Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350

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Journal of Alloys and Compounds

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jalcom

Facilely synthesized NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods as electrode material

for high performance supercapacitor
Frederick Nti a, Daniel Adjah Anang b, Jeong In Han a, *
a
Flexible Display and Printed Electronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 04620, Seoul, South
Korea
b
Laboratory of Energy and Materials Characterization, Department of Materials and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 04620, Seoul, South
Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A facile synthesis scheme is employed to form NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods. The as-prepared sample was
Received 7 November 2017 characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
Received in revised form energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photo-
14 January 2018
electron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical characterization of the sample was investigated by
Accepted 22 January 2018
Available online 31 January 2018
employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD) and electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Our facilely synthesized NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods utilizes the synergic
effects of Ni and Co ternary molybdates which enabled a high specific capacitance of 1445 F/g to be
Keywords:
Facile synthesis
achieved at a current density of 1 A/g and retained 78.8% of its initial capacitance after 3000 cycles at a
Supercapacitor current density of 10 A/g. The sample also exhibited a low ionic resistance of 1.20 U. This performance
Nanorods was much higher than individual NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods. The simple and scalable scheme
NiMoO4/CoMoO4 employed to form the high performance NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods makes it a significant low cost
NiMoO4 electrode material for supercapacitor application.
CoMoO4 © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction storage needs because of their environmental friendliness, fast

charge and discharge, high power density and long cycle life [7,8].
Energy is essential for development therefore there has always Supercapacitors are mostly classified on the basis of their charge
been an increasing demand for energy [1]. However, fossil fuels storage mechanism and electrochemical activity: electrical double-
which have reliably provided the world's energy needs over the layer capacitors (EDLCs) comprise of carbon based materials and
years are quickly depleting and their use results in global warming they store charges at the interface between their electrodes and
which leads to adverse atmospheric conditions [2]. This necessi- electrolyte [9e11]; pseudocapacitors like MnO2 are characterized
tates a switch to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and by electrochemical activities similar to that of carbon based mate-
hydro. These renewable energy sources, however, are inconsistent rials; an interesting trend of materials are metal oxides and hy-
because of their dependence on climatic conditions, making them droxides which have electrochemical activities similar to that of
unreliable. This results in an imbalance between demand and battery materials, these materials as described as Faradaic capaci-
supply of energy and so they need to be further improved and tive materials [12e15]. Combining EDLC's and Faradaic capacitive
complemented with high performance energy storage systems [3]. materials has been proven to enhance the electrochemical prop-
Thus, the reason for intensified research into energy generation, erties of some supercapacitor electrode materials [16,17].
conversion and storage systems [4]. Much research and investment One important area of manufacturing that can enhance the
have been poured into energy storage and conversion systems such integration of supercapacitors into everyday use is the materials for
as batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors [5,6]. making these devices [18]. The search for high performance elec-
Supercapacitors have proved promising in meeting energy trode materials has required efforts such as the synthesis of novel
materials and improving of existing ones [19,20]. Various strategies
have been employed to improve existing materials some of which
* Corresponding author. include the formation of composites, hierarchically structured,
E-mail address: [email protected] (J.I. Han). core-shell structures and doping of materials [21,22]. These

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.289
0925-8388/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 F. Nti et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350 343

