Stabilization Modesphys Plasma1995
Stabilization Modesphys Plasma1995
Stabilization Modesphys Plasma1995
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Stabilization of sausage and kink instability modes of a plasma pinch
by radial oscillations
A. B. Bud'ko, Yu. P. Kravchenko, and M. A. Liberman
Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden and P. Kapitsa Institute
for Physical Problems, 117334, Moscow, Russia
(Received 30 August 1994; accepted 27 October 1994)
The growth of the global sausage (m =0) and kink (m = 1) perturbations of a Z-pinch subject to
radial oscillations is considered. It is demonstrated that the oscillations result in significant reduction
of the growth rate of both kink and sausage instability modes with wavelengths long compared to
the pinch radius. The analysis of stability is carried out in two ways. The first method is based on
the averaging magnetohydrodynamic equations over the period of radial oscillations. The second
one consists in the analysis of the growth of Fourier-components of perturbations. Numerical
simulation demonstrates that even moderate radial oscillations cause reduction of the growth rate of
long-wavelength sausage instabilities and complete stabilization of long kinks. This can be
understood as a result of the effective gravitational field produced in the pinch by the oscillations.
The effect in question can explain the anomalous stability of pinches with respect to the kink
perturbations observed in experiments. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
792 Phys. Plasmas 2 (3), March 1995 1070-664X195/2(3)1792111 /$6.00 © 1995 American Institute of Physics
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charge should persist during the experiment although their cally symmetric, so all the functions depend only on rand t
effect on global thermodynamic characteristics may be be- and the only nonzero component of velocity is the radial
low the sensitivity of measurements. component U r' We introduce the self-similar form of unper-
It is generally believed that plasma flow very soon turbed profiles
(-10\ TA) becomes self-similar. The evolution of the plasma
radius depends upon the profile of the current pulse, and a ur(r,t) = Roa(t)~, (5)
constant radius corresponds to a certain profile shape, i.e., to p(r,t) = poa(t) -2N( g), (6)
a unique point in the appropriate functional space. Of course,
in real experiments current never behaves exactly in such a p( r,t) =poa(t) -2 y p( g), (7)
way. Therefore one should expect initiating of self-similar
oscillations, whose frequency is about T A' For example, for B<p(r,t) = B <poa(t) -\ H <p( g), (8)
pinches described in Ref. 5 it is - 10 GHz and is comparable B z(r,t) =B zoa(t) -2 Hz< g), (9)
to the inverse characteristic time of discharge.
The present analysis demonstrates that such oscillations where ~= rl R(t) is the self-similar radius, R(t) is the time-
of a Z-pinch suppress the growth of the global kink modes dependent characteristic radius of the pinch, aCt)
which can be understood as an effect of the intrinsic effective = R(t)/ R o , Ro = R(t = 0); B <pO, B zO, Po, and Po are normal-
gravitational field. The evolution of the perturbations is not ization constants, and N (/;), p (g), H <p(~)' and H z(~) are
exponential in this case and can be treated only by approxi- time-independent dimensionless functions describing self-
mate methods. We develop two approaches to the problem. similar profiles of flow.
One of them consists in averaging the equations, describing The self-similar profiles satisfy the following conditions
the development of instabilities, over the period of oscilla-
tions assuming that the growth time of instabilities is longer (10)
than this period. The second method uses no averaging and is
based on the Fourier analysis of initial linearized equations demonstrating that one of the functions can be chosen arbi-
of MHD. It allows us to reduce the initial system of partial trarily. The corresponding equation of motion is
differential equations to a system of ordinary differential
equations and to perform stability analysis of the reduced 2.. a \-2'" b a -3+ a -\ =0,
TAa-jJa 1- (11)
system numerically.
The plan of the paper is as follows. In Sec. II, we derive
where the parameters {3 = /LoPo 1B;0
and b = B;o/ B;o are
characteristics of kinetic pressure and axial magnetic field,
basic equations describing the development of instabilities in
respectively. The requirement for a= 1 to be the position of
an oscillating pinch within the frame of a self-similar model.
equilibrium in the absence of oscillations leads to the equal-
In Sec. III, we present the method of averaging over a period
ity b + (3= 1. The time unit is the Alfven transit time
of oscillations and discuss obtained results. The formulation
of the method of expansion into series and comparison of
TA = ~ /LoPoRo I B<po. The integral of (ll) yields the instanta-
neous oscillation velocity
results obtained by both techniques are given in Sec. IV.
