Order
35 Lagos. A denial of the right of address to a party where the right exists is
an infringement on the constitutional rights of the parties.

ROLE AND FUNCTION OF ADDRESSES

1. It presents an opportunity to the parties to logically present their
arguments.
2. To urge the court to decide in favour of party addressing the court
3. It provides an opportunity for parties to present their case theory by
blending it with the evidence given at trial.
4. It might assist parties to sway the mind of the court.
5. Addresses assist the court in the just and proper determination of the
case Obodo v. Olomo; Order 32 Abuja; Order 33 Lagos

The Order of Presentation and the Time Limit for Filing Final
Addresses (Exam Focus August 2018 Q 1e, April 2019 Q 5v)

A. If Both Parties led Evidence:

1. The defendant is to file his Final written Address first within 21 days
of the close of his case
2. The claimant is to file his final address within 21 days after the
receipt of defendant address.
3. If the claimant raised new issues in his address on points of law, the
Defendant is to file a Reply Address within 7 days of the receipt of
the claimant’s final address.
B. If the Defendant did not lead any Evidence:
1. The claimant will first file his Final Address within 21 days of the
close of the Defendant’s case.(evidence)
2. The defendant is to respond within 21 days
3. If new issues are raised by the defendant’s Address, the claimant is
to file a Reply Address within 7 days of the receipt of the
defendant’s address; (Order 32 Rule 14-17 Abuja Rules and O. 33
R. 13-16 Lagos)
NOTE:
 In Abuja and Lagos, the parties are given 20 minutes each to adopt/
adumbrate their written address

76
  Judgment cannot be delivered before final address but the court may
decide to write its judgment before the final address but must wait
thereafter before delivering it.

JUDGMENT
A judgment is defined as a reasoned decision of the court in relation to the
matter or issues before it. It is a binding decision which to stipulate the
rights of the parties.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A VALID JUDGMENT:

1. It must be in writing. Section 294(1) CFRN; NOTE that where the
judge delivers an oral judgment and later reduces same in writing, the
judgment is still invalid; (April 2019 Bar final Q 1h, Dec 2020 Q 4g)
2. It must be written, dated and signed/sealed by the judge who heard the
matter.
3. A judgment must contain a dispassionate consideration/evaluation of
the issues properly raised and heard- Ojogbue v. Nnubia
4. Reasons must be given for the judgment. Unless it is a court of final
appellate jurisdiction i.e. the Supreme Court see ANPP v. Goni;
UNILAG v. Aigoro.
5. It is to be delivered in an open Court unless the trial was conducted in
chambers or it is on the ground of public morality, public security or
protection of a minor; section 36(4) CFRN.
6. It is to be delivered within within 90 days after the Final addresses,
see S. 294(1) of the 1999 Constitution as amended.
7. A judgment must show a clear resolution of all the issues that arise for
decision in the case
8. The judgment should show clearly that the court considered the
evidence at the trial.
9. Witnesses must be expressly or impliedly believed, or disbelieved.
Mogaji v. Odofin; Adeyeye v Ajiboye; Oro v Falade

FORM AND TIME LIMIT OF DELIVERY OF JUDGMENT

Judgment must be delivered in writing not later than 90 days after
conclusion of evidence and final addresses; 294(1) CFRN; Ariori v Elemo,
Haruna v University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Ifezue v Mbadugha
All parties must be furnished with duly authenticated copies within such
period. S. 294(2) CFRN

77
RECALL OF PARTIES FOR FURTHER ADDRESS
The court may however re-open a case for further argument after it had
reserved judgment provided it acts within the 90 days limit. If that is done,
time will then begin to run from the end of the further address to the court.

Once the 90 days period has elapsed, the court cannot recall the parties for
further address; Odi v. Osafile.

EFFECT OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH S. 294(1) of the CFRN

The decision of the court shall not be set aside or treated as a nullity
solely on the ground that it was delivered outside the 90 days period unless
the delay occasioned a miscarriage of justice; section 294(5) CFRN.

DAYS FOR DELIVERY OF JUDGMENT AND ITS EFFECT

A judgment may be delivered on juridical days, however a judgment cannot
be vitiated by the mere fact that it was delivered on a public holiday;
provided that the parties were not compelled to attend; Anie v Uzorka

In the case of Veritas v. Citi Trust (Nig.) Ltd; a judgment of a court

delivered on Christmas day was held to be valid.

PLACE OF DELIVERY OF JUDGMENT

Judgment shall be delivered in open court unless hearing/trial was
conducted in chambers, and then judgment may be delivered in chambers
Nab Ltd v. Bari. Engineering Nig. Ltd.

READING AND DELIVERY OF JUDGMENT

HIGH COURT
A judgment may be written by one judge and delivered by another judge
provided that the judge who wrote the judgment signed and dated it and is
the same person who heard the case-AGF v. ANPP.

COURT OF APPEAL AND SUPREME COURT

The Justices of the court of Appeal or Supreme Court who sit to hear matters
MUST be at the end of the case:
 Expressly deliver their opinion in writing or
 May state in writing that they adopt the opinion of any other justice.
 However, the justices who heard the appeal need not be present when
is delivered.-Section 11 Court of Appeal Act; s.294(2)CFRN
78
Where a justice of the COA or SC after sitting over a case and has written
his opinion, dies, retires or is elevated to another court before he delivers
the judgment; his opinion must be pronounced by another justice. His
judgment shall not be read out in court: AG Imo State v. A.G Rivers State.
DELIVERY OF JUDGMENT AND GIVING REASONS LATER
A valid judgment must state the reasons for the decisions of the court; NIIT
Zaria v Dange. However, all final appellate courts (e.g. Supreme Court)
may adopt the practice of delivering its judgment and reserving the reasons
to a later date; Aigoro v UNILAG, Amaechi v INEC, Inakoju & Ors v
Adeleke. This is so because there is no further appeal against such judgment.
(See April 2019 Resit Q 1i)
REVIEW/AMENDMENT OF JUDGMENT
A court’s judgment is final once it has been pronounced /delivered. It can
only be set-aside on appeal. Therefore, the court has no power to review its
own decision. This is because once the court enters its judgment, it become
functus officio
Exceptions to This Rule: A court may vary its judgment in this instance:
1. Clerical mistakes or accidental errors or omissions in judgments may
at any time be corrected by the judge in chambers on a motion or
summons.
2. Where the decision was given without jurisdiction/such a judgment is
a nullity and the court has powers to set it aside.
3. Where the judgment was obtained as a result of fraud perpetrated by
one of the parties–Alaka v. Adekunle
4. Where the judgment is a complete nullity ab initio.
5. Where the judgment was entered on the mistaken belief that the
parties consented to it when in fact they did not–Agobade v.
Okonuga

TYPES OF JUDGMENTS
1. INTERLOCUTORY JUDGMENT
An interlocutory judgment disposes of only one issue raised during the
pendency of the suit. It does not dispose of the rights of the parties finally
e.g. injunctions
2. FINAL JUDGMENT
A final judgment is one that disposes of the rights and liabilities of the
parties finally in a suit. It comes at the end of the matter. At the end of the

79
trial, the judge may either give judgment for the plaintiff or dismiss his case
thereby giving judgment for the defendant.
3. CONSENT JUDGMENT
A consent judgment is judgment entered pursuant to an agreement between
the parties.
The agreement may either be made out of court; then brought for court to
pronounce it as judgment; or may be entered in the face of court pursuant to
parties agreement.
It is binding on the parties but a third party can apply to set it aside for
fraud; mutual mistake
A consent judgment is a final judgment and leave of Court is required to
appeal against it S. 241(2) (c) CFRN; Afegbai v. AG Edo State.
4. DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
A declaratory judgment is a judgment of a court which determines the
rights of parties without ordering anything to be done or awarding damages.
Not an executory judgment – e.g. might be declaring the rights of the parties.
5. DEFAULT JUDGMENT
This is a judgment given due to default or failure of a part in the
proceedings to take any steps, which he ought to have taken e.g. default to
enter appearance e.g. Default to file pleadings. A default judgment is not a
judgment on the merit.
6. NON-SUIT
This is an order, which terminates the plaintiff’s case without a decision on
the merits. Where this order is made, it means that the plaintiff’s claim is
neither allowed nor dismissed. Circumstances of the case are such that the
court does not think it should enter judgment against the plaintiff or for the
defendant. Kaura v. UBA PLC; Order 34 Rule 1 Lagos

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS ON THIS TOPIC

1. Assuming both parties led evidence during the trial; state the order
of filing of the written address.
Answer: if both parties led evidence, the defendant will file his written
address first within 14 days followed by the claimant within 14 days and
the defendant will file a reply with 7 days.
2. After the final address by the parties, the trial judge delivered its
judgment 4 months after; comment on the validity of such judgment.
Answer: judgment must be delivered within 90 days after final address,
however, any judgment delivered after the 90 days will still be valid
unless it occasioned miscarriage of justice.

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 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT
Enforcement of judgment refers to all the available method of enforcing
judgment.
DESIGNATION OF PARTIES-The designation for parties under
enforcement of judgment is Judgment Creditor (the successful party) or
Judgment Debtor (the unsuccessful party).

WHEN IS A JUDGMENT EFFECTIVE?

A judgment shall take effect from the date it is pronounced/read unless the
court orders otherwise - Order 39 Rule 2 Abuja; Order 39 Rule 2 Lagos
A person directed to pay money, or do any act by an order of court is bound
to obey it without demand and if no time is expressed in the order he is
bound to do so immediately.

TIME FRAME FOR LEVYING EXECUTION OF JUDGMENT

Order 4 Rule 2 Judgment Enforcement Rules: (MCQ Questions)
It depends on the type of judgment as follows:
1. Money judgments and others cannot be commenced until after the
expiration of 3 days from the day on which judgment is given except with
the express leave of court
2. Judgment of possession can be commenced 14 days after delivery of the
judgment
3. In any other case not specified by Law, with the leave of Court.

LIFE SPAN OF PROCESS OF EXECUTION

 The life span of a process of execution when issued shall be one year
from the date of issue if unexecuted.
 The process may be issued within 2 years after the judgment is
delivered and a party can apply to the court for writ of execution
without leave.
 After expiration of the 2 years, leave of court is required to issue the
writ at that point.
 If it is a process against corporation/institution then the process may
be issued at any time within 6 years with no requirement for leave.

DAY AND TIME OF EXECUTION OF JUDGMENT

A judgment can be executed on any day except on Sunday, or Public
Holiday,

81
It must not be done before 6am and not after 6pm unless the judge or
magistrate directs otherwise by order endorsed on the process executed.

MODES OF ENFORCING JUDGMENTS (Very Important)

There are several methods of enforcing different types of judgments. Method
chosen will depend on the type of judgment

A. MONEY JUDGMENTS (Involving order of court to pay money)

When a judgment creditor desires to a monetary judgment against the
Judgment debtor, he may adopt any of the following means:
1. Writ of sequestration
2. Writ of fifa (fieri facias)
3. Garnishee proceedings
4. Judgment summons

Writ of fi.fa (writ of attachment and sale)

The writ of fifa is the most common writ of execution, which normally
commands the Sheriff to seize and sell moveable properties belonging to the
judgment debtor.
Writ of fieri facias (fi.fa) otherwise called writ of attachment is for
recovering of money judgments. It is a writ of attachment and sale.

Procedure (Moveable Property) (Bar Final Jan. 2020 Q 1f)

 For execution against movable property, the judgment creditor shall
file an application for a writ of execution in FORM 3, 1st Schedule
SCPA with the Registrar of Court-0.4 R. 2 Judgment Enforcement
Rules. A writ of fifa is executed by seizing any goods or chattels of
the judgment debtor worth N10.00 and above except his wearing
apparels, beddings and tools and implements of his trade: section 25
(a) SCPA
 If sufficient movable property of the judgment debtor can be found
within the jurisdiction and costs of execution, the immovable
properties cannot be attached.
 Where the moveable properties were not enough or cannot be found,
the Judgment Creditor will apply for Writ of Execution. This is
applied for by the judgment creditor when the movable property
seized were not enough to satisfy the judgment debt-Section 44 of the
SCPA.

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  The purpose is to attach the immovable property i.e. land, machines
etc. to satisfy the debt which will be sold after 15 days of the
attachment.
 The Application shall be by motion on notice supported by Affidavit
and Written Address. All these is done by filing F0RM 38

TIME FOR SALE OF DEBTOR’S GOODS

Movable Property (MCQ questions)
The goods or chattels when attached are sold 5 days after they are seized
unless the judgment debtor consents to an earlier sale or the goods are of a
perishable nature; section 29 SCPA
Immovable Property
If the property is immovable, the sale has to be done at least 15 days after
court order attaching same. Except with Consent of the judgment debtor: O.
7 R. 6(1) JER

APPLICATION OF PROCEEDS OF SALE

The money realised from the sale of the goods or immovable property
should be applied in the following manner.
i. First pay cost of execution e.g. auctioneer’s fees
ii. Pay the judgment debt
iii. Whatever is left goes back to the judgment debtor

Garnishee Proceedings (Bar Exam April 2018 Q 1e, August 2018 Q 6d)
The garnishee proceedings: used by a judgment creditor to attach to debts
owed a judgment debtor by a third party. It usually involves Banks; Section
83 Sheriffs and Civil Process Act; Order 46 Abuja Rules 2018.
Here the court orders a third party called the Garnishee pay to the court a
debt due by him to the judgment debtor; be used to pay the judgment
creditor.
NOTE: in the exam, once the scenario talks about enforcement of judgment
with money in a bank; just choose garnishee proceedings.

Parties to Garnishee Proceedings

In garnishee proceedings, there are usually 3 parties namely;
1. The judgment creditor known as GARNISHOR
2. The judgment Debtor
3. The third party owing the debt to judgment debtor => GARNISHEE

83
The Conditions for Attaching Debt for Garnishee Proceedings:
a. The debt to be attachable must be due and payable to judgment
debtor;
b. It must be a present debt and not a future debt. Salaries and rents are
attachable provided they are due.
c. The garnishee proceedings can only be commenced if the garnishee is
indebted to the judgment debtor in the state in which the proceedings
are brought. If the garnishee is outside the state, garnishee
proceedings cannot be brought

PLEASE NOTE-
An Application for garnishee proceedings can be made even if there is a
stay of execution of judgment; see Purification Technique, v. A.G Lagos
State; NITEL v. ICC

The Procedure Garnishee Proceedings:

1. The Garnishor (the judgment creditor) will file a Motion EX PARTE
supported by an Affidavit and a Written Address praying the court for an
order NISI.
2. After hearing the Motion, the court will make the order Nisi and it is
served on the Garnishee and Judgment Debtor.
3. If garnishee pays within 8 days of the order, the matter is terminated
otherwise; the Registrar will fix a date for hearing not less than 14 days
after service of the order Nisi.
4. The garnishee is to come to Court to refute or to show cause why the
order Nisi should not be made absolute within 8 days by filing an
Affidavit to Show Cause.
5. The Garnishee may file a counter affidavit showing reasons why the
money should not be used to satisfy the judgment debt.
6. After hearing the proceedings the court may cancel the order nisi or may
make the garnishee order absolute.

Effect of a Garnishee Order Nisi

The effect of an Order nisi is that the garnishee cannot pay the money in his
possession to the judgment debtor until the Order is made absolute or
finally decided; O.8 JER.

Effect of Failure to Serve Garnishee Order Nisi

Failure to serve the order Nisi on the Garnishee and judgment Debtor would
nullify the Proceedings; Wema Bank v. Brasternstein; Odey v NIMASA
84
Note that where the Garnishee fails to pay upon an order absolute, judgment
would be executed upon him by writ of fifa.
Also, if the account to be attached belongs to the Government, the consent of
the Attorney General must be obtained before bringing the garnishee
application.

2. ENFORCEMENT OF LAND JUDGMENT

A judgment or order for the recovery of land or for the delivery of
possession of land shall be enforced by a WRIT OF POSSESSION.
If it is recovery of premises it will be enforced by applying for
WARRANT OF POSSESSION.

NOTE: Land judgments cannot be enforced until after expiration of 14

days from the day the judgment was given.

ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS INTER-STATE

By S.287(1)-(3) CFRN 1999, the decision of the Supreme Court, Court of
Appeal, Federal High Court, National Industrial Court, State High Court and
other Courts established by the Constitution shall be enforceable in any part
of the Federation by all authorities and persons and by all courts.
This is a Federal matter and is guided by the Sheriffs and Civil Process
Act.
The Procedure is as follows:
1. Obtain a certificate of judgment from the Court that gave the Judgment
with a court of similar jurisdiction.
2. Write an application to the Registrar of the Court in the other State where
it is to be executed to register it in its Register of Nigerian Judgment –
S.105 SCPA
3. Support the application with an affidavit stating;
(i) That the amount for which process is proposed to be issued is actually
due and unpaid; or
(ii)That an act ordered to be done remains undone; or disobeyed the
order: Section 107 Sheriff and Civil Process Act.
4. The judgment when registered is treated as the judgment of the Court of
the other State
5. The Court will levy execution first by writ of fifa (against the movable
property) then by writ of execution. S.100-104 of the SCPA

85
 CHAPTER FOURTEEN
INTERIM ORDERS/APPLICATIONS PENDING APPEAL
(Bar Final August 2017 Q 5f & g and 2018 Q 2e April 2018 Q 6a & d,
April 2019 Q 4h & i)

These are orders are applied for pending the outcome of an appeal. This is a
very important topic for the purpose of your bar final examination. The
important thing here is to know the three applications that can be made
pending an appeal, the modes of filing the application, the court where it will
be filed and the conditions for granting the application.

