SQL pdf-1

RELATIONAL DATABASE CONCEPTS
Contents:
Database Concepts.
Why do we need Database.
DBMS
Advantages of DBMS
Data Model
Relational Database
Sql
MySQL
Features of MySQL
DATABASE CONCEPTS
A database is a collection of DATA/INFORMATION that is

organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed and
updated.
In Database ,Data is organized into rows, columns and
tables, and it is indexed to make it easier to find relevant
information.
It works like a container which contains the various
object like Tables, Queries, Reports etc. in organized way.
WHY DO WE NEED DATABASE
To manage large chunks of data:
If size of data increases into thousands of records, it will simply create a
problem to manage. Database can manage large amount of data.
Accuracy:
Through validation rule in database ,data accuracy can be maintained.
Ease of updating data:
With the database, we can flexibly update the data according to our
convenience. Moreover, multiple people can also edit data at same time.
Security of data:
With databases we have security groups and privileges to restrict access.
Data integrity:
In databases, we can be assured of accuracy and consistency of data due to
the built in integrity checks and access controls.
DBMS
(Database Management System)
A DBMS refers to a software that is responsible
for storing, maintaining and utilizing database in
an efficient way.
A Database along with DBMS software is called
Database System.
Example of DBMS software are Oracle, MS SQL
Server, MS Access, Paradox, DB2, MySQL etc.
MySQL is open source and freeware DBMS.
Advantages Of Database System
 Databases reduces Redundancy:
It removes duplication of data because data are kept at one place and all the
application refers to the centrally maintained database.
 Database controls Inconsistency:
When two copies of the same data do not agree to each other, then it is called
Inconsistency. By controlling redundancy, the inconsistency is also controlled.
 Database facilitate Sharing of Data:
Data stored in the database can be shared among several users.
 Database ensures Security:
Data are protected against accidental or intentional disclosure to unauthorized
person or unauthorized modification.
 Database maintains Integrity:
It enforces certain integrity rules to insure the validity or correctness of data.
For ex. A date can’t be like 31/31/2000.
Data Model:(Way of data representation)
Data model is a model or presentation which shows how data is organized or
stored in the database. A data is modeled by one of the following:
Relational Data Model:
In this model data is organized into Relations or Tables(i.e. Rows and Columns).
A row in a table represents a relationship of data to each other and also called
a Tuple or Record.
A column is called Attribute or Field.
Network Data Model:
In this model, data is represented by collection of records and relationship
among data is shown by Links.
Hierarchical Data Model:
In this model, Records are organized as Trees. Record at top level is called Root
record and may contain multiple directly linked children records.
Object Oriented Data Model:
In this model, records are represented as a objects. The collection of similar
types of object is called class.
RELATIONAL DATABASE
A relational database is a collective set of multiple data
sets organized by tables, records and columns.
Relational database establish a well-defined relationship
between database tables.
Tables communicate and share information, which
facilitates data search ability, organization and reporting.
A Relational database uses Structured Query Language
(SQL), which is a standard user application that provides
an easy programming interface for database interaction.
SQL
SQL is an acronym of Structured Query Language. It is
a standard language developed and used for accessing
and modifying relational databases.
 originally developed at the IBM research laboratory
in San José,.
 SQL is being used by many database management
systems. Some of them are:
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Oracle
SQLite
Microsoft SQL Server
MySQL
 MySQL is currently the most popular open source
database software.
 It is a multi-user, multithreaded database
management system.
 MySQL is especially popular on the web.
 It is one of the parts of the very popular LAMP platform.
(Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) or WIMP platform
(Windows,Apache,MySQL and PHP)
MySQL AB was founded by Michael Widenius (Monty),
David Axmark and Allan Larsson in Sweden in year
1995.
MySQL Features
 Open Source & Free of Cost:
It is Open Source and available at free of cost.
 Portability:
Small enough in size to install and run it on any types of
Hardware and OS like: Linux, MS Windows or Mac etc.
 Security :
Its Databases are secured & protected with password.
 Connectivity:
Various APIs are developed to connect it with many
programming languages.
 Query Language:
It supports SQL (Structured Query Language) for handling
database.

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RELATIONAL DATABASE CONCEPTS

A database is a collection of DATA/INFORMATION that is

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