SPTC 1702 Q4 FPF

Lesson 2
Interpretation of the
Population
Proportion
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

• appropriately determine the null and alternative
hypotheses in a hypothesis test for population
proportion;
• correctly illustrate the rejection region and test

statistic value in a hypothesis test for population
proportion,
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

• correctly decide whether to reject the null
hypothesis or not in a hypothesis test for population
proportion, and
• accurately interpret the decision in a hypothesis test

for population proportion.
Essential Questions
• How does the statement of a claim affect the formulation

of statistical hypotheses?
• Is rejecting the null hypothesis equivalent to accepting the

alternative hypothesis? Why do you think so?
Warm Up!
Before we discuss about the interpretation of the population

proportion, let us take a look at how proportions are applied
in advertisement.
(Click the link below to access the video.)
MondelezSalesPortal. “Trident 4/5 Dentist Commercial.”

YouTube video, 0:30. Posted April 2014. Retrieved 17
September 2019 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXqAyMhgc7I
Guide Questions
● How are proportions used in the advertisement?
● Do you think we should believe everything that is

presented in an advertisement? Why do you think so?
Learn about It!
Null Hypothesis
1 a statement which states that there is no difference between a parameter and a
specific value; denoted by 𝐻𝑜
Example:
𝐻0 : The proportion of students who have pets is 58%.
(𝑝 = 0.58)
Learn about It!
Alternative Hypothesis
2 a statement which states that there is a difference between a parameter and a
specific value; it is the negation of the null hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis is denoted by 𝐻𝑎 .
Example:
𝐻𝑎 : The proportion of students who have pets is not 58%.
(𝑝 ≠ 0.58)
Learn about It!
One-Tailed Test
3 a type of hypothesis test that makes use of only one side or tail of the
distribution. It can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.
The one-tailed test is used if the alternative hypothesis

contains a “greater than” or “less than” symbols.
Learn about It!
One-Tailed Test
Example:
A one-tailed test, specifically a right-tailed test, should be
used given the following hypotheses:
Learn about It!
One-Tailed Test
Example:
𝐻0 : The proportion of students who have pets is at most 58%.
(𝑝 ≤ 0.58)
𝐻𝐴 : The proportion of students who have pets is more than
58%. (𝑝 > 0.58)
Learn about It!
Two-Tailed Test
4 a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two opposite sides or tails of the
distribution; it is used if the alternative hypothesis contains the “not equal to”
symbol.
This test is used when no assertion is made on whether the

parameter falls within the positive or negative end of the
distribution.
Learn about It!
Two-Tailed Test
symbol.
Example:
A two-tailed test should be used given following hypotheses:
𝐻𝑜 : The proportion of students who have pets is 58%.
(𝑝 = 0.58)
𝐻𝑎 : The proportion of students who have pets is not 58%.
(𝑝 ≠ 0.58)
Learn about It!
Level of Significance
5 the probability of making an error in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
actually true
The commonly used levels of significance are 0.05 and 0.01.
Example:
A significance level of 𝛼 = 0.01 means that there is a 1%
chance of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Learn about It!
Critical Values
6 𝑧-scores that are boundaries of the rejection region
Example:
The table on the next slide shows the critical values of

𝛼 = 0.05 and 𝛼 = 0.01. Note that in a hypothesis test for
population proportion, we use the 𝑧-statistic.
Learn about It!
Critical Values
Type of Test
𝛼 = 0.01 𝛼 = 0.05
One-tailed ±2.33 ±1.64
Two-tailed ±2.58 ±1.96
Learn about It!
Decision in Hypothesis Testing

7 when the test statistic value falls in the rejection region, we reject the null
hypothesis; otherwise, we do not reject the null hypothesis.
Example:
In a two-tailed test at 𝛼 = 0.05, the rejection region is the area
to the left of 𝑧 = −1.96 and the area to the right of 𝑧 = 1.96. If
the test statistic value is less than 𝑧 = −1.96 or greater than
𝑧 = 1.96, then the null hypothesis is rejected.
Learn about It!

Example:
But if the test statistic value is between 𝑧 = −1.96 and
𝑧 = 1.96, then the null hypothesis is not rejected.
Try It!
Example 1: Construct the rejection region for a right-tailed

test at 0.05 level of significance.
Try It!

