International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 1695–1703, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_170
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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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THE STANDARD DEVIATION IN CUBE

STRENGTH RESULTS OF SELF-COMPACTING
CONCRETE OF M40 GRADE USING QUARRY
DUST AS FINE AGGREGATE AND FLY ASH
POWDER AS FILLER
Dr. K. Balakrishna Rao
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Shaikh Mohammed Ibrahim

Post graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT
The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement for reduction in cost
of construction has led to an urgent need to identify a substitute for river sand. Quarry
dust, which is a by product from the granite crushing processes in quarrying activity, is
available abundantly and economically. This paper presents the study on the effect of
replacing sand by quarry dust by 100% on the strength properties of self compacting
concrete for M40 grade and also to find standard deviation in cube strength results. About
35 % of quarry dust powder having size between 600 micron to 300 micron. The results
indicated that the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of cube test results for
Mix 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed a variation between 3 MPa and 7.5 MPa and between 5% and
13% respectively. Lower cement content showed less standard deviation in compressive
strength as compared to higher cement content. An average strength of 55.4 MPa of 31
cubes of Mix 2 has shown a standard deviation of 7.41 MPa and coefficient of variation of
13.4%.
Key words: Fly Ash, Cube Strength

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Cite this Article: Dr. K. Balakrishna Rao and Shaikh Mohammed Ibrahim, The Standard
Deviation In Cube Strength Results of Self-Compacting Concrete of M40 Grade Using
Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate and Fly Ash Powder as Filler, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 1695–1703.
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1. INTRODUCTION
SCC portrays one of the most prominent growths in concrete technology. The use of SCC is
increasing nowadays due to elimination of consolidation work which reduces the efforts, duration
of construction and therefore, improving the productivity. It reduces noise during casting and
creates better working conditions [1]. According to EFNARC Guidelines, the difference between
SCC and conventional concrete is the incorporation of mineral admixtures like fly ash, limestone
powder and granulated blast furnace slag. Compressive strength increases with the increase in fly
ash in concrete [2]. The compressive strength of SCC specimens incorporating with only quarry
dust powder was more than the SCC specimens incorporating with silica fume plus quarry dust
powder or fly ash alone [1].
The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement for reduction in cost of
construction has led to an urgent need to identify a substitute for river sand. Quarry dust,
(QD)which is a by-product from the granite crushing processes in quarrying activity, is available
abundantly and economically. The use of quarry dust as fine aggregate has made this useless
material into a worthy resource/use [3]. The compressive strength of concrete cubes using QD as
replacement for sand from 0% to 100% in steps of 10%at age of 28 days showed increase in
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete [4].The incorporation
of granite fines required a higher dosage of superplasticizers for similar yield stresses and other
rheological properties [5].The chloride permeability in SCC specimens incorporating quarry dust
powder or fly ash was moderate and it was low in the specimens incorporating silica fume plus
quarry dust powder[6].
The compressive strength properties of M20 and M25 concrete containing quarry dust of
varying fineness modulus and observed that the quarry dust concrete specimens of fineness 2.947
and 5.09 show almost same strength as that of control concrete for 1:3 proportion but as the
fineness increases there is about 26% reduction in strength [8].
The present experimental program consists of studying the effect of replacing sand by quarry
dust by 100% on the strength properties of self-compacting concrete for M40 grade and also to
find standard deviation in cube strength results.

2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
2.1. Materials
The cement used in this study was 43 grade ordinary Portland cement. Coarse aggregates of size
20mm down and class F fly ash of specific gravity 2.134 procured from Raichur thermal power
station, Karnataka, India was used. Polycarboxylic ether (PCE) based chemical admixture is
added. Quarry dust of size 4.75mm passing and 300 microns retained were taken.

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 The Standard Deviation In Cube Strength Results of Self-Compacting Concrete of M40 Grade Using
Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate and Fly Ash Powder as Filler

2.1.1. Coarse aggregate proportioning

Locally available crushed granite stones are used as coarse aggregate and it is taken in proportion
of 60% of coarse aggregate passing 20mm and retained on 12.5mm and 40% of coarse aggregate
passing 12.5mm and retained on 4.75mm. Table 1 shows the physical properties of coarse
aggregate used in the present work.

