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7
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8
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10
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12
 MapwpyTHaH u onepau.uounaH KapTbI - TeXHOJioruqecKue JI.OKy-
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13
 MAWHHOCTPOHTEflbHblH
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pa6oTy CH.ZJ.H, CTOH, CH.ZJ.SI H CTOH nonepeMeHHO.
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14
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KonneKTHBhl uexos HMeIOT cnaBttble TPYJJ.OBble TpaJJ.HUHH, ropJJ.stTCSI
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JJ.eCSITHJieTHe 3HaqHT~bHO yeeJIHqHJiaCb.

15
 PacurnpeHHe Macuna6o8 MaTepHaJihHOro npoH38o,n.cTBa, cyu.r.e-
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16
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. ,17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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HbJe )l.eTaJie Ha COOpKy. TipeMepOM HBJJHIOTCH OTIIITaMilOBaHHble e3
necTa .ll.eTaJIH aeTOMOOHJJbHOro Ky3oea, Kpene:>K:Hble .ll.eTaJJe - ooJI-
Tbl, raHKH, IIIIlHJJbKH, rnau6bI. MHorne OOJ!Tbl e3rOTOBJJHIOTCH IIITaM-
IlOBKOH Ha· npeccax-aeTOMaTax, a pe3b6a HaKaTbrnaeTCH cneu.eaJib-
HbIM HaKaTHblM ycTpoiicTBOM. TiocJJeJ].oBaTeJJhHOCTb BblCa.ll.Ke ooJJ-
Ta Ha MHOfOil03HU.HOHHOM npecce-aBTOMaTe npe.ll.CTaBJieHa Ha pee. 9.
lllTaMilbl .ll.JIH H3fOTOBJieHHH, HanpHMep, KpbIIIIe eJJH .ll.BepH Ky-
30Ba aBTOMOOHJIH, raiiKe, IIIeCTepHH, rnaTyHa eJIH KOJJeHtiaToro ea-
Jia .ll.BHraTeJIH OlleHb CJIO:>K:Hbl e .ll.Oporn (.ll.opore CTaJJH e CTaHKH
.ll.JJH e3roTOBJJeHHH IIITaMnoe, eeJJHKa TPY.ll.OeMKOCTb). B TeXHOJJoru10
e3rOTOBJieHHH J].eTaJieu IIITaMilOB BXO.ll.HT TOKapHble, ct>pe3epHbJe, CTpO-
raJJbHbJe, IIIJJHcl>OBaJibHbJe e .ll.pyrue pa60Tbl, Tpeoy10mue Bb!COKOH
KBaJiecl>HKaU.HH H OCHOBaTeJJbHbIX TeXHH'leCKHX 3HaHeH.
CeapKa H pe3Ka MeTaJIJIOB. CeapKoii Ha3bIBaeTCH npou.ecc coeJ].H-
HeHeH OT.ll.eJibHblX M~TaJJJJH'leCKHX ;Zl.eTaJieii,. npH KOTOpOM ycTaHaBJIH-
eaeTCH Me:>K:aTOMHOe B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBHe H ocymecTBJIHeTCH MeTaJIJIH-
qecKaH CBH3b Me:>K:.ll.Y llaCTHU.aMH • .[lJIH ocymecTBJieHHH TaKoro coe)l.H-
HeHHH e 6oJJbIIIHHCTBe cJiyqaee Heo6xo.ll.HMa BbICOKaH TeMnepaTypa
Harpeea H (HJJH) J].aBJJeHHe •.
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1) npH}l{aTHe .ll.pyr K .ll.pyry HarpeTblX .ll.0 nJiaCTII'leCKOro COCTOHHHH
yqaCTKOB MeTaJJJJa (KY3HetIHaH ceapKa, 3JJeKTPHlleCKaH ceapKa
conpoTHBJJeHHeM, ceapKa TpeHHeM); 2) nyTeM IlJJaBJJeHHH KpOMOK
ceapueaeMbIX tiaCTeu (ra30BaH, 3JieKTPO.ll.yroeaH e TepMHTHaH ·ceap-
Ka). 0J].HaKO ceapKy MO}l{HO ocymecTBHTb TOJibKO B TOM cJiyqae,
eCJJH MeTaJJJJbl o6JJaJ].alOT CBOHCTBOM ceapueaeMOCTe. 0.ll.HHM Me-
TaJJJJaM ceapHeaeMOCTb CBOHCTBeHHa B pacnJiaBJJeHHOM COCTOHHeH,
.ll.PYrHM - B nJiaCTH'leCKOM, TpeTbHM - H B nJJaCTHlleCKOM, e B
pacnJiaeJieHHOM.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cnoco6a Harpeea ceapKa no.ll.pa3.ll.eJIHeTCH Ha
SJieKTpeqecKylO H XHMHlleCKylO.

