Mathematics in

Modern World
Modules
Mathematics in Modern World Module 1

P - arenthesis E -
xponents
M – ultiplication Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
D - Division
A - ddition
S – ubtration

To solve an arithmetic problem, solve first any operations inside parentheses followed by
exponents, next is multiplication and division then finally addition and subtraction.

P - arenthesis
E - xponents
M – ultiplication Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
D - Division
A - ddition
S – ubtration
To solve an arithmetic problem, solve first any operations inside parentheses followed by
exponents, next is multiplication and division then finally addition and subtraction.

Example #1
8 + 4 x (6 / 2) Activity 1 (5 points each)
=8 + 4 x (3) 1. (75 / 15) + (121/ 11) + (63 / 7)
=8 + 12 15 + 11 + 9
=20 = 35 answer
Example #2
=2 x 17 + (9 + 8) – 5 2. (1000-25^2) / (3 x5)
(1000-625)/ 15
=2 x 17 + 17 – 5 375/15
=34 + 17 – 5 = 25 answer

=51 – 5 3. (3 x 15) + (14 x 2) – 18

45 + 28 - 18
= 46
= 55 answer

4. 25 = (31 + 18) x (36/6)

25= (49) x (6)
25= 294 answer

5. (625 / 25) + (204 / 17) x 3

25 + (12) x 3
25 + 36
= 61 answer
Mathematics in Modern World Module 2

Remember: Leonardo Fibonacci came up with the sequence when calculating the ideal
expansion pairs of rabbits over the course of the year. Its emergent patterns and ratios
can be seen in from the microscale and macroscale, while the Golden Ratio doesn’t
account for any structure or pattern in the universe.

Sequence is an ordered list of numbers called terms, that they may have repeated
values. The arrangement of this is set by definite rule.
Example:
Instruction: Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three
terms: 1. 1, 10, 100, 1000, , ,
2. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, , ,
3. Let Fib(n) be the nth term of Fibonacci sequence with Fib (1) = 1, Fib (2) = 1 and
Fib (3) = 3. Find Fib (8) and Fib (19).

Fibonacci Numbers are natures numbering System, they appear everywhere in nature,
from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern of flowers, scale of pineapple, etc.

Examples of Fibonacci patterns/process

1. Seed heads
2. Pine Cones
3. Tree Branches
4. Shells
5. Spiral Galaxies and hurricane

The Fibonacci sequence is the series of numbers:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it:
 the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1),
 the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+2),
 the 5 is (2+3),
 and so on!
 The Rule is xn = xn−1 + xn−2; Where: xn = is the term
Activity 2
Find the sequence of numbers indicated below. (10 Points each)
1. 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16, 22
2. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8
3. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
4. 2, 6, 12, 36, 72, 216
5. 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5
Mathematics in the Modern World Module 3
DISCUSSION:
Measures found by using all the data values in the population are called
parameters. Measures obtained by using the data values of sample taken from a
population are called statistics. For example, the average sales from a sample of
representatives is called statistic, and the average of sales obtained from the entire
population is called parameter.
What are those measures referring to? Those refer to the measures of central
tendency such as Mean, Median, and Mode.
Measures of Central Tendency
 Mean – sum of the values, divided by the total number of values.
 Median – middle point in a data set that has been ordered
 Mode – most frequent data value
 Midrange – lowest value plus highest value, divided by 2
Properties and Uses of Central Tendency
THE MEAN
1. One computes the mean by using all the values of the data.
2. The mean varies less than the median or mode when samples are taken
from the same population and all the three measures are computed for these
samples.
3. The mean is used in computing other statistics, such as the variance.
4. The mean for the data set is unique and not necessarily one of the data values.
5. The mean cannot be computed for an open-ended frequency distribution.
6. The mean is affected by extremely high or low values, called outliers, and
may not be the appropriate average to use in these situations.
Measures of Central Tendency
- determine a numerical value in the central region of a distribution by extreme of scores.
- Central tendency refers to the center of the distribution of the distributions.
- These are used when the general or over- all performance of the class is compared to
other classes,
1. Mean
- is also called arithmetic mean or average. The mean is the balance point of a
distribution. It can be affected by extreme scores. It is stable, and varies from sample to
sample
- It is the most common measure of central tendency. It is computed by summing all the
scores (sigma or Σ) and dividing by the number of scores (N):
𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝚺 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐬
a. Mean = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 or X= 𝑵

Where X is the mean, ∑x is the addition or summation of all scores, and N is the number
of cases.
 Example of calculating mean with formula:

