1.

INTRODUCTION

At present, the entire world is being cautious of the Covid-19. In order to prevent its
spreading most of the people and the government have been striving hard to design a system so
as to take care of themselves from spreading. Whenever the person arrives at the office or any
other place, initially the detection of presence of human can be done by the use of PIR sensor.
The main working principle of PIR sensor is based on infrared radiation emitted from the
body. The output of the PIR sensor indicates the presence of a human. And the high disease
pace of infections, for example, the new COVID-19 can be best managed by accomplishing
most significant level of avoidance conceivable. We likewise make use of a basic arrangement
depending on infrared temperature sensor named (MLX90614) which would avoid risk of
spread of infection near jam- packed region like places of business. The ability of a body to
radiate energy defined to be the proportion between radiant energy produced by it and the
amount of radiation emitted from a black body precisely the equivalent temperature. Clinical
practice believes dry skinned human as an ideal black body, having most extreme outflow
frequency rounded to 9.3µm. The amount of energy transmitted from the black body is
characterized by the Planck's law and the Stefan Boltzmann law portrays the unearthly radiant
emittance of a specific frequency. Dry skinned human were found to have an emissivity around
0.98. It introduces an infrared temperature estimation arrangement adequately modest to be
utilized for a huge scope, yet with an exactness that would empower early location of
conceivably tainted individuals.

The aim of the proposed method is to make use of an infrared temperature

measurement solution which is of low cost and can be used by many people which would
ensure an accuracy of probably detecting the infected people in prior. At the public places and
at the entrances, people were allowed to enter after scanning their body temperature. It would
be difficult to check temperature for all the individuals without missing anyone and there
might be a chance of being nearer to the person, which is harmful. Hence, the proposed system
could detect the body temperature and open the doors for those temperature is within a
threshold limit there by reducing human intervention and if it indicates the temperature greater
than the threshold there would be a buzzer/led glow as a sign.

1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger,

often with, real-time mechanical or electrical system constraints. It is incorporated as part of a
complete device that often includes hardware and mechanical parts. Integrated systems today
control many commonly used devices. 92% of all microprocessors are produced as embedded
system components.

Fig 1.1 Embedded Systems Design

Examples of typically incorporated computer properties, compared to general-purpose

counterparts, are low power consumption, small size, varying performance and low-cost unit
cost. This is at the expense of limited processing resources, which makes them much harder to
program and interact. However, by building intelligence mechanisms at the top of the
hardware, taking advantage of any existing sensors and the existence of a built-in network can
best manage the available network and unit resources. For example, intelligent techniques can
be designed to manage the energy consumption of embedded systems.

2
Modern embedded systems often incorporate microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with memory or
peripheral interfaces) but common microprocessors are also commonly used (using external
memory chips and peripheral circuitry interfaces), especially in more complex systems. In any
case, the processor or processors can be used typed ranging from general-purpose specialized
in some kind of calculations, or even designed for the application. A common standard of
dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Fig 1.2: Embedded System Hardware

Since the integrated system is dedicated to specific tasks, designers can optimize in
order to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase reliability and performance. Some
embedded systems are serially produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Integrated systems range from portable devices, such as digital clocks and MP3
players, to large stationary systems such as traffic lights, factory controllers and large complex
systems such as hybrid vehicles, magnetic resonances, and avionics. The complexity varies
from low to high, with a single microcontroller chip, with the highest number of units,
peripherals, and networks mounted within a large frame or enclosure.

One of the very first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance

3
1.2 HISTORY:

Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.

At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the
Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to
reduce the size and weight. An early mass-produced embedded system was the Automatics D-
17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile, released in 1961. When the Minuteman
II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was the first
high- volume use of integrated circuits.

Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in
price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality.
An early microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004, was designed for calculators and other
small systems but still required external memory and support chips. In 1978 National
Engineering Manufacturers Association released a "standard" for programmable
microcontrollers, including almost any computer-based controllers, such as single board
computers, numerical, and event- based controllers.

As the cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell it became feasible to replace

expensive knob-based analog components such as potentiometers and variable capacitors with
up/down buttons or knobs read out by a microprocessor even in consumer products. By the
early 1980s, memory, input and output system components had been integrated into the same
chip as the processor forming a microcontroller. Microcontrollers find applications where a
general-purpose computer would be too costly.

A comparatively low-cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the same role

as a large number of separate components. Although in this context an embedded system is
usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the complexity is contained within
the microcontroller itself. Very few additional components may be needed and most of the
design effort is in the software. Software prototype and test can be quicker compared with the
design and construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor

4
1.3 Embedded System Classification:

Fig 1.3 Classifications of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are primarily classified into different types based on complexity of
hardware & software and microcontroller (8 or 16 or 32-bit). Thus, based on the performance
of the microcontroller, embedded systems are classified into three types such as:

• Small scale embedded systems

• Medium scale embedded systems

• Sophisticated embedded systems

Further, based on performance and functional requirements of the system embedded

system classified into four types such as:

• Real time embedded systems

• Standalone embedded systems
• Networked embedded systems
• Mobile embedded systems

1.4 APPLICATIONS:

Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, cooking, industrial, automotive,

5
medical, commercial and military applications.

Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone

switches for the network to cell phones at the end user. Computer networking uses
dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.

Fig 1.4: Real-life examples of Embedded System

Consumer electronics include MP3 players, mobile phones, videogame consoles, digital
cameras, GPS receivers, and printers. Household appliances, such as microwave ovens,
washing machines and dishwashers, include embedded systems to provide flexibility,
efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use networked thermostats to more
accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season.
Home automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights,
climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for
sensing and controlling.

6
 Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems.
New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers
that also have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors brushless
DC motors, induction motors and DC motors use electric/electronic
motor controllers

Automobiles, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles increasingly use embedded

systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems
include anti-lock braking system (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP), traction
control (TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive.

Medical equipment uses embedded systems for vital signs monitoring, electronic
stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging (PET, SPECT, CT, and
MRI) for non-invasive internal inspections. Embedded systems within medical equipment are
often powered by industrial computers.

