20gs0060

Eri Nakao
Global business Seminar

Thesis summarize 20 articles

・The "Rational" Persecution.

Abbot Petrus Venerabilis of Cluny and the Jews

Jews have faced various persecutions throughout their history. The tide of
persecution subsided for a time, but at the end of 1095, during the frenzy of the Crusades, a
persecution arose that forced the conversion or death of the Jews. Thousands of Jews were
slaughtered in the persecution. Petrus Venerabilis, the abbot of Cluny, the subject of this
article, was a man who was credited with "laying a broader foundation for the growing hatred
of the Jews" in the West. As Christianity flourished in the international community, many
Christians began to criticize Judaism. Since Judaism was rooted in the elective doctrine, the
clash between the two incompatible forces became more extreme, and the exclusionary
ideology of persecution sprouted out of the struggle for the survival of the religion. It is said
that this led to the birth of the radical persecution of the Jews.

・The psychology and structure of the people who supported the Nazis
URL: https://plaza.umin.ac.jp/philia/education/thesis/2016_ikeno.pdf

The purpose of this essay is to answer the question, "Why did the German people
support the Nazis and Hitler? And to warn us, as a democratic society, not to repeat the
mistakes of the Nazis.
The social structure that rapidly supported the Nazis at that time can be divided into four
steps. The first is the belief that history is a race war. Second, radical anti-Semitism (racist
anti-Semitism). The third is the conviction that Germany's future can only be guaranteed by
securing a "sphere of existence" at the expense of Russia. Fourth, uniting all of these, is the
flourishing of Marxism.
Fromm explains that individuals, made lonely by modernization, sought new connections and
joined the Nazis who provided them. Adorno and Horkheimer explain that as modernity and
civilization developed, the repressed nature swirling within society and people manifested
itself in the form of the Nazis.

・Why did the Holocaust happen?

URL: https://www.npokokoro.com/why

During World War II, some 6 million people were killed in Nazi Germany and
occupied Europe because they were "Jews. The United Nations has called for all people,
regardless of national or ethnic boundaries, to learn from this history of the Holocaust the
horrors of human discrimination, prejudice, and hatred, and has called on member states to
address this in their education.
As Christianity, which was born out of Judaism, developed as its own religion and spread
throughout Europe, the Jewish minority became a people who historically suffered
discrimination for a long time because of their different religion and culture.
Germany, the scene of the Holocaust, lost World War I (1914-18) and was ordered to pay
huge reparations under the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement reached by the victorious
nations. By June 1932, the number of unemployed exceeded 6 million, and against the
backdrop of an anxious society, the Nazi Party finally became the leading party in the elections
held in July of the same year. Then, in September 1935, the Nazi Party deprived Jews of their
civil rights, and a law was passed in Nuremberg, where the Nazi Party Congress was held,
forbidding Jews to marry non-Jews in order to "protect the land of the German people. Thus,
ideas and customs that demeaned Jews permeated the German society of the time. German
society scapegoated the Jews, blaming them for the deprivations of their society. (The "Night
of the Reich Pogroms" took place. In the Warsaw Ghetto, Jews were transferred one by one
to extermination camps in the east, while those who remained behind decided to rise up in
despair. After the tragic Holocaust, the issue became an international concern with the end of
World War II, and after a long period of investigation, the whole world condemned Germany's
actions. 1963, the "Auschwitz Trial" held in Frankfurt, Germany brought Nazi criminals to
justice with its own hands. The Auschwitz Trial, held in Frankfurt in 1963, is internationally
recognized as a landmark trial in which Germany brought Nazi criminals to justice by its own
hands.