Example – Grouped Data

Given the scores of first year students in a Statistics test, calculate the mean.
10, 5, 9, 8, 6, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 6
1. To calculate the mean, first add all scores; that is, 10+5+9+8++6+5+9+8+7+6+5+6=
84
2. Then divide the result by the number of cases (the number of scores): 12
3. Applying the formula: X= 84/12= 7
Thus, the mean or average score of this Statistics test is 7.

b. Weighted Mean, WMn = ∑𝐟𝐱

𝑵
Where: WMn = weighted mean
F = frequency
X = Scores
∑fx = sum of the product of frequency and score
N = Total frequency
Example – Grouped Data
 Scores (x) f fx
50 9 450
40 8 320
30 11 330
20 5 100
10 12 120
N = 45 ∑fx = 1320
Mean = ∑fx = 1320/45 = 29.33
𝑁
Activity 3

I. Solve for Ungrouped data (10 Points each)

1. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
2. 5,1,2,47,8,6
3. 7,9,8,4,2,5,6,7

II. Solve for grouped data

Scores (x) f fx
500 25 12, 500
450 50 22, 500
400 35 14, 000
350 75 26, 250
300 50 15, 000
250 22 5, 500
200 13 2, 600
150 5 750
100 8 800
50 100 5000
N = 383 ∑fx =
104,900
Mean = ∑fx = 104,900/383 = 273.89

1. Find the Total Frequency (N). (10 Points)

2. Find the sum of product of frequency score (∑fx). (20 Points)
3. Find the Mean (20 Points)
Mathematics in Modern World Module 4

DISCUSSION:
Measures found by using all the data values in the population are called
parameters. Measures obtained by using the data values of sample taken from a
population are called statistics. For example, the average sales from a sample of
representatives is called statistic, and the average of sales obtained from the entire
population is called parameter.
What are those measures referring to? Those refer to the measures of central
tendency such as Mean, Median, and Mode.
Measures of Central Tendency
 Mean – sum of the values, divided by the total number of values.
 Median – middle point in a data set that has been ordered
 Mode – most frequent data value
 Midrange – lowest value plus highest value, divided by 2

THE MEADIAN
1. The median is used when one must find the center or middle value of a
data set.
2. The median is used when one must determine whether the data values fall into
the upper half or lower half of the distribution.
3. The median is used for an open-ended distribution.
4. The median is affected less than the mean by extremely high or extremely
low values.
Median Ungrouped data
The median is the middle value in a distribution. It is the point at which half of the
scores are above, and half of the scores are below. It is not affected by outliers, so the median
is preferred as a measure of central tendency when a distribution has extreme scores. Median
is the midpoint or the middlemost scores.

 Example: these are the scores obtained by first year students in a Statistics test:
10, 5, 9, 8, 6, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 6
1. First, values are sorted from lowest to highest:
5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10
2. We have an even number of scores; thus, the median is the mean of the two
middle numbers:
6+7/2= 6.5
The median is 6.5

To calculate the median, values are sorted from lowest to highest. When there is an odd
number of scores, the median is simply the middle score. When there is an even number of
numbers, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers.
 Example: these are the scores obtained by first year students in a Statistics test:
10, 5, 9, 8, 6, 5, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 6
1. First, values are sorted from lowest to highest:
5, 5, 5, 6, 0, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10
2. We have an even number of scores; thus, the median is the mean of the two
middle numbers:
6+7/2= 6.5
The median is 6.5

Median of the Grouped Data

Solution: 𝑵
−𝒄𝒇
Md = Xlb + (𝟐 )i
𝒇𝒎
Where: Md = median
Xlb = the lower boundary or true lower limit of the median class
N = total frequency
Cfb = cumulative frequency before the median class
Fm = frequency of the median class
I = size of the class interval
Example: Solve for the median for the following data
Class Frequency f <cf
28 – 29 1 60
26 – 27 3 59
24 – 25 3 56
22- 23 3 53
20 - 21 6 50
18 – 19 6 44
16 – 17 8 38
14 – 15 6 30
12 – 13 10 24
10 -11 14 14
Interval = 2 N = 60
Solution:
N/2th = 60/2 = 30score
Xlb = 13.5
Cf = 24
Fm = 6
I=2
𝑁/2 –
Md = Xlb + ( )i
𝑓𝑚
30−24
= 13.5 + ( )2
6
= 13.5 + (6/6)2
= 13.5 + 2
= 15.5
Activity 4

Solve for the Median of the Score test in Science.

Score Frequency <cf

110 – 100 10
90 – 80 6
70 – 60 8
50 – 40 9
30 – 20 7
10 – 0 10
Interval =? N =?