Embedded systems are used in transportation, fire safety, safety and security, medical
applications and life critical systems, as these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus,
be more reliable. For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have greater ability to handle
higher temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with security, the embedded systems
can be self- sufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems.

A new class of miniature wireless devices called motes is networked wireless sensors.
Wireless sensor networking, WSN, makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced
IC design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and
companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information
through IT monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self-contained, and
will typically run off a battery source for years before the batteries need to be changed or
charged.

Embedded Wi-Fi modules provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any

device which communicates via a serial port.

7
1.5 CHARACTERISTICS:

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-
purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that
must be met,

For reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist
of small parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the
Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall
purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an
embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car
itself.

The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware,
and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips. They run with limited computer
hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen.

User interface:

Embedded systems range from no user interface at all, in systems dedicated only to one
task, to complex graphical user interfaces that resemble modern computer desktop operating
systems. Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, graphic or character LCDs (HD44780
LCD for example) with a simple menu system.

More sophisticated devices which use a graphical screen with touch sensing or screen-
edge buttons provide flexibility while minimizing space used: the meaning of the buttons can
change with the screen, and selection involves the natural behavior of pointing at
what is desired. Handheld systems often have a screen with a "joystick button" for a pointing
device.

Some systems provide user interface remotely with the help of a serial (e.g. RS-
232, USB, I²C, etc.) or network (e.g. Ethernet) connection. This approach gives several
advantages: extends the capabilities of embedded system, avoids the cost of a display,
simplifies BSP and allows one to build a rich user interface on the PC. A good example of this
is the combination of an embedded web server running on an embedded device (such as an IP

8
camera) or a network router. The user interface is displayed in a web browser on a PC
connected to the device, therefore needing no software to be installed.

Processors in embedded systems:

Embedded processors can be broken into two broad categories. Ordinary

microprocessors (μP) use separate integrated circuits for memory and peripherals.
Microcontrollers (μC) have on- chip peripherals, thus reducing power consumption, size and
cost. In contrast to the personal computer market, many different basic CPU architectures are
used, since software is custom- developed for an application and is not a commodity product
installed by the end user. Both Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard
architectures are used. RISC as well as non-RISC processors are found. Word lengths vary
from 4-bit to 64-bits and beyond, although the most typical remain 8/16-bit. Most architecture
comes in a large number of different variants and shapes, many of which are also
manufactured by several different companies.

Numerous microcontrollers have been developed for embedded systems use. General-
purpose microprocessors are also used in embedded systems, but generally require more
support circuitry than microcontrollers.

Peripherals:

Embedded systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as:

• Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, etc.

• Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, SPI, SSC and ESSI (Enhanced
Synchronous Serial Interface)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Multi Media Cards (SD cards, Compact Flash, etc.)
• Networks: Ethernet, Lon Works, etc.
• Fieldbuses: CAN-Bus, LIN-Bus, PROFIBUS, etc.
• Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
• Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
• Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
• Debugging: JTAG, ISP, ICSP, BDM Port, BITP, and DB

9
2. LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Dicky Dwi Putra, Muhammad Miqdad Nadra, Achmad Munir, Wervyan Shalannanda, Elsa

Ramadhani Firzal, Mohammad Febriyanto, “Design of SmartGate Based on Artificial

Intelligence Possibly for COVID-19 Early Prevention at Public Area”, IEEE Xplore 2020.

2. Andrei Vulpe, Ciprian Lupu, Cosmin Mihai, “Research on infrared body

temperature measurement – virus spreading prevention”, IEEE Xplore 2020.

3. https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/DKAR DU/h ow-to-make-non-touch automatic-door open-

close-systema0cbcf?ref=tag &ref_id=door&offset=0

4. Arduino Uno - Wikipedia

5. https://learn.adafruit.com/pir-passiveinfrared- proximity-motion-sensor

6. https://www.rfwirelessworld.com/Terminology/ Advantages-and-Disadvantages-ofPIR-

sensor.html

7. https://components101.com/sensors/melexis- mlx90614-contact-less-irtemperature-sensor

8. https://components101.com

9. T. K. Gannavaram V, R. Bejgam, S. B. Keshipeddi, S. Sunkari and V. K. Aluvala,

"Conversion of Sound Energy into Electrical Energy in Highly Populated Areas," 2021 6th

International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), 2021, pp.

32-36, doi:

10.1109/ICCES51350.2021.9489219.

11.T. K. Gannavaram V and R. Bejgam, "Brief Study and Review on the Next

Revolutionary Autonomous Vehicle Technology," 2021 International Conference on Advance

Computing and

Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE), 2021, pp. 34-37,

doi:10.1109/ICACITE51222.2021.9404763

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 12. T. K. Gannavaram V, R. Bejgam, S. B. Keshipeddi, A. Banda and G. Bollu, "Study of

Automobile Safety Technology Development using Vehicular Safety Device (VSD)," 2021

6th International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), 2021, pp.

240-244, doi: 10.1109/ICICT50816.2021.9358670

Block Diagram:

Hardware Requirements:

• Arduino Uno.

• MLX90614 - IR temperature sensor.

• IR Sensors
• LCD Display
• Servo Motor
• Connecting wires.
• Power supply

Software Requirements:

• Embedded C Programming Language

• Arduino IDE

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3. SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 ARDUINO UNO:

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or
sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects
can be stand-alone, or they can be communicating with software running on your computer. The
boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-source IDE can be
downloaded for free. The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a
similar physical computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming
environment.

Communication:

Microcontrollers depend on a host computer for developing and compiling programs.

The software used on the host computer is known as an integrated development environment,
or IDE. For the Arduino, the development environment is based on the open source Processing
platform (www.processing.org) which is described by its creators as a “programming language
and environment for people who want to program images, animation, and interactions.
The Arduino programming language leverages an open source project known as Wiring
(wiring.org.co). The Arduino language is based on good old- fashioned C. If you are
unfamiliar with this language, on’t worry; it’s not hard to learn, and the Arduino IDE provides
some feedback when you make mistakes in your programs.

