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    HRK - Physics I: Key Takeaways

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    Marcus Poon

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    HRK - Physics I: Key Takeaways

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    Marcus Poon
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    30123 (1)

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    HRK - Physics I: Key Takeaways

    Uploaded by

    Marcus Poon

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    30-1-2023

    Phan Nhật Huy (Jonathan Phan)

    HRK - Physics I
    KEY TAKEAWAYS

    • Heat is energy that flows between a system and its enviroment be-
    cause of a temp. diff. between them.

    • Heat transfers via one of three mechanisms: conduction, convection


    and radiation.

    • The first law of thermodynamics says that in any thermodynamic


    process between thermal states i and f , the quantity Q + W is the
    same regardless of the path from i to f (where Q and W are the heat
    transferred and W is the work done on [or by] the system by forces
    that act through the sys. boundary, respc.). This quantity is eq. to a
    change in value of a state f’n called the internal energy Eint :

    Q + W = ∆Eint .

    • Heat capacicty is defined as the ratio of thermal energy transferred


    to a body in any process to the change in its change in temp. :

    Q
    C=
    ∆T

    • Specific heat (capacicty) is the h.c. of the material of which the body
    is composed:
    C Q
    c= =
    m m∆T
    • The heat energy needed to bring an object composed of a material
    w/ s.h. c from T1 → T2 is

    Q = mc(T f − Ti ).

    R R Vf
    • The work done on/by an ideal gas is W = − pdV = − Vi
    pdV. From
    this we have the follow special cases:

    1. For isochroic (đẳng tích) processes, W = 0.

    1
    2. For isobaric (đẳng áp) processes, W = −p(V f − Vi ).
    Vf
    3. For isothermal (đẳng nhiệt) processes , W = −nRT ln .
    Vi
    1
    4. For adiabatic (đoạn nhiệt) processes, W = (p f V f − pi Vi ),
    γ−1
    where γ is called the ratio of specific heats.
    5. The theorem of equipartition of energy: When the # of molecules
    is large, the average energy per molecule is kT
    2
    for each indepen-
    dent degree of freedom. This means that
    3 3
    – For monoatomic gasses, Eint = NkT = nRT (3 transla-
    2 2
    tional axes)
    5 5
    – For diatomic gasses, Eint = NkT = nRT (3 translational
    2 2
    axes + 2 rotational axes)
    – For polyatomic gasses Eint = 3NkT = 3nRT (3 translational
    axes + 3 rotational axes)
    6. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temper-
    ature.
    7. Molar (isothermal) heat capacicty Cv is defined by

    Q ∆Eint
    Cv = = .
    n∆T n∆T

    8. Molar (isobaric) heat capacicty Cp is defined by

    Cp = Cv + R.

    E23-10

    a. ∆Eint = 30J =⇒ W = −6 J
    b. = −∆Eint − W = −43 J.
    c. Eint, f = 40 J.
    d. For ib, Q = 0
    ∆Eint,ib = 22 − 10 = 12J, Eint,b f = 18J. As b f is isobaric,
    Qb f = 18J and Qib = Qib f − Qi f = 18J.

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