Table 1 Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Specific Gravity 2.671
Bulk Density (Loose State) 1649 kg/m3
Bulk Density (Compacted State) 1750 kg/m3
Water Absorption 0.8%
Fineness Modulus 7

2.1.2. Quarry Dust proportioning

The quarry waste (quarry dust) available from local granite stone crushing industry (stone coarse
aggregate producing industry) is used as fine aggregate in place of sand. Table 2 shows the
properties of quarry dust. Table 3 shows the gradation of quarry dust. About 35 % of the sample
having size between 600 microns to 300 microns.

Table 2 Properties of Quarry Dust

Specific Gravity 2.65
Bulk Density (Loose State) 1472 kg/m3
Bulk Density (Compacted State) 1682 kg/m3
Fineness Modulus 3.136

Table 3 Sieve Analysis of Quarry Dust

IS Sieve Size Cumulative % Passing
10 mm 100
4.75 mm 99.8
2.36 mm 83
1.18 mm 61
600 micron 37
300 micron 4.4
150 micron 1.2
Lower Pan 0

2.1.3. Cement
Cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade.

Table 4 Properties of cement

Specific Gravity 2.99
Standard Consistency 35%
Initial Setting Time 30 min
Final Setting Time 155 min

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 Dr. K. Balakrishna Rao and Shaikh Mohammed Ibrahim

2.1.4. Superplasticizer
Auramix 300 Plus is used as superplasticizer in the present work. Table 5 shows properties of
Auramix 300 Plus superplasticizer, which is based on polycarboxylic ether polymer with long
lateral chains.

Table 5 Properties of Auramix 300 Plus

Appearance Light yellow colored liquid
pH Minimum 6.0
Volumetric mass @ 20 degree Celsius 1.08 ± 0.02 kg/liter
Chloride Content Nil to IS:456
Alkali Content Typically, less than 1.5g Na2O equivalent / liter of
admixture

2.2. Mix Design

To achieve the aim in the present work, EFNARC method is adopted [7] to design concrete mix
of strength of M40. The EFNARC specification (EFNARC 2002) defines specific requirements
for the SCC material, its composition and its application. Table 6 shows the mix proportions used
in the present work. Four different mix proportions have been studied. From mix 1 to mix 4 the
cement content has been decreased by 50 kg / m3 and fly ash content increased by 50 kg/ m3.

Table 6 Mix Proportion

Quarry Coarse aggregate Super-

Desig- Cement Fly ash Water
Dust (kg/m3) plasticizer W/P
nation (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (Litres)
(kg/m3) (kg)
20- 12.5-
12.5mm 4.75mm
Mix1 350 250 745 419.4 279.6 190 0.0832 0.3167
Mix2 300 300 745 420 280 182.7 0.0742 0.3045
Mix3 250 350 745 409.54 273.03 182.7 0.0742 0.3045
Mix4 200 400 745 398.79 265.86 182.7 0.0742 0.3045

2.3. Samples
Ten cubes of150mm x150mm x 150mm, four cylinders of diameter 150mm and length 300 mm
dimensions are casted for each mix. A total of 31 cubes of Mix 2 were casted on different days.
The compressive strengths and split tensile at twenty-eight days are tested for all the mixes.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1. Flow Properties
Table 7 shows flow properties of mix’s 1 to 4. Mixes 1, 2, 3 and 4 satisfies the entire four flow
properties tests (i.e. Slump, V-Funnel, L-Box and U-Box) and is within the range as mentioned in
EFNARC guidelines (2002) [7].