12
 The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a info file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital
pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
As you go through the list of programming statements available in the Arduino IDE
(choose Help->Reference), you might think there isn’t much power for doing things like
running servos, operating stepper motors, reading potentiometers, or displaying text on an
LCD. Like most any language based on C, the Arduino supports the notion of “libraries” code
repositories that extend core programming functionality. Libraries let you re-use code without
having to physically copy and paste it into all your programs.

Fig 3.1 Arduino Uno

13
 Concept of Arduino:
The root of Arduino goes deep down to the development of Processing Language by MIT
researchers. Processing language is an open source language designed to introduce the software
development environment for the artistic people without the need of deep knowledge of
programming of algorithms. Processing is based on java.
In early year of 21st century, designing an electronics gadget was nearly impossible for a
common man. The requirement of specific skill set and hefty prices of software and hardware
created a full stop in the path of their creativity.

In year 2003 Hernando Barragan, a programmer developed an open source electronics

development platform with software IDE, where anyone with a small knowledge in electronics
and programming could use his project to give wings to their creativity. His focus was to reduce
the burden of complexity in designing electronics hardware and software. The project was named
as Wiring. The software IDE of the Wiring used processing language to write the codes.

As the program written in C\C++ is named as Project, in the same way the code written in
Wiring (even in Processing and Arduino) is termed as Sketch. The name sketch gives a familiar
look for an artist.
The principle idea behind Wiring is that one can make the sketch of their idea on wiring
software and implement it using specially designed Wiring board. You need to write a few lines of
codes on the software IDE and then download the program to the onboard microcontroller to see
the output.
Wiring has predefined libraries to make the programming language easy. Arduino uses
these libraries. The predefined libraries are written in C and C++. One can even write his software
in C\C++ and use them on wiring boards. The difference between writing a program in C/C++ and
Wiring is that the Wiring Application Programmable Interface (API) has simplified programming
style and the user doesn’t require detailed knowledge of the concepts like classes, objects,
pointers, etc. While sketching hardware you need to call the predefined functions and rest will be
handled by the Wiring software.
The basic difference between the Processing and the Wiring is that the Processing is use to
write the program which can be used on other computers while Wiring program is used on
microcontrollers.

14
Summary:
 Microcontroller ATmega328
 Operating Voltage 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 Ma
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
 Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
 SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed 16 MHz

15
Open Source License
Arduino is an open source project which is probably the root cause reason for its
popularity. Arduino hardware design is an Open Source Hardware, distributed under Creative
Common Attribution Share-Alike license. Creative Common, a non-profitable organization has
released several copy left-licenses as free of charge, so that the creativity/ knowledge can be
shared to the rest of the world while having the copyright to the authorized person. The
originally designed files, like layout and schematics of Arduino products are available as Eagle
CAD files.
The source code for its IDE and libraries are also available and released under GUN
General Public License (known as GPL). The GPL is the first copy left license for general use.
The license is granted for the software to ensure the copy left freedom.

ATMEL ATMEGA328P:

The ATmega328P chip is used in this project as the microcontroller. The significance
of the first two digits is to stipulate that the AVR core consists of variety of instruction set with
32 general purpose working registers which are connected directly to the Arithmetic Logical
Unit (ALU), tolerating two independent registers to be retrieved in one single instruction
executed in one clock cycle. The subsequent architecture is more programmable efficient while
attaining data transfer rates up to ten times quicker than other CISC microcontrollers. The last
digit is to indicate the 8 bit bi-directional port. It is certainly the head of the system which is
controlling the various modules. The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC
single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel in 1996. The AVR was one of the
first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to
one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the
time.
The high-performance Atmel pico Power 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller
combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM,
2KB

16
SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable
USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit A/D
converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with
internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates
between 1.8-5.5 volts. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and
processing speed (Atmel Corporation).

ARDUINO UNO:

To program the ATmega328P Microcontroller a Serial communicator is required.

Serial communication is most widespread interface between microcontroller and computer.
UART is one of the serial interfaces which are widely used. A Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter (UART) is a piece of computer hardware that translates data between
parallel and serial forms. Classically, most serial interface from microcontroller to computer is
done through serial port (DB9). However, since computer serial port used RS232 protocol and
microcontroller used TTL UART, a level shifter is needed between these interfaces. There are
several level shifters available in the market, some of which supports USB plug and play.
But in most of the times the level shifter are unstable to use due to its design and more
than one software is required to convert the programming on C to hex or machine language
and maybe another software to interface between the Microcontroller and computer.
Arduino UNO is an alternative to this solution, the internal board of Arduino consists
of all the necessary ICs for communication. It is also build compact into a PCB which has
connectors for fast and easy prototyping.

17
 PIN CONFIGURATION:

Fig 3.2: Arduino Pin Diagram

 The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.
 External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into
the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector.
 The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

18
 The power pins are as follows:


VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as Opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.


5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board.

3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.

GND: Ground pins.

IOREF: This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage
and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for
working with the 5V or 3.3V.

Memory:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digital Write( ), and digital Read( ) functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20- 50 kohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

19
 
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.

These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to- TTL
Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt ()
function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built- in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though
is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog
Reference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

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PIN DISCRIPTION

Table3.1.1: PIN DISCRIPTION OF ARDUINO

21
 POWER SUPPLY ADAPTER:

Fig 3.3: 12V Power Supply Adapter

An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply, often
enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Other common names include plug pack, plug in
adapter, adapter block, domestic mains adapter, line power adapter, wall wart, power brick,
wall charger, and power adapter. Adapters for battery-powered equipment may be described as
chargers or rechargers (see also battery charger). AC adapters are used with electrical devices
that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and
power from mains power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very similar to
the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

LCD stands for liquid crystal display. Character and graphical LCD’s are most
common among hobbyist and DIY electronic circuit/project makers. Since their interface
serial/parallel pins are defined so it’s easy to interface them with many microcontrollers.
Many products we see in our daily life have LCD’s with them. They are used to show status
of the product or provide interface for inputting or selecting some process. Washing machine,
microwave, air conditioners and mat cleaners are few examples of products that have character
or graphical LCD’s installed in

22
them. In this tutorial i am going to discuss about the character LCD’s. How they work? Their
pin out and initialization commands etc.