Solution:
A right-tailed test is a one-tailed test whose rejection region is
to the right side of the normal curve. Using the 𝑧-table, the
critical value for a right-tailed test at 0.05 level of significance is
1.65.
The rejection region is illustrated on the next slide.

Try It!

Solution:
Try It!
Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

using a left-tailed test at 0.05 level of significance. The test
statistic value is computed to be 𝑧 = −1.78. Should the null
hypothesis be rejected or not?
Try It!

Solution:
1. Determine the critical values.
Since the level of significance is 𝛼 = 0.05 and the test is a left-

tailed test, the corresponding critical value of 𝑧 = −1.65.
Try It!

Solution:
2. Illustrate the rejection region.
Since this is a left-tailed test, the rejection region is to the left

of the critical value, which is 𝑧 = −1.65.
Try It!

Solution:
Try It!

Solution:
3. Determine if the test statistic value falls in the rejection
region.
The test statistic value is 𝑧 = −1.78. Let us locate this point on

the normal curve and check if it falls in the rejection region.
Try It!

Solution:
Try It!

Solution:
4. Determine whether the null hypothesis should be rejected
or not.
Since the test statistic value falls in the rejection region, the
null hypothesis should be rejected.
Let’s Practice!
Individual Practice:
1. Construct the rejection region for a two-tailed test at 0.01

level of significance.
2. A claim about a population proportion is tested using a

two-tailed test at 0.05 level of significance. The test statistic
value is computed to be 𝑧 = 1.5. Should the null hypothesis
be rejected or not?
Let’s Practice!
Group Practice: To be done in groups of three or four.
Based on previous data, the company believes that at least

4% of the speakers they produce in the factory are defective.
However, the supervisor thinks that there are fewer speakers
that are defective now. This claim is tested at 0.05 level of
significance, and the test statistic value is computed to be
𝑧 = −2.12. Write the null and alternative hypotheses,
determine whether the null hypothesis should be rejected,
and interpret the decision.
Key Points
Null Hypothesis
1 a statement which states that there is no difference between a parameter and a
specific value; denoted by 𝐻𝑜
Alternative Hypothesis
2 a statement which states that there is a difference between a parameter and a
specific value; it is the negation of the null hypothesis
One-Tailed Test
Key Points
Two-Tailed Test
symbol.
5 the probability of making an error in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
actually true
Critical Values
Key Points

Synthesis
● What are the values needed in a hypothesis test for

population proportion?
● Why is it important to test a claim about the population

proportion?
● How do you test claims about the population proportion?

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Lesson 2

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

• correctly illustrate the rejection region and test

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

• accurately interpret the decision in a hypothesis test

• How does the statement of a claim affect the formulation

• Is rejecting the null hypothesis equivalent to accepting the

Before we discuss about the interpretation of the population

(Click the link below to access the video.)

MondelezSalesPortal. “Trident 4/5 Dentist Commercial.”

● How are proportions used in the advertisement?

● Do you think we should believe everything that is

The alternative hypothesis is denoted by 𝐻𝑎 .

The one-tailed test is used if the alternative hypothesis

This test is used when no assertion is made on whether the

The commonly used levels of significance are 0.05 and 0.01.

The table on the next slide shows the critical values of

Decision in Hypothesis Testing

Decision in Hypothesis Testing

Example 1: Construct the rejection region for a right-tailed

Example 1: Construct the rejection region for a right-tailed

The rejection region is illustrated on the next slide.

Example 1: Construct the rejection region for a right-tailed

Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

Since the level of significance is 𝛼 = 0.05 and the test is a left-

Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

Since this is a left-tailed test, the rejection region is to the left

Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

The test statistic value is 𝑧 = −1.78. Let us locate this point on

Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

Example 2: A claim about a population proportion is tested

1. Construct the rejection region for a two-tailed test at 0.01

2. A claim about a population proportion is tested using a

Group Practice: To be done in groups of three or four.

Based on previous data, the company believes that at least

Decision in Hypothesis Testing

● What are the values needed in a hypothesis test for

● Why is it important to test a claim about the population

● How do you test claims about the population proportion?

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