TYPES OF APPLICATIONS PENDING APPEAL

There are 3 main types of interim orders pending appeal viz:
i. Stay of execution
ii. Stay of proceedings
iii. Injunction pending appeal
Appropriate Court to Apply To:
 The application for all applications pending appeal must be made to
the trial court first; Order 61 of the new FCT Rule
 The only exception is where there are special circumstances, which
makes it impossible or impracticable to apply to the court below;
Mobil Oil Ltd v. Agindigbi
 Once the records of appeal have been received by the Appellate Court,
it is said that the appeal has been entered. Once an appeal has been
entered, all subsequent applications for provisional reliefs should be
made to the Court of Appeal; O. 4 R. 10 COA Rules 2016

A. STAY OF PROCEEDINGS
An order of stay of proceedings is made to suspend proceeding in the lower
court pending the outcome of an appeal against ruling/interlocutory
decision or a point made during the proceedings. In which case, it is into the
final judgment of the court; Order 61 Rule 1 Abuja; Order 58 R. 1 Lagos;

PROCEDURE
1. It is applied for by a Motion on Notice supported with an affidavit and a
written address to be filed at the trial Court Registry
2. To oppose the Motion, the respondent is to file a counter affidavit and a
written address within 7 days of the receipt of the Motion.

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 B. STAY OF EXECUTION (this is the one mostly asked)
It is applied for after a final judgment, which is executory in nature is
given; for example, where the court orders for payment of money or
damages.

The purpose of the application is to stop the judgment creditor from

enforcing/executing the judgment pending the outcome of an appeal by the
judgment debtor. Order 61 Rule 1 Abuja; Order 58 Rule 1 Lagos, S. 15
Court of Appeal Act.

C. INJUNCTION PENDING APPEAL

This is necessary where;
 Claimant’s action was either dismissed or
 Judgment is declaratory in nature (i.e. cannot be executed) or an
interlocutory injunction was earlier refused by court.

Procedure All Applications Pending Appeal (Important)

Application by way of Motion on Notice accompanied with Affidavit and a
written address. The application will also be accompanied by:
i. A copy of the Notice of Appeal
ii. A CTC of judgment or ruling appealed against
NOTE: It must first be made to the trial Court except there are special
circumstances that make it impracticable to do so Mobil Oil Ltd v.
Agadaighio.

Conditions for Grant of All Applications Pending Appeal (Important)

1. There must be a valid appeal already filed; the application will not be
granted if the Applicant is yet to file an appeal against the judgment or
ruling; Inter-Contractors v UAC
2. That the grounds of appeal are likely to succeed
3. That the balance of convenience is in the applicant’s favour
4. It is to preserve the nature of the subject matter
5. That security or undertaking for cost has been made to the court
6. That the appellate court will be put in a state of helplessness or its
decision rendered nugatory; Emir of Kano v Agundi
7. That granting the application will meet the justice of the case; see
Martins v Nicanna Food Co. Ltd.

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NOTE THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT POINTS
 It is at the discretion of the court to grant the application and such
discretion must be exercised based on the circumstances of each case.
S.G.B (NIG) LTD v. I.F.I. LTD
 That where any of the applications above is refused by the trial Court,
the Applicant can file another application to the Court of Appeal
within 15 days of the refusal by Motion on Notice supported with an
Affidavit exhibiting the following:
a. CTC of the Order of the trial Court refusing the application
b. CTC of the judgment of the lower Court
c. The Notice of Appeal
d. The record of proceedings; O. 6 R. 3 COA Rules 2016

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS FROM THIS TOPIC

1. Assuming the court gave judgment in favour of the claimant and the
defendant has appealed, advice the defendant on the step to take to
ensure that the claimant did not execute the judgment pending the
determination of the appeal.
Answer: I will advise the defendant to bring an application for stay of
execution. It will be by motion on notice supported with affidavit and a
written address.
2. Before which court will you take the step identified by you in 1 above
and what further step will you take if it was refused by that court?
Answer: I will file the application before the trial court first and if
refused by the trial court, I will make the application to the appellate
court within 15 days by motion on notice supported with affidavit, a valid
notice of appeal, CTC of the decision appealed against and CTC of the
ruling of the court on the first application.
3. The claimant’s application for interlocutory injunction was granted
and the defendant aggrieved; appealed against the ruling, what step
will you take in respect of the main suit pending the appeal?
Answer: I will bring an application for stay of proceedings by motion on
notice supported with an affidavit and a written address.

88
 CHAPTER FIFTEEN
APPEALS
An appeal is an opportunity for a second and higher court to take a look at
the proceedings and decision of the trial court or lower court.
While reading please take not of subtopics marked as very
IMPORTANT

Parties Who May Appeal In Civil Actions Are (Right to Appeal)

In civil litigation, the following person can appeal:
1. Parties (these are those whose names appear on the Court processes on a
matter) to an action in the lower court who can appeal as of right.
2. A person interested in the judgment who was not a party at the trial court
can appeal with the leave of Court S. 243(a) of the 1999 CFRN,
Adeleke v Oyo State House of Assembly, SGBN Ltd. v. Afekoro,
Fawehinmi v. UBA

TYPES OF APPEAL: we have two types of appeal to wit;

a. Appeal as of right and
b. Appeal with leave

1. APPEAL AS OF RIGHT: Section 241(1) CFRN 1999 (as Amended)

Appeal is said to be as of right where leave of either the trial or appellate court is
not required to file the appeal.
Appeals lie as of right from the High Court to the Court of Appeal in the
following circumstances as provided under S. 241(1) CFRN. These include;
i. Final decisions in any civil proceedings before the High Court sitting
at first instance.
ii. Where the ground of appeal involves questions of law alone (could be
a final decision or even an interlocutory decision)
iii. Decisions on questions as to interpretation of the constitution.
iv. Decisions of the court in an action for enforcement of fundamental
rights under Chapter Four of the Constitution.
v. The liberty of a person or the custody of an infant is concerned; etc.

2. APPEAL WITH LEAVE

Appeal is with leave when the appellant must first obtain the leave of either
the trial court or of the appellate court before filing the notice of appeal.
Appeals must be with leave of Court in the following instances:
i. Appeal against Consent judgment
ii. Appeal against judgment as to cost alone: S. 241(2) CFRN
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 iii. Double appeal e.g. an appeal against a decision of the High Court
sitting on appeal from a decision of a magistrate court, see S. 242
CFRN
iv. Interlocutory appeals on grounds of facts only
v. Persons interested in a matter not being a party to the case, S. 243
CFRN

The Time Limit For Commencing Appeals (Very Important for both
MCQ and Theory)
The time limit to commence an appeal depends on the decision of the Court
sought to be appealed against as follows:
1. Appeal against the final judgment of the Magistrate Courts to the High
Court- within 30 days of the delivery of the judgment.

2. Appeal against the final decision of the High Court to the Court of
Appeal- within 3 months of the delivery of the judgment

3. Appeal against the Court of Appeal decision to the Supreme Court-

within 3 months of the delivery of the judgment; section 27 of the
Supreme Court Act

4. All interlocutory decisions or rulings in any Court is to be appealed

against within 14 days of the delivery of the ruling S. 25 (2) (a) of the
Court of Appeal Act.

PROCEDURE FOR APPEAL (Very Important)

The procedure for filing an appeal is provided for in the Court of Appeal
Rules 2016; Order 7 Rule 2. The mode of commencing or the originating
process of every appeal is a NOTICE OF APPEAL (Bar Final August
2017 Q 5d & e, April 2018 Q 6b, August 2018 Q2d, and April 2019 Q4f)

1. File A Notice of Appeal: the Notice of Appeal is to be filed at the registry

of the trial court whose decision is appeal against within the stipulated time.
2. The Registrar shall within 14 days summon the parties to come and settle the
matters/documents that will form part of the records of appeal
3. Compilation of the Record of Appeal:
This is the whole record compiled from the trial Court to be transmitted to
the appeal Court in order to enable the appeal Court determine the appeal.
It is to be compiled by any of the following:

90
 a. The Registrar of the trial Court within 60 days of the filing of the
Notice of Appeal
b. If the Registrar failed to do so, then the appellant is to do so within
30 days of the registrar’s failure O. 8 R. 1 & 4 Court of Appeal
Rules
4. Service of the Notice of Appeal: The Notice and the records of Appeal is to
be served personally on the Respondent. Upon service, the Respondent shall
within 30 days of the service of the Notice on him; file in duplicate with the
Registrar of the Court below a notice of full and sufficient address for
service in such number of copies is the Registrar may require

EXTENSION OF THE WITHIN WHICH TO APPEAL

 Where an appellant is out of time to appeal, he must apply for
extension of time within which to appeal to the Appellate court.
 The procedure is by filing a NOTICE OF MOTION for extension of
time to appeal supported with an Affidavit stating cogent reasons for
the delay in filing the appeal; O. 6 R. 1 COA Rules 2016
NOTE that written address is not needed for applications filed before
the Court of Appeal.
 The Court of Appeal is empowered under S. 24(9) Court Appeal Act
to extend the period for filing an appeal.
 An appeal filed outside the stipulated time without leave of court is
not an appeal and ought to be struck out.

NOTE: The application must be filed before the appellate court. A High
Court (and indeed no court) has power to grant extension of time within
which to appeal against its own decision–Akpan v. Ekpo.

TRINITY PRAYER (Bar Final April 2017 and August 2018 Q 5)

This is applicable where an appeal requires leave of court and the appellant
is out of time to appeal. It is application for leave in the Court of Appeal
which must contain 3 prayers viz.
1. Extension of time within which to seek leave to appeal
2. leave to appeal;
3. Extension of time within which to appeal.
It is also by Notice of Motion, supported with affidavit stating cogent
reasons for the delay

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CONTENTS OF A NOTICE OF APPEAL
A Notice of Appeal shall state the following–
1. Heading of court and parties
2. The Grounds of appeal
3. Whether it is the whole or part of the decision of the lower court that
is complained of.
4. The exact nature of the relief sought
5. The names and addresses of all parties directly affected by the appeal.
6. Address for service
7. Signature of the appellant of his legal practitioner

GROUNDS OF APPEAL
The grounds of appeal may be based on:
1. Misdirection
2. Error of Law
3. The omnibus ground of appeal.

NOTE THE FOLLOWING POINTS:

 The omnibus ground of appeal is an attack on the findings of facts at
the trial Court to the effect that the decision of the trial Court is
against the weight of evidence.
 If the ground is misdirection or error of law, the particulars and nature
of the ground of misdirection or error must be stated if not the ground
of appeal shall be struck out.
 It is only the omnibus ground of appeal that can stand alone without
particulars. Orakosin v. Menkiti, Ogberchi v. Ibekwe, Comex v.
NAB.
 The grounds of appeal in a Notice of Appeal cannot be both on
misdirection and error of Law at the same time.

Nature of The Grounds of Appeal

 A bare Notice of appeal that does not contain any ground or grounds
of appeal is valueless and incompetent and an abuse court process;
Akeredolu v. Akinremi
 The appellant is bound by the grounds of appeal in his Notice of
Appeal.
 He shall not be heard on any ground of appeal not contained in his
Notice of appeal; he must obtain leave of the Court to amend his
ground or file additional grounds.

92
  A ground of appeal may allege a misdirection or error in law and the
particulars and the nature of the misdirection or error shall be clearly
stated.
 Every ground of appeal must be supported with particulars except the
omnibus ground of appeal which can stand alone.

DRAFT of Omnibus Ground: “The Judgment of the court is

unreasonable, unwarranted and is against the weight of evidence
adduced by the parties” see April 2018 Q 1e

RESPONDENT’S NOTICE
This is filed by the successful party/judgment creditor in a case asking the
Appeal Court to vary or uphold the judgment on other grounds than the
lower/trial Court did: Order 9 Rule 1&2 COA

Nb=> A respondent who seeks the reversal of an adverse finding can only
do so by way of a Notice of Appeal or Cross-appeal.

Any Respondent’s Notice given by a respondent must be served on the

appellant and on all parties to the proceedings in the Court below who are
directly affected by the contentions of the respondent and must be served.

CROSS- APPEAL
This is filed by the Respondent in the appeal challenging the judgment too
on other grounds

A Notice of Appeal is independent so also is a cross Appeal. A cross appeal

does not strictly depend upon an appeal having been filed. Any person who
has a judgment in his fair but wishes to reverse the judgment or parts of it,
can cross appeal without waiting to be served with a notice of appeal by the
unsuccessful party.

BRIEF OF ARGUMENT (Exam focus)

Appeals are heard in the Court by filling and adoption of Brief of
Arguments. The order of filing the Brief of Arguments is as follows:
 The appellant has within 45 days (10 weeks at the Supreme Court)
after the transmission/receipt of the Record of Appeal from the court
below to file his Brief of argument.
 The respondent shall within 30 days (8 weeks at the Supreme
Court) of the service of the brief for the appellant on him file the
93
 Respondent’s brief which shall be duly endorsed with an address for
service.
 The appellant may also if necessary, within 14 days (4 weeks at the
Supreme Court) of the service on him of the Respondent’s brief file
and serve the respondent a reply brief which shall deal with all the
new points from the respondent’s brief.

CONTENTS OF THE BRIEF OF ARGUMENT (this is the same with

written address)
1. Heading of the court (including Ref. No {Suit No and Appeal No} and
parties)
2. Title e.g. “Appellants/Respondents Brief of Argument”
3. Introduction
4. Brief facts/summary of the case
5. Issues for determination
6. Legal arguments in support of issues for determination
7. Conclusion
8. List of authorities cited
9. Dated and franking
10.Address for service on the other party

Relationship between Issues for Determination and Grounds of Appeal

(it has appeared in MCQ from April 2017 till Date)
 All issues for determination must be derived or tied to one or more
ground/s of appeal
 Only one issue for determination can be derived from a ground of appeal,
that is to say; the issues for determination cannot be more than the
grounds of appeal
 A single issue for determination can be derived from multiple grounds of
appeal
 Any ground of appeal without an issues for determination is deemed
abandoned
 Any issue for determination which cannot be traced to a ground of appeal
cannot be entertained.
 The appellate court may suo motu formulate a single issue for
determination from the issues for determination formulated by both
parties if it is of the opinion that such single issue will resolve the whole
appeal.

94
Consequence of Failure to File Brief of Argument:
 Where the appellant fails to file his brief within the time provided or
as extended by the court, the respondent may appeal to the court for
the appeal to be dismissed for want of prosecution. This is deemed as
implied abandonment of the appeal.
 If the Respondent fails to file his brief, he will not be heard in oral
argument.
 Where an appellant fails to file a Reply Brief within time specified,
she shall be deemed to have conceded all the new points arising from
respondents brief

AMENDMENT OF NOTICE OF APPEAL/RESPONDENT NOTICE

A Notice of appeal may be amended by or with the leave of court at any
time. A Respondent’s notice may be amended by or with the leave of court
at any time.
Procedure For Amendment
 This can be done by filing a Motion on Notice supported with an
affidavit exhibiting the proposed ’Amended Notice of Appeal/Cross
Appeal’.
 If the Respondent wants to object, he should file a Counter affidavit.

WITHDRAWAL OF AN APPEAL
 An appellant may withdraw an appeal at any time before it is called
for hearing.
 Where withdrawal is unilateral, the appellant shall serve on the
parties to the appeal and file with the Registrar a Notice to the effect
that he does not intend to prosecute the appeal any further. FORM
12; Order 11 Rule 1 of Court of Appeal Rules

ABATEMENT OF APPEAL
Abatement usually arises where any of the parties to the appeal dies before
the determination of the appeal. In Civil appeals, abatement hardly occurs
since the personal representatives of the parties are always available to
pursue the appeal and can apply to be substituted.
However, where the action is a personal action (i.e. the action involve
rights/duties which must be personally performed), the appeal will surely
abate upon death of any of the parties.