Character LCD’s come in many sizes 8x1, 8x2, 10x2, 16x1, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 20x4,
24x2, 30x2, 32x2, 40x2 etc. Many multinational companies like Philips, Hitachi, and
Panasonic make their own custom type of character LCD’s to be used in their products. All
character LCD’s performs the same functions (display characters numbers special characters,
asci characters etc.).Their programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins (0-13) or
16 pins (0 to 15).

In an mxn LCD. M denotes number of coulombs and n represents number of rows.

Like if the LCD is denoted by 16x2 it means it has 16 coulombs and 2 rows. Few examples are
given below. 16x2, 8x1 and 8x2 LCD are shown in the picture below. Note the difference in
the rows and coulombs.

Fig 3.4: LCD

On a character LCD a character is generated in a matrix of 5x8 or 5x7. Where 5

represents number of coulombs and 7/8 represent number of rows. Maximum size of the
matrix is 5x8. You cannot display character greater then 5x8 dimension matrix. Normally we
display a character in 5x7 matrixes and left the 8th row for the cursor. If we use the 8th row of
the matrix for the character display, then there will be no room for cursor. The picture on the
right side shows the 5x8 dot matrix pixels arrangement. To display character greater than this
dimension you have to switch to graphical LCD’s.

23
 Fig 3.5: LCD Pin Discription

All character LCD’s have

Eight (8) data pins D0-D7
Vcc (Apply +5 volt here)
Gnd (Ground this pin)
Rc (Register select)
Rw (read - write)
En (Enable)
V0 (Set LCD contrast)
The picture on the left side shows the pin out of the character LCD. Almost all the
character LCD’s are composed of the same pin out. LCD’s with total pin count equal to 14
24
 does not have back light control option. They might have back light always on or does not
have a back light. 16 total pin count LCD’s have 2 extra A and K pins. A means anode
and K cathode use these pins to control the back light of LCD.
Character LCD’s have a controller build in to them named HD44780. We actually talk
with this controller in order to display character on the LCD screen. HD44780 must be
properly handled and initialized before sending any data to it. HD44780 has some registers
which are initialized and manipulated for character displaying on the LCD. These registers are
selected by the pins of character LCD.

Rs(Register select)
Register select selects the HD44780 controller registers. It switches between Command and
data register.
Command Register
Data Register
Command Register
When we send commands to LCD these commands go to Command register and are
processed there. Commands with their full description are given in the picture below. When
Rs=0 command register is selected.

Data Register
When we send Data to LCD it goes to data register and is processed there. When
Rs=1 data register is selected.

Rw(Read - Write)
Rw pin is used to read and write data to HD44780 data and command registers. When
Rw=1 we can read data from LCD. When Rw=0 we can write to LCD.

25
En(Enable signal)

When we select the register Rs(Command and Data) and set Rw(read - write) and placed
the raw value on 8-data lines, now it’s time to execute the instruction. By instruction i mean
the 8- bit data or 8-bit command present on Data lines of LCD. For sending the final
data/command present on the data lines we use this enable pin. Usually it remains en=0 and
when we want to execute the instruction we make it high en=1 for some mills seconds. After
this we again make it ground en=0.

V0 (Set LCD contrast)

To set LCD display sharpness use this pin. Best way is to use variable resistor such as
potentiometer a variable current makes the character contrast sharp. Connect the output of the
potentiometer to this pin. Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and backward to adjust the
LCD contrast.
NOTE: we cannot send an integer, float, long, double type data to LCD because LCD is
designed to display a character only. Only the characters that are supported by the HD44780
controller. See the HD44780 data sheet to find out what characters can we display on LCD.
The 8 data pins on led carries only Ascii 8-bit code of the character to LCD. However we
can convert our data in character type array and send one by one our data to LCD. Data can
be sent using LCD in 8-bit or 4-bit mode. If 4-bit mode is used, two nibbles of data (First high
four bits and then low four bits) are sent to complete a full eight-bit transfer. 8-bit mode is best
used when speed is required in an application and at least ten I/O pins are available. 4-bit mode
requires a minimum of seven bits. In 4-bit mode, only the top 4 data pins (4-7) are used.

SERVO MOTOR:
What is a Servo Motor?

A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great
precision. If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use
servo motor. It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism. If
motor is used is DC powered then it is called DC servo motor, and if it is AC powered motor
then it is called AC servo motor. We can get a very high torque servo motor in a small and
light weight packages. Doe to these features they are being used in many applications like toy
car, RC helicopters and planes, Robotics, Machine etc.

26
 Fig 3.6: Servo Motor

Servo motors are rated in kg/cm (kilogram per centimeter) most hobby servo motors
are rated at 3kg/cm or 6kg/cm or 12kg/cm. This kg/cm tells you how much weight your servo
motor can lift at a particular distance. For example: A 6kg/cm Servo motor should be able to
lift 6kg if the load is suspended 1cm away from the motors shaft, the greater the distance the
lesser the weight carrying capacity.

The position of a servo motor is decided by electrical pulse and its circuitry is
placed beside the motor.

Servo Mechanism:

It consists of three parts:

1. Controlled device
2. Output sensor
3. Feedback system

It is a closed loop system where it uses positive feedback system to control motion and
final position of the shaft. Here the device is controlled by a feedback signal generated by
comparing output signal and reference input signal.

Here reference input signal is compared to reference output signal and the third signal is
produces by feedback system. And this third signal acts as input signal to control device.
This signal is present as long as feedback signal is generated or there is difference
between reference input signal and reference output signal. So the main task of
servomechanism is to maintain output of a system at desired value at presence of noises.

27
Types of Servo Motor:

Servo motors are classified into different types based on their application, such as
AC servo motor, DC servo motor, brushless DC servo motor, positional rotation, continuous
rotation and linear servo motor etc. Typical servo motors comprise of three wires namely,
power control and ground. The shape and size of these motors depend on their applications.
RC servo motor is the most common type of servo motor used in hobby applications, robotics
due to their simplicity, affordability and reliability of control by microprocessors.