Conclusions are presented in Sec. V.
r: a2=~(a2-2Y_
A y_ 1 max
a 2- 2y ) +b(a- 2 -
max
a- 2) -2In~
a max '
II. LINEARIZED EQUATIONS FOR PERTURBATIONS
(12)
The dynamic eqUilibrium of a screw pinch subject to
radial oscillations is described by the self-similar solutions, where a max is the maximal radius of the oscillating pinch
obtained by Kulikovskii 32,33 and Felber. 34 Here we outline normalized to the equilibrium value. The minimal radius
the main steps of the procedure. amin is the second root of the equation a
= 0 and can be
We start from the basic system of ideal MHD equations easily obtained numerically as well as the period T of oscil-
(in SI units) lations
ap
at + V·(pu)=O, (1) T=
Io
T
dt=
famax
amiD
da
--
a(a)'
(13)
aB where the positive root of Eq. (12) must be taken. In the limit
- -Vx(uxB)=O (2)
at ' of small amplitude of oscillations the value of T is
TA7rji(y-l+b(2-y»-1/2, in the nonlinear regime val-
ap
at +(u·V)p+ yp(V·u)=O, (3) ues of amin and a max versus T are plotted in Fig. 1 for
y=5/3.
Small perturbations of the eqUilibrium of the dynamic
p(au +(u'V)u) +Vp-
at
~(VXB)XB=O.
/Lo
(4) pinch are described by the linearized equations of the ideal
MHD
Here p is the mass density, p, u, and y are pressure, mass
velocity, and the ratio of specific heats, and B is the magnetic
field. In case of a Z-pinch the unperturbed flow is cylindri-
a;' +V'(p'u)=-V'(pu'), (14)
Phys.
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same self-similar radius g and time. It is convenient to
2.0
choose T A as the unit of time. After substituting functions
(18)-(25) and unperturbed profiles (5)-(9) into Eqs. (14)-
(17) we can directly integrate Eqs. (14)-(16) over time and
1.5
express the perturbations of density, pressure, and magnetic
field via the displacement
----- 1>=0.5
(J. 1.0 ,, -1>=0.0 I a im
N'=-g ag(gNXr?-yNX<p-iKNXz, (26)
"-
0.5 a..
mm
(27)
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
T/'tA (28)
a'
2
a Xr a dXr 1 [a f3 ap'
g - N' + -:::fi-
~ +(U·V)p'+yp'(V·u)=-(u'.V)p-yp(V·u'), (16) ---:;:z+2- - = - -
at a at N a a 'Y ag
au' ) i (m
-~ gHcp+KHz H;
_)
P ( Tt+(u' ·V)u+(u·V)u'
au ) I I
+~ a 2 I a - '}
I
ag(g HcpHcp) + a4 ag(HzH z ) ,
=-p' ( -+(u·V)u -Vp'+-[(VXB)XB'
at P-o
(31)
+ (VxB') xB], (17)
where primes denote the perturbed variables.
We seek for the solution of Eqs. (14)-(17) in the form
p'(r,t)=poa(t)-2N'(g,t), (18)
(32)
p'(r,r)=poa(t)- 2 'Yp'(g,t), (19)
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III. AVERAGING OVER THE PERIOD OF Now we assume that the perturbations grow exponen-
OSCILLATIONS tially with increment ()", i.e., their dependence on time is
A. Reduced equation for the radial displacement given by the factor exp«(}"t). Then the problem can be for-
mulated in the form
If the period T of oscillations is less than the growth
time of perturbations so that their ratio is a small parameter (40)
then the system (31)-(33) can be treated by means of the where F is a self-adjoint linear differential operator of the
method of averaging developed by Bogolyubov and summa- second order. Together with appropriate boundary condi-
rized in Ref. 37. We restrict out analysis with the zeroth- tions, which we discuss later, Eq. (40) constitutes an eigen-
order approximation and consider the system resulting from value problem with the real eigenvalues (}"2.
