Chemistry 4th Fuel

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UNIT V FUELS 2u13-16
1, INTRUDUCTION: "Fuel is a substance, containing carbon as a main constituent, which on

burning gives large amount of heat, which can be used economically for domestic and industrial
purposes"
Ex: Wood, coal, kerosene, petrol, diesel, natural gas, producer gas, oil gas etc.
During the combustion process the reactants produce products like CO;, H,O etc. of lower energy. The
energy released during the combustion process is the difference in the energy of the reactants and the
products.
Fuel+O; Products + Heat
(More energy) (Less Energy)

Classification of fuels
Fuels are classified according to their occurrence as well as their physical state.
1) Natural or primary fuels 2) Artificial or secondary fuels
CHEMICAL FUELS
Primary Fuels Secondary Fuels

(Which are found in nature) (Which are prepared from primary fuels)
Solid Liquid Gaseous Solid

Liquid Gaseous
Wood, Petroleum Natural gas Coke, Charcoal Petrol coal gas
L Coal, dung Crude Kerosene waterr sgas
Fuels that are found and oblained from nature are natural fuels. E.g: Coal. petroleum etc.
Fuels that are prepared artificialy from primary fuels are secondary or artificial fuels.
Eg: Kerosene, producer gas etc.

On the basis of physical state, fuels are classified as solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
2. Characteristics of a good fuel

1. A fuel should possess high calorific value, resulting in large amount of heat per unit mass.
2. It should possess moderate ignition temperature.

3. It should have low moisture content, since high value reduces its heating value.
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Engineering Chemistry
UNIT V FUELS 2015-16
4. A good fuel should have low content of non-combustible matter and ash.
5. Moderate velocity of combustion is required to prevent loss of heat by radiation.
6. Fuel on burming should not give toxic or poisonous gases ike CO. HS, and SO; ete.
7. A good fuel should be readily available in bulk at a low cost.
8. The fuel must be easily transported and stored safely.
9. The combustion of a fuel should be easily controllable. The fuel should not undergo spontaneous
combustion without smoke.

e o n botroon Solid Liauid ond fuel agse
combustion without smoke.
Comparison between Solid, Liquid and fuel gases
Solid fuel Liquid fuel Gaseous fuel
1Combustion is slow Quick combustion Combustion takes place rapidly

2 Transport is sometimes It can easily be transported li can easily be transported
difficult. through pipes. through pipes and containers.
3 Storage is safee There is greater risk in|There is the greatest risk in |

storage. storing.
4 Calorific value is less. Calorific value is higher. Calorific value is highest.
Ash and smoke are produced There is no ash problem but | Neither ash nor smoke are
and their disposal is a
it may producesmoke. produced.
problem.
6 They cannot be used in They can be used in internal They can also be used as
internal combustion engines. combustion engines internal combustion engines.
3 Calorific value
10. COMBUSTION:Combustionis rapidoxidation ofan element or compound with release of
heat or light or both and hencethe temperature risesconsiderably. The mainelements which undergo
combustionare carbon, hydrogen andsulphur.
Forexample,combustion of carbon in oxygen:
C(s)+ 0,(g) co,(g)+ 97 kcal
Mass Proportions: 2 32 44
What is a lubricant
A lubricant is a substance which is applied

between two rubbing surfaces for reducing
friction. While dealing with machines,
friction among the machine parts can
damage it severely.
Properties of a good lubricant
I t should have suitable viscosity.

I t should act as protective covering against corrosion.
Itshould have heavy strength to prevent metal to metal contact under heavy load.
I t should not chemically react with the machine parts.
I t should have low pour point.
I t should not react with air, water and fuel.
I t should have cleaning ability.
It should be non toxic.
It should be non inflammable.

It should have non foaming characteristics.
Its viscosity should not change with temperature.
It should ensure the adherence between contacting surfaces.

Its flash point and fire points should be high.
I t should not form deposits by reacting with the machine parts or the surrounding environment.
It should have low cost.
Types of lubricants
Basically there are two types of lubricants.
Oil and Grease.

Cetane number
Article Talk
A
Cetane number (cetane rating) is an indicator of
the combustion speed of diesel fuel and
compression needed for ignition. It plays a similar
role for diesel as octane rating does for gasoline.
The CN is an important factor in determining the
quality of diesel fuel, but not the only one; other

measurements of diesel fuel's quality include (but
are not limited to) energy content, density,
lubricity, cold-flow properties and sulphur
Content.11
Octane rating
Article Talk
SA
An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard
measure of a fuel's ability to withstand
Compression in an internal combustion engine
without detonating. The higher the octane number,
the more compression the fuel can withstand
before detonating. Octane rating does not relate
directly to the power output or the energy content
of the fuel per unit mass or volume, but simply
indicates gasoline's capability against
compression.

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2/30

UNIT V FUELS 2u13-16

1, INTRUDUCTION: "Fuel is a substance, containing carbon as a main constituent, which on

(More energy) (Less Energy)

Primary Fuels Secondary Fuels

Solid Liquid Gaseous Solid

Eg: Kerosene, producer gas etc.

2. Characteristics of a good fuel

2. It should possess moderate ignition temperature.

UNIT V FUELS 2015-16

5. Moderate velocity of combustion is required to prevent loss of heat by radiation.

7. A good fuel should be readily available in bulk at a low cost.

8. The fuel must be easily transported and stored safely.

combustion without smoke.

1Combustion is slow Quick combustion Combustion takes place rapidly

3 Storage is safee There is greater risk in|There is the greatest risk in |

A lubricant is a substance which is applied

I t should have suitable viscosity.

I t should have cleaning ability.

It should be non toxic.

It should be non inflammable.

It should ensure the adherence between contacting surfaces.

It should have low cost.

Basically there are two types of lubricants.

Oil and Grease.

quality of diesel fuel, but not the only one; other

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