DC Servo Motor:

The motor which is used as a DC servo motor generally have a separate DC source in
the field of winding & armature winding. The control can be archived either by controlling the
armature current or field current. Field control includes some particular advantages over
armature control. In the same way armature control includes some advantages over field
control. Based on the applications the control should be applied to the DC servo motor. DC
servo motor provides very accurate and also fast respond to start or stop command signals due
to the low armature inductive reactance. DC servo motors are used in similar equipment’s and
computerized numerically controlled machines.

Fig 3.7: DC Servo Motor

28
AC Servo Motor:

AC servo motor is an AC motor that includes encoder is used with controllers for
giving closed loop control and feedback. This motor can be placed to high accuracy and also
controlled precisely as compulsory for the applications. Frequently these motors have higher
designs of tolerance or better bearings and some simple designs also use higher voltages in
order to accomplish greater torque. motor mainly involve in automation, robotics, CNC
machinery, and other applications a high level of precision and needful versatility.

Fig 3.8 AC Servo Motor

Positional Rotation Servo Motor

Positional rotation servo motor is a most common type of servo motor. The shaft’s
o/p rotates in about 180o. It includes physical stops located in the gear mechanism to stop
turning outside these limits to guard the rotation sensor. These common servos involve in radio
controlled water, radio controlled cars, aircraft, robots, toys and many other applications.

Continuous Rotation Servo Motor

Continuous rotation servo motor is quite related to the common positional rotation
servo motor, but it can go in any direction indefinitely. The control signal, rather than set the
static position of the servo, is understood as the speed and direction of rotation. The range of
potential commands sources the servo to rotate clockwise or anticlockwise as preferred, at
changing speed, depending on the command signal. This type of motor is used in a radar dish
if you are riding one on a robot or you can use one as a drive motor on a mobile robot.

29
 Fig3.9: Continuous Rotation Servo Motor

Linear Servo Motor:

Linear servo motor is also similar the positional rotation servo motor is discussed
above, but with an extra gears to alter the o/p from circular to back-and-forth. These servo
motors are not simple to find, but sometimes you can find them at hobby stores where they are
used as actuators in higher model airplanes.

Fig3.10: Linear Servo Motor

Working principle of Servo Motors:

A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly and a

controlling circuit. First of all we use gear assembly to reduce RPM and to increase torque of
motor. Say at initial position of servo motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer knob is
such that there is no electrical signal generated at the output port of the potentiometer. Now
an electrical signal is given to another input terminal of the error detector amplifier. Now
difference between these two signals, one comes from potentiometer and another comes from
other source, will be processed in feedback mechanism and output will be provided in term of
error signal. This error signal acts as

30
the input for motor and motor starts rotating. Now motor shaft is connected with
potentiometer and as motor rotates so the potentiometer and it will generate a signal. So as the
potentiometer’s angular position changes, its output feedback signal changes. After sometime
the position of potentiometer reaches at a position that the output of potentiometer is same as
external signal provided. At this condition, there will be no output signal from the amplifier to
the motor input as there is no difference between external applied signal and the signal
generated at potentiometer, and in this situation motor stops rotating.

Controlling Servo Motor:

All motors have three wires coming out of them. Out of which two will be used for
Supply (positive and negative) and one will be used for the signal that is to be sent from the
MCU.

Servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with Modulation) which is provided by the
control wires. There is a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse and a repetition rate. Servo motor
can turn 90 degree from either direction form its neutral position. The servo motor expects to
see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms) and the length of the pulse will determine how far the
motor turns. For example, a 1.5ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90° position, such as
if pulse is shorter than 1.5ms shaft moves to 0° and if it is longer than 1.5ms than it will turn
the servo to 180°.

Servo motor works on PWM (Pulse width modulation) principle, means its angle of
rotation is controlled by the duration of applied pulse to its Control PIN. Basically servo motor
is made up of DC motor which is controlled by a variable resistor (potentiometer) and
some gears. High speed force of DC motor is converted into torque by Gears. We know that
WORK= FORCE X DISTANCE, in DC motor Force is less and distance (speed) is high and in
Servo, force is High and distance is less. Potentiometer is connected to the output shaft of the
Servo, to calculate the angle and stop the DC motor on required angle.

31
 Fig3.11: servo motor
Servo motor can be rotated from 0 to 180 degree, but it can go up to 210 degree,
depending on the manufacturing. This degree of rotation can be controlled by
applying the Electrical Pulse of proper width, to its Control pin. Servo checks the pulse in
every 20 milliseconds. Pulse of 1 ms (1 millisecond) width can rotate servo to 0 degree,
1.5ms can rotate to 90 degree (neutral position) and 2 ms pulse can rotate it to 180 degree.

All servo motors work directly with your +5V supply rails but we have to be careful
on the amount of current the motor would consume, if you are planning to use more than two
servo motors a proper servo shield should be designed.

Applications of Servo Motor:

The servo motor is small and efficient, but serious to use in some applications like
precise position control. This motor is controlled by a pulse width modulator signal. The
applications of servo motors mainly involve in computers, robotics, toys, CD/DVD players,
etc. These motors are extensively used in those applications where a particular task is to be
done frequently in an exact manner.

32
 Fig3.12: Servo Motor in Packaging Machine

The servo motor is used in robotics to activate movements, giving the arm to its precise
angle.
The Servo motor is used to start, move and stop conveyor belts carrying the product along
with many stages. For instance, product labeling, bottling and packaging.
The servo motor is built into the camera to correct a lens of the camera to improve out of
focus images.
The servo motor is used in robotic vehicle to control the robot wheels, producing plenty
torque to move, start and stop the vehicle and control its speed.
The servo motor is used in solar tracking system to correct the angle of the panel so that
each solar panel stays to face the sun.
The Servo motor is used in metal forming and cutting machines to provide specific motion
control for milling machines.
The Servo motor is used in Textiles to control spinning and weaving machines, knitting
machines and looms.
The Servo motor is used in automatic door openers to control the door in public places like
supermarkets, hospitals and theatres

33
IR Sensor

What is an IR Sensor?

IR sensor is an electronic device that emits the light in order to sense some object of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiation.
These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensor can detect these
radiations.

Fig 3.13: IR Sensor

The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode. Photodiode is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength which is emitted by
the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal
processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength used as infrared sources.