averaging Eqs. (31)-(33) over time: The assumed exponential form of the perturbations
makes it possible to solve Eqs. (38) and (39) with respect to
a2Xr a
-::-
N-..-=-i:.-N'-a-
--2- ap' --2 ( m -) ,
'Yj3-+a- i -H +KH H Xcp and Xz and rewrite (37) in the form
at k !:. a ag g cp Z r
2
d Xr dXr
G2~+Gl dg +GoXr=O. (41)
B. Boundary conditions
--=2. - --:::rim - ,
,
+a lKHzHcp-a THzHz' (35) The azimuthal and axial components of displacement
Xcp and Xz depend on Xr in a unique fashion [Eqs. (A15),
a2 X- - - -dH -
z (A16)] so boundary conditions should be imposed only on
N a/=-a 2- 2 'Y i j3KP'+a- 2 dg H;-iKHcpH~ Xr' The behavior of the radial component of perturbation
near the axis depends upon m and obeys the relations
--im
+a -2 T
H cp H'z' (36) Xr(O)=O, m=O,
(42)
where the operation of averaging is designated as dXr
d[(0)=0, m=1.
1= T1 IT0 f(t)dt. The boundary condition on the edge of the pinch column
corresponds to the interface between plasma and vacuum and
Terms in the left-hand sides of Eqs. (31) and (32) containing stems from the requirement for pressure and magnetic field
a vanish after the averaging. to be continuous on the displaced surface. In terms of the
The system (34)-(36) differs from that for a stationary physical radial displacement ~ r of the perturbed plasma this
pinch by presence of the additional term in (34) containing condition can be written as
cd a. It can be easily seen that it represents effective gravi-
tational field emerging in the plasma reference frame due to
the oscillations. As will be proved below (see Sec. III E.),
suppression of instabilities occurs exactly because of this
term.
Perturbations of pressure, density, and magnetic field are
given by Eqs. (26)-(30). Substituting them into (34)-(36)
we obtain where Re is the instantaneous pinch radius. 36 The displace-
a2 Xr aXr2 aXr . axcp
ment ~r can be expressed via self-similar functions as
N arr=Brr2 ag2 +B rr ! a[+BrroXr+1BrCPl ag
~r(t)=~r(O)+ J:U;dt=RoaXr It-R OJ:aXrdt
+ iBrcpoXcp+ iBrzl aa~z +iBrzOXz' (37)
=Roa(t)x,Ct). (43)
2
a Xcp. aXr. a
The integral in (43) containing vanishes due to the oscil-
N ---arr = zBcpr! a[ + lBcprOXr+ BcpcpoXcp + BcpzoXz' lating character of a. Therefore in self-similar variables the
(38) boundary condition on the edge takes the form
796 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 2, No.3, March 1995 Bud'ko, Kravchenko, and Liberman
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(a)
FIG. 4. The growth rate 0' of the kink instability for the pure Z-pinch as a
function of the normalized wave number K and the maximal amplitude of
oscillations a max • The flat site is the region where the kink mode is com-
pletely suppressed by the oscillations.
(J
1.5
O.S
1.4
0.4
1.3
0.3
r;ja
~1 0.2
1.2
1.1
0.1
1.0
0.0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 b
(Xmax
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where Yi= y;(x,t), i=O, ... ,n-l. We use the approximate
0.50
method of solution of (47) based on the representation of the
nonsteady functions Yi at each instant of time by a finite
0.40 series of given linearly independent functions g k with time-
dependent coefficients A :
0.30
m-l
cr Yi(X,t) = 2: Aik(t)gk(X). (48)
0.20 k~O
- - -€Xmax=l.00
By; By) and the right-hand side of (51) is the exact estimation of the
at = Vij ax + WijYj, (47)
growth of A (t) on the time interval t.
798 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 2, No.3, March 1995 Bud'ko, Kravchenko, and Liberman
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B. The case of the oscillating pinch It has the canonical form (47). perturbations N' •...• V; being
We apply the method described above to investigate the the functions Yi. i = 0 •... ,7.
Computations in Ref. 35 were performed with Cheby-
stability of the system (14)-(17). As well as in the previous
shev polynomials; in the present analysis we use trigonomet-
method we seek for a self-similar solution. Perturbations of
ric series
density. pressure. and magnetic field are still being given by
Eqs. (18)-(22) but instead of introducing displacement X we I
write perturbations of velocity as Yi(g,t)=AiO(t)+ ~ Aij(t)sin(7Tjg)
j=!
u; (r,t) = Ro V;( g,t), (52)
21
u~(r,t) = Roa(t) V~( g,t), (53)
+ ~ Aij(t)COS(7T(j-l)g). (63)
u~ (r,t) = Ro V~ (g,t). (54) j=l+!
