Intro To Electric Power Systems Lecture 1.B
Intro To Electric Power Systems Lecture 1.B
Intro To Electric Power Systems Lecture 1.B
Power Systems
course 525.451
Lecture 1.B
POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
The generator in Figure 1 is a 3-phase generator. It is connected in wye configuration and the common point is called the neutral point. It is a
balanced generator if E an, E bn, & E cn have the same magnitude, but are 120 degrees out of phase with each other.
If E an leads E bn by 120 degrees, and E bn leads E cn by 120 degrees then the generator phase sequence is called abc or "positive sequence".
Otherwise it is called acb, or "negative sequence"
E an = 480 ∠ 30 volts
E bn = 480 ∠ − 90 volts
E cn = 480 ∠ − 210 = 480 ∠ 150 volts
BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
Figure 2 shows E an = V ∠ 0 , E bn = V ∠ − 120 and E cn = V ∠ 120 in a phasor diagram.
Assuming zero impedance for the lines connecting load to the generator, we have
E an = 𝐈 4 Z6 , E bn = 𝐈 7 Z6 and E cn = 𝐈 8 Z6
or
𝐄:; 𝐄?; 𝐄
𝐈 4 = , 𝐈 𝐛 = , and 𝐈 8 = 𝐙𝐜𝐧
<= <= 𝐲
It is seen from the above that in a balanced system, the currents are balanced.
For a balanced system In = Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
For both balanced and unbalanced systems E ab + E bc + E ca =0
At this point I said
Ean, meant to say
Eab.
Again here I said Ean, meant to say Eab.
BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
Figure 5 shows a balanced system with ∆ connected load.
𝐄:? 𝐄?H 𝐄
𝐈 DE = , 𝐈 EG = and 𝐈 GD = <H:
<∆ <∆ ∆
In the following I show a numerical example with the following line to neutral voltages:
E an = 20 ∠ 0 volts
E bn = 20 ∠ − 120 volts
E cn = 20 ∠ 120 volts
BALANCED 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
We have for the line to line voltages:
E ab = 20 3 ∠ 30 volts
E bc = 20 3 ∠ − 90 volts
E ca = 20 3 ∠ 150 volts
Taking Z∆ to be 4 ∠ 20 ohms
0I 2 ∠ 2I
𝐈 DE = = 5 3 ∠ 10 = 8.66 ∠ 10
J ∠ 0I
0I 2 ∠OPI
𝐈 𝐁𝐂 = = 5 3 ∠ − 110 = 8.66 ∠ − 110
J ∠ 0I
0I 2 ∠ /QI
𝐈 GD = = 5 3 ∠ 130 = 8.66 ∠ 130
J ∠ 0I
<
Z6 = 2∆
Z∆ = 3 Z6
(Impedance angles remain same as before conversion)
In a balanced system convert ∆ loads to Y loads and connect the neutral point of load to the generator neutral point. Draw one phase, solve the
resulting circuit. Currents and voltages in the other two phases will have the same magnitude with a phase difference of +/- 120 degrees.
POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
Power in Balanced 3-Phase Systems
Let v4T t = 2 VVW cos ( ωt + δ) represent instantaneous line voltage for phase “a” of a 3-phase generator and i4 t = 2 IV cos (ωt + β)
represent the instantaneous current out of the phase “a” terminal of the generator, then the instantaneous power for phase “a”, p a(t) is
expressed as:
p 4 t = v4T t i4 t = 2 VVW IV cos (ωt + δ) cos ωt + β
or
Since phase angle for v7T t and i7 (t) are δ – 120 and β – 120 respectively, we will have for p b(t)
p 2e = p 4 t + p 7 t + p 8 t = 3VVW IV cos δ − β +
VVW IV [cos 2ωt + δ + β + cos 2ωt+ δ + β − 240 + cos 2ωt + δ + β + 240 ]
POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
Expression in square brackets is zero for all t,
p 2e = 3VVW IV cos δ − β
showing that the instantaneous power delivered to a balanced load is a constant.
𝐕4T = VVW ∠ δ , 𝐈 4 = IV ∠ β
𝐒4 = 𝐕4T 𝐈 ∗4 = (VVW ∠ δ) IV ∠ − β = VVW IV ∠δ − β
𝐒8 = VVW IV ∠δ − β
I said complex, meant to say complex conjugate.
POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
𝐒2e = 𝐒4 + 𝐒7 + 𝐒8 = 3VVW IV ∠ δ − β = 3 VVV IV ∠ δ − β
A similar argument shows that power absorbed by balanced 3-phase motors and impedance loads also have constant instantaneous values.
Assuming for a delta load to have 𝐕47 = VVV ∠ δ and 𝐈 47 = I ∆ ∠ β, the complex power is written as
Similarly
and
𝐒2e = 3VVV I∆ ∠δ − β
POWER IN BALANCED 3-PHASE
CIRCUITS
But
sg
I∆ = 2
and so
𝐒2e = 3 VVV IV ∠δ − β