sometimes involve several stages of experiments, environmentally precipitates were collected and washed several times with distilled
unfriendly solvents and surfactants. water and ethanol and dried in vacuum at 60
C for 12 h. The dried
In recent times, metal molybdates such as NiMoO4 [23,24] and samples were then collected and heat-treated in a tube furnace at a
CoMoO4 [25] have been in research focus because of their abun- temperature of 400
C for 2 h at a heating rate of about 6
per
dance, low cost and the reliable redox transformations of Ni and Co minute. The as-synthesized samples were then allowed to cool to
[26e28]. NiMoO4 is known for its high capacitance but exhibits low room temperature and then characterized by running XRD to
rate capability whereas CoMoO4, which has a lower capacitance, confirm their phase purity and crystal lattice. Fig. 1 shows sche-
offers good rate capability [29,30]. One work successfully demon- matics for the facile synthesis of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods.
strated ultrathin CoMoO4 nano-dandelions which gave a high
specific capacitance of 2100 F/g at 1 A/g [31]. A composite of these 2.2. Characterizations
two materials with interesting electrochemical properties promises
the ability to harness their synergic effects in energy storage ap- The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the synthesized samples
plications [32]. Qing et al. rationally designed nano-based CoMoO4- were studied with a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer using CuKa
NiMoO4 nanotubes which offered a specific capacitance of 751 F/g radiation (40 kV, 30 mA) at a scan rate of 2
/min between 10
and
at a current density of 1 A/g with 94% capacitance retention after 80
(2q). A K-alpha (Thermo VG, U.K.) equipped with mono-
2000 cycles [30]. Zhuoxun et al. synthesized a hierarchical nano- chromated Al X-ray source (Al Ka line: 1486.6eV)) was employed to
sheet based CoMoO4-NiMoO4 nanotubes which had a specific perform X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) analysis on the
capacitance of 1079 F/g at a current density of 5 A/g with 98.4% samples. Morphological and the elemental analysis were con-
capacitance retention after 1000 cycles [32]. Zhen et al. also syn- ducted with a Novanano field emission scanning electron micro-
thesized NiMoO4@CoMoO4 hierarchical nanospheres which owing scope 450 (Novanano SEM 450) together with energy dispersive X-
to its unique morphology and with the right proportions of NiMoO4 ray analysis (EDX). TEM studies was conducted with Jeol, JEM-
and CoMoO4, exhibited a high specific capacitance of 1601.6 F/g at a 2100F field emission electron microscope. Raman spectroscopy
current density of 2 A/g [33]. was studied with a Nano base XperRam-100 with excitation
There have been few reports on NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 com- wavelength and laser power of 532 nm and 0.1 mW respectively.
posites but to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on such
a simple synthesis scheme for NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods. In this 2.3. Electrode preparation and electrochemical analysis
work, we demonstrate a facile synthesis of NiMoO4/CoMoO4
nanorods and its superior performance compared to individual To prepare the working electrodes for each of the synthesized
NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods. The facile method employed in this materials, each of the active materials (NiMoO4/CoMoO4, NiMoO4
work is more effective than the usual multi-stage processes for and CoMoO4 nanorods), conductive carbon black and PVDF were
forming core-shells and hierarchically structured NiMoO4@Co- weighed in a ratio of 85:10:5 and thoroughly mixed. A homogenous
MoO4 composites because it allows for the effective formation of a slurry was formed by mixing the mixture in NMP. The slurry was
mixture of the two materials. This composite allows for the com- then brush-coated unto an already washed (by sonicating in
bination of the conductive properties and synergic effect of NiMoO4 acetone, methanol and distilled water, 10 min each) and weighed
and CoMoO4. The facile synthesis method involved the formation of piece of nikel foam (1 cm  1 cm) substrate. The prepared elec-
the desired material in a single reaction vessel followed by heat trodes were then dried in an oven at 60
C for 12 h to remove the
treatment of the desired product to enhance crystallinity. This facile NMP solvent. The dried electrode was collected, weighed and used
method offers the benefits of effectiveness, reduced chemical waste as the working electrode. The masses of the coated active materials
and simplicity [34]. The as-synthesized samples were characterized were found to be around 2 mg.
by XRD, XPS, SEM and EDX techniques and electrochemical char- A three-electrode system which is efficient for studying the
acteristics of the samples were investigated by using cyclic vol- electrochemical-specific characteristics of electrode materials was
tammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD) and employed to study the electrochemical behavior of the samples
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochemical [35]. 1 M KOH aqueous solution was used as electrolyte, Ag/AgCl as
characterizations were carried out in a three electrode super- reference electrode and platinum wire as the counter electrode,
capacitor system in 1 M KOH aqueous solution with Ag/AgCl as using Biologic SP-150 electrochemical workstation. CV analysis was
reference electrode and platinum wire as the counter electrode. conducted within a potential window of 0e0.7 V at different
sweeping rates. GCD studies were carried out between 0 V and
2. Experimental section 0.5 V at different current densities, cycle performance was studied
between 0 V and 0.5 V and EIS was recorded from 0.01 Hz to
2.1. Material synthesis 100 kHz.

Na2MoO4$2H2O, Ni(NO3)2$6H2O and Co(NO3)2$6H2O were pur- 3. Results and discussion