95
 CHAPTER SIXTEEN
RECOVERY OF PREMISES
This is one of the most frequent/consistent exam focus area it has been asked
recently in all the following years; Bar Final August 2017 Q 3, 2018 Q 2,
2019 Q4 & 6, January 2020 Q1. April Re-sit 2017 Q3, 2018 Q2 and 2019
Q5, Dec 2020 Q3)

COURTS WITH JURISDICTION (This was asked in all the years

stated above)
Generally, the court that will assume jurisdiction in action for recovery of
premises depends on the annual rental value (i.e. the amount the tenant pays
as rent each year). It is as follows:
 FOR ABUJA
 If the rental value is N5, 000,000.00 (Five Million Naira) or below,
the action should go to the DISTRICT COURTS (the
mode/originating process will be by PLAINT)
 If the rental value is above N5, 000,000.00 (Five Million Naira), then
the action will be commenced at the HIGH COURT OF FCT (the
mode/originating process will be by WRIT OF SUMMONS)

 FOR LAGOS (Lagos is always asked more than Abuja)

 If the rental value is below N10, 000,000.00 (Ten Million Naira), the
action should go to the MAGISTRATE COURTS (the
mode/originating process will be by CLAIM)
 If the amount claimed is just N5, 000,000.00, the action can be
instituted in the Small Claims Court
 If the rental value is above N10, 000,000.00 (Ten Million Naira),
then the action will be commenced at the HIGH COURT of Lagos
State (the mode/originating process will be by WRIT OF
SUMMONS)
 Note that the Magistrate court can entertain the matter even though
the claim for arrears and mesne profit is higher than the court’s
jurisdiction.

TYPES OF TENANCIES
A. TENANCY AT WILL
This is a tenant who stays in a property after the tenancy had expired with
the consent of the landlord for no fixed time. It could be determined at any
time by the landlord; Odutola v. Papersack (Nig.) Ltd

96
 B. TENANT AT SUFFERANCE
This is a tenant that was initially lawfully occupying the premises but later
holds it without the consent of the Landlord because the tenancy has been
determined.
The tenant can be evicted by the Landlord and treated as a trespasser. In that
case, he cannot sue the landlord for wrongful/unlawful ejection.
C. PERIODIC TENANCY
It is a tenancy for a fixed term, e.g. yearly, monthly, weekly etc. It has an
inherent renewal clause expressly or impliedly at the expiration of the term
granted. It can only be determined by issuing of Notice to quit.
D. STATUTORY TENANCY
He is a person who holds over premises after his tenancy has expired; Sule
v. Nig. Cotton Board. This is a person/tenant staying on premises under the
protection of the Law. Example is a licensee entitled to 7 days’ Notice of
owners’ intention to recover possession of premises; S. 13 of the Tenancy
Law; African Petroleum v. Owodunmi.
E. LICENSEE
This is a person who is permitted to use premises without having any estate
or exclusive possession of the premises. It arises out of privilege to use the
premises by another who is the owner/lawful person in possession of the
premises; see Chukwuma v. Shell Petroleum Dev. Ltd; Nwano v. FCDA.
A Licensee is not a tenant within the meaning of the law and is therefore not
entitled to the statutory notices or the protection by the recovery law.
F. SERVICE TENANT
This includes servants or any employee given residential accommodation in
his official capacity as long as he is still in the service of his employer.

NOTE the following about service tenants:

 If rent is deducted from his salary, he is deemed to be a tenant and is
entitled to all the necessary notices required under the law before he
can be evicted; see Sule v Nigerian Cotton Board.
 However if the accommodation is an incentive to his employment,
upon termination of his employment, the tenancy is deemed
determined, he will on be entitled to Notice of owners intention to
recover premises; Chukwuma v. SPDC

97
Procedure for Recovery of Premises (VERY IMPORTANT)
This may also be called condition precedent or steps for recovery of
premises. It includes:
1. The Counsel should get instructions in writing; i.e. obtain written letters
of authority from the landlord to act: Coker v. Adetayo; Balogun v.
LEBD; Ayiwoh v Akorede
2. Issue a Notice to Quit to the tenant: (the length of the notice is
determined by the tenancy)
3. At the expiration of the notice to quit, if the tenant still retains
possession, serve him with 7 days’ Notice of Owner’s Intention to
recover possession.
4. At the expiration of the 7 days’ notice, if the tenant still retains
possession institute an action for recovery of premises in the appropriate
court.

THE LENGTH OF NOTICE TO QUIT

The statutory length of notice to quit is as follows:
1. Tenancy at will – 7 days’ Notice
2. One month tenancy – 1 calendar month Notice
3. Quarterly tenancy – 3 months’ Notice
4. Half-yearly tenancy – 3 months’ Notice
5. Yearly tenancy and above–6 months’ Notice; S. 8 Recovery Premises
Act; S. 13 Tenancy Law Lagos.

NOTE THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT EXAM POINTS

 The parties can by their express agreement vary the length of statutory
notices and if they do, the length of notice agreed therein will be
binding on the parties.
 Where the nature of tenancy is not clearly stated, the nature of tenancy
will be deciphered from mode rent is paid; that is how and when the
tenant pays rent; (Jan. 2020 Q 6a)
 The length of Notice to quit cannot be less than is required by Law
and even if it’s less for a day it would be invalid; Oluoma v
Nnadozie; Ocheii v. Ajose; Universal Ins. CO. Ltd. v. Hammond.

COMPUTATION OF TIME
The date/ time of service of a Notice to quit are very important as it starts
counting from the date/time of its service. For example, a Notice to Quit
written on the 1 of January but served on the 7 of January is counted from 7
of January; see Chukwuma v. Shell Petroleum Dev. Co. Ltd.
98
When Does A Notice To Quit Terminate?
 IN ABUJA:
When a Notice to Quit is given in Abuja, it must terminate at the eve of the
anniversary of the commencement of the tenancy.
EXAMPLE- if the tenancy commences on 31st December, the 6 months’
notice must be served latest on June 30th so as to cover six calendar months
from July to December 30th: Paper Sack (Nig.) Ltd v. Odutola

 IN LAGOS
If it is 3 months or 6 months’ notice to quit, the notice need not terminate on
the anniversary of the tenancy but may terminate on or after the date of
expiration of the tenancy -Oyekoya v. G.B Olivant; section 18 TL Lagos
Ensure that the statutory period is adequately covered by the Notice to quit.
The insertion of a wrong date invalidates the notice

Circumstances When Notice to Quit Is Not Required

There may be circumstances when notice is not required to be given to the
tenant to quit.
1. Where a monthly tenant is in arrears of rent for 6 months or more S. 13
(2) Tenancy Law Lagos (TL)
2. Where the tenancy is for a fixed term, and has been determined by efflux
ion of time. S. 13(5) TL; Tiniola v. Okon.
3. If a quarterly or half yearly tenant is in arrears of one year rent or more,
S. 13 (3) TL
4. Where the tenant terminates the tenancy by a notice of termination in
writing.

NOTICE OF OWNER’S INTENTION TO RECOVER POSSESSION:

There must be 7 clear days from the date of service of the notice to the date
of institution of the action hence it is also known as seven days’ notice.
In calculating the 7days, the day the notice is served is excluded and it
would expire on the 7th day. Even if the action is filled before the expiration
of the 7 clear days, the court would stay the proceedings for the 7 clear days
to expire between the service of the notice and the hearing of the action.

SERVICE OF NOTICES
 The notices become valid upon service of same on the tenant. The
important date in computation of time is the date the notice was served
on the tenant and not the date written on the notice.
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 The mode of service may be personal service on the tenant or by pasting
same at the door or any conspicuous place in the premises or by
delivering it to an adult occupant of the premises. Such service does not
require leave of court; see Amissah v Chiwete; section 18 TL

EFFECT OF FAILURE TO SERVE NOTICES

The effect of a failure to serve any of the Notices as required by Law is that
it is a fundamental issue capable of depriving the Court of jurisdiction over
the matter; Oluoma v. Nnadozie

COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION FOR RECOVERY OF PREMISES

 All actions for recovery of premises shall be commenced only after
the expiration of all the statutory notices (i.e. 7 days’ notice of
owner’s intention).
 Any action for recovery of premises commenced before the expiration
of the requisite notices is incompetent and liable to be struck out;
Amissah v Chiwete
 Note however that the court may instead of striking out the case, stay
proceedings until the complete and requisite notices are given

GROUNDS FOR RECOVERY OF PREMISES (Jan. 2020 Q 1)

The landlord may rely on any one or more of the following grounds for
recovery of the premises;
1. Breach of the covenants/terms of the tenancy agreement
2. Failure of the tenant to pay rent (arrears of rent).
3. Effluxtion of time
4. Nuisance and misuse of the premises
5. The premises requires immediate repairs
6. The premises has become inhabitable
7. The Landlord requires same for his personal use or his family and he has
no other alternative

The Reliefs/ Prayers to Be Sought By the Landlord (August 2019 Q 4)

1. Delivery of possession of the premises
2. Arrears of rent
3. Mesne profit (this is the amount of money the landlord would have made
if the tenant had left the premises as at when due. It starts counting on the
expiration of a valid notice to quit)
4. Damages for breach of covenant or terms
5. Damages for waste or misuse of the premises
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6. Cost of instituting the action

COUNTER CLAIM BY THE TENANT

The tenant/defendant may counterclaim as follows:
1. Compensation for unexhausted improvements on the premises by the
tenant. For the tenant to succeed on this claim, he must prove that the
improvements were carried out on the written agreement of the Landlord.
2. Refund of unexhausted rent paid in advance.
3. Damages for wrongful ejection and that his tenancy is still subsisting.
4. Damages for trespass to his property through unlawful ejection.

Enforcement of Judgment Under Recovery of Premises

Where after the hearing, the Landlord is found to be entitled to possession
(i.e. judgment was entered in favour of the landlord), the court may issue a
WARRANT OF POSSESSION after 14 days from the date the judgment
was delivered; S. 20 Recovery of Premises Act, S. 39 Tenancy Law Lagos

POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS

Everything discussed under this topic is important and may find its way
to the exam one way or another.

CHECK THE PAST QUESTIONS REFERRED TO IN THE NOTE

FOR GUIDANCE

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
101
 ELECTION PETITION
This is also another important topic that has frequently appeared in the Bar
final examinations especially on election years. It appeared in the
following years; August 2018 Q 3, April 2019 Q 6, August 2019 Q 5 and
January 2020 Q 2)

PRE-ELECTION MATTERS
This relates disputes arising from intra party affairs like primary elections,
nomination of candidates or other disputes arising before the conduct
of an election.
Before now, questions from election petition are restricted to the main
election. Recently, law school started asking questions from pre-
election matters (see Jan 2020 Q 2d, Dec 2020 MCQ Q 6-10)
Jurisdiction in Pre-Election Matters
All pre-election matters arising from party primaries or substitution of
candidate by political parties are to be instituted before the High court
or the Federal High Court; Odedo v INEC & Anor, Wambai v
Donatius (bar final Jan. 2020 Q 2d, MCQ Dec 2020)
Time to Commence Pre-Election Matters:
All pre-election matters are to be instituted not later than 14 days from the
date the cause of action arose.
Mode/Originating Process for Commencing Pre-Election Matters
The action is to be commenced by Originating summons. This is because
the facts are always straight forward and it mostly involves
interpretation of rules/laws.
Time for Determination of Pre-Election Matters:
The court must deliver its judgment not later than 180 days from the date the
action was filed.
Time to Appeal against the Judgment of the court in Pre-Election Matters
Appeal against any decision in pre-election matters shall be filed within 14
days from the day the judgment was given. Such appeal must be
disposed with not later than 60 days from the day it was filed.
Section 2 Fourth Alteration Act 2017 to the 1999 Constitution section
285(8-10)

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 JURISDICTION OVER ELECTION PETITIONS; (see April 2019 Q
6ii, Jan. 2020 Q 2a)

1. For Presidential elections; the Court of Appeal will assume jurisdiction See
s. 239(1) & (2) CFRN.

2. For governorship/gubernatorial elections; Governorship Election Tribunal

has exclusive jurisdiction –s. 285(2) CFRN

3. For the election of National Assembly or State House of Assembly;

National and State Houses of Assembly Election Tribunal; S. 9(1) 2nd
Alternation Act 2010 ; S. 285(1) CFRN

QUORUM OF THE TRIBUNAL-The quorum of the Election Tribunal

shall be three (3), the Chairman and Two other member; S. 9 (4) 2nd
Alteration Act 2010-S. 285(4) CFRN

APPEALS FROM THE DECISION OF ELECTION TRIBUNALS

 Presidential elections appeal lies to the Supreme Court.
 Governorship election appeal lies to the Court of Appeal and a further
appeal may lie to the Supreme Court
 National and State house of Assembly election appeal lies and ends at the
Court of Appeal.

NOTE: that the Federal High Court now has jurisdiction to entertain all
inter-party or pre-election matters and to decide whether the term of office
has elapsed of the members of the National Assembly or State Houses of
Assembly. See S. 27 of the 1st Alteration Act to the 1999 Constitution
AGE FOR CONTESTING ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA
NOTE that under the NOT TOO YOUNG TO RUN ACT passed in 2018
the ages have been reduced by 5 years each to wit;
 Presidency 35 years,
 Governorship 35 years
 Senate 30 years.
 House of Representatives and House of Assembly for states 25 years;
see section 2,3,4 & 5 of the 2016 Constitution Amendment Act

PARTIES TO ELECTION PETITION

For the purposes of s. 137 (1) Electoral Act 2010 as amended 2011 only
two persons or entities are entitled to present an election petition.
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1. The Petitioner: This may be candidate in an election or a political party
which participated in the election and lost–Egolum v. Obasanjo; S.
137(1) Electoral Act-either of the two or both can present a petition.

2. The Respondent: This must include the successful party whose election
is complained of and INEC which conducted the election; S. 137(2) of
the Electoral Act; Buhari v. Yusuf.
SUBSTITUTION OF PARTIES FOR AN ELECTION
A person duly nominated by his political party may before the election be
substituted either by:
 Death
 Withdrawal not less than 45 days before the election; S. 141 of the
Act; Amaechi v. INEC and Ugwu v. Ararume

DOCUMENTS TO BE FRONTLOADED
The mode of challenging an election is by PETITION; s. 133 Electoral
Act; section 285 CFRN. The Petition shall be accompanied by the
following documents–(August 2018 Q 3d, Jan 2020 Q. 2c)
a. List of witnesses
b. Witnesses written statements on oath
c. Copies or list of every document to be relied on at the hearing of
the petition; Para 4(5) 1st Schedule to the Act; ACN v. Lamido

GROUNDS FOR ELECTION PETITION (very important; See August

2018 Q 3e, April 2019 Q 6iv, August 2019 Q 5a)
An election may be questioned on any of the following grounds:
a. That a person whose election is questioned was at the time of the
election, not qualified to contest the election.
b. That the election was invalid by reason of corrupt practices or
substantial non-compliance with the Electoral Act e.g. over voting
c. That the respondent was not duly elected by majority of lawful votes
cast at the election;
d. That the petitioner or its candidate was validly nominated but was
unlawfully excluded from the election; section 138 E.A, PPA v.
Saraki
e. That the person whose election is question submitted to INEC
affidavit containing false information of fundamental nature in aid of
his qualification to contest the election; section 19 of the Electoral
Amendment Act, 2015
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NOTE THE FOLLOWING=>
 Each ground must have particulars.
 The ground for the election petition must be confined/ restricted to the
grounds stated in the Electoral Act otherwise it will be struck out.
Thus undue influence is not a good ground- Ojukwu v. Obasanjo

Persons Disqualified From Contesting Elections in Nigeria

1. Non-Nigerians
2. Persons of unsound mind
3. An ex-convict
4. A member of secret court
5. A minor

THE PRAYERS /RELIEFS IN ELECTION PETITION

There are only two prayers that can be sought in an election petition. They
are:
1. That the election be nullified OR
2. That the petitioner be declared the winner of the election; S. 33
Electoral Act;

NOTE: that the petitioner cannot ask for both reliefs jointly but rather in the
alternative; (i.e. disjunctively) otherwise the petition will be struck out see
Ige v. Olunloyo; Opia v. Ibru; (Bar Final August 2017 Q 6g).
However if the prayers are made in the alternative, the Court will determine
the appropriate one to grant.

Presentation of Election Petition (Very Important)

An election petition by an aggrieved party is to be presented within 21 days
after the declaration of the election results. S. 285 (5) CFRN, 134 Electoral
Act; Udokpo v Archibong. The date of declaration of the results is excluded
from computation: s. 15 (2) Interpretation Act; Yusuf v Obasanjo.

NOTE THE FOLLOWING POINTS:

 The period for the presentation/filing of the petition cannot be
extended; Marwa v. Nyanko and Falae v. Obasanjo.
 Where the last date for presentation of election is a Sunday, Sunday is
a non-juridical day according to Interpretation Act and the petition
will be competent if filed on next Monday: Kabir & Anor v CAN.