1. Find the lower boundary or true lower limit of the median class. (10 Points)
2. Find the total frequency (10 Points)
3. Find the cumulative frequency before the median class (10 Points)
4. Find the frequency of the median class (5 Points)
5. Find the size of the class interval (5 points)
6. Find the Median (10 Points)

Solution:
𝑁/2 –
Md = Xlb + ( )i
𝑓𝑚
Mathematics in the Modern World Module 5 and 6
Variance and Standard Deviation

The Variance is defined as the average the squared differences from the mean
To calculate the variance follow these steps:

1. Work out the mean

2. Then for each number: Subject the mean and square the result
3. Then work out the average of those squared

differences Example:

Number of Students F fx X – Mean X – Mean^2

(x) (Variance)
60 6 360 14.08 198.34
55 8 440 9.08 82.51
50 12 600 4.08 16.67
45 14 630 -0.92 0.84
40 5 200 -0.52 35.01
35 15 525 -10.92 119.17
N = 60 Efx = 2755 σ2 = 452.54

Mean = 45.92
Variance = 697.54
The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are. Its symbol
is σ (the greek letter sigma)

The standard deviation formula may look confusing, but it will make sense after we
break it down. In the coming sections, we'll walk through a step-by-step interactive
example. Here's a quick preview of the steps we're about to follow:
Step 1: Find the mean.
Step 2: For each data point, find the square of its distance to the mean.
Step 3: Sum the values from Step 2.
Step 4: Divide by the number of data points.
Step 5: Take the square root.

Number of Students F fx X – Mean X – Mean^2

(x) (Variance)
60 6 360 14.08 198.34
55 8 440 9.08 82.51
50 12 600 4.08 16.67
45 14 630 -0.92 0.84
40 5 200 -0.52 35.01
35 15 525 -10.92 119.17
N = 60 Efx = 2755 σ2 = 452.54
Mean = 45.92
Variance = 697.54
Formula Mean = 45.92
Variance = 697.54
Standard Deviation = 3.44

𝟔𝟗𝟕.
𝑺= 𝟓𝟒
√
𝟔𝟎 −
𝟏
𝑺= 𝟔𝟗𝟕.
√ 𝟓𝟒
𝟓𝟗
S = √11.82
S = 3.44

Activity
Number of F Fx X- Mean X – Mean^2
Population (Variance)
(x)
70 4
55 11
40 3
25 7
10 5
N= Efx = σ2 =

1. Find N. (5 points)
2. Find efx. (10 Points)
3. Find the Mean (10 Points)
4. Solve for X – Mean (column 4). (15 Points)
5. Find the Variance. (10 Points)
6. Find the Standard Deviation (10 Points)
Mathematics in the Modern World Module 7,8 and 9
Pearson and Correlation
The Pearson correlation coefficient is used to measure the strength of a linear
association between two variables, where the value r = 1 means a perfect positive
correlation and the value r = -1 means a perfect negataive correlation. So, for example,
you could use this test to find out whether people's height and weight are correlated
(they will be - the taller people are, the heavier they're likely to be).

Requirements for Pearson's correlation coefficient

 Scale of measurement should be interval or ratio

 Variables should be approximately normally distributed
 The association should be linear
 There should be no outliers in the data

IQ SCORE Productivity XY X^2 Y^2

110 5.2 572 12100 27.04
120 6 720 14400 36
130 6.3 819 16900 39.69
126 5.7 718.2 15876 32.49
122 4.8 585.6 14884 23.04
121 4.2 508.2 14641 17.64
103 3 309 10609 9
98 2.9 284.2 9604 8.41
80 2.7 216 6400 7.29
97 3.2 310.4 9409 10.24
∑x = 1107 ∑y = 44 ∑xy = 5042.6 ∑x^2 = 124823 ∑y^2 = 210.84

N = 10
Formula:

Solution:
10(5042.6) − (1107)(44)
√[1248230 − 1225449][2108.4 − 1936]
50426 − 48708

√[22781][172.4]
1718
√3927444.4
1718
1981.78

R = 0.87
Activity
Score (x) Students (y) XY X^2 Y^2
350 5 1750 122500 25
 950 9 8550 902500 81
780 8 6240 608400 64
990 3 2970 980100 9
487 1 487 237169 1
500 5 2500 250000 25
800 4 3200 640000 16
∑x= ∑y= ∑xy = ∑x^2 = ∑y^2 =
N=7
Activity
1. Find ∑x (10 points)
2. Find ∑y (10 points)
3. Find ∑xy (10 points)
4. Find ∑x^2 (10 points)
5. Find ∑y^2 (10 points)
6. Find the final answer (40 points)