chased from Sigma Aldrich and used without further purification.
To synthesize NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods by our facile scheme, 3.1. Characterization
2.5 mmol of Ni(NO3)2$6H2O, 2.5 mmol of Co(NO3)$6H2O and
5 mmol of Na2MoO4$2H2O were each prepared in 25 ml of distilled Fig. 2 (a) shows the XRD results of the as-synthesized NiMoO4/
water. The three solutions were mixed and sonicated to form a CoMoO4, NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods. The XRD patterns of pure
uniform solution. To synthesize NiMoO4, 25 mls each of 2.5 mmol of NiMoO4 and pure CoMoO4 are in agreement with standard
Ni(NO3)2$6H2O and 2.5 mmol of Na2MoO4$2H2O were mixed and diffraction patterns of NiMoO4 (JCPDS, card number 33-0948) and
sonicated and to synthesize CoMoO4, 25 mls each of 2.5 mmol of CoMoO4 (JCPDS, card number 21-0868) respectively. The absence of
Co(NO3)2$6H2O and 2.5 mmol of Na2MoO4$2H2O were mixed and other impurity peaks confirmed the purity of the as-synthesized
sonicated. materials. NiMoO4 belongs to the Monoclinic C2/m space group
The resulting solutions were transferred into 80 ml Teflon lined whereas CoMoO4 belongs to the monoclinic I2/m space group.
autoclaves and kept at a temperature of 150
C for 6 h and subse- NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 phases were present in the diffraction pattern
quently allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 composite indicating that the composite
344 F. Nti et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350

Fig. 1. Schematics showing the facile synthesis of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods.

Fig. 2. XRD plots for; (a) NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 (b) Raman plots of NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4.

material was successfully formed by the one-pot scheme. The peaks SEM images of NiMoO4/CoMoO4, NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods
of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods are generally less intense showing show rodlike morphologies. A comparison of the images suggest
lower crystallinity as compared to the peaks of NiMoO4 and that the NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods are more crowded.
CoMoO4. Poor crystallinity is known to facilitate transfer of elec- Fig. 4 (a) displays the TEM image of a single NiMoO4/CoMoO4
trons [36]. nanorod which has a diameter of ~117 nm. The nanorod
Fig. 1 (b) shows the Raman spectra of the NiMoO4/CoMoO4, morphology is in accordance with the obtained SEM image. Fig. 4
NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods. The Raman spectrum of NiMoO4 (b) shows a close image which shows that the rod has rough sur-
shows an intense peak at 960 cm1 with some other peaks face. Fig. 4 (c) shows high resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of
appearing at 912 cm1, 704 cm1 and 384 cm1 which can all be NiMoO4/CoMoO4 with the inset showing the corresponding
attributed to the Mo-O-Ni stretching vibrations in NiMoO4 [37]. The selected area electron diffraction patterns (SAED). The spacing of
spectrum of CoMoO4 also shows an intense peak at 936 cm1 and the observed lattice planes were 0.33 nm corresponding to the
some other less intense peaks at 876 cm1, 815 cm1 and 367 cm1 (002) plane of CoMoO4 and 0.23 nm corresponding to the (132)
which all correspond to the Mo-O-Co stretching vibrations of plane o NiMoO4. The HRTEM image also shows the lattice fringes
CoMoO4. The observed peak at 330 cm1 can be attributed to the suggesting that particles are nanocrystalline. Fig. 4 (d) shows the
MoO4 vibrations. The Raman peak of the composite material EDS image of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 which shows the surface composi-
however shows characteristic shifts with the most intense peak tion of the element. It indicates that the material is composed of Ni,
being located at 946 cm1 while the other less intense peaks were Co, Mo and O. The ratio of Ni and Co was almost 1:1. Fig. S1 also
located at 886 cm1, 816 cm1, 697 cm1, 370 cm1 and 333 cm1. shows EDS layered image showing the uniform distribution of Ni,
The results suggest that the facile synthesis of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 Mo, Co and O in the sample.
composite was successful. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to
Fig. 3 shows the SEM images of the as-synthesized samples. The explore the surface chemical compositions and oxidation states of
 F. Nti et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350 345

Fig. 3. FESEM images of; (a, b) NiMoO4/CoMoO4, (c, d) NiMoO4 and (e, f) CoMoO4.