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 The Standard Deviation In Cube Strength Results of Self-Compacting Concrete of M40 Grade Using
Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate and Fly Ash Powder as Filler

Table 7 Flow Properties

Range 650-800 2-5 6-12 0.8-1 0-30
Slump Slump T50cm U-Box
Designation V-Funnel (sec) L-Box
(mm) (sec) (mm)
Mix 1 695 3 9 0.89 10
Mix 2 672 4 9 0.91 20
Mix 3 795 2 8 0.928 5
Mix 4 760 3 8 0.9 10

3.2. Compression Behaviour

Table 8, 9, 10 and 11 shows the 28-day’s average compressive strength, standard deviation and
coefficient of variation of results of mix 1, mix 2, mix 3, and mix 4 respectively.
Mix 1 shows an average strength of 58.03MPa, and standard deviation and coefficient of
variation of the results as 7.485MPa and 12.89% respectively. Mix 2 shows an average strength of
55.4 MPa, and standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the results as 7.41 MPa and
13.37% respectively. Mix 3 shows an average strength of 52.58 MPa, and standard deviation and
coefficient of variation of the results as 2.52 MPa and 4.79% respectively. Mix 4 shows an average
strength of 45.74 MPa, and standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the results as 3.08
MPa and 6.73% respectively.
As the cement content increases the compressive strength also increases. The increase in
cement content from 200 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3, 250 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 and 300 kg/m3to 350 kg/m3
has shown 26.87%, 10.36% and 4.74% increase in 28 days average compressive strength. An
average strength of 55.4MPa of 31 cubes of Mix 2 has shown a standard deviation of 7.41 MPa
and coefficient of variation of 13.4%.
The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of cube test results for Mix 1, 2, 3 and 4
showed a variation in compressive strength between 3MPa and 7.5MPa and between 5% and 13%
respectively. Table 12 shows lower the cement content (200 kg/m3 and 250 kg/m3) standard
deviation is less as compared to higher cement content (300 kg/m3 and 350 kg/m3).

Table 8 28 Days Compressive Strength of Mix 1

Average Strength
Crushing Strength Deviation Square of Deviation
Sample No. (x)
MPa
1 69.2 11.17 124.7689
2 65.5 7.47 55.8009
3 54.1 -3.93 15.4449
4 47.2 -10.83 117.2889
5 55.2 -2.83 8.0089
6 62.5 4.47 19.9809
7 50.4 -7.63 58.2169
58.03
8 54 -4.03 16.2409
9 67 8.97 80.4609
10 55.2 -2.83 8.0089
Total 504.221
Standard Deviation of Mix 1 = 7.485 MPa
Coefficient of Variation = 12.89%

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Table 9 28 Days Compressive Strength of Mix 2

Sample No. Crushing Average Strength Deviation Square of
Strength (x) Deviation
MPa

1 42 -13.4 179.56
2 62.7 7.3 53.29
3 50.3 -5.1 26.01
4 61.2 5.8 33.64
5 66 10.6 112.36
6 62.4 7 49
7 58.9 3.5 12.25
8 63.4 8 64
9 60.4 5 25
10 64.8 9.4 88.36
11 57.4 2 4
12 52.6 -2.8 7.84
13 61.2 5.8 33.64
14 60.2 4.8 23.04
15 49.7 55.4 -5.7 32.49
16 61.8 6.4 40.96
17 42.7 -12.7 161.29
18 55.9 0.5 0.25
19 62.7 7.3 53.29
20 52.5 -2.9 8.41
21 49.6 -5.8 33.64
22 60.4 5 25
23 48.7 -6.7 44.89
24 51.6 -3.8 14.44
25 42.2 -13.2 174.24
26 55.3 -0.1 0.01
27 51.4 -4 16
28 57.1 1.7 2.89
29 67.1 11.7 136.89
30 62.6 7.2 51.84
31 67.2 11.8 139.24
Total 1647.76
Standard Deviation of Mix 2 = 7.41 MPa
Coefficient of Variation = 13.37%

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The Standard Deviation In Cube Strength Results of Self-Compacting Concrete of M40 Grade Using
Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate and Fly Ash Powder as Filler

Table 10 28 Days Compressive Strength of Mix 3

Sample No. Crushing Average Strength Deviation Square of
Strength (x) Deviation
MPa

