English reviewer

Ogygia – Calypso’s Island:

Ino gives Odysseus a veil that keeps him safe after his ship is wrecked.

Tiresias is a blind prophet in the underworld.

Proteus is the Divine Old Man in the Sea.

Maron presented Odysseus with a gift of his finest wines.

Odysseus fires his arrow through twelve axes in Penelope’s archery contest.

The Lotus plant makes the sailors forget their desire to return home.

Pisistratus is asked by King Nestor to accompany Telemachus going to Sparta.

Athena disguises herself as Mentor to make preparations for Telemachus’s journey.

Antiphates is the Laestrygonian king, and Odysseus’s old dog is Argos.

Nausicaa first finds Odysseus on the island of Scheria.

Antinous is the first to be killed by Odysseus.

Melantho has an affair with Eurymachus.

Eurycleia is the nurse of the infant Odysseus and Telemachus, and recognizes Odysseus by the scar on
his leg.

Elpenor begs Odysseus to bury him, and Odysseus’s mother (Anticleia) dies of grief.

Public Speaking:

Public speaking is delivering a speech in front of a large audience in a formal situation.

Stage fright or performance anxiety is the anxiety or fear aroused in an individual when performing in
front of an audience.

Clear planning and purpose entail setting clear goals and messages and being consistent throughout
your speech.

Empathy is showing appreciation and tact in using words.

Interpersonal communication is communicating ideas with others through words and actions.

Interaction is appearing engaging.

Accuracy and Correctness validate the credibility of a speaker.

Mental portion covers issues such as performance anxiety.

Visual segment helps speakers familiarize themselves with the audience and subject matter.

Vocal portion provides the importance of proper speech patterns.

Concreteness is using a strategy that provides a clear picture to the audience.

Conciseness is used when a speaker wants to deliver his message in brief form.

Verbal Communication is using words to share information with others, including spoken and written
communication.

Intrapersonal communication is extremely private and restricted to oneself.

Haptics is nonverbal communication, including handshakes and holding hands.

Non-verbal communication is the process of conveying meaning without the use of words.

Proxemics is the study of how our use of space influences the ways we relate to others.

Paralanguage is the term used to describe vocal qualities.

Silence regulates the flow of conversation.

Speeches on Special Occasions:

Review of Speeches on Special Occasions:

Speeches of introduction: Introduces the main speaker at an event

Speeches of presentation: Informs, demonstrates, explains, or persuades the audience

Speeches for commencements: Recognizes and celebrates the achievements of a graduating class

Speeches of dedication: Highlights the importance of a project and those it has been dedicated to

Toast Speech: A brief speech of congratulations, appreciation, or remembrance for a person followed by
a drink

Keynote address: Presents the primary issues of interest to an assembly

Eulogies: Given in honor of someone who has died

Farewell speech: Allows someone to say goodbye to one part of their life as they move on to the next
part

Speeches of Justification: Given when someone defends why certain actions were taken or will be taken

Birthday speech: Extends congratulations at reaching a special milestone

Speeches for public relations: Cheerleading speech

Speeches of Apology: Includes being honest and taking responsibility, saying sorry, and offering a
solution.

FEMINISM

• feminism

a social theory or political movement arguing that legal and social restrictions on females must be
removed in order to bring about equality of both sexes in all aspects of public and private life

• First Wave Feminism

First-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity during the 19th and early twentieth century in
the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States. It focused on de jure (officially
mandated) inequalities, primarily on gaining women's suffrage (the right to vote).

• Second-Wave Feminism

Second-wave feminism is a period of feminist activity. In the United States it began during the early
1960s and lasted through the late 1990s. It was a worldwide movement that was strong in Europe and
parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel, where it began in the 1980s, and it began at other times in other
countries.

The feminist movement starting in the 1960s, particularly in America, where women campaigned for
social and economic rights in addition to the more basic rights they had won during first-wave.

• third-wave feminism

Third-wave feminism is a term identified with several diverse strains of feminist activity and study,
whose exact boundaries in the historiography of feminism are a subject of debate, but are often marked
as beginning in the 1980s and continuing to the present. The movement arose as a response to the
perceived failures of and backlash against initiatives and movements created by Second-Wave feminism
during the 1960s to 1980s, and the realization that women are of "many colors, ethnicities, nationalities,
religions and cultural backgrounds. "

Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted
women the right to vote.

The 19th amendment legally guarantees American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone
required a lengthy and difficult struggle—victory took decades of agitation and protest.
The Seneca Falls Convention is regarded by many as the birthplace of American feminism. Heralded as
the first women’s rights convention in the United States, it was held at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca
Falls, New York, on July 19 and 20, 1848.

At that conference, activist and leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted The Declaration of Sentiments,
which called for women’s equality and suffrage.

Feminist critical theory examines the oppression of women in literature, how the literature “reinforces
or undermines the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women” (Tyson 83).
Tyson argues that society is so immersed in patriarchy that we’re programmed “not to see the ways in
which women are oppressed by traditional gender roles”. To understand what this means we need to
understand patriarchy as “any culture that privileges men by promoting traditional gender roles.
Traditional gender roles cast men as rational, strong, protective, and decisive; they cast women as
emotional (irrational), weak, nurturing, and submissive”. If the literature supports theses
characterizations of men and women then it is “sexist, which means it promotes the belief that women
are innately inferior to men,” otherwise known as biological essentialism. However, feminism is
“culturally, not biologically, produced” says Tyson.

When we look at the history of literature it’s argued that “the literary works of (white) male authors
describing experience from a (white) male point of view was considered the standard of universality”.
Feminists argue “the marginalization of many women writers” is just another example of patriarchy as it
oppresses the influences and ignores the experiences of both female authors and women in general.

All throughout society patriarchy works to justify inequities between men and women. But we need to
look at the difference between sex and gender. “Sex, which refers to our biological constitution as
female or male, and the word gender, which refers to our cultural programming as feminine or
masculine”. It’s not enough for a guy to be male, he has to espouse the masculine qualities and “being a
‘real’ man in patriarchal culture requires that [he] hold feminine qualities in contempt”. Men oppress
women to “maintain the male monopoly of positions of economic, political, and social power”.

Feminisms “ultimate goal [is] to change the world by promoting women’s equality” (92). Because
feminists argue women live in a male dominated society wherein the point of view for most things is
from a male perspective. Even the frameworks of psychoanalysis and Marxist critical theory borrow
from patriarchal ideology (93). And of course feminist literary interpretations are subjective, because we
are all living in a patriarchal society and are limited by our ability to see beyond that social conditioning.