・Images of Witches in Demonology Papers and Pamphlets from the Early

Modern European Witch Hunting Period

URL: https://www.omu.ac.jp/lit/features/forum_humanities/no19/16.pdf

Witch hunts in Europe took place between 1400 and 1800, and approximately 50,000
people were executed as witches. The main method of execution was fire. Witches were
believed to make a pact with the devil and perform various witchcraft such as weather
manipulation and aerial flight. It is said that many of those accused of witchcraft at that time
were poor, old women with no relatives. Some men and people of high status were also accused
of witchcraft. Germany and France in particular experienced intense witch hunts, while
England and Spain were relatively restrained. Witch-hunt research has centered on the
discussion of why witch-hunts occurred in the first place, and although there are a variety of
studies, it is difficult to say whether people at that time believed that witches were ゙ There
is still little research in Japan on the image of witches as to how people at that time viewed
them. We will examine the image of witches of the intellectual class mainly from demonology
papers and the image of witches of the people from paper media such as leaflets and pamphlets,
and by paying attention to the similarities and differences among them, we will be able to
understand how European society at that time regarded witches. By focusing on the
similarities and differences between them, it is necessary to examine specifically what kind of
existence witches were considered by European society at that time.
In the early 16th century, Kepler scientifically proved Copernicus' geocentric theory, and the
power of traditional authority, which had been protected by mysticism, began to decrease. As
the position of Roman Catholicism was threatened from the end of the Middle Ages, a
thinking that placed man at the center of the entire world and gave him value developed, and
a departure from the God-centered worldview occurred. A return to classical antiquity was
aimed at, and it was in this context that humanism was born, developed, and established. In
this way, early modern Europe was undergoing a transformation from a God-centered and
Catholic-centered world through humanism, the Renaissance, and the scientific revolution,
while eschatology was spreading against a background of social turmoil such as the
Reformation. On the other hand, the Reformation and other social upheavals led to the spread
of eschatology, making it an era of extreme change and instability. While witch-hunts were
active in Cologne, Wurzburg, Mainz, Bamberg, Eichstädt, Trier, and other Catholic areas as
a whole, the Catholic world was also undergoing a transformation. While witch-hunts were
active in Catholic areas such as Cologne, Würzburg, Mainz, Bamberg, Eichstädt, and Trier,
there were exceptions such as the Lutheran duchies of Mecklenburg and Pommern, as well as
Catholic Bavaria, where witch persecution or witchcraft was more prevalent. However,
considering the fact that the persecution of witches was suppressed in Catholic Bavaria, it is
not possible to link the intensity of witchcraft persecution to sectarianism.

「Se
・ questo è un uomo」Auschwitz will not end "Is this human?"

Primo Levi

Jewish-Italian author Priemo Levi was arrested in 1943 at the age of 24 while
working as a partisan. The following year he was transferred to Auschwitz, where he spent
hellish days in a concentration camp until his release. This book, "Is This Humanity? After
his arrest, Levy was sent to an internment camp near Modena, Italy. On February 22, 1944,
Jews were sent by train from this camp to Auschwitz. Men and women were crammed into
several cars of a freight train for livestock. The four-day journey left them covered in feces
and urine and soiled. Not even water was provided. They arrived at Auschwitz, where more
than 600 Jewish Italians were interned. They were sorted and more than 500 were killed within
two days without exception. Among those gassed were some of the author's acquaintances.
What awaited those who were left behind was an unbelievable hell. Their names, clothes,
belongings, and everything else were taken from them, and they were not allowed to own
anything. Instead of names, they are assigned numbers. In the camps, Jews from all over the
country were held, and they did not speak the same language. They were all deprived of their
identity and freedom, and were reduced to lumps of meat and shells of human beings. The
Germans treated such people as slaves who could simply be disposed of at any time. This book
describes how people behave in an environment of inhumane treatment and what kind of
society they create.

・The Hare with Amber Eyes. A Hidden Inheritance

The main character is Edmund, a potter. The story centers around a netsuke given to him by
his great-uncle in Tokyo, and traces his research into its roots. It was his great-uncle who first
acquired the netsuke, which were exported from Japan in the early 19th century and landed
in Marseille in the hands of his great-uncle, an art collector. The netsuke were admired by
Proust and Renoir in Paris at the height of its prosperity, and later passed into the hands of a
wealthy relative in Vienna. However, the evil hand of the Nazis began to fall on the family and
the Netsuke. Following Netsuke's epic journey, Edmund learns of the family's sad history.
This non-fiction story vividly depicts the tragic Nazi past that loomed over the family along
with this Netsuke.

・Night and Fog

Based on the story of the Auschwitz concentration camp, the most gruesome of all the
persecutions of Jews carried out by the Nazis, the film vividly depicts the contradiction
between the grotesque parts of humanity and the good nature. He says that we have come to
know a "human being" that perhaps no other human being of any age has ever known. What
is this human being? Man is the being who always determines what man is. Man is the
inventor of the gas chamber. But at the same time, he is also the one who, even in the gas
chamber, resolutely utters the words of prayer.