The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere
and optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the
spectral response.

Types of IR Sensor:

There are two types of IR sensors are available and they are,

Active infrared sensor, Passive infrared sensor

34
Active Infrared Sensor:
Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and infrared detector.
Infrared sources include the LED or infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors include photodiodes
or phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected by an object and falls on
the infrared detector.

Passive Infrared Sensor:

Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not use
any infrared source and detector. They are of two types: quantum and thermal. Thermal infrared
sensors use infrared energy as the source of heat. Thermocouples, pyroelectric detectors and
bolometers are the common types of thermal infrared detectors. Quantum type infrared sensors
offer higher detection performance. It is faster than thermal type infrared detectors. The photo
sensitivity of quantum type detectors is wavelength dependent.

IR Sensor Working Principle

There are different types of infrared transmitters depending on their wavelengths,

output power and response time. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR Photodiode,
together they are called as PhotoCoupler or OptoCoupler.

IR Transmitter or IR LED:

Infrared Transmitter is a light emitting diode (LED) which emits infrared radiations
called as IR LED’s. Even though an IR LED looks like a normal LED, the radiation emitted by
it is invisible to the human eye.

The picture of an Infrared LED is shown below.

Fig3.14: IR Transmitter

IR Receiver or Photodiode:

Infrared receivers or infrared sensors detect the radiation from an IR transmitter. IR

35
receivers come in the form of photodiodes and phototransistors. Infrared Photodiodes are
different from normal photo diodes as they detect only infrared radiation. Below image shows
the picture of an IR receiver or a photodiode,

Fig:3.15: IR Receiver

Different types of IR receivers exist based on the wavelength, voltage, package, etc.
When used in an infrared transmitter – receiver combination, the wavelength of the receiver
should match with that of the transmitter.

The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR photodiode. The IR photodiode is

sensitive to the IR light emitted by an IR LED. The photo-diode’s resistance and output
voltage change in proportion to the IR light received. This is the underlying working principle
of the IR sensor.

Fig3.16: IR Sensor

36
When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the radiation reflects back
to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver, the output of the
sensor defines.

Obstacle Sensing Circuit or IR Sensor Circuit

A typical IR sensing circuit is shown below.

Fig.3.17: IR Obstacle Detection Sensor Circuit

It consists of an IR LED, a photodiode, a potentiometer, an IC Operational amplifier

and an LED. IR LED emits infrared light. The Photodiode detects the infrared light. An IC Op
– Amp is used as a voltage comparator. The potentiometer is used to calibrate the output of the
sensor according to the requirement.

38
 When the light emitted by the IR LED is incident on the photodiode after hitting an
object, the resistance of the photodiode falls down from a huge value. One of the input of the
op – amp is at threshold value set by the potentiometer. The other input to the op-amp is from
the photodiode’s series resistor. When the incident radiation is more on the photodiode, the
voltage drop across the series resistor will be high. In the IC, both the threshold voltage and the
voltage across the series resistor are compared. If the voltage across the resistor series to
photodiode is greater than that of the threshold voltage, the output of the IC Op – Amp is high.
As the output of the IC is connected to an LED, it lightens up. The threshold voltage can be
adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer depending on the environmental conditions.

The positioning of the IR LED and the IR Receiver is an important factor. When the IR
LED is held directly in front of the IR receiver, this setup is called Direct Incidence. In this
case, almost the entire radiation from the IR LED will fall on the IR receiver. Hence there is a
line of sight communication between the infrared transmitter and the receiver. If an object falls
in this line, it obstructs the radiation from reaching the receiver either by reflecting the
radiation or absorbing the radiation

Distinguishing Between Black and White Colours:

It is universal that black color absorbs the entire radiation incident on it and white color
reflects the entire radiation incident on it. Based on this principle, the second positioning of the
sensor couple can be made. The IR LED and the photodiode are placed side by side. When the
IR transmitter emits infrared radiation, since there is no direct line of contact between the
transmitter and receiver, the emitted radiation must reflect back to the photodiode after hitting
any object. The surface of the object can be divided into two types: reflective surface and non-
reflective surface. If the surface of the object is reflective in nature i.e. it is white or other light
color, most of the radiation incident on it will get reflected back and reaches the
photodiode. Depending on the intensity of the radiation reflected back, current flows in the
photodiode.

39
 If the surface of the object is non-reflective in nature i.e. it is black or other dark color,
it absorbs almost all the radiation incident on it. As there is no reflected radiation, there is no
radiation incident on the photodiode and the resistance of the photodiode remains higher
allowing no current to flow. This situation is similar to there being no object at all.

The pictorial representation of the above scenarios is shown below.

Fig 3.18 IR Sensor Detector

The positioning and enclosing of the IR transmitter and Receiver is very important.
Both the transmitter and the receiver must be placed at a certain angle, so that the detection of
an object happens properly. This angle is the directivity of the sensor which is +/- 45 degrees.

4
 The directivity is shown
below.

Fig 3.19 Directivity of Sensor

In order to avoid reflections from surrounding objects other than the object, both the IR
transmitter and the IR receiver must be enclosed properly. Generally the enclosure is made of
plastic and is painted with black color.

Applications of IR Sensor

IR sensors use in various projects and also in various electronic devices. They all are as
follow,

Night Vision Devices:

Fig 3.20 Night Vision Equipment

 An Infrared technology implemented in night vision equipment if there is not enough
visible light available to see unaided. Night vision devices convert ambient photons of light
into electrons and then amplify them using a chemical and electrical process before finally
converting them back into visible light.

Radiation Thermometers:

Fig 3.21 Radiation Thermometer

IR sensor uses in radiation thermometers to measure the temperature depend upon the
temperature and the material of the object and these thermometers have some of the following
features

Measurement without direct contact with the object

Faster response

Easy pattern measurements

Infrared Tracking:

An Infrared tracking or Infrared homing is a missile guidance system which operates

using the infrared electromagnetic radiation emitted from a target to track it.
 IR Imaging Devices:

Fig 3.22 IR Imaging Device

IR image device is one of the major applications of IR waves, primarily by virtue of

its property that is not visible. It uses for thermal imagers, night vision devices etc.