29
 npu XUMU'leCKOU CBaptee Harpee npOHCXOJJ.HT BCJieJJ.CTBHe BbI.lleJie-
HHSI TenJia npu XHMHqecKHX peaKU.HHX (rJiaBHbIM o6pa30M npu
OKHCJieHHH rop10qero - yrnH, ra3a, nopornKa aJIIOMHHHH).
npu 3Aetempo8yeoBOU CBaptee Me>KJJ.Y MeTaJIJIHqecKHM 9JieKTp0.ll.OM,
yKpenJieHHOM e JJ.ep>KaTeJie, H noeepxHOCTbIO ceapueaeMo:if .neTaJIH
06pa3yeTCSI 9JieKTpuqecKaSI JJ.yra, KOTOpaH IlHTaeTCSI IlOCTOSIHHbIM
HJIH nepeMeHHbIM TOKOM OT reHepaTopa. npucaJJ.OqHbIM MaTepHaJIOM
CJIY>KHT caM MeTaJIJiuqecKHH 9JieKTPOJJ.. TeMnepaTypa e .nyroeoM
npocTpaHCTBe JJ.OCTHraeT 6000° c.
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lllOBHYIO ( pOJIHKOBYIO) H CTbIKOByIO.
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>KeHHble BHaxJieCTKY ceapueaei\lble JJ.eTaJIH. BoJibrnoe conpoTHBJieuue
B MecTax npoxo>KJJ.eHHH ToKa BbI3hreaeT ObICTpbI:if Harpee ceapHea-
eMoro MeTaJIJia, noCJie qero JJ.eTaJIH CJJ.aBJIHBaIOT, c6JIH>K8H KOHTaKThl.
ToqeqHaH ceapKa HBJIHeTcH ocHOBHblM cnocoooM ·coe.n.uHeHHH 9Jie-
MeHroe MHorux CJIO>KHhIX KOHCTPYKU.HH. TaK, npu H3roToeJieHHH
Ky3oeoe JierKOBhIX aeTOMoouJie:if e MaccoeoM npoH3BOJJ.CTBe csapKy
ocyrn.eCTBJISllOT H8 MHOfOToqeqHbJX aeTOMaTaX (HJIH npHMeHSIIOT
ceapoquble npoMbllllJieHuble poooTbI). Ha Ka>KJJ.OM Ky3oee AeJiaIOT
no HeCKOJibKO TbICflq ToqeK ceapKH c npOH3BOJJ.HTeJibHOCTbIO JJ.O
15 TbIC. ToqeK B qac.
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npHHU.Hne, _tlTO H ToqeqHaH, OJJ.H8KO Ha JJ.eTaJIHX, coeJJ.HHHeMbIX
BH8XJiecTKy, 06pa3yeTCSI uenpepbIBHbIH lllOB.
npu CT hi K 0 B 0 ii: C B a p Ke IlOCJie nponycKaHHSI TOK8 Me-
T8JIJI B MeCTe CTbIK8 nepeXOJJ.HT B IlJl8CTHqecKoe HJIH pacnJiaBJieH-
uoe COCTOSIHHe. 3aTeM JJ.eTaJIH Ha 9TOM yqacTKe CJJ.aBJIHB8IOT npu
BbIKJIIOqeHHOM HJIH BKJIIOqeHHOM TOKe.