the as-synthesized NiMoO4/CoMoO4 and the results is as displayed are indicative of Faradaic capacitive behavior of the electrodes [15].
in Fig. 5. Fig. 5 (a) shows the survey spectrum of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 It can also be observed that the oxidation and reduction peaks of
nanorods which shows the individual peak positions all the ele- the redox couples shifted to the right and left respectively as
ments in the sample. Fig. 5 (b) shows Ni 2p XPS survey spectrum sweeping rates were increased and this was attributed to the in-
which has two major peaks located at a binding energies of 855.3 crease of internal diffusion resistance as sweeping rates were
and 873.1 eV corresponding to Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2 respectively. increased [32]. Mo, though a transition metal, does not directly
Both peaks had satellite peaks at 661.7 and 880.1 eV respectively partake in redox reactions but rather enhances conductivity and
which is characteristic of Ni2þ [13]. Fig. 5 (c) shows the Co 2p XPS thus improves the electrochemical performance of the electrodes
spectrum which is characterized by prominent peaks at 780.4 eV [28,42].
and 796.6 eV for Co 2p3/2 and Co 2p1/2, indicating the Co2þ oxida- Fig. 6 (b) shows a comparison of the CV curves of NiMoO4,
tion state [38e40]. Fig. 5 (d) shows the Mo 3d XPS spectra which CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods at a sweeping rate of
has two peaks at 232.0 and 235.1 eV, corresponding to Mo 3d5/2 25 mV/s. The CV curves of all three materials exhibited pairs of
and Mo 3d3/2 respectively which typifies Mo6þ [41]. Fig. 5 (e) shows redox peaks indicating that they are all Faradaic capacitive mate-
the O 1s XPS spectrum which shows a prominent peak at 530.0 eV rials [15]. The CV curve NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods covered a larger
which is characteristic of metal-oxygen bonds and defect oxygen area and showed a higher peak current compared to the CV curves
peak at 532.4 eV [13]. of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4. This suggests that NiMoO4/CoMoO4
nanorods has higher charge storage capacity than NiMoO4 and
CoMoO4 nanorods. The improved performance of NiMoO4/CoMoO4
3.2. Electrochemical characterization
nanorods can be attributed to synergic effect of NiMoO4 and
CoMoO4.
Fig. 6 (a) shows the CV curves of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods
Fig. 7 (a), (b) and (c) present the galvanostatic charge and
recorded in a potential window of 0e0.7 V at different sweeping
discharge profiles of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4
rates (2 mV/s, 5 mV/s, 10 mV/s, 15 mV/s, 20 mV/s, 25 mV/s, 30 mV/s,
respectively recorded in a potential window of 0e0.5V (V vs Ag/
and 40 mV/s). The observed redox peaks are based on Ni and Co
AgCl) at different current densities (1 A/g, 2 A/g, 3 A/g, 4 A/g, 5 A/g,
reversibly changing their oxidation states between their þ2 and þ 3
7.5 A/g and 10 A/g). The galvanostatic charge and discharge profiles
oxidation states (Ni2þ/Ni3þ and Co2þ/Co3þ) as voltage was applied
of both NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods displayed
[28]. The presence of redox peaks resulting from redox mechanisms
346 F. Nti et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350

Fig. 4. (a), (b) TEM images of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 (c) HRTEM image with inset showing SAED pattern of NiMoO4/CoMoO4; (d) EDS plot of NiMoO4/CoMoO4.

lines with voltage plateau rather than smooth lines which was as a electrodes were charged at higher currents. The NiMoO4/CoMoO4
result of the Faradaic redox reactions observed in the CV curves. nanorods electrode generally showed high specific capacitance
The voltage plateau in the GCD curves were consistent with the compared to the NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods electrode. The
Faradaic redox peaks observed in the CV curves. The near sym- NiMoO4/CoMoO4, NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods electrodes
metric nature of the GCD curves suggest that the Faradaic redox showed estimated specific capacitance of about 1445 F/g and 815 F/
reactions were highly reversible. A comparison of the GCD curves of g, 504 F/g and 374 F/g and 101 F/g and 51 F/g respectively at current
the NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods is presented densities of 1 A/g and 10 A/g. The NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods
in Fig. 7 (d). These curves taken at a current density of 3 A/g are electrode showed a good rate capability of about 71%. The specific
representative of Fig. 7 (a, b and c) and they show that the curves of capacitance 1445 F/g recorded at 1 A/g for the facilely synthesized
the NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods electrode are longer than that those NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods is not only higher than that of NiMoO4
of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorod electrodes. This could be attrib- and CoMoO4 nanorods but also higher than those reported for
uted to the increased charge storage capacity of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 similar materials in other works. Table 1 presents a comparison of
and the synergic effect of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4. similar materials used for supercapacitor application.
Fig. 8 (a) shows a variation of the specific capacitance of NiMoO4, Fig. 8 (b) shows the cycle performance of the materials at a
CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods with differing current current density of 10 A/g studied in a potential window of 0e0.5 V.
densities and as expected, the values of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods All three materials showed good capacitance retention over 3000
were generally higher than those of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods cycles with NiMoO4, NiMoO4/CoMoO4 and CoMoO4 retaining about
recorded at the same current densities. The specific capacitance 69%, 79% and 93% of their initial capacitance respectively. This re-
was calculated from the equation: Cm ¼ (I  Dt)/(m  DV), where sults shows that a composite of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods
Cm is the specific capacitance (F/g), I is current (A), Dt is the improves the cycling performance of NiMoO4 by benefiting from
duration of the discharge (sec), m is mass (g) of the active material the excellent cycling stability of CoMoO4.
coated on the nikel foam and DV is the voltage range for the study Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is useful for studying
(V) [43]. The specific capacitance decreased gradually as the the internal resistance of the electrode material as well as the
 F. Nti et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350 347