1 55.5 2.92 8.5264

2 55.4 2.82 7.9524
3 49.7 -2.88 8.2944
4 50.6 -1.98 3.9204
5 51.3 52.58 -1.28 1.6384
6 49.2 -3.38 11.4244
7 53.1 0.52 0.2704
8 54.7 2.12 4.4944
9 55.4 2.82 7.9524
10 50.9 -1.68 2.8224
Total 57.296
Standard Deviation of Mix 3 = 2.52MPa
Coefficient of Variation = 4.79%

Table 11 28 Days Compressive Strength of Mix 4

Sample No. Crushing Average Deviation Square of
Strength (x) Strength Deviation
MPa

1 44.7 -1.04 1.0816

2 42.8 -2.94 8.6436
3 44.1 -1.64 2.6896
4 44.4 -1.34 1.7956
5 48.6 45.74 2.86 8.1796
6 46.8 1.06 1.1236
7 40.3 -5.44 29.5936
8 49.8 4.06 16.4836
9 49.7 3.96 15.6816
10 46.2 0.46 0.2116
Total 85.484
Standard Deviation of Mix 4 = 3.08 MPa
Coefficient of Variation = 6.73%

Table 12 Influence of Cement Content on Strength Properties

Standard
Cement Content Fly Ash Content Average
Mix 3 3 Deviation
(kg/m ) (kg/m ) Strength (MPa)
(MPa)
1 350 250 58.03 7.485
2 300 300 55.4 7.41
3 250 350 52.58 2.52
4 200 400 45.74 3.08

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 Dr. K. Balakrishna Rao and Shaikh Mohammed Ibrahim

3.3. Split Tensile Strength

Table 13 shows 28 days split tensile strength test conducted on four mix’s 1, 2, 3 and 4. As the
cement content increases the split tensile strength of concrete also increases. Different concrete
mixes studied with cement content of 200 kg/m3, 250 kg/m3, 300 kg/m3 and 350 kg/m3 gave 28
days split tensile strength of 2.525 MPa, 3.20 MPa, 3.93MPa and 3.59 MPa respectively.
From table 13 it is clear that concrete with cement content of 250 kg/m3 gave strength of
3.2MPa, which was found to be 26.98% more than the concrete with cement content of 200 kg/m3;
concrete with cement content of 300 kg/m3 gave strength of 3.93MPa, which was found to be
55.95% more than the concrete with cement content of 200 kg/m3 and concrete with cement
content of 350 kg/m3 gave strength of 3.59MPa, which was found to be 42.46% more than the
concrete with cement content of 200 kg/m3. From the above discussion it can be concluded that
the increase in cement content from 250 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 has shown 12% increase in split
tensile strength.

Table 13 28 Days Split Tensile Strength of SCC Mixes

Average of 28 Days
28 days Split Tensile Comparison with
Designation Split Tensile
Strength (MPa) Mix 4
Strength (MPa)
3.14
Mix 1 C350 3.97 3.59 42.46% more
3.5
3.78
2.73
Mix 2 C300 4.42 3.93 55.95% more
4.64
3.93
3.024
Mix 3 C250 3.74 3.2 26.98% more
2.58
3.47
2.24
Mix 4 C200 2.89 2.52 -
2.42
2.54

4. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the result presented in this paper, the following conclusions can be drawn:
• The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of cube test results for Mix 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed
a variation between 3MPa and 7.5MPa and between 5% and 13% respectively.
• Lower cement content showed less standard deviation in compressive strength as compared to
higher cement content.
• An average strength of 55.4 MPa of 31 cubes of Mix 2 has shown a standard deviation of 7.41 MPa
and coefficient of variation of 13.4%.

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 The Standard Deviation In Cube Strength Results of Self-Compacting Concrete of M40 Grade Using
Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate and Fly Ash Powder as Filler

• The increase in cement content from 200 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3, 250 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 and 300
kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 has shown 26.87%, 10.36% and 4.74% increase in 28 days average compressive
strength.
• Different concrete mixes studied with cement content of 200 kg/m3, 250 kg/m3, 300 kg/m3 and 350
kg/m3 gave 28 days split tensile strength of 2.525 MPa, 3.20 MPa, 3.93MPa and 3.59 MPa
respectively. The increase in cement content from 250 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 has shown 12% increase
in split tensile strength.

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