npu r a 3 0 B 0 H C B a p K e H p e 3 Ke pacnJiaBJieHHe MeT8JIJia
npoucxoJJ.HT 3a cqeT TenJia, o6pa3yrorn.erocH npu ropeHHH cMecu
KHCJIOPOJJ.a c ropIOqHMH ra38MH (au.eTHJieH, BOJJ.OPOJJ. H JJ.p.), pe>Ke -
c napaMH KepocHH8 H 6eH3HHa. .Ll.JIH f830BOH ceapKH H pe3KH
MeT8JIJIOB npHMeHSllOT ropeJIKH, B KOTOP·bIX KHCJIOPOJJ. H ropH11HH
ra3 CMelllHB8IOTCSI npH IlOJJ.aqe HX H3 08JIJIOHOB, rJJ.e OHH Haxo-
JJ.HTCSI B C>K8TOM COCTOSIHHH.
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CB8pHbIMH; 38fOTOBKH Bbipe3aIOT Ha cneu.HaJibHbIX MalllHH8X c KO-
nupyIOIIJ.HM ycTpoii:CTBOM HJIH nporpaMMHpOBaHHbIM aBTOMaTnqecKHM
ynpaeJieHHeM.
TepMe11ecKaH o«ipac>oTKa MeTaJIJIOB. Harpee H oXJia:>KJJ.eHHe KpH-
cTaJIJIHqecKoro MeTaJIJiuqecKoro eern.ecTea, npoBOJJ.HMble c pa3JIHq-
HhIMH CKOpOCTSIMH, npHBOJJ.SIT K 3aMeTHbIM H cyrn.ecTBeHHbIM H3MeHe-
HHSIM cTpyKTyphl, To ecTb enyTpeuHero cTpoeHHH MeTaJIJia.
Pa3JIH11aIOT IlHTb BHJJ.OB TepMuqecKOH oopaoOTKH no A. A. 0011-
Bapy: 1) OT>KHr nepeorci POJJ.8, HJIH peKpHCTaJIJIH3aU.HOHHblH (6e3
<l>a30BblX npeeparn.eHHH); 2) OT>KHr BTOJYOfO poJI.a ( c <l>a30Bb1MH
30
npeepameHHSIMH); 3) 3aKaJIKa; 4) omycK; 5) XHMHKO-TepMuqecKaSI
o6pa6oTKa.
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KJIIOqaIOrn.uucSI e Harpeee .11.eTaJIH .11.0 TeMnepaTypbI HH.H<e <l>a30BbIX
npeeparn.eHHH ( QHH onpe.11.eJieHbI B MeTaJIJIOBe.11.eHHH H H3BeCTHbl
cneu.uaJIHCTaM), BbIJI.ep}l{Ke npu 3TOH TeMnepaType H nocJie.11.yIOrn.eM
Me.11.JieHHOM OXJl3}1{)J.eHHH c 3a.11.aHHOH CKOpOCTbIO. 0T.H<Hr TaKoro
BU.II.a npHMeHSIIOT .11.JlSI CHSITHSI ynpoqueHHSI B pe3yJibTaTe XOJIOJI.HOH
nJiaCTHqecKOH .11.ect>opMaLI.HH H OCTaTOqffbIX HanpH}l{eHHH nocJie He-
paBHOMepHoro OXJia.>1<.11.eHHSI, nJiaCTHqecKOH .11.ect>opMaLI.HH, JlHTbSI. -
Om~ue amopoeo poaa 3aKJIIOqaeTCSI B Harpeee .11.eTaJIH .11.0 TeM-
nepaTypbr Bblllle TeMnepaTypbI <l>a30BbIX npeeparn.euuu, npo.11.oJI.>1<0-
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3a)J.aHHOH CKOpOCTbIO. OH npnMeHSieTCSI .11.JlSI CHSITHSI OCTaTOqHbIX
HanpSI.H<eHHH, yJiyqllJeHHSI o6pa6aTbIBaeMOCTH pe3aHHeM H nJiaCTHq-
HOCTH, ycTpaHeHHSI CTpyKTYPHOH HeOJI.HOp0.11.HOCTH H .11.JISI no.11.roTOBKH
K noCJie.11.yIOrn.eu TepMuqecKon o6pa6oTKe .11.pyrnx eu.11.oe.