・Still, saying yes to life.

As in "Night and Fog," Frankl's life in the Nazi concentration camps allowed him to observe
the people in the camps and to examine their psychological changes. Still Saying Yes to Life"
can be taken as a message to those living after the war based on his experiences. The title of
the book is taken from a passage in "The Song of Buchenwald," written by a composer named
Lena Beda, who was interned in a different camp from Frankl. He wrote throughout the book
that it is wrong in the first place to ask if there is a meaning to life. He said that living is always
an assigned task and that life is an opportunity to do something. Throughout the book, he
mentions suicide and other deaths, probably because many of those who fled the Nazis and
survived the persecution took their own lives after suffering so much. He said that happiness
was not a goal, but only an outcome.

・Vienna's Last Waltz

The history of the protagonist's family, inherited from his great-grandfather, suddenly comes
to an end with Hitler's annexation of Australia. They flee the pursuit of the Nazis and travel
in exile to Berlin, the Baltic States, Ireland, and a place of safety. The cruelty of the Nazis that
loomed over them is very vividly depicted, not so much the people who were interned, but the
difficulty of living for those who were deprived of various things and had to abandon them in
order to escape from the camps. The bonds with the people they meet and the differences in
their environment during their escape are also depicted in a realistic manner.

https://hirosaki.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_downl
oad&item_id=3264&item_no=1&attribute_id=20&file_no=1

There are two theories: the "internationalist theory," which holds that Adolf Hitler, the
supreme power or dictator of Nazi Germany, intended to exterminate the Jews. There are two
theories: "intentionalism," which holds that Hitler intended to exterminate the Jews, and
"functionalism," which holds that Hitler's anti-Semitism, if it existed, was the result of various
objective and subjective conditions that led to his actual policy of Jewish extermination. There
is a conflict between these two theories. The timing of the extermination order is important
because it reveals that Nazi Germany's Jewish policy was not independent, but was influenced
by its war policy. At the beginning of the war, and throughout the war, tens of millions of our
best German workers, from all walks of life and with all occupations, had to suffer on the
battlefield. If these 12,000 or 15,000 Hebrew race-destroyers had once been thrown into the
gassings, as they had to suffer on the battlefield, the sacrifice of millions on the front line
would not have been an empty one. If these 12,000 or 15,000 Hebrew ethnic subversives had
once been thrown into the gassings, the loss of millions on the front line would not have been
so hollow. Ohlendorf, who took part in the war against the Soviet Union from June 1941 to
July of the following year as commander of Task Force D in the 11th Army area, was a member
of the task force that was responsible for the gassing of Jews and the destruction of the Soviet
Union. His detachment killed Jews, civilians, and civilians alike.
Their mission was noteworthy in that it stipulated that "the detachment is authorized to take
enforcement action against the civilian population on its own responsibility within the
framework of these missions. The text reads as follows.

・https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/ja/article/victims-of-the-

nazi-era-nazi-racial-ideology

Like social Darwinists before them, Nazis believed that humans could be collectively classified
into "races" and that each race had unique characteristics that had been genetically
transmitted from the time of the emergence of mankind in prehistoric times. For the Nazis,
the survival of the races depended on procreation, and the careful maintenance of the purity
of the gene pool to support population growth, the increase in land to support and provide
food, and to protect the unique racial traits that nature had provided to survive the struggle
for survival.

In defining race, Social Darwinists stereotyped both its strengths and weaknesses, and
assumed that ethnic appearance, behavior, and culture were immutable, based on biological
inheritance, unchanging over the years, and unaffected by environment, intellectual
development, and socialization. The Nazis viewed the various negative stereotypes about Jews
and Jewish behavior as biologically determined and inherited, and saw these traits as the
Jewish people, like other races, seeking to propagate themselves by excluding other races.
The Nazis developed and carried out a strategic vision in which the dominant German race
would dominate subordinate races that they judged to be inherently inferior, such as the Slavs
and Asians (the Central Asians of the Soviet Union and the Muslims of the Caucasus).
According to Hitler and his colleagues, it was important to preserve racial purity because
mixing with other races would, over time, lead to the coarsening and degeneration of the race
and the loss of its salient characteristics as a dominant race, impairing its ability to effectively
defend itself and, ultimately, endanger its extinction.