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CONTENT OF THE PETITION
The petition must contain the following facts:
1. Name and address of all persons interested in the petition
2. The right of the petitioner to bring the petition
3. The details of the election including the votes scored by each
candidate and the person returned elected;
4. The facts of the election and the irregularities complained of i.e. the
grounds of challenging the election
5. The prayers/reliefs sought
6. The name and signature of the petitioner of a Solicitor named on the
foot of the petition; see Para 4(1) First Schedule to the Electoral
Act

FILING OF THE PETITION

The petitioner shall pay upon presentation of the election petition, a requisite
fee for service, publication of the petition, and for certifying the copies of
the petition.
Failure to pay filing fees the petition shall be deemed not to have been
received; unless the Tribunal or Court orders otherwise.

SIGNING OF THE ELECTION PETITION

 It is to be signed by the petitioner or his legal practitioner at the foot of
the petition.
 It must be signed in the presence of the secretary/Registrar of the
Tribunal.

SECURITY FOR COSTS

 The Petitioner shall deposit the sum of N200, 000.00 as security for
costs, at the presentation of the petition. In addition, there shall be a
further deposit of N200, 000.00 to make up for the cost of service of
notices, registered postings and all other expenses which may be
occasioned by the Petitioner.
 Failure to pay the security for cost will cause the Tribunal to stay
proceedings until it is paid; Nwobodo v. Onoh; Omoboriowo v.
Ajasin; Awojobi v. INEC

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ENTRY OF APPEARANCE
If after being served, a Respondent wishes to oppose the election petition, he
shall enter an appearance by filing in the Registry a MEMORANDUM OF
APPEARANCE not later than 5 days but not more than 7 days of the
receipt of the petition.
Failure to file a memorandum of appearance by the Respondent, all
subsequent documents to be served on the Respondent will be pasted on the
notice Board of the Tribunal/Court and he will be deemed to be served.

NB=> However, the non-filing of a memorandum of appearance shall not

bar the Respondent from defending the election petition if the Respondent
files his reply to the election petition within a reasonable time, but not later
than 21 days from the receipt of the election petition.; Paragraph 10(2)
First Schedule to Electoral Act

FILING OF REPLY
The Respondent shall file his reply within 14 days of the service of the
petition on him; Para 12(1) First Schedule to the Electoral Act.

FURTHER REPLY BY PETITIONER

The Petitioner is to file a further REPLY to the Respondent’s Process
within 5 Days of the receipt of the Reply if new issues were raised in it or
he intends to reply on a point of law.

AMENDEMENT OF ELECTION PETITION AND REPLY

The extent to which an amendment to a Petition/Reply will be allowed is
that it is to be done within 21 days allowed for the presentation of the
Petition. After the 21 days, no amendment can be made or allowed; S. 134
E.A; Ige v. Olunloyo; Ngige v. Obi.

NOTE: Correction of typographical errors which doesn’t alter scores of

candidates may be allowed.

PRE HEARING AND SCHEDULING

 Pre-hearing session is a condition precedent to the hearing of an
election petition. The Electoral Act 2010 as amended provides for
pre-hearing session.
 Within 7 days after filing and service of the Petitioner’s Reply or
receipt of Respondent’s Reply, the petitioner shall apply for the
issuance of pre-hearing information sheet as in FORM TF
107
 accompanied by pre-trial Information Sheet as in FORM TF 009;
paragraph 18
 It is to be concluded within 30 days of its commencement.
 Where the PETITIONER fails to bring an application for pre-
hearing conference, the Respondent may bring the application or the
Respondent may by motion apply for an order to dismiss the
petition.; Para 13(3) 1st schedule to the Electoral Act
 Where the Petitioner and the Respondent fail to bring an application
for pre-trial session, the tribunal or Court shall dismiss the petition
and no application for extension of time to take that step shall be
entertained; Paragraph 18(9)
 Dismissal of a petition here shall be final and the tribunal or court
shall be functus officio.

BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROVE IN ELECTION PETITION

 The burden of proof lies on the party who will lose if no evidence is
led on either side; section 133 Evidence Act. This means that the
burden of proving that there was something wrong with the election
lies with the Petitioner after which the burden shifts to the
Respondent.
 The standard of proof required as in all civil matters is on BALANCE
OF PROBABILITIES. However, where crime or fraud is alleged by
the petitioner (e.g. forgery, bribery, snatching of ballot box etc.), the
standard of proof will be BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT;
section 135 Evidence Act, Nwobodo v Onoh, Omoboriowo v Ajasin
(see August 2018 Q 3f and April 2019 Q 6vi)

CONSEQUENCES OF ABSENCE AT HEARINGS

1. If the both parties fail to appear for hearing, the petition will be
dismissed and it cannot be re-listed.
2. If it is the Petitioner that is absent from the hearing, the Respondent is
to apply that the Petition be struck out or dismissed.
3. Conversely if the Respondent fails to appear for the hearing, the
Petitioner can apply for it to be heard and prove his case. The
Court/Tribunal shall enter final judgment on the Petition.

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WRITTEN ADDRESS
This is to be filed by the parties after the close of evidence. The order of
filing depends on whether or not the Respondent led evidence.

 If the Respondent called evidence in the trial:

The Respondent is to first file his written address within 10 days of the
close of evidence and the Petitioner is to reply within 7 days of the receipt
of the Respondent’s address.
The Respondent can respond to the Petitioner’s reply address on point of
law within 5 days
 If the Respondent did not call any evidence in support of his case
The Petitioner is to first file his address within 10 days of the close of
evidence and the Respondent is to reply within 7 days.

JUDGMENT IN ELECTION PETITION

(August 2019 Q 5b, Jan. 2020 Q 2f)
The trial should be concluded and judgment delivered within 180 days of
the presentation of the petition: s. 285 (6) CFRN; Ugba v Suswam

NOTE: The time limit for the conduct of the trial cannot be extended.
Therefore any judgment delivered outside the 180 days is invalid; Goni v.
ANPP, Nwobodo v Onoh.

DELIVERY OF JUDGMENT AND RESERVING THE REASONS

(Exam Area)
 One of the essential elements of a valid judgment is that it must
contain the reason or reasons for the Judgment of the court/Tribunal;
Adeyeye & Anor v Ajiboye & Ors. Therefore, no Tribunal in election
petition has the power to deliver judgment and give reason later.

 NOTE: As an exception to the above principle on law, all final

appellate courts like the Supreme Court (or the Court of Appeal if
sitting on appeal from National and State Houses of Election
Tribunal) can deliver its judgment and give reasons later; See ANPP v
Goni; Amaechi v. INEC; section 285(8) CFRN as amended

APPEALS IN ELECTION PETITION

A Notice of Appeal challenging the judgment of a Court/Tribunal on
election petition cases is to be presented within 21 days of the receipt of the

109
Judgment; S. 143 of the Electoral Act; S. 285(7) of the 2 nd Alteration Act
to the 1999 Constitution as amended.

NOTE: There is NO EXTENSION of time within which to file an appeal

as time is of the essence in election petition cases. The Notice of Appeal is
to be filed at the Registry of the Court/Tribunal that heard the petition.

TIME LIMIT FOR HEARING OF APPEALS

An appeal is to be heard and disposed of within 60 days from the date the
appeal was filed. The time limit cannot be extended. Marwa v. Nyanko.

The Effect of An Appeal On An Incumbent Political Office Holder

 If the incumbent was not declared the winner of the election and he
appealed, he is to remain in office until the appeal is determined.
However, if the incumbent failed to appeal or his appeal has been
exhausted, he is to remain in office for 21 days and will then cease to
hold the office. S. 143 of the Electoral Act.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
110
 MATRIMONIAL CAUSES
(This is also another exam focus area and has appeared in the following
years; August 2017 Q 3B, 2018 Q 2 f & g, April 2018 Q 5, April 2019 Q
3ii & iii)

APPLICABLE LAWS
1. Matrimonial Causes Act (MCA)
2. Marriage Act
3. Matrimonial Causes Rules
4. Evidence Act 2011

SCOPE-AND APPLICATION OF THE MCA

 The marriage discussed here or relevant here is marriage under the
Act otherwise called Statutory Marriage.
 The provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act only apply to valid
marriages conducted under the Act.
 There is nothing like church marriage. A church marriage only gives
blessing to a customary marriage.
 In Nwangwu v. Ubani, the Court of Appeal held that mere celebration
of a marriage in a church as was done in the case does not confer
statutory flavour to the marriage.
 In order to convert a customary law marriage into a statutory
marriage, the parties must consciously take steps and adopt the
procedure contained in the Marriage Act; Martins v. Adenugba;
Anyaegbunam v. Anyaegbunam.

ESSENTIALS OF VALID MARRIAGE UNDER THE ACT

1. The parties must consent to the marriage and must not be validly married
to another.
2. They must be within the marriageable age (i.e. 21 years under the
Marriage Act but it varies from state to state) Note that where the bride
is a minor, the consent of the parent or guardian or that of the governor is
required (unless she was already widowed).
3. The parties must not be within the prohibited levels of consanguinity and
affinity (related by blood or marriage)
4. The Registrar will display of notice of intention to marry on the Notice
Board in Marriage Registry and enter it into the Marriage Register.
5. The parties must have been resident within the District 15 days prior to
the issuing of certificate.

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6. If there is no objection after 21 days, the Registrar will issue the Marriage
Certificate.
7. The marriage must be celebrated within 3 months of publication of the
Notice to marry.

VARIOUS WAYS OF CELEBRATION OF MARRIAGE

1. By the Registrar in the Marriage Registry S. 27 Marriage Act (MA)
2. By a minister of a religious denomination in a licensed place of
worship
3. By special licence under the hand of Minister of Internal Affairs S. 13
MA
4. By celebration abroad in a Nigerian Diplomatic Mission S. 50
Marriage Act

PLEASE NOTE VERY CAREFULLY

 Marriage under the Act is monogamous. Thus, once you are married
under the Act, you cannot marry another person under the Act or
under Customary Law; Section 47 Marriage Act; Chukwuma v
Chukwuma
 A person married under native Law and Custom cannot marry any
other person under the Act except the one he married under native law
and custom; S. 46 Marriage Act
 Both customary law marriage and marriages under the Act are
regarded as valid marriages but the distinction is for the purpose of the
application of the Matrimonial Causes Act.

JURISDICTION UNDER MCA (Bar Final August 2017 Q 3B, April

2018 Q 5e, April 2019 Q 3ii)
Jurisdiction over matrimonial causes is vested in the State High Courts.
Section 2 MCA. The basis of any state High Court assuming jurisdiction in
Matrimonial Causes is the DOMICILE, of the husband; Bhojwani v.
Bhojwani. Therefore any High court in Nigeria can assume jurisdiction
irrespective of where the marriage was contracted.

NOTE: The court may for the purpose of convenience transfer the matter to
the high court closer to the parties; Adegoroye v. Adegoroye; Ugo v. Ugo;
section 9 (2) of the MCA.

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TYPES/RELIEFS UNDER MATRIMONIAL CAUSES
1. Dissolution of marriage; section 15 MCA
2. Nullity of voidable marriage
3. Nullity of void marriage
4. Judicial separation
5. Restitution of conjugal rights
6. Jactitation of marriage; section 114 MCA

The first 3 above are the main areas of focus

1. DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE; (Most Important for Bar Final)

 The sole ground on which a decree of dissolution of marriage will be
granted is that ‘the marriage has broken down irretrievably’ ;
section 15(1) Matrimonial Causes Act; Harriman v. Harriman;
Megwalu v. Megwalu

FACTORS THAT CAN SHOW THAT THE MARRIAGE HAS

BROKEN DOWN IRRETRIEVABLY:
1. The Respondent has wilfully and persistently refused to consummate the
marriage.
2. The Respondent committed adultery and the petitioner finds it intolerable
to live with him/her. To prove adultery, it is usually difficult using direct
evidence and only circumstantial evidence are mostly available i.e.
compromising positions can infer adultery. See Akinyemi v. Akinyemi.
3. Since the marriage, the Respondent behaved in a way that the Petitioner
cannot reasonably be expected to live with him/her which may include
any/ all of the following: (s. 15(2)(c) MCA)
a. Rape, sodomy and bestiality
b. Habitual drunkenness
c. Addiction to drugs
d. committing sexual offences
e. Imprisoned for a death sentence
f. He is cruel or beating the spouse
4. The respondent deserted the Petitioner for a continuous period of at least
one year before the filing of the petition
5. The parties have been living apart for 2 years with no objection by the
Respondent
6. The parties have been living apart for 3 years regardless of any
opposition to that. -S. 18 of the MCA.

113
7. Failure of the respondent to comply with a decree of restitution of
conjugal rights after one year of the Court Order.
8. Presumption that the Respondent is dead because he has been absent for
not less than 7 years.- S. 164 of the Evidence Act 2011 and S. 16(2) (a)
of the MCA; S. 15(2) of the Matrimonial Causes Act.

Filing Of a Petition for a Decree of Dissolution of Marriage within 2

Years of Marriage
The general position of the Law is that ordinarily no petition for the
dissolution of a marriage within 2 years of the marriage is allowed. The
rationale is to give the couple the opportunity to settle and be able to live
together; Fisher v. Fisher.

However if a spouse insist on filing a petition for dissolution of a marriage

within the two years of the marriage, the leave of Court must be applied and
obtained for the petition to be heard; S. 30 (1) of the MCA.

Application for Leave:

The procedure for the application of leave is to file a Motion Ex PARTE
supported with an affidavit exhibiting the proposed Petition for the
dissolution of the marriage; O. 4 R. 3 & 4 of the Matrimonial Causes
Rules (MCR).
The affidavit is to disclose exceptional hardship for the petitioner or
exceptional depravity on the part of the respondent: S. 30 (2) of the MCA;
Akerele v. Akerele; Majekodunmi v. Majekodunmi.

EXCEPTIONS: the leave of court will not be necessary in marriages

less than 2 years in the following cases: s. 15 (2) (a) (b) and (c) MCA
1. When there is a wilful and persistent refusal to consummate the
marriage
2. The respondent has committed adultery and it is intolerable
3. The respondent committed rape, sodomy, bestiality and other
unnatural acts
4. Where the institution of the proceedings is by way of cross-petition.

NULLITY OF A VOID MARRIAGE

The focus of a petition for a decree that the marriage is void is based on the
valid elements of a marriage under the Act.

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 Grounds For The Grant of A Decree of Nullity of Void Marriage
1. Either of the parties at time of marriage was lawfully married to some
other person; S. 33 (1) of the Marriage Act and S. 35 of the Marriage
Act; Amobi v Nzegwu
2. The parties are within the prohibited degree of consanguinity and affinity;
Note that those within the prohibited degree of affinity (relations by
marriage) can marry if the leave of the Court is sought and obtained. S. 4
of the MCA.
3. The marriage is Invalid as it failed to comply with the requirements of
solemnisation, S. 33(2) of the Marriage Act which is to the effect that a
marriage will be void if both parties knowingly and wilfully acquiesced
in the celebration of a marriage in a place. not valid by the law for
celebration or that the marriage was celebrated under a false name;
Chukwuma v. Chukwuma
4. There is the absence of real consent of the parties to the marriage because
the consent was obtained by duress or fraud, mistake of the identity of the
other party; or
5. Either party is not of a marriageable age (21 years). Note that they can
marry even if they are not of age with parental consent; S. 3 of the MCA.

NULLITY OF A VOIDABLE MARRIAGE (Take Note)

This will arise where the marriage is valid from the beginning but may be
declared void at the instance of any the parties.
The marriage when conducted is valid until set aside by the Court and only
a person aggrieved can bring a petition for its nullity-S. 35 MCA

Grounds for Nullity of Voidable Marriage

A petition for the decree of nullity of a voidable marriage can be made
by one of the parties on the following grounds:
1. Either party at the time of the marriage was incapable of consummating
the marriage, S. 35 and 36 of the MCA
2. Either party at the time of the marriage is of unsound mind or mentally
defective, or subject to recurrent attacks of insanity or epilepsy
3. A party at the time of the marriage is suffering from venereal disease in a
communicable form

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4. The wife is pregnant for another person other than her husband at the
time of marriage (this is so even if the pregnancy was before or after the
marriage); S. 5 (1) of the MCA.

NOTE that a petition for nullity of a voidable marriage cannot be made/

filed by:
a. A party suffering from incapacity to consummate the marriage unless
the party was unaware of the existence at the time of the marriage.
b. The party suffering from the disease or disability.
c. The wife is pregnant by a person other than her husband; Section 35
and 37 MCA,

Petition Under Matrimonial Causes Rules

Parties to a Petition
The parties are known as:
1. Petitioner,
2. Respondent
3. Cross-petitioner;.
4. A Co-Respondent must be added where the ground is adultery. Note that
failure to do so will vitiate the proceedings except:
 The co-adulterer is dead or
 The person is under the age of 14 years or an infant under 16 years; or
 The Court otherwise Orders that the Co-adulterer is not to be joined.
S. 32(1) of the MCA; Erhahon v. Erhahon, Ebe v Ebe.