In this case Eqs. (14)-(16) cannot be explicitly integrated Fitting the coefficients A is performed by the method of col-
over time because their right-hand sides involve the time- location points, that is, we require Eq. (47) to be valid at a
dependent parameter a. As a result the evolution of pertur- given set of points g;, i =0, ... ,21, which are chosen on the
bations is now being governed by the following system of interval ]0,1[. It turns out that the results weakly depend on
equations: the particular choice of {O provided that the outer points are
sufficiently close to the bounds of the interval.
The number of terms in expansion (63) takes little effect
on final results. Values of (T obtained for 1=4 and 1= 8 differ
within 2 %. The results presented in the paper were obtained
(55)
with /=4.
C. Boundary conditions
-i'YKPV~ , (56) The transformation of boundary conditions to the finite-
dimensional approximation (48) requires special attention. A
condition imposed on a certain function Yq creates an addi-
tional relationship between functions Aqk and hereby reduces
the required number of collocation points by one. So for this
function we exclude from the consideration an arbitrary
point of collocation and require Eq. (47) to be valid for Yq
(58) only at m - 1 remaining points, replacing the lacking relation
by the imposed boundary condition. The removed point is
aH~ 1 _ av; 1 (dH z Hz) , im _ ,
-=--H - -- - + - V --H V usually the nearest to the bound in question if the condition
at a z ag a dg g , g z cp
is imposed on the value of Yq or any inner point if it involves
aYq/ax.
(59) Each boundary condition causes a linear relationship be-
tween elements of matrizant and makes it impossible to find
the reverse matrix X-! (0). In order to avoid it we had to
exclude certain rows and columns of the matrizant from con-
sideration. This operation cannot lead to loss of results be-
cause due to the linear relationship excluded elements cannot
grow faster than other summands.
I a 2 , 1 a - ,]
+ ag2 ag(g H~cp)+ ~ ag(HzH z) , (60)
D. Limitations of the method
av~ a,
1 [ im{3 , I d(gHcp) , As can be seen from Eq. (48) the method of expansion
Tt=--;;VCP+N-a2rgP+a2g dg H, into series is applicable only if functions Yi have "good be-
havior," i.e., they do not have singularities within or at the
iK _ , im _ ,] bounds of the interval of definition of Eq. (47) on the x-axis.
+ ~ HzHcp- a 4 g Hz Hz • (61) Otherwise one has to determine asymptotic behavior of y
near the singular points and allow for the singularities by
av; _ 1[ i{3K , 1 dH z , . , introducing normalizing multipliers in the expansion (48).
Tt- N - a 2r - 2 P + ~ dg H,-IKHcpHcp The self-similar profiles (46) result in singularity on the edge
of the pinch because the plasma density, which is involved
+~;gH~;]. (62)
reciprocally in Eqs. (60)-(62), tends to zero when g-.l. In
order to avoid the complicated procedure of normalization
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1.00
... - .....
---
1.00 ...
l-<:
0.80 _. - --'K'=10.0
,.
I
- - -'K'=30.0
.'
J.,
.~
0.60
I
I
I
I
I
I
0.40 , I
I I
0.10 --method of averaging I I
~ 0.20
I
•• - - • expansion into series /
/
0.00
0.1 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Normalized pinch radius ~
FIG. 9. Spectra of increment of sausage instability in the absence of oscil- FIG. 10. Eigenfunctions of m == 0 instability mode of a stationary pinch
lations obtained by the method of averaging (solid curve) and the method of corresponding to different values of normalized wave number.
expansion into series (dashed curve).