Fig. 5. (a) XPS survey spectrum of NiMoO4/CoMoO4; XPS core level spectrum of (b) Ni (c) Co (d) Mo (e) O.

resistance between electrode materials and the electrolyte. Fig. 8 showed internal resistance (Rb) of 1.20 U and 1.08 U and 1.49 U
(c) shows the Nyquist plots for NiMoO4/CoMoO4, NiMoO4 and respectively. NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods electrode showed a lower
CoMoO4 nanorods electrodes recorded from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz. internal resistance compared to that of NiMoO4 nanorods electrode.
The figure also shows a proposed equivalent circuit which was used The semi circles located at the high frequency to low frequency
to fit the data. NiMoO4/CoMoO4, NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods region of the real axis represents the charge transfer resistance
electrodes show similar impedance plots consisting of semicircles (Rct) of the samples. The Rct values were observed to be 6.98 U,
at the high to medium frequency region and sloped lines at the low 7.027 U and 13.39 U for CoMoO4, NiMoO4/CoMoO4 and NiMoO4
frequency region. In the high frequency intercept of the real axis, respectively. This signified that NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods elec-
NiMoO4/CoMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4 nanorods electrodes trode has a lower pseudo-charge transfer resistance (Rct) as
348 F. Nti et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350

Fig. 6. (a) CV curves of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 different scan rates; (b) Comparison of CV curves recorded for NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 at 25 mV/s.

Fig. 7. GCD profiles at different current densities (a) NiMoO4; (b) CoMoO4; (c) NiMoO4/CoMoO4; (d) Comparison of GCD curves recorded for NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4
at 3 A/g.

compared to NiMoO4 nanorod electrodes. Also, Warburg imped- the real axis, is related to diffusive resistance of OH from the
ance represented by the sloped line at the low frequency region of electrodes. Although, the plots show nearly vertical lines, there is a
 F. Nti et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 742 (2018) 342e350 349

Fig. 8. (a) Variation of specific capacitance with current density for NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 (b) Cycle performance of NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4 at 10 A/
g (c) Comparison of Nyquist plots of NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and NiMoO4/CoMoO4.

Table 1 CoMoO4 nanorods and its electrochemical performance which of-

Comparison of some reported materials and this work. fers the benefits of simplicity and cost effectiveness. The NiMoO4/
Electrode Capacitance (F/g) Current density Reference CoMoO4 nanorods electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of
NiO@CoMoO4 848 0.5 A/g [44]
1445 F/g at 1 A/g and good cycling performance at 4 A/g retaining
CoMoO4eNiMoO4 715 1 A/g [30] 79% of its initial capacitance after 3000 cycles at 10 A/g. It also
NiMoO4/rGO 1202 1 A/g [26] exhibited a low internal resistance of 1.20 U. The electrochemical
CoMoO4-NiMoO4.xH2O 1039 2.5 mA/cm2 [36] performances of NiMoO4/CoMoO4 nanorods was found to draw on
This work 1445 1 A/g e
the synergic effects of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4 nanorods and thus
showed better performance. Our results suggest that simple syn-
thesis schemes can be designed for composite materials so as to
gradual change in the linearity along the imaginary axis. The obtain cheap and effective Faradaic capacitive materials for high
change in linearity could be due to reversible Faradaic redox re- performance electrochemical supercapacitors.
actions and accession of the OH ions into the electrode materials
[45]. From the fitted data, Warburg resistance was observed to be Acknowledgement
0.452 U/√s, 1.07 U/√s and 3.27 U/√s for CoMoO4, NiMoO4/CoMoO4
and NiMoO4 respectively. The lower internal resistance (Rb), War- This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program
burg impedance and pseudo charge transfer (Rct) of NiMoO4/ through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded
CoMoO4 nanorods suggests improved electrical conductivity by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1D1A1B03030456).
resulting from the synergic effects of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4
nanorods. Appendix A. Supplementary data
The improved electrochemical performance NiMoO4/CoMoO4
nanorods can thus be attributed to the excellent redox behavior of Supplementary data related to this article can be found at
Ni and Co transition metals and their synergic effects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.289.

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