PROOF OF ADULTERY
 The standard of proof required in Matrimonial Causes is proof to the
reasonable satisfaction of the court; section 84 MCA
 Adultery is not easy to prove because it is always done in the dark
secrets. Also that in proving adultery, you must prove penetration.
 It usually requires proof by circumstantial evidence which is cogent
and points to the only reasonable conclusion that adultery was
committed; see Akinyemi v Akinyemi, Adeyemi v Adeyemi.
 Note that the fact that a man and a woman were found naked on the
bed has been held not to be sufficient proof of adultery; Erhahon v.
Erhahon

116
 Documents to Accompany Petition for Dissolution of Marriage and its
Purposes (Bar final August 2017 Q 3Bii, April 2018 Q 5f)
1. Notice of Petition used to notify the Respondent of the petition against
him or her (Form 8 or 9/10)
2. Verifying affidavit which confirms the facts stated of which the
petitioner has special knowledge and that it is true. O. 5 r. 10 (1) of the
MCR.
3. Acknowledgment of service which the Respondent will use to
acknowledge that he has been served with the petition O. 6 r. 3(1) of the
MCR
4. Certificate of Reconciliation (but not to be filed if it is a petition for a
decree of nullity of a void marriage) to be signed by the solicitor as to
the steps taken to settle the parties. FORM 3 MCA; O. 2 R. 2 MCR
5. The Marriage Certificate to show that it was a valid marriage conducted
under the Act.
6. Discretion Statement; to be made by either of the parties who have
committed adultery but still wants a decree of dissolution of the
marriage irrespective of the adultery. It states the instances of the
adultery committed by the party filing it but seeking that the petition for
divorce should be granted. It is filed in a sealed envelope marked
‘Discretion Statement’.

Compulsory Conferences In Matrimonial Causes Proceedings

This is held where the petition includes prayers for maintenance,
settlement of property, custody or guardianship of an infant etc. for the
parties to agree on amicable settlement on the issues before the setting down
of the petition for hearing/trial.

ORDERS TO BE MADE UPON HEARING THE PETITION

A Decree of dissolution of marriage shall be made in the first instance
known as a Decree Nisi. S. 56 of the MCA. An aggrieved party can appeal
to the Court of Appeal during this period. S. 241(1) (i) of the 1999
Constitution as amended.

When Does Decree Nisi Become Absolute?

 A decree nisi becomes absolute after 3 Months from the date the
decree nisi was made by operation of the law. S. 58 of MCA;
Dejonwo v. Dejonwo.

117
  There will be no right of appeal from a decree absolute to any of
the parties who failed to do so when the decree was nisi. S. 241(2)
(b) CFRN
 When a party appeals against a decree nisi, it will not become
absolute until after 15 days of the decision given by the Appeal
Court.

ANCILLIARY ORDERS
 Where children are involved, compulsory conferences were custody
of children, settlement of property, maintenance are discussed and
ancillary reliefs can be made upon hearing the petition.
 Custody of children is granted based on the interest and welfare of the
child. Nzelu v. Nzelu.
 Maintenance can be requested for by any of the parties to the marriage
and it can be made in favour of any based on the income of the
spouse. S. 70(1) of the MCA.

NOTE THE FOLLOWING POINTS:

 If a party contracts a marriage during the decree nisi which has not
become absolute, the new marriage is null and void.-Amobi v.
Nzegwu.
 Also if a party died during the decree nisi, the other spouse can still
inherit the deceased as the decree nisi has not become absolute. S.
58(4) of the MCA, Amobi v Nzegwu and Dejonwo v Dejonwo.
 After the decree nisi becomes absolute, either part is free to contract a
new marriage which is valid.

JUDICIAL SEPARATION
Judicial separation is an order of court extinguishing the right to cohabite
and conjugal rights between the parties while the marriage subsists. It does
not affect the marriage or the status, rights and obligations of the parties to
the marriage.
NOTE the Following about Judicial Separation
 The parties can sue each other in contract or tort.
 The parties can inherit each other’s property if either of them died
intestate; S. 41 & 42 of the MCA.
 The decree of judicial separation shall not prevent either party form
bringing a petition for dissolution of marriage. S. 44 MCA

118
  The court may also discharge a decree of judicial separation where
parties voluntarily resume cohabitation and both consent to the order.
-S. 45 MCA

JACTITATION OF MARRIAGE: (This has not been asked in Bar final

before) Section 52 MCA
 A petition for jactitation of marriage is based on the grounds that the
respondent has falsely boasted and persistently asserted that a
marriage has taken place between the respondent and the petitioner.
The petition shall state:
i. The times and places at which the respondent is alleged to have
boasted, particulars of such boastings and assertions,
ii. The fact that the parties are not married and
iii. The petitioner has not acquiesced in the alleged boasting or
assertions.
 A petition will be filed for jactitation of marriage praying the Court
to restrain the respondent from asserting such and to perpetually keep
quite; Ayeni v. Owolabi.

RESTITUTION OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS (this is also not asked in Bar

final)
 This is applied for on the ground that the parties to the marriage
whether or not they have at any time cohabited are not cohabiting and
without a just cause the respondent has refused to cohabit and render
conjugal rights to the petitioner; S. 47 of the MCA.
 The petition for the restoration of conjugal rights is Form 7 in the
MCA.
 This petition for restitution of conjugal rights shall not be granted
unless the following things are proved:
i. That the petitioner sincerely desires conjugal rights to be
rendered by the respondent.
ii. The petitioner is willing in turn to render conjugal rights to
the respondent.
iii. The petitioner had made a written request for cohabitation in
conciliatory language to the respondent before
commencement of the process except there are special
circumstances that make it unnecessary to make such a
request. S. 49 MCA

119
 CHAPTER NINETEEN

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT

This is also a frequent area in the Bar final examination. This is so because
of the high rate of human rights abuse in Nigeria. It has appeared in the
following years: August 2017 Q 2, April 2018 Q 3, August 2019 Q 2, and
January 2020 Q 3, December 2020 Re-sit Q 4

APPLICABLE LAWS
1. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended).
2. Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 (FREP Rules)
3. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Ratification and
Enforcement) Act.

COURTS WITH JURISDICTION (Exam Focus always asked)

1. State High Court
2. Federal High Court
3. National Industrial Court (any breach of fundamental right arising from
labour, employment of trade union must be filed at the NIC section 254C
CFRN as amended)
Any High Court in Nigeria has jurisdiction over fundamental rights
enforcement which has been defined to include either the Federal High
Court or the States High Courts; S. 46 of the 1999 Constitution as
amended; O. 1 R. 2 of the FREP Rules 2009; Grace Jack v. University of
Agriculture Makurdi: FHC and SHC have concurrent jurisdiction.
NOTE THAT
 For the purpose of bar final examination, where the subject matter
leading to the breach is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the FHC
(for instance financial crime or drug related issues) or any of the party
is a Federal Government agency (for instance EFCC or NDLEA), it is
appropriate to commence the action at the Federal High Court; Tukur
v. Government of Gongola State; Adetona v. Igele Enterprises Ltd.
 The action must be instituted in the appropriate court in that State
where the breach occurred.

120
  Assuming the infringement occurred in more than one State, the Court
that will have jurisdiction on the matter will be any of the High
Courts in either of the two or more States; Madiebo v. Nwanko;
Uzoukwu v. Ezeonu II.
NOTE VERY IMPORTANTLY THAT: see April 2018 Q 3e, August
2019 Q 2g
 It is only rights guaranteed under Chapter 4 of the Constitution or
under the African Charter that can be brought under the fundamental
rights procedure.
 Therefore, if the right is not within Chapter 4 of the CFRN, it cannot
properly come under enforcement of fundamental rights; Grace Jack
v. University of Agric. Makurdi, Ekanem v IGP, WAEC v
Akinkunmi
Who Can Institute Fundamental Rights Proceedings?
1. Anyone acting in his own interest;
2. Anyone acting on behalf of another person;
3. Anyone acting as a member of, or in the interest of a group or class of
persons;
4. Anyone acting in the public interest: Public interest includes Interest of
Nigerian society; and Interest of any segment of it
5. Association acting in the interest of its members or other individually

MODE OF COMMENCEMENT
Application for the enforcement of fundamental right may be made by any
originating process accepted by the court. Once the court accepts it,
application may be commenced by:
1. Writ of summons, (if breach is contentious- use writ of summons)
2. Originating motions,
3. Originating summons; Order II Rule 2 of the FREP Rules 2009

However, for the purpose of bar final examination and even in practice,
Originating Motion on Notice is most preferable. -Saude v. Abdullahi.

121
 NOTE VERY IMPORTANTLY: (August 2019 Q 2f)
 NO LEAVE of Court is required for enforcement of fundamental
right–Order II Rule 2 FREP Rules.
 There is no longer any time limit within which to commence actions
for the enforcement of fundamental rights. Such actions can be
brought at any time.

 Also no fundamental right enforcement action will be struck out on

the ground of locus standi. Therefore anyone can apply for the
enforcement of the right of another person; see the Preamble to the
FREP Rules 2009

 Fundamental rights enforcement actions can be brought against

individuals; see Garba v University of Maidugiri, Abdulhamid v
Akar, Theresa Onwe v Nwafor Oko; (Bar Final August 2019 Q 2f)

 A corporate body i.e. a company or corporation can also enforce its

fundamental rights like right to property; see Concord Press Ltd. v.
AGF; Punch Newspaper Nig. PLC v. AGF

PROCEDURE FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL

RIGHTS (Exam Focus, always asked, August 2017 Q 2b & c, April 2018
Q 3c & d, August 2019 Q 2b & c, Jan 2020 Q 3a & b, Dec 2020 Q 4c)

The Applicant (the person enforcing his fundamental rights) is to file the
ORIGINATING MOTION (on notice) supported with:
a. A Statement setting out the name and description of the applicant,
reliefs sought and the grounds upon which the reliefs are sought
b. Affidavit setting out the facts upon which the application is made
c. Written address: Order II Rule III

The Affidavit shall be deposed to by the Applicant himself UNLESS he is in

custody and is unable to swear to an affidavit.
In such instance, the affidavit must state the fact that the ‘Applicant is
unable to depose personally to the affidavit and also state how the
person knows of the facts and where and when (time and place) he was
told of the facts; Order II Rule 4
122
 OPTIONS OPEN TO THE RESPONDENT UPON BEING SERVED

If the Respondent intends to oppose the application filed by the Applicant,

he is to respond within 5 Days of service of the application by filing the
following:

a) A counter affidavit
b) A Written address
c) Notice of preliminary objection if he is challenging the jurisdiction of
the Court

NOTICE OF PRELIMINARY OBJECTION

 If the Respondent intends to challenge the jurisdiction of the Court to
hear the application, he is to do so by filing a Notice of Preliminary
Objection.
 This shall be accompanied by a written address and a Counter-
affidavit if any; Order VIII Rule 1 - 2
 The preliminary objection shall be heard along with the substantive
application.
NOTE that if the Respondent fails to file a Counter affidavit, the Court shall
presume that he has accepted the facts as presented by the Applicant; O.
VIII R. 3 FREP Rules

REPLY ON POINTS OF LAW

If the applicant desires to file a REPLY on points of Law, he may do so
within 5 DAYS and/or file a further affidavit; Order II Rule 7

GENERAL CONDUCT OF PROCEEDINGS

 The application shall be fixed for hearing within 7 days from the day
the application was filed. Order IV Rule 1
 Adjournment may be granted where “extremely expedient provided that
the court shall be guided by the urgent nature of application under those
Rules. In granting adjournment, the court shall bear the overriding
objectives in mind. Thus since the applications require urgent
consideration, adjournment should be rarely given. Order IV Rule 2

123
Ex-Parte Applications Fundamental Rights Actions
This is usually made and can be heard if the Court is satisfied that
exceptional hardship may be caused to the Applicant before the service of
the application on the Respondent especially if:
a. The life of the applicant is involved
b. The personal liberty of the applicant is involved
c. It is an on-going breach. Order IV Rule 3

The ex-parte application shall be supported with affidavit which shall

state sufficient grounds why delay in hearing the application will cause
exceptional hardship. This is asking for an interim relief; O. IV R. 4(a)
FREP Rules 2009.

Upon hearing the Ex-parte application, the court may make any of the
following orders:

1. Grant bail or release the applicant from detention forthwith

2. Order that the Respondent be put on Notice and abridge the time for
hearing.
3. Order the production of the applicant on the date fixed for hearing if
the applicant alleges wrongful detention.
4. Grant injunction restraining the Respondent from taking further steps
in connection with the matter or to maintain the status quo or to stay
all actions pending the determination of the case.
5. Any other Order as the Court may deem fit to make

The Respondent after the Ex-Parte Application may:

File a Motion on Notice within 7 days of the service of the Order to

discharge it supported with an affidavit. The Court may discharge the
Order or vary it with or without imposing terms as to costs or security as it
seems just. O. IV R. 6 of the FREP Rules

124
AMENDMENT OF PROCESSES
 The court may allow amendment of the statement and further affidavits
to be used if they deal with new matters arising from the counter affidavit
of any party to the application. Order VI Rule 2
 An amendment to any of the processes filed is to be brought by a Motion
on Notice supported with an affidavit exhibiting the proposed
application to be amended; Order VI Rule 3 of the FREP Rules 2009

CONSOLIDATION OF APPLICATIONS
Conversely for an application to consolidate separate applications to be
granted, the application must show that it relates to the same ground, reliefs
and facts. E.g. one individual’s right is infringed by Police, EFCC and other
agencies and he sued all of them differently. Applicant apply for all matters
to be consolidated in a particular court; O. VII FREP Rules 2009.

Remedies for Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure; S. 46(2)

CFRN and Order IV Rule 4(5)
A court may make such orders, give such directives and issue such writs,
1. Release from detention
2. Damages/compensation for breach of the fundamental right of the
applicant; Abiola v Abacha.
3. Order for the production of the Applicant
4. Order the release of the Applicant’s property where seized.
5. Declaratory reliefs
6. Injunctive reliefs restraining respondent from further breaching the
Applicant’s rights.
7. Access to medical care and
8. Access to counsel
9. Public apology; DSS v Agbakoba

125
 CHAPTER TWENTY
SALIENT SAMPLE DRAFTS ON CIVIL LITIGATION

As earlier noted, drafts constitutes about 45% of your exam. So a good grasp
of your drafts will surely see you through.
Here, we shall be looking at some essential draft which has frequently
appeared in the exam. It shall be based on topic by topic analysis.

NOTE: This does not contain all the drafts obtainable in Civil
Litigation, rather it is based on selected drafts which are most likely to
appear or had appeared in the past exams.

1. PARTIES: under parties, you may be asked the following drafts:

a. Application for joinder/non joinder of parties: (Motion on Notice)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO……..
MOTION NO…..
BETWEEN
JAMES IGWE……………………..CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
AND
CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA……………….......…DEFENDANT
AMC LIMITED.............................................DEFENDANT/APPLICANT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 15 RULE 7 AND ORDER 43 RULE 1 OF
THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES, 2019
AND UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …… day
of ………………. 2020 at the Hour of 9 O’ clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as Counsel for the Claimant/Applicant will be heard praying this
Court for:
1. AN ORDER joining AMC Limited as Co-defendant in this suit
2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDER OR ORDERS as the
honourable Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS …………… DAY OF ……………….. 2020.

126
 __________________
ORJI COSMOS ESQ
Applicant’s Solicitor
ORJI & CO,
No. 10 Ade Street,
Victoria-Island, Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
Hezekiah Desmond .I
Claimant/Respondent’s Solicitor
IJEBU & CO
No 1 Ademola Way, Victoria-Island, Lagos
2nd Defendant
SAMUEL ODUTAYO
1st Defendant Solicitor
EXCLUSIVE ASSOCIATES
No. 15 Adeosun Close, Ikoyi, Lagos

b. Application For Striking Out A Name (Bar Final August 2019 Q 3c)
IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THEIKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS

SUIT NO……….
MOTION NO…...
BETWEEN
JAMES IGWE…………………………CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
AND
CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA……………………….DEFENDANT
ASSETS MANAGEMENT COMPANY LIMITED………….APPLICANT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 15 RULE 5 AND ORDER 43 RULE
1 OF THE LAGOS STATE HIGH COURT (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES
2019 AND UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …… day
of ………………. 2020 at the Hour of 9 O’ clock in the forenoon or so soon

127
thereafter as Counsel for the Defendant/Applicant will be heard praying this
Tribunal for:
1. AN ORDER striking out Assets Management Company Limited As Co-
Defendant in this Suit
2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDER OR ORDERS as the
honourable Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.
DATED THIS …………… DAY OF …………………….. 2020
………………………………
ORJI COSMOS
Applicant’s Solicitor
ORJI & CO,
No. 10 Ade Street, Victoria-Island, Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
Hezekiah Desmond .I
Claimant/Respondent’s Solicitor
IJEBU & CO
No 1 Ademola Way, Victoria-Island, Lagos
1ST DEFENDANT
Samuel Odutayo
1st Defendant Solicitor
Exclusive Associates
No. 15 Adeosun Close, Ikoyi, Lagos

128
 Drafts from Commencement of Action at the High Court
1. Writ of summons: writ of summons is a Form. Usually, students
are either given the Writ to fill or they will be given a defective
writ to correct. See sample Below:
IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO……
BETWEEN
A. B.............................................................................................Claimant
AND
C. D............................................................................................ Defendant

To C. D......................................in the......................of………………

You are hereby commanded that within ……….. (42 days) or (14 days
Abuja) after the service of this writ on you, inclusive of the day of such
service, you do cause an appearance to be entered for you in an action at the
suit of …(claimant’s name)……………; and take notice that in default of
your so doing the claimant may proceed therein and judgment may be given
in your absence.
DATED this...........day of......................20................
…….………….
Registrar

MEMORANDUM TO BE SUBSCRIBED ON THE WRIT

This writ is to be served within six (6) calendar months from the date
thereof, or, if renewed, within three (3) calendar months from the date of
the, last renewal, including the day of such date and not afterwards.
The defendant may enter appearance personally or by legal practitioner
either by handing in the appropriate forms, duly completed, at the Registry
of the High Court in which the action is brought or by sending them to the
Registrar by registered post.