The growth rates of sausage instabilities were computed both In this article, we have presented a possible theoretical
by the method of averaging and the method described in this mechanism explaining anomalous stability of Z-pinches with
section. The results are discussed below. respect to long-wavelength kink perturbations observed in
experiments. It is shown that radial oscillations of a pinch
completely suppress the growth of the long kinks. For the
case of a pinch with axial magnetic field oscillations can
E. The results of numerical simulation stabilize the m == 1 mode for all wave numbers and signifi-
We start from the discussion of results obtained in the cantly reduce the rate of growth of sausage instabilities. For
absence of oscillations. Dispersion curves computed by both the m == 0 mode the oscillations tend to shrink the unstable
methods are presented in Fig. 9. For long-wavelength pertur-
bations (K"';' 1) results are almost identical and relative error
is
(T series - (T aver
--"-----"-< 1.4%. 0.30 1C=1.0
(T aver
different values of K. For K== 1.0 the eigenfunction can be 1.00 1.05 1.1 0 1.15 1.20 1.25 I. 30 1.35
accurately represented by a finite sum of sines and cosines
while for K = 30 errors of such a representation would be
very high.
Figure 11 shows dependence of the growth rate of sau- FIG. 11. Increment of sausage instability of the oscillating pinch as a func-
tion of the maximal radius a max of oscillations for two different values of
sage perturbations on the maximal radius of oscillating pinch wave number: K == 0.5 and K = 1.0. Solid curves represent results obtained by
a max for K= 0.5 and K== 1.0. As we can see, results obtained the method of averaging while dashed curves correspond to the method of
by the method of expansion into series completely corrobo- expansion into series.
800 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 2, No.3, March 1995 Bud'ko, Kravchenko, and Liberman
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region from the short-wavelength side of the spectrum while APPENDIX: COEFFICIENTS OF AVERAGED
for the kink mode both short- and long-wavelength perturba- EQUATIONS
tions become stable.
Upon substituting explicit relations (26)-(30) into the
The treatment of a plasma pinch as a column whose averaged system (34)-(36) with subsequent differentiation
radius is slowly and monotonically varying with time is only we finally get Eqs. (37)-(39) describing the displacement X
a crude approximation to the extremely complicated dynam- of the plasma. If we introduce auxiliary functions
ics of the system. At the initial stage of heating the non-
equilibrium state of the plasma inevitably results in excita- P Hep
W=-~ , J =~- ,
tion of oscillations which can be roughly treated as having
cylindrical symmetry. We do not discuss here the evolution then the coefficients B may be written as:
of such oscillations and consider a very simplified self-
similar model which can serve as a first approximation to the B rr2 = a- 2 'Y{3yP+ a- 2H 2ep + a- 4iI z2 ' (Al)
real picture. It is shown that such a correction of the theo-
retical model results in completely new effects, namely, in
total stabilization of long-wavelength kink instabilities and
reduction of the growth rate of m = 0 perturbations. Until
now no one theory based on the "classical" presentation of (A2)
plasma pinch as a cylinder with slowly varying radius could
explain this phenomenon of stabilization observed in experi-
ments.
The idea of dynamic stabilization of plasma is not a new
one but in previous experimental and theoretical works only
stabilization by external fields was considered. The principal
novelty of the present work resides in that we consider no
external stabilizing field and show that free oscillations of
plasma near its eqUilibrium configuration dramatically im-
prove the stability of the system with respect to global per-
(A3)
turbations. This may be treated as a result of effective gravi-
tational field created by the oscillations.
As mentioned above, for the case considered in the paper
the free oscillations of the plasma may be initiated during the
(A4)
initial stage of heating and no additional build-up is neces-
sary. It seems quite plausible that such a situation indeed
takes place in experiments with fiber-initiated pinches5
where no kink instability has been observed.
Results of the performed analysis show a new possible
method of suppression of global plasma instabilities. It con-
sists in deliberate initiation of oscillations by external fields
with resonant frequency. Due to the resonant character of the (A5)
oscillations the power necessary for their build-up and sus-
taining is expected to be small in comparison with previously (A6)
proposed schemes of dynamic stabilization.
Another important result obtained in the present work is
the development of the approximate method of stability
analysis of MHD equations based on expansion of solutions
into series of functions with time-dependent coefficients apd (A7)
subsequent analysis of obtained ordinary differential equa-
tions. It is shown that the method yields a very accurate
estimation of stability properties provided that corresponding
eigenfunctions are sufficiently close to their finite-
dimensional approximations by the series. This technique as
well as the method of averaging, whose suitability to the
problem is successfully demonstrated, may be of great inter-
est for the further development of ideas presented in the pa-
(A9)
per.
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