Other Key Application Areas

Other key application areas that use infrared sensors include:

Climatology
Meteorology
Photobiomodulation
Flame Monitors
Gas detectors
Water analysis
Moisture Analyzers
Anesthesiology testing
Petroleum exploration
Rail safety
Gas Analyzers
MLX90614 NON-CONTACT IR TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

The MLX90614 is a contactless IR Temperature sensor which can measure temperature

without even touching the object. This exceptional sensor introduced by Melexis uses IR

technology that uses the IR radiations to measure temperature and provides a digital output

signal through I2C port. Contactless temperature sensors played a major contribution during

COVID-19 days to check temperature. In this tutorial, we will discuss pinout details, pin

configurations, specifications, features interfacing with Arduino, and applications of an

MLX90614 temperature sensor.

MLX90614 is IR based contactless temperature sensor that can measure the

temperature of a particular object between -70°C – 382.2°C and an ambient temperature of -

40°C – 125°C without even making physical contact with an object under observation. It is

embedded with an I2C port to communicate temperature reading to microcontrollers over an

I2C bus. On top of that, it is provided with ESD protection to avoid malfunctioning of the

sensor.

The tiny device is highly accurate and precise due to its powerful ADC. A 17-bit ADC

is embedded in the module to output the values with 0.14 ˚C of resolution. Melexis has

introduced different versions of this sensor based on input voltage requirements i.e., 3 Volts or

5volts and resolving power for different project requirements. But MLX90614 is a sensitive

temperature sensor that has a long list of applications, especially in home automation

MLX90614 Pinout:

This temperature sensor module comes with a 3.3 voltage regulator, I2C Bus with

internal pullup resistors to define a default state and a capacitor for noise filtering. The pinout

of the non- contact MLX90614 IR Temperature Sensor module is as shown:

 Fig 3.23 MLX90614

Pin Configuration:

MLX90614 has two versions and is available in the TO-39 package. The pin
configuration details are listed in a table below:
Pin Name Function
VCC Positive power supply pin.
GND Reference potential pin.
SCL Open drain Serial Clock pin. An I2C line clock pulses pin for data synchronization.
SDA Open drain Serial Data pin.An I2C line to Communicate data to the host MCU.
Table 3.2 MLX90614 Pin Function

Features & Specifications

Operating Voltage: 3.6 Volts – 5.5 Volts

Ambient Temperature Range: -40°C – 125°C
Object Temperature Range: -70°C – 380°C
Measurement resolution: 0.02°C
ESD Sensitivity: 2kV
Sink/Source Current: 25mA
 ADC Resolution: 17 bits
IR sensor is integrated with an optical filter, a DSP, and a low noise amplifier for
fine output digital signals.
Adaptable for 8-16 Volts applications and can be integrated easily.
3.6.10Supports power-saving mode and is available in single and dual
versions 3.6.11It is a power-efficient and highly sensitive sensor.
Take a look at the datasheet to see further technical of different versions of this IR

sensor. IR Sensor working principle:

MLX90614 is a contactless IR temperature sensor that works on the Stefan Boltzmann

principle. It states that everybody radiates IR radiation proportional to its temperature. This
radiation is then measured through the sensor converted to a digital signal and is
communicated through the I2C bus to the microcontroller.

The IR sensor module consists of an IR thermopile detector and a signal ASSP processing
unit. Thermopile serves the function of collecting the radiation in its field view which varies
from version to version. The processing units convert these analog signals to filtered
amplified signals.
 REFERANCE:
[1]. Bartik, A.W.; Bertrand, M.; Cullen, Z.; Glaeser, E.L.; Luca, M.; Stanton, C. The
Impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 17656–17666, doi:10.1073/pnas.2006991117.

[2]. A Hefty Price Tag for Small Businesses Complying with NSW Health COVID-19
Restrictions. ABC News: Mridula Amin, 17 August 2020.
[3]. Pang, Z. Technologies and architectures of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) for health and
well-being. Ph.D. Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden,
January 2013.
[4]. Kumar, K.; Kumar, N.; Shah, R. Role of IoT to avoid spreading of COVID-19. Int. J.
Intell. Netw. 2020, 1, 32–35, doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2020.05.002.
[5]. Safework Australia. Available online:
https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-06/COVID-
19_Workplace- Checklist_12June2020.pdf (accessed on 16 October 2020).

[6]. Otoom, M.; Otoum, N.; Alzubaidi, M.A.; Etoom, Y.; Banihani, R. An IoT-for early
identification and monitoring of COVID-19 cases. Biomed. Signal Process. Control
2020, 62, 102149, doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102149.

4. OBJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT

4.1. CONNECTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the
board. Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of
switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs.
Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicating with software running on
your computer. The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-
source IDE can be downloaded for free. The Arduino programming language is an
implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based on the
Processing multimedia programming environment.

Fig:4.1:Non-Contact Integrated Body Temperature Sensors

Arduino is an open source electronics platform accompanied with a hardware and

software to design, develop and test complex electronics prototypes and products. The
hardware consists of
 a microcontroller with other electronic components which can be programmed using the
software to do almost any task. The simplicity of the Arduino language makes it very easy for
almost everyone who has an interest in electronics to write programs without the
understanding of complex algorithms or codes.

Arduino is intended for an artist, tinker, designer or anyone, interested in playing with
electronics without the knowhow of complex electronics and programming skills. Arduino is
an excellent designed open source platform. It has specially designed boards which can be
programmed using the Arduino Programming Language (APL).

OPERATING PROCEDURE:

Fig 4.2: Circuit Diagram of Automatic Temperature Detector Gate

Procedure

• As shown in the circuit diagram place the components in the respective place
and IR sensors carefully.

• As IR sensors is done make sure the circuit board are not

shorted Anywhere.

• Align IR LED and photo diode.

• Connect to pins of Arduino according to the program using jumper wires.