ENDORSEMENTS TO BE MADE ON THE WRIT BEFORE ISSUE

THEREOF
The claimant’s claim against the defendant is for:
a. …………………………..
b. …………………………..
c. …………………………etc.(itemize the reliefs according to the scenario)
129
This writ was issued by ………..(name of counsel) of......(his firm)............
whose address for service is……...(address of firm).................... Legal
practitioner for the said claimant who resides at...........(address of
claimant).............

Endorsement to Be Made On Copy of Writ Forthwith After Service:

This writ was served by me at....................on the defendant (here insert
mode of service) on the ..............................day of......................20........

Endorsed the ........................ day of.........................20......

(Signed)..........................

Address for service..........................

(In the exam, the highlighted parts are usually omitted for students to
fill it up, so learn what should be on each space. You can check your
various textbooks or the Rules of court for an un-filled sample of the
Writ.)

2. Memorandum of Appearance (see August 2017 Q 1b)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY
IN THE ABUJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT ABUJA
SUIT NO………….
BETWEEN:
MR. ONWA SIMON………………………………. CLAIMANT
AND
MR DARLINGTON IGWEKOHA...............................DEFENDANT

MEMORANDUM OF APPEARANCE
Please enter appearance for Mr Darlington Igwekoha sued as defendant in this suit.

DATED…….DAY OF…….20……..
……………………….
Njoku Sly, Esq.
Counsel to the Defendant
No 15 Okon Street, Wuse Zone 5, Abuja

FOR SERVICE ON:

(Put address of claimant)

130
 3. Notice of Preliminary Objection:

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA
SUIT NO………………

BETWEEN:
K & T LTD.……………………………DEFENDANT/APPLICANT
AND
CROWN KITCHEN LTD………………. CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT

NOTICE OF PRELIMINARY OBJECTION

BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 24 RULE 2 OF THE HIGH COURT OF
LAGOS STATE (CIVILPROCEDURE) RULES 2019 AND UNDER THE
INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT

TAKE NOTICE that at the hearing of the above suit the

Defendant/Applicant intends by way of preliminary objection to challenge
the competence of this suit, and may be heard praying this Honourable Court
for an Order dismissing or alternatively striking out the suit.

AND TAKE FURTHER NOTICE that the grounds on which the

Defendant/Applicant intends to rely on are as follows:
1. The matter/dispute had not first been submitted to Arbitration based on
Clause 2 of the Partnership Agreement of the parties.
2. That the action was commenced in the wrong Judicial Division.

DATED THIS………DAY OF………. 2020

……………………..
Samuel Ayodeji Esq.
Counsel to the Defendant
10 Yaba Road, Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
Counsel to the Claimant
No 1 Ikoyi Hall, Lagos.

4. Motion on Notice for Extension of time to Enter Appearance

131
 IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA
SUIT NO…………………
MOTION NO…………….
BETWEEN:
CROWN KITCHEN LTD ……………CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
AND
K & T LTD..................…………………. DEFENDANT/APPLICANT

MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 43 RULE 1 OF THE HIGH
COURT OF LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2019
AND WITHIN THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS
HONOURABLE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …… day
of ………. 2020 at the Hour of 9 o’ clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as Counsel for the defendant/Applicant will be heard praying this
Court for:
1. AN ORDER for extension of time within which the defendant/Applicant
will enter appearance and file his defence.

2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDERS as this honourable court may

deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS …………….. DAY OF…………….2020

…………………………..
SIMBI GABRIELLA
Applicant’s Solicitor
Grace High Chambers
10 Yaba Road, Lagos

FOR SERVICE ON:

KOME AKODO
Claimant’s Solicitor
Plot 2, Ikoyi Road, Lagos

5. Motion Ex parte for Substituted Service

132
 IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS

SUIT NO…………….
MOTION NO………..

BETWEEN
MRS JAMES ADA………………………CLAIMAINT/APPLICANT
AND
MR ZACK THOMAS…………………DEFENDANTS/RESPONDENT
MOTION EX PARTE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 43 RULE 3 OF THE LAGOS
STATE HIGH COURT CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES, 2019 AND
UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS COURT

TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the ___ day of
_______ 20…. at the hour of 9 o’clock in the forenoon or soon thereafter as
counsel on behalf of the claimant/applicant may be heard praying this
Honourable Court for the following orders:

1. AN ORDER for leave of court to serve the Defendant/Respondent by

substituted service by pasting same at his last known address No………

2. AND FOR SUCH ORDER OR FURTHER ORDERS this Honourable

Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS........ DAY OF.....2020

_______________________________
OKOKO JEMENI ESQ.
CLAIMANT’S SOLICITOR
COMPOS MENTIS CHAMBERS
18 WUSE STREET, IKOYI
LAGOS STATE

133
Sample Drafts on Interlocutory Applications: As earlier noted, all
interlocutory applications are either by motion on notice (it must have
address for service) or motion ex parte (there will be no address for service).

1. Application For Third Party Proceedings:(August 2016 Q. 1c,

2017 Q. 1c, 2018 Q. 4e)
IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY,
IN THE ABUJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT ABUJA
SUIT NO………….
MOTION NO……..
BETWEEN:

MR. ONWA SIMON…………………. CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT

AND
MR DARLINGTON IGWE………..…...DEFENDANTS/APPLICANTS
AND
ZENITH INSURANCE PLC…………THIRD PARTY
MOTION EX PARTE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 14 RULE 19 OF THE HIGH
COURT OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY (CIVIL
PROCEDURE) RULES 2018 AND UNDER THE INHERENT
JURISDICTION OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT.

TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …… day
of ………………. 2020 at the Hour of 9 O’ clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as Counsel for the Defendants/Applicants will be heard praying
this Court for:
AN ORDER for leave to serve third party notice joining Zenith Insurance
Company PLC as a third party in this suit

AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDERS AND ORDERS as this Court may
deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS ……… DAY OF ……………2020

……………………….
Njoku Sly, Esq.
Counsel to the Applicant
No. 15 Okon Street, Wuse Zone 5
FCT, Abuja.
134
 2. Application For Leave to Sue In Representative Action (August 2017
Q 4c, April 2018 Q 4e)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA

SUIT NO…..
MOTION NO……..
BETWEEN:

1. ALHAJI ASMAU OLA

2. CHIEF DEDE SANYAOLU…………CLAIMANTS/APPLICANTS
(Suing for themselves and on
Behalf of the Odofin family)
AND
CHIEF MOGAJI CHUKWU…………..DEFENDANT/RESPONDENT

MOTION EX PARTE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 15 RULE 13 OF THE HIGH
COURT OF LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2019
AND UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS
HONOURABLE COURT.

TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …… day
of ………………. 2020 at the Hour of 9 O’ clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as Counsel for the Claimants/Applicants will be heard praying this
Court for:

1. AN ORDER granting leave to the Applicants to sue for themselves and on

behalf of the Odofin family of Ikotun, Lagos State.
2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDERS AND ORDERS as this Court
may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS ……………DAY OF ……………2020.

…………………………..
Bello Adamu Tope Esq
Counsel to the Claimants/Applicants
No. 10 Bagaga Street Ikeja
Lagos State
135
3. Application for Interim Injunction:
IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS

SUIT NO…………..
MOTION NO………..

BETWEEN
MRS KAYUBA ADA………………………CLAIMAINT/APPLICANT
AND
SKYE BANK PLC ……………………DEFENDANTS/RESPONDENT
MOTION EX PARTE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 43 RULE 3 OF THE LAGOS
STATE HIGH COURT CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES, 2019 AND
UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS COURT

TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the ___ day of
_______ 20…. at the hour of 9 o’clock in the forenoon or soon thereafter as
counsel on behalf of the claimant/applicant may be heard praying this
Honourable Court for the following orders:

AN ORDER OF INTERIM INJUNCTION restraining the

defendant/respondent, their agents, servants, from destroying the subject
matter of the dispute pending the hearing of the Motion on Notice for
interlocutory injunction already filed before this court.

AND FOR SUCH ORDER OR FURTHER ORDERS this Honourable

Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS........DAY OF...........2020

__________________________
OKOKO JEMENI ESQ.
Claimant’s Solicitor
Compos Mentis Chambers
No. 18 Wuse Street, Ikoyi,
Lagos State

136
4. Interlocutory Injunction: motion on notice (April 2018 Q 4h, April
2019 Q 1a)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA

SUIT NO…………………
MOTION NO…………….
BETWEEN:
CROWN KITCHEN LTD ………………… CLAIMANT/ APPLICANT
AND
K & T LTD..................…………………. DEFENDANT/RESPONDENT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 43 RULE 1 OF THE HIGH
COURT OF LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2019
AND WITHIN THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS
HONOURABLE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …… day
of ………. 2020 at the Hour of 9 o’ clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as Counsel for the Claimant/Applicant will be heard praying this
Court for:
AN ORDER for interlocutory injunction restraining the
defendant/Respondent, their agents, servant and any person acting on their
behalf from dealing with the subject matter of the dispute pending the
determination of the substantive suit.

AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDERS as this honourable court may

deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS …………….. DAY OF…………….2020

…………………………..
SIMBI GABRIELLA
Claimant’s solicitor
Grace High Chambers
10 Yaba Road, Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
KOME AKODO
Defendant’s Solicitor
Plot 2, Ikoyi Road, Lagos
137
 Sample Drafts on Summary Judgment Procedure/Undefended List
1. Notice Of Intention To Defend Under Undefended List (September
2015 Q 4e, April 2019 Q 3d)
IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY,
IN THE ABUJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT ABUJA
SUIT NO………….

BETWEEN:
MR. ONWA SIMON………..…………………………. CLAIMANT
AND
MR DARLINGTON IGWE…......................................DEFENDANT

NOTICE OF INTENTION TO DEFEND

TAKE NOTICE that the Defendant intends to defend the action at the
hearing of this suit.

DATED…………DAY OF………….2020

……………………….
NJOKU SLY, ESQ.
Counsel to the Defendants
Greater Grace Law Frm
No. 15 Okon Street, Wuse Zone 5
FCT, Abuja

FOR SERVICE ON:

KOME AKODO
Claimant’s Solicitor
No. 12 MAITAMA CLOSE
FCT, Abuja

138
2. Motion on Notice for Summary Judgment Order 13 Lagos

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA

SUIT NO…………………
MOTION NO…………….
BETWEEN:
CROWN KITCHEN LTD …………………CLAIMANT/ APPLICANT
AND
K & T LTD..................…………………. DEFENDANT/RESPONDENT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 13 RULE 1 OF THE HIGH
COURT OF LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2019
AND WITHIN THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS
HONOURABLE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …… day
of ………. 2020 at the Hour of 9 o’ clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as Counsel for the Claimant/Applicant will be heard praying this
Court for:
AN ORDER entering summary judgment in favour of the Claimant in the
above suit.
AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDERS as this honourable court may
deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS …………….. DAY OF…………….2020

…………………………..
SIMBI GABRIELLA
Claimant’s solicitor
Grace High Chambers
10 Yaba Road, Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
KOME AKODO
Defendant’s Solicitor
Plot 2, Ikoyi Road, Lagos

139
 SAMPLE DRAFTS OF AFFIDAVITS: As we earlier noted that all
motions must be supported with affidavits and written address. The format
of all affidavits is the same, however, the facts to be included therein
depends on what the application is all about. Here are some samples:

1. Affidavit in support of motion ex parte for Third Party proceedings

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY,
IN THE ABUJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT ABUJA

SUIT NO…………….
MOTION NO……..
BETWEEN:
MR. ONWA SIMON ………..…………CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
AND
MR DARLINGTON IGWE...................DEFENDANTS/APPLICANT
AND
ZENITH INSURANCE PLC……………..THIRD PARTY

Affidavit In Support of the Motion For Third Party Notice

I, Daniel Ikemson, Adult, Male, Managing Director, Christian, and a
Nigerian Citizen residing at No. 15 Kuje, FCT Abuja do hereby make oath
and state as follows:
1. I am the Managing Director of the 2nd Defendant/Applicant and by virtue of
which I am conversant with the facts of this case.
2. I have the consent and authority of my employer to depose to this affidavit.
3. On the 10 day of August 2010, the 1st Defendant, a driver of one of the
insured vehicles with registration number XL 252 KUJ had a collision with
the Plaintiff.
4. The Third party is to indemnify the 2nd defendant of any liability arising
from such accidents as a term in the insurance policy.
5. I make this statement in good faith believing its content to be true and
correct in accordance with the Oaths Act 2004.
………………
DEPONENT
Sworn to at the High Court of FCT Registry, Gwagwalada
This…………day of …………….2020
BEFORE ME
_______________________
COMMISSIONER FOR OATHS
140
 2. Affidavit in support of Motion Ex parte for Interim Injunction

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO…………
MOTION NO……..
BETWEEN
MRS KAYUBA ADA………………………..CLAIMANT/APPLICANT
AND
SKY BANK PLC…………………………DEFENDANT/RESPONDENT

AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF MOTION FOR INTERIM

INJUNCTION
I, Mrs Kayuba Ada, a Female, Business woman and Nigerian citizen of No
15 Asokoro Road, Ikoyi, Lagos do hereby make oath and state as follows:

1. That I am the claimant/applicant in this case and by virtue whereof I am

conversant with the facts deposed to in this affidavit.
2. That the defendant intends to burn the goods within a matter of days and I
received this information via Mr. Johnson Ayoade, credible source as he
works at the defendant’s warehouse
3. That I, the claimant will suffer irreparable damage or injury if the
application is not granted.
4. That the defendant’s right will not be affected in any way if the application
is granted but the claimant will suffer if this application is not granted
5. That the claimant undertakes to pay all damages caused to the defendant if
this application ought not to have been granted
6. That I swear to this affidavit is made in good faith believing same to be true
and in accordance with the provisions of the Oath Law of Lagos State
___________________________
DEPONENT
Sworn to at the High Court Registry of Lagos state
THIS…..DAY OF ………2020

BEFORE ME
_________________________________
COMMISSIONER FOR OATHS
(NOTE: The facts used here are fictitious, therefore you are meant to
only study the format and apply the facts given to you in your exams)
141
SAMPLE DRAFTS ON PLEADINGS
1. Statement of claim; In drafting the statement of claim, after
heading of court and parties, the first paragraph will introduce the
claimant while the second paragraph will introduce the defendant.
Other paragraphs will present the facts in chronological order (See
2017 Q1f, 2018 Q1a, Jan 2020 Q4c): EXAMPLE

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THEIKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO……….
MOTIO
N NO…...
BETWEEN
MRS REMI YELWA
YOMI YELWA (MINOR)……………………………………………….CLAIMANTS
(Suing Through the Guardian Mrs Remi Yelwa)
AND
GOODSIDE NIGERIA LIMITED
JOHN TAJUDEEN ……………..DEFENDANTS

STATEMENT OF CLAIM
1. The 1 Claimant is a Business woman who lives at No 215 Apek Road,
st

Ikeja, Lagos State.

2. The 2nd Claimant is a minor and a son of the 1 st claimant who lives at the
same address as the 1st Claimant.
3. The 1st Defendant is an incorporated company involved in the business of
sales and supply of cements with its registered office address at No 10
Akemu Road, Ikeja, Lagos
4. The 2nd Defendant is a driver and an employee of the 1st Defendant.
5. The 1st Claimant avers that on 1st December, 2019, she was driving in her
Mercedes Benz car together with the 2nd Claimant who was on his way to
school, along Apek Road, Ikeja, Lagos State.
6. The Claimants further avers that, the 2nd defendant suddenly hit their car
from the rear with an articulated vehicle (also known popularly as trailer)
with registration No xx000377 driven by the 2nd Defendant.