・https://www.murc.jp/assets/img/pdf/quarterly_201602/pdf_003.pdf

The theme of the lecture was "Why was Hitler so enthusiastically supported?
The Constitution of Japan was very progressive at the time, as it called for national sovereignty,
provided for equal universal suffrage for men and women over 20 years of age regardless of
their assets, and guaranteed social rights for all citizens. The law was very progressive for its
time. The law of plenipotentiary power was to leave everything to Hitler, and the law banning
political parties prohibited the establishment of new political parties.
Hitler was an Aryan eugenicist, a man who hated blacks and was openly prejudiced against
them, and everyone knew it. Everyone knew that. Racist things were openly stated in Nazism.
There were signs posted in the streets that said, "Don't buy from this Jewish store," or at the
entrance to the park that said, "Jews are not allowed in the park from certain hours of the day
to certain hours of the day. These signs that showed blatant discrimination against Jews were
removed from all over Germany, as if there was no discrimination against Jews during that
period of time.

・
https://www.nhk.jp/p/special/ts/2NY2QQLPM3/blog/bl/pneAjJR3gn/b
p/pj1LbgA42q/

This article was produced based on "NHK Special: Confessions of the Auschwitz Dead"
broadcast on August 16, 2020 and republished on August 26, 2020.
A memoir written by the "Sonderkommando" has been discovered. The memoirs describe the
horrific reality of the Auschwitz concentration camp in southern Poland, where approximately
1.1 million people were killed in gas chambers and other facilities. The reality of the genocide
is still shrouded in mystery. Experts who are conducting verification are hoping that
handwritten notes found in the ground near the gas chambers will provide clues to fill in the
blanks of the genocide. Investigations into the clues left behind in the notes have revealed that
he was from eastern Poland, that he was in his early thirties at the time, and that he was a
well-liked Jewish leader.
Furthermore, analysis of the memos revealed the reality of the Nazi's skillful control of the
Sonderkommandos. Experts have found that the Sonderkommando was composed of Jewish
and Soviet prisoners of war from at least 14 countries.

http://www1.s-cat.ne.jp/0123/Jew_ronkou/various/majogari_itansinmon.html

Europe was not a major stage of world history until the middle of the 18th century, when it
became a "small corner of the world. The Middle Ages, which are often described with a
certain romanticism, were in fact a time when Europe was plagued by war, famine, and plague
(the plague epidemic of the mid-14th century), and Europeans were continuously frightened
by the invasion of the Mongols (1236-1242) in Eastern Europe and the invasion of the
Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) by non-white powers. The seventeenth century was a period
of constant fear for the people of Europe. In the 17th century, Islamic power was at its peak,
with the Ottoman Empire flourishing in the Balkans, Anatolia, Palestine, and North Africa;
just to the east, the Shia Safavid dynasty (1501-1736) flourished in today's Iran and
Afghanistan, and the Mughal Empire (1526-1858) flourished in today's India and Pakistan.
1858) flourished in today's India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. In the 17th century, these three
Islamic powers flourished in central Eurasia. Meanwhile, in 17th century Europe, the religious
wars that had intermittently occurred since the first half of the 16th century had greatly
reduced the population, many cities had fallen, the plague had swept through Milan and
London, commerce and industry had been hit hard, rural villages had been devastated, and
agricultural production had dropped dramatically. The 17th century was a miserable time for
Europeans. In the 17th century, the prayer, "Save us from plague, famine, and war," was heard
throughout Europe. The Renaissance period (from the first half of the 14th century to the
first half of the 17th century) largely coincided with the period of the Wars of Religion (from
the first half of the 16th century to the Council of Westphalia in 1648). During the period of
the Wars of Religion, intermittent bloodshed wars between the New Religion and the Old
Religion occurred, culminating in the "witch-hunts. Witch-hunting is not the exclusive
domain of the Church of Rome. The "Salem Witch Trials" case, which will be discussed in this
chapter, was a case of Protestant persecution of innocent people. Also playing a central role
in this case was a man named Cotton Mather, the governor of Massachusetts, USA, who was
also the first member of the Royal Society of London elected from the United States. Such a
man, internationally recognized as a modern-thinking scientist, was the driving force behind
the American version of the witch hunt.