• The gate opening and closing operations performed by servo motor.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use the Temperature Controller in the following locations:

• Locations exposed to radiated heat from heating devices

• Locations subject to exposure to water or oil

• Locations subject to direct sunlight

• Locations subject to dust or corrosive gases (in particular, sulfide gas and
ammonia gas)

• Locations subject to severe changes in temperature

• Locations subject to icing or condensation

• Locations subject to excessive shock or vibration

2. Use and store the Temperature Controller within the rated temperature or humidity
range specified for each model. When two or more Temperature Controllers are
mounted horizontally close to each other or vertically next to one another, the internal
temperature will increase due to the heat they radiate and the service life of the
products will decrease.
 In such cases, forced cooling by fans or other means of air ventilation will be
required to cool down the Temperature Controllers.

3. Allow enough space around the Temperature Controller to ensure proper heat
dissipation. Do no block the ventilating holes.

4. Be sure to wire properly with correct polarity of terminals.

5. After wiring is completed, do not pull on or bend a terminal block lead wire with a
force of 30 N or higher.
5 .TESTING AND DEBUGING

ARDUINO IDE(SOFTWARE)
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows,
macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and upload programs
to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor development boards.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version

2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring.
The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many
common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for
starting the sketch and the main program loop that are compiled and linked with a program.
The Arduino IDE employs the program to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded in to the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

Fig 5.1: Arduino IDE

 The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written
in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring
projects. It includes a code editor which is capable of compiling and uploading programs to the
board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch”.

Following are the steps involved:

1. Open Arduino IDE as shown below

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library
called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common input/output
operations much efficient. Users only need define two functions to make a run able cyclic
executive program:

setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize

settings loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers

off.
 2. Select the COM Port from tools

3. Select the required Arduino board from Tools

4. Write the sketch in Arduino IDE

5. Compile and upload the Sketch to Arduino

RESULT

Fig 5.2: LCD DISPLAYS THE TEMPERATURE OF HUMAN BODY

 6. CONCLUSION

An effective solution to ensure COVID-19 safety compliance is presented in this work.

The system relies on open source software and widely available sensors to make a low cost and
easy to configure and customize set up. It relays useful real-time information wirelessly to a
dashboard which can be used to monitor and assist in COVID-19 SOP. The system is currently
limited to check distance violation only in the specified area (i.e., queue). Future efforts will be
focused to expand the detection for the complete floor area, contact tracing, and support for
additional queues. The system can be extended easily with minimal time and is quickly
adaptable to different situations.

FUTTURE SCOPE:
1. The Non-Contact Temperature Measurement System by application includes fiber optic
radiation thermometer as one of the prospects which are expected to fuel the market
growth. The features of the system helps industrialist in taking optimal decision
and monitor safety and productivity and reduce the overall downtime which will boost
the growth of non-contact temperature measurement instrument in the fore coming
years.
2. Healthcare segment is expected to grow significantly for the non-contact temperature
measurement system market during the forecast period. Is going to witness growth due
to the worldwide outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Temperature monitoring has
become a crucial component across public places, including shopping malls, airports,
offices, schools, thereby owing to substantial market share in the near future.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. Bartik, A.W.; Bertrand, M.; Cullen, Z.; Glaeser, E.L.; Luca, M.; Stanton, C. The
Impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 17656–17666, doi:10.1073/pnas.2006991117.

[2]. A Hefty Price Tag for Small Businesses Complying with NSW Health COVID-19
Restrictions. ABC News: Mridula Amin, 17 August 2020.
[3]. Pang, Z. Technologies and architectures of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) for health and
well-being. Ph.D. Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden,
January 2013.
[4]. Kumar, K.; Kumar, N.; Shah, R. Role of IoT to avoid spreading of COVID-19. Int. J.
Intell. Netw. 2020, 1, 32–35, doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2020.05.002.
[5]. Safework Australia. Available online:
https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-06/COVID-
19_Workplace- Checklist_12June2020.pdf (accessed on 16 October 2020).

[6]. Otoom, M.; Otoum, N.; Alzubaidi, M.A.; Etoom, Y.; Banihani, R. An IoT-for early
identification and monitoring of COVID-19 cases. Biomed. Signal Process. Control
2020, 62, 102149, doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102149.
 CODE

PROGRA
M:

#include <Wire.h>

#include

<Adafruit_MLX90614.h>

#include

<LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

#include <Servo.h>

Servo

myservo1;

int pos1 =

180;

const int ir1 =

11; const int

ir2 = 12;

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

int i = 0, j = 0,

tot; int count =

0;

Adafruit_MLX90614 mlx = Adafruit_MLX90614();

void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); lcd.init(); lcd.backlight(); lcd.clear(); myservo1.attach(10);

myservo1.write(po

s1);

pinMode(ir1,

INPUT_PULLUP);

pinMode(ir2,

INPUT_PULLUP);

mlx.begin();

lcd.print("AUTO TEMPERATURE");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(" DETECTION "); delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("ARDUINO INFRARED");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(" THERMOMETER ");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("BY ECE");

lcd.setCursor(6, 1); lcd.print(" STUDENTS"); delay(1500);

void loop() {

if (digitalRead(ir1) == LOW && digitalRead(ir2) == HIGH)

{

count+

+;

lcd.cle

ar();

lcd.print("Reading");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("Please wait..."); delay(2000);

int temp =

mlx.readObjectTempF();

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("BODY TEMPERATURE");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print(mlx.readObjectTempF());

lcd.print("");

lcd.write(0x

DF);

lcd.print("F"

);

delay(1000);

if (temp > 101)

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("BODY

DETECTED");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("HIGH TEMPERATURE");

myservo1.write(

90);

delay(1000);

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("BODY TEMPERATURE");

lcd.print(count);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("

NORMAL ");
 delay(1000);

myservo1.write(90);

delay(2000);

myservo1.write(180);

delay(1000);

if (count <

11) i = i

+ 1;

if (digitalRead(ir1) == HIGH && digitalRead(ir2) == LOW)

j = j + 1; myservo1.write(90); delay(2000); myservo1.write(180); delay(1000);

if (j > i)

j = j - 1;

tot = i - j;

delay(500);

if (tot >= 10)

lcd.clear();
 lcd.print(" Hall Room

Full "); lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Strength: "); lcd.print(tot);

delay(1000);

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Present Strength");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("in Hall: ");

 lcd.print(tot

);

delay(500);