142
7. The 1st Claimant avers that as result of the accident she sustained a lot of
severe injuries including a fractured limb.
8. The Claimant avers that she was hospitalized at IIunla Hospital, Ikeja,
Lagos for 3 months. Copies of the Hospital Bills and other receipts will
be relied on during trial.
9. The claimant further avers that the incident was captured by a
surveillance camera placed on the road which showed clearly that the 2 nd
defendant was negligent in driving the car. The Surveillance footage will
be relied on during trial.
10.WHEREFORE the Claimants claims against the defendants jointly and
severally as follows:
a. The sum of N11,050,000.00 (Eleven Million and Fifty Thousand
Naira only), as special damages; particularized as follows:
i. Surgical Operation = N5,000,000.00
ii. Drugs and medicals =N4,500,000.00
iii. In-patient’s Bill = N1,500,000.00
iv. Transportation = N50,000.00
TOTAL = N11, 050,000.00
b. The sum of N50, 000,000.00 as general damages for negligence
and for all the pains and loss suffered by the claimants.

Dated…….day of…….2020

………………………….
A.A. Yusuf Esq
Counsel to the Claimants
(Name and address of the firm)
FOR SERVICE ON:
1ST & 2ND DEFENDANTS
No 10 Akemu Road,
Ikeja, Lagos

143
 2. STATEMENT OF DEFENCE
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS

SUIT NO…………
BETWEEN
ENJOY SPECIAL LIMITED……………………………….CLAIMANT
AND
DANGOTE INDUSTRIES LIMITED……………………..DEFENDANT
STATEMENT OF DEFENCE
1. SAVE AND EXCEPT as is herein expressly admitted; the defendant denies
each and every allegation of fact as contained in the Claimant’s Statement of
Claim as if each paragraph were herein set out and traversed seriatim.
(sometimes you may asked to draft only the general traverse see August
2018 Q 1c)
2. The Defendant admits paragraphs 1,2,3 and 4 of the statement of claim
3. The Defendant denies paragraphs 5,6,7 and 8 of the statement of claim
4. The Defendant denies paragraph 5 and 8 of the statement of claim and in
further answer states that the 20 buses were not purchased for the purpose of
transporting kitchen utensils (what were purchased for)
5. The Defendant states that it is not liable for the claims of the Claimant and
prays the court to dismiss the suit as being frivolous and baseless.

DATED THIS …..DAY OF…..2020

…………………………………..
Oluwole Alaja Esq
Defendant’s Solicitor
Oluwole & Co
No 10 Akinsway, Victoria
Island, Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
(Name and address of claimant’ counsel)
3. Motion On Notice For Striking Out of Pleadings
144
 IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO…………
MOTION NO……
BETWEEN:
K & T LTD.………………………………..DEFENDANT/APPLICANT
AND
CROWN KITCHEN LTD.………………CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT

MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 15 RULE 15 OF THE HIGH
COURT OF LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2019
AND UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS
HONOURABLE COURT.

TAKE NOTICE, that this Honourable Court will be moved on the

…………day of ………2020 at the Hour of 9 O’clock in the forenoon or so
soon thereafter as Counsel on behalf of the Applicant can be heard praying
for:

1. AN ORDER striking out the Claimant/Respondent’s statement of Claim for

the non-disclosure of reasonable cause of action.
2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDERS OR ORDERS as this Court may
deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THE ……………..DAY OF ……2020

………………..
O.K. CHIJIOKE
Applicant’s Counsel
Grace Chambers
10 Gwarimpa Road
FCT Abuja

FOR SERVICE ON:

THE CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
C/O his Counsel
(Address)

145
 Sample Draft of Written Address (Final written address; August
2018 Q 1f, 2019 Q 1e); all written address takes the format below:

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO:
MOTION NO
BETWEEN
KAYUBA
ADA.……………………………………………CLAIMANT/APPLICAN
T
AND
AGRICULTURAL BANK
PLC………………….DEFENDANT/RESPONDENT

WRITTEN ADDRESS IN SUPPORT OF MOTION EX PARTE

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BRIEF FACTS OF THE CASE
(Just include a summary of the facts here).
3. ISSUE FOR DETERMINATION
4. LEGAL ARGUMENT
5. CONCLUSION
Having considered the foregoing, I humbly urge my Lord to grant our
prayers as prayed on the motion paper.
6. LIST OF AUTHORITIES: Order 38 Rule 1, 4 and 8,High Court of
Lagos (Civil Procedure) Rules 2019

DATED THIS ___ DAY OF ____________ 20___

_______________________
JAMES SANI
Counsel to the Applicant
Binghams & Associates
18 Wuse Street, Ikoyi, Lagos State
FOR SERVICE ON:
Respondent’s Counsel
(put any Address if none was given)

146
 SAMPLE DRAFTS ON PRE-TRIAL ISSUES
1. Motion On Notice For Leave To Issue Notice To Produce
IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY
IN THE ABUJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT ABUJA
SUIT NO……
MOTION NO
BETWEEN:
MRS KAYUBA ADA ……………………CLAIMANT/APPLICANT
AND
AGRICULTURAL BANK PLC ………DEFENDANT/ RESPONDENT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 28 RULE 9 OF THE HIGH
COURT OF THE FCTABUJA (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2018
AND UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OFTHIS COURT

TAKE NOTICE, that this Honourable Court will be moved on the

…………day of ……………………….. 2019 at the Hour of 9O’clock in the
forenoon or so soon thereafter as Counsel on behalf of the Plaintiff
/Applicant can be heard praying for:
1. AN ORDER granting leave to the Applicant to file a Notice to produce
documents on the Defendant/Respondent.
2. AN ORDER directing the Defendant/Respondent to produce the following
documents for inspection to wit:
a. Notice of Supply of substandard goods dated the 1 day of June 2011
b. Agreement on supply of 500 tons of cashew nuts

3. AND FOR SUCH ORDERS this Court may deem fit to make in the
circumstances.

DATED THE ……………..DAY OF ………………….2019

O.K CHIJIOKE
Applicant’s Counsel
Grace Chambers
10 Gwarimpa Road
FCT Abuja
FOR SERVICE ON:
The Defendant
C/O Counsel
147
 2. Application For Discovery of Documents (By Ordinary Letter)

C.V. CHUKELU LL.P

NO. 1 OSBORNE ROAD IKOYI, LAGOS STATE
TEL: 08135008768 EMAIL: [email protected] WEBSITE:
www.chukelullp.com
Our Ref: ZZZ/090/2014 Your Ref.................
21 January, 2018.
Tope Tokan-Lawal Esq.
Tokan-Lawal & Uzuh
(Legal Practitioners and Solicitors)
No. 21 Adebayo Doherty Street Lekki, Lagos.

Dear Madam,

RE: CROWN KITCHEN LTD V. K&T LTD SUIT NO: .................

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS

We write on behalf of Crown Kitchen Ltd, our client in the above matter
pending before the High Court of Lagos State.

Pursuant to Order 29 Rule 6(1) of the Lagos State High Court (Civil
Procedure) Rules 2019, we request your client to make discovery of the
following documents which are within its possession:

1. The Bank Statement from March 2009 to December 2011 of Zenith Bank
Nig. Plc Current a/c no: 00009678, a/c name: K&T Ltd within the
possession of your client.
2. The particulars of 20 vehicles (Toyota Hilux trucks 2011 model) jointly
purchased by our client and yours and which have been in your client's
possession.
3. Any other documents that are or have been in your possession, custody,
power or control relating to the matter in question.

Thanks for your cooperation as we expect your early response.

____________________
Chukelu Chinedu Esq.
FOR: C.V. Chukelu

148
 3. Affidavit In Answer To Request For Discovery of Documents

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO..............
BETWEEN:
CROWN KITCHEN LTD........................................................CLAIMANT
AND
K&T LTD..............................................................................DEFENDANT

AFFIDAVIT IN ANSWER TO REQUEST FOR DISCOVERY OF

DOCUMENTS

I, Ifeanyi Ututu, male, adult, Christian, Nigerian citizen resident at no. 3

Adeola Odeku Road, Victoria Island, Lagos, do hereby make oath and state
as follows:
1. I am the Managing Director of the defendant in this action by virtue of
which I am conversant with the facts of this case.
2. I have the consent and the authority of the defendant to depose to this
affidavit.
3. The defendant is possession of the bank statement to Zenith Bank Nig. PLC
Current a/c no: 00009678, a/c name: K&T Ltd. A copy of the said bank
statement is attached to this affidavit and marked "Exhibit A".
4. The defendant is in possession of the particulars of the 20 Toyota Hilux
trucks 2011 model. Copies of the particulars all of the cars are hereby
attached to this affidavit and marked "Exhibits B1-B20" respectively.
5. I make this oath in good faith believing same to be true and correct and in
accordance with the Oaths Law of Lagos State.
____________________
DEPONENT
Sworn to at the High Court Registry Lagos
This _________day of _________2020

BEFORE ME

______________________________________
COMMISSIONER FOR OATH

149
 SAMPLE DRAFTS FROM ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT
Motion Ex parte For Garnishee Proceedings (April 2018 Q 1f,
August 2018 Q 6d)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO: ____________
MOTION NO: ____________
BETWEEN
Mrs Kayuba Ada ….. …….Judgment Creditor/ Garnishor/Applicant
AND
AGC Company PLC…………………Judgment Debtor/Defendant
AND
Trustworthy Bank PLC…………………Garnishee/Respondent
MOTION EX PARTE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 83 AND 86 OF THE SHERIFF
AND CIVIL PROCESSES ACT CAP S6 LFN 2004 AND UNDER THE
INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT

TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the ____ day
of __________, 20___ at the hour of 9 O’ Clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as counsel for the Applicant/Garnishor may be heard praying this
Honourable Court for the following:
1. AN ORDER NISI attaching the Judgment debt of N14, 000,000(fourteen
million naira) from Account No: 20123013344 with account holder: AGC
Company PLC with Trustworthy Bank PLC, Ikeja Branch, Lagos State.

2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER OR OTHER ORDERS as this Honourable

Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS …… DAY OF ……20…..

___________________
T.J. GOLD, ESQ
Counsel for Applicant/Garnishor
Liberty Chambers
5 Leedway Street, Ikoyi,
Lagos State

150
 SAMPLE DRAFTS OF APPLICATIONS PENDING APPEAL
1. Application For Stay Of Execution; (August 2018 Q 2e,
April 2019 Q 4h)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO…………..
MOTION NO: __________

BETWEEN
AGC COMPANY PLC............DEFENDANT/APPLICANT
AND
MRS KAYUBA ADA...…………………..CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 58 RULE 1 OF HIGH COURT OF
LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2019 AND UNDER THE
INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the ____ day
of ________, 2020 at the hour of 9 O’ Clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as the applicant or counsel on his behalf may be heard praying this
Honourable Court for the following orders:

1. AN ORDER granting stay of execution of the judgment of this Honourable

Court delivered on the…….day of……20…..pending the determination of
the appeal of the Defendant/Applicant already filed at the Registry of this
Honourable Court.
2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER OR OTHER ORDERS as this Honourable
Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS......... DAY OF ............20……

____________________
O. K CHIJIOKE
Applicant’s Counsel
Grace Chambers
10 Gwarimpa Road,
FCT Abuja
FOR SERVICE ON:
Counsel for Respondent
No. 6 Lekki Drive, Ikoyi
151
 2. Application For Stay of Proceedings; January 2020 Q 5e

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO………………
MOTION NO __________

BETWEEN
RIHAMA NIGERIA LIMITED……................CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
AND
REDMORE NIGERIA LIMITED..…………...DEFENDANT/APPLICANT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 58 RULE 1 OF HIGH COURT OF
LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2019 AND UNDER THE
INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the ____ day
of __________, 20___ at the hour of 9 O’clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as counsel for the Applicant may be heard praying this
Honourable Court for the following:

AN ORDER staying proceedings of this court in the matter pending the

determination of the appeal filed against the decision/ruling of this
Honourable Court delivered on the ……day of ……, 2020 at the Court of
Appeal, Lagos Division.
AND FOR SUCH OTHER ORDERS as this Honourable Court may deem
fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS.... DAY OF ........2020

………………
O. C. CHUKWU ESQ
Applicant’s Counsel
Grace Chambers
Gwarimpa Road,
Lagos State
FOR SERVICE ON:
Kene Ajaegbu, SAN
Counsel for Respondent
No. 6 Lekki Drive
Ikoyi, Lagos
152
 3. Application For Injunction Pending Appeal; (April 2018 Q 6a)

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE LAGOS JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
SUIT NO……………….
MOTION NO__________

BETWEEN
K & T LTD….………………………… DEFENDANT/ APPLICANT
AND
CROWN KITCHEN LTD...…………… CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 58 RULE 1 OF HIGH COURT OF
LAGOS STATE (CIVIL PROCEDURE) RULES 2012 AND UNDER THE
INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the ____ day
of __________, 20___ at the hour of 9 O’clock in the forenoon or so soon
thereafter as counsel for the Applicant may be heard praying this
Honourable Court for the following:

1. AN ORDER for injunction restraining the Respondent/Claimant from acting

on the judgment or interfering with the property pending the determination
of the appeal against the judgment of this Honourable Court delivered on the
….day of……2020 filed against it at the Court of Appeal, Lagos Division.
2. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER OR OTHER ORDERS as this Honourable
Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS ....DAY OF.... 2020

………………….……
O. C. CHUKWU ESQ
Applicant’s Counsel
Grace Chambers
Gwarimpa Road,
Lagos State
FOR SERVICE ON:
Kene Ajaegbu, SAN
Counsel for Respondent
No. 6 Lekki Drive, Ikoyi, Lagos
153
SAMPLE DRAFTS ON APPEAL
1. NOTICE OF APPEAL; August 2018 Q 5c,

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF NIGERIA

HOLDEN AT ABUJA
SUIT NO…..
APPEAL NO….
BETWEEN:
AGRICULTURAL BANK PL…………….DEFENDANT/APPELLANT
AND
MRS KAYUBA ADA...…………………….CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
NOTICE OF APPEAL
TAKE NOTICE that the Defendant /Appellant being dissatisfied with the
ruling of the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory Abuja sitting at the
Federal Capital Territory, Abuja contained in the judgment of Hon. T. J.
Stanley dated the 17th day of October, 2020 do hereby appeal to the Court of
Appeal upon the grounds set out in paragraph 3 and will at the hearing of the
appeal seek the reliefs set out in paragraph 4.
And the Appellant further states that the names and addresses of the persons
directly affected by the appeal are those set out in paragraph 5.
1. PART OF THE DECISION OF THE LOWER COURT
COMPLAINED OF: The whole ruling/ judgment including the
award of costs.
2. GROUNDS OF APPEAL
a. GROUND ONE
The trial judge erred in law when he held that there was no breach of
contract.
PARTICULARS OF ERROR
i. The trial judge held that there was no implied term as to
merchantability of the goods supplied.
ii. The trial judge failed to evaluate the evidence of the defendant
to prove an implied term of merchantability as provided in the
Sales of Goods Act 1891.
b. GROUND TWO
The trial judge misdirected himself in law when he proceeded to award to
the plaintiff the judgment sum of N14m.
PARTICULARS OF ERROR
1. There was no credible and legally admissible evidence before the
Court to justify the award of damages of N14m to the plaintiff.

154
 2. The judgment sum awarded to the plaintiff was unreasonable as items
of special damages were not sufficiently particularized and proved
strictly.
3. The award of the judgment sum of N14m to the claimant on the
heads:
i. Contract balance
ii. Special damages
iii. General damages; were neither proved nor specially proved by
the claimant.

RELIEFS SOUGHT FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL

i. An order setting aside the decision of the High Court of the FCT
Abuja delivered by Hon. T. J. Stanley on the 17 th day of October, 2020
and thus allowing the appeal.
ii. An award of N2m as costs of litigation.
PERSONS DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THE APPEAL
1. Agricultural Bank Plc, No. 25, Hopewell Street, Area 1, Garki, Abuja.
2. Mrs. Kayuba Ada, No. 16, Bariga Close, Wuse, Abuja.

DATED…….DAY OF…….2020
…………………
O.K Chukwu
Applicant’s Counsel
Grace Chambers
10 Gwarimpa Road
FCT Abuja

FOR SERVICE ON RESPONDENT:

Mrs. Kayuba Ada No. 16, Bariga, Close,
Wuse, Abuja

155
 2. Motion On Notice For Extension of Time To Appeal

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF NIGERIA

HOLDEN AT ABUJA
SUIT NO: HC/AJ7/2010
APPEAL NO: ………….
BETWEEN:
ZENITH BANK PLC…………….DEFENDANT/APPLICANT
AND
DANGOTE MILLS LIMITED…..………CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT

NOTICE OF MOTION FOR EXTENSION OF TIME TO APPEAL

BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 7 RULE 10 OF THE COURT
OF APPEAL RULES 2016 AND SECTION 25(4) OF THE COURT OF
APPEAL ACT 2007 AND WITHIN THE INHERENT JURISDICTION
OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT.

TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the …..day
of…..2021 at the hour of 9 O’clock in the forenoon or so soon thereafter as
Counsel for the Defendant/Applicant will be heard praying this Honourable
Court for:

1. AN ORDER EXTENDING TIME to appeal against the decision of the

High Court of the FCT Abuja contained in the judgment of Hon. T. J.
Stanley delivered on the 17th day of October 2020.
2. AN ORDER deeming the Exhibit B to wit: Notice and grounds of appeal as
properly filed and served on the Respondent.

3. AND FOR SUCH FURTHER OR OTHER ORDERS as the Honourable

Court may deem fit to make in the circumstances.

DATED THIS.......DAY OF........2021

…………………….
Moses Abu Esq.
Counsel to the Defendant/Applicant
No. 10 Wuse II Abuja.
FOR SERVICE ON:
Claimant/Respondent

156
 3. TRINITY PRAYERS (This is used for appeals requiring leave
of court August 2018 Q 5e)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL
HOLDEN AT LAGOS
APPEAL NO…………
SUIT NO………………
BETWEEN:
FRANCIS DAMUNI…………………….…..APPELLANT/APPLICANT
AND
EVERGREEN GARDEN LIMITED……CLAIMANT/RESPONDENT
MOTION ON NOTICE
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO ORDER 7 RULE 1 OF THE COURT OF
APPEAL RULES 2016 AND UNDER THE INHERENT
JURISDICTION OF THIS HONOURABLE COURT
TAKE NOTICE that this Honourable Court will be moved on the ……day
of…..20…… at the Hour of 9’ o clock in the forenoon or so soon thereafter
as Counsel may be heard on behalf of the Appellant\Applicant herein
praying the court for the following orders:

1. AN ORDER OF COURT EXTENDING TIME within which the

appellant/applicant may seek leave to appeal against the interlocutory
decision of the high court of Lagos state delivered by HON justice XYZ on
the ……day of…..20…..
2. AN ORDER SEEKING LEAVE of the Court to appeal against the
interlocutory order of the Lagos State High Court delivered by Hon Justice
XYZ delivered on the …..day of……20……
3. AN ORDER OF COURT EXTENDING TIME within which the
appellant/applicant may appeal against the interlocutory order of the Lagos
State High Court delivered by Hon Justice XYZ ……day of…..20……
AND FOR SUCH ORDER OR FURTHER ORDERS this Honourable
Court may deem fit to make in the circumstance.

DATED THIS…….DAY OF……20…... ____________

AILERU YINKA
Appellant’s Solicitor
7 Bank Avenue
Victoria Island, Lagos.
FOR SERVICE ON
Victor Osiri SAN
Claimant/Respondent’s Solicitor
157
 SAMPLE DRAFTS ON RECOVERY OF PREMISES
1. Letter of Instruction To Recover Premises (August 2016 Q
2c, January 2020 Q 1b)
No 3, Ikon Close
Off Mega plaza Avenue,
Surulere Lagos.
4 March, 2020
Ken Danladi
Grace Chambers
12 A Queens Close,
Lekki Phase 1,
Lagos.

Dear Sir,
LETTER OF INSTRUCTION TO RECOVER PREMISES
I, Chief Olowo, owner of 4 bedroom flat situate at No. 37 Musa-Sadua
Street, Surulere Lagos (also known as Koko Lodge), do hereby give
instructions to you as my solicitor to take all necessary steps to recover
possession of the said premises and arrears of rent on the said premises
currently in occupation by one Mr. Dauda Kareem who is occupying the said
premises as a yearly tenant with whom I wish to terminate the tenancy in
existence.
I shall of course pay the necessary fees. Thank you.
Yours faithfully,

Chief Olowo.
ENCL:
Copy of Tenancy Agreement

158
 2. NOTICE TO QUIT; August 2016 Q 2d, 2019 Q 6c
GRACE CHAMBERS
BARRISTERS & SOLICITORS
PLOT 12 A, QUEENS CLOSE LEKKI PHASE 1 LAGOS
TELL: 01-68996543, 01-00865434

Our Ref.............................. Your Ref...................................

June 28, 2020

To: Mr. Dauda Kareem

37 Koko Lodge, Musa Sauda Street,
Surulere Lagos.

Sir,
NOTICE TO QUIT
We, the above named legal practitioner as solicitor to Chief Olowo, your
landlord and on his behalf give you notice to quit and deliver up possession
of the 4 bedroom flat together with the appurtenances thereto situate at No.
37 Musa Sadua Street Surulere Lagos State within the Surulere Magisterial
District of Lagos State, which you hold as a yearly tenant to expire on the
31st day of December 2020.

____________________
Ken Danladi
For :Grace Chambers
Solicitor to the Landlord

159
 3. Notice Of Owner's Intention To Recover Possession; August
2019 Q 4c, Dec 2020 Q 3f
GRACE CHAMBERS
BARRISTERS & SOLICITORS
PLOT 12 A, QUEENS CLOSE LEKKI PHASE 1 LAGOS
TELL: 01-68996543, 01-00865434
Our Ref: ............................... Your Ref.............................

January 2, 2021
To: Mr. Dauda Kareem
37 Koko Lodge, Musa Sauda Street,
Surulere Lagos.

Sir,
NOTICE TO TENANT OF OWNER'S INTENTION TO RECOVER
POSSESSION
We, the above named legal practitioners, solicitors to Chief Olowo, (the
owner), do hereby give you notice that unless peaceable possession of the
premises the 4 bedroom flat together with the appurtenances thereto situate
at No 37, Musa-Sadua Street, Surulere Lagos State which you hold of the
owner under a yearly tenancy, which tenancy was determined by a notice to
quit given on the 28th day of June 2020 to expire on the 31st day of December
2020 and which premises are now held over and detained from the said
owner, be given to the owner on or before the expiration of the Seven (7)
clear days from the service of this notice.
Take further notice that at the expiration of the Seven days, we shall apply to
the Court (state the court with jurisdiction) for a summons to eject any
person from the premises.
________________________
JAMES DANLADI
Solicitor to the Landlord
FOR: Grace Chambers

160
 SAMPLE DRAFTS IN ELECTION PETITION

ELECTION PETITION (N/B It is was recently asked in April 2019 Q

6iv, August 2019 Q 5c and January 2020 Q 2b)

IN THE GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION TRIBUNAL

HOLDEN AT ADO-EKITI

PETITION NO………
ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR OF EKITI STATE
OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA HELD ON 12TH OF
SEPTEMBER 2020
BETWEEN
1. ENGINEER. ISAAC ARIJALO PETITIONERS
2. DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE ALLIANCE

AND
1. DR ALAN AKINYEMI
2. CITIZEN’S PEOPLES PARTY
3. INDEPENDENT NATIONAL RESPONDENTS
ELECTORAL COMMISSION (INEC)

PETITION
THE PETITION OF ENGINEER ISAAC ARIJALO OF NO 64
NWEKE STREET, ADO-EKITI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AREA, EKITI STATE, WHOSE NAME IS SUBSCRIBED
1.0 Your 1st Petitioner Engineer Isaac Arijalo was a candidate at the above
election and your petitioners state that the election was held on the 12 th day
of September, 2020, where the 1st Respondent was a candidate.
1.1 Your 1st Petitioner contested under the platform of the 2nd Petitioner
(Democratic People Alliance). The 1st Respondent contested under the
platform of the 2nd Respondent (Citizen’s Peoples Party).
1.2 The results as released by the 3rd Respondent were as follows (despite
the fact that there were no elections in 15 out of the 21 Local Government
Areas in Ekiti State)
CANDIDATE PARTY VOTES
Dr Alan Akinyemi DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE ALIANCE 349,288 Votes

161
 Engineer Isaac Arijalo CITIZEN’S PEOPLES PARTY 226,021 Votes
1.3 Your 1st Petitioner states that the Respondent, Dr Alan Akinyemi, was
then returned as the elected candidate and or winner of the election (despite
the fact that there were no elections in 15 out of the 21 local government
areas in Ekiti State)
2.0 GROUNDS FOR THE PETITION:
Your petitioners state that the grounds on which they rely for the petition are
as follows:
a. The return of the 1st Respondent as winner of the election for the office of
the governor of Ekiti State which held on the 12 th of September, 2020 was
invalid by reason of non-compliance with the provisions of the Electoral Act
2011 and was marred by irregularities and corrupt practices.
b. The 1st Respondent was not duly elected as a majority of lawful votes cast at
the election, as no lawful votes were cast in 500 polling stations making up
15 out of the 21 local government areas in Ekiti State.
3.0 FACTS IN SUPPORT OF THE PETITION:
1. Your petitioners state that elections did not take place in 500 polling centres
making up 15 out of the 21 Local Government Areas in Ekiti State on the
12th of September, 2020.
2. Your petitioners state that there was massive under age voting all geared
towards actualizing the planned act of the Respondents and the Electoral
body (3rd Respondent).
3. Despite the gross irregularities and the fact that no results were collated by
the 3rd respondent, the 1st respondent was declared winner of the election by
6.30 pm at the Secretariat of the 3rd respondent.
4.0 PRAYERSRELIEFS SOUGHT
Wherefore, your petitioner prays the Tribunal for the following reliefs:
1. DECLARATION that the 1st Respondent, DR ALAN AKINYEMI was not
duly elected and returned as winner of the rerun election to the office of the
Governor of Ekiti State held on the 12th of September, 2020.

162
2. AN ORDER DECLARING the rerun election to the office of the
Governor of Ekiti State held on the 12th of September, 2020 was null or void.
DATED . . . . . . DAY OF....2020
J.O. Akanbi Esq.
(Petitioner’s Counsel)
J.O. Akanbi & Co.
No. 10 Nnamdi Azikiwe Road,
Ado, Ekiti State
SIGNED BEFORE ME
This . . . . . . . Day of . . . . . . . 20…….

............................
SECRETARY
FOR SERVICE ON:
1ST RESPONDENT
(Address)
2nd RESPONDENT:
(Address)
3rd RESPONDENT:
(Address)

SAMPLE DRAFTS ON FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT

163
 1. Application For Enforcement of Fundamental Human Right
(always asked in the Exam )

IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE

IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA
SUIT NO: ................
IN THE MATTER OF AN APPLICATION BY MR. R FOR AN ORDER
OF ENFORCEMENT OF HIS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

BETWEEN
MR. R.......................................................................APPLICANT
AND
1. INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE........1ST RESPONDENT
2. COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF PRISONS........2ND RESPONDENT
ORIGINATING MOTION
BROUGHT PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 35 (3) & (4 ),34(1) (a) AND 36
(4 ), (5)& (6) (c) OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL
REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA 1999 (AS AMENDED) AND ORDER II
RULE 1 OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (ENFORCEMENT
PROCEDURE) RULES 2009 AND WITHIN THE INHERENT
JURISDICTION OF THIS COURT

TAKE NOTICE that this honourable court will be moved on the ----- day
of-------2020 in the hour of 9 o’clock in the forenoon or so soon thereafter as
counsel can be heard on behalf of the Applicant praying for the following
orders:
1. AN ORDER FOR the enforcement of the fundamental rights of the
applicant
2. AN ORDER restraining the Respondents from further infringing on the
rights of the Applicant.

164
AND FOR SUCH FURTHER ORDERS OR ORDERS which the court
will deem fit to make in the circumstance
DATED THIS…..DAY OF….2020
JOHN OYENIYI
Counsel to the Applicant
Grace Chambers
Victoria Island, Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
1st Respondent & 2nd Respondents
Inspector General of Police
Police Command Headquarters, Abuja

165
 IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA

SUIT NO: ................

IN THE MATTER OF AN APPLICATION BY MR. R FOR AN
ORDER OF ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
BETWEEN
MR. R.......................................................................APPLICANT
AND
1. INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE........1ST RESPONDENT
2. COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF PRISONS........2ND RESPONDENT
STATEMENT PURSUANT TO ORDER 2 RULE 3 OF THE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURE) RULES,
2009
1. NAME AND DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICANT

MR. R, a Legal Practitioner who resides at no 12, Garki Layout, Kano

2. RELIEF SOUGHT
a. Declaration that the arrest and detention of the Applicant by the 1 st
Respondent on the 12th of July, 2020 is unconstitutional, null and void and a
breach of the fundamental human right of the Applicant

b. Declaration that detaining the Applicant without formally informing him of

the reasons for his arrest is unconstitutional and a breach of the fundamental
human right of the Applicant

c. 50,000,000.00 (Two-hundred and fifty Million naira) damages for unlawful

arrest, detention, torture, trial, and imprisonment of the Applicant

3. GROUNDS UPON WHICH THE RELIEFS ARE SOUGHT

166
a. The Applicant has fundamental rights to dignity, personal liberty, fair
hearing and freedom of movement under sections 34, 35, 36 and 41 of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (As amended)

b. The Applicant was arrested on the 12th of July, 2020, detained and tortured
without any justification by the 1st Respondent

c. The Applicant was not informed formally of the reason for his arrest nor was
he charged to court within a reasonable period of time required by the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

DATED THIS..... DAY OF ......, 2020

JOHN OYENIYI
Counsel to the Applicant
House of Lords Zone
Victoria Island
Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
1ST Respondent
Inspector General of Police
Police Command Headquarters,
Abuja
2nd Respondent
Comptroller General of Prisons
Nigerian Prisons Service Headquarters
Abuja

167
 IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA

SUIT NO: ................

N THE MATTER OF AN APPLICATION BY MR. R FOR AN
ORDER OF ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
BETWEEN
MR. R.......................................................................APPLICANT
AND
1. INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE........1ST RESPONDENT
2. DIRECROR GENERAL OF PRISONS........2ND RESPONDENT
AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION
I, Mrs. R, female, Medical practitioner, Nigerian of no 12, Garki Layout,
Kano do make oath and state as follows;
1. That I am the wife of the Applicant and by virtue of which I am
conversant with the facts of this case
2. That I have the consent and authority of the applicant to depose to this
affidavit on his behalf
3. That the Applicant is in the Federal prisons, Abuja by virtue of which he
is unable to depose to this Affidavit himself
4. That on the 12th of July, 2020, the Applicant was arrested by men of
security forces under the authority of the 1st Respondent
5. That I depose to this affidavit in good faith believing its content to be true
and in accordance with the Oaths Act.
_____________
DEPONENT
Sworn To At the Lagos State High Court Registry
THIS....... DAY OF......., 2020
BEFORE ME
__________________________________
COMMISSIONER FOR OATHS
168
 IN THE HIGH COURT OF LAGOS STATE
IN THE IKEJA JUDICIAL DIVISION
HOLDEN AT IKEJA

SUIT NO: ................

IN THE MATTER OF AN APPLICATION BY MR. R FOR AN
ORDER OF ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
BETWEEN
MR. R.......................................................................APPLICANT
AND
1. INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE........1ST RESPONDENT
2. DIRECROR GENERAL OF PRISONS........2ND RESPONDENT
APPLICANT’S WRITTEN ADDRESS IN SUPPORT OF THE
APPLICATION
1.0INTRODUCTION
1.1This is an Application brought pursuant to Order 2 Rule 3 of the
Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rule, 1999 for a redress of the
breach of his fundamental.
2.0 FACTS RELEVANT TO THE APPLICATION
On the 12th of 2020, the Applicant was arrested by the security forces acting
under the authority of the 1st Respondent and taken to the Mushroom Police
Headquarters for questioning. No reason for the arrest was given to the
Applicant. In the detention, the Applicant was tortured severally to obtain
confessions from him.
3.0ISSUES FOR DETERMINATION
3.1Whether in the circumstances of the case, the arrest and detention of the
Applicant for over 40 days without being charged to a court does not
constitute a breach of the fundamental human right of the accused to
personal liberty and freedom of movement by the 1st Respondent

169
 4.0ARGUEMENTS
4.1ISSUE ONE
4.1.1 My Lord, the Applicant in the affidavit deposed on his behalf by Mrs. R
stated in paragraphs 4 and 6 that the applicant was arrested by the men of the
security forces on the 12th of July, 2007 and was detained for over 40 days
without being charged to court
5.0CONCLUSION
My Lord, we humbly submit that this Honourable court grants the reliefs
sought by the Applicant for the following:
1. Declaration that the arrest and detention of the Applicant by the 1st
Respondent on the 12th of July, 2007 is unconstitutional, null and void and a
breach of the fundamental human right of the Applicant
2. ₦250,000,000.00 (Two-hundred and fifty Million naira) damages for
unlawful arrest, detention, torture
6.0 LIST OF AUTHORITIES
6.1 CASES
Maja v. State (1980) 1 NCR 212
6.2 STATUTES
Section 35(1) Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999
DATED THIS.......DAY OF......, 2020
JOHN OYENIYI
Counsel to the Applicant
House of Lords Zone
Victoria Island
Lagos
FOR SERVICE ON:
1ST RESPONDENT
Inspector General of Police
(Address)
2ND RESPONDENT
Comptroller General of Prisons

170