CTpH BCeX BH.11.3X OT.H<Hra He .11.0DYCKaIOTCSI neperpeB H nepe.H<Or
CTaJI_H. CTeperpeB CTaJIH - 6paK HCnpaBHMbIH:, o6pa30B3BllIYIOCSI
KpynHo3epHHcTyro cTpyKTYPY MO.H<HO H3MeHHTb noeTopHblM OT.H<HroM.
CTepe~or CTaJIH - 6paK HeHcnpaBHMbIH, TaK KaK CHJibHO OKHCJieH-
Hble rpaHHU.bl KpHCTaJIJIHqecKHX 3epeH TepHIOT CBSl3b H MeTaJIJI
HaqHHaeT pa3pylliaTbCH.
CTpou.ecc H 0 p Ma JI H 3 a LI. H H (pa3HOBH.ll.HOCTb OT.H<HrOB) aa-
KJiroqaeTCSI B Harpeee cTaJIH Bblllle TeMnepaTypbI HaqaJia ct>asoeblx
npeeparn.eHHH (Ha 30-50° C), BbIJI.ep.>1<Ke npu 3TOH TeMnepaType
H oxJia.>1<.11.eHHH Ha cnoKOHHOM eos.11.yxe. HopMaJIH3aLI.HH npuMeHSI-
eTCH )I.JISI DOJiyqeHHSI MeJIK03epHHCTOH CTpyKTypbI, DOBbillieHHSI npo-
qHOCTH H BH3KOCTH, a niK.H<e 0.11.Hopo.11.HocTH CTPYKTYPbl H yJiyqllie-
HHH o6pa6an.reaeMOCTH . CTaJIH (B qacTHOCTH, npu TOKapHOH H
ct>pesepHon o6pa6oTKe).
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paTyphl <l>a30BbIX npeeparn.eHHH, Bb1JI.ep.>1<KH npu 3TOH TeMnepaType
H 6bICTporo (B 3TOM npHHLI.HDHaJibHOe OTJiuque OT pe.H<HMOB OT-
.H<Hra) OXJia.>1<.11.eHHSI. OcHOBHaH u.eJib 3aKaJIKH CTaJIH (B qacTHOCTH,
HHCTpyMeHTaJibHOH) - noJiyqeuue BbICOKOH npoqHOCTH, TBep.11.ocTH,
H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH H .11.pyrux CBOHCTB.
Cnoco6uocTh cTaJiu 3aKaJiueaTbCH Ha onpe.11.eJieHHyro rJiy6uuy
Ha3bIBaeTCH n p 0 K a JI H B a e M 0 c T b IO.
CTpH OXJia.H<)J.eHHH B npou.ecce 3aKaJIKH B03HHKaIOT OCTaToqHbie
uanpS1.>1<eHHH - CTPYKTYPHble H TepMuqecKue. Hx ypoeeHb CHH.>1<aeT-
cS1 npu npaenJibHOM norpy.>1<euuu .11.eTaneu e saKaJioquyro cpe.11.y.
OmnyctC HBJISieTcH saeeplllarorn.eu onepau.ueif TepMuqecKon o6pa-
6oTKH, ct>opMupyIOrn.eu CTpyKTypy, a cne.11.oeaTeJibHO, H CBOHCTBa
CTaJIH. 0TnycK 33KJiloqaeTCH B Harpeee CTaJIH .11.0 pa3JIHqffbIX TeM-
nepaTyp (BbICOKHH, cpeJI.HHH, HH3KHH), BbIJI.ep.H<Ke npH 3TOH TeMne-
paType H oxna.>1<.11.euuu c pa3HbIMH CKopocTHMH. UeJib omycKa -
CHSITHe OCTaToqHblX HanpH.H<eHHH, ao3HHKaIOIUHX npu 6blCTpOM OXJia}l{-
31
.11.eHHH B 3aKaJ10qHbIX eaHHax, H noJJyqeHl!le Heo6xo.11.HMOH CTPYKTyphl.
B npoMbllllJJeHHOCTH npH pa3JJH'IHhlX eu.11.ax TepMuqecKoii o6pa-
6oTKH npHMeHSIJOT pa3Hbie cnoco6bI Harpeea: e neqax, e HHJJ.yK-
U.HOHHhlX HarpeeaTeJJSIX TOK3MH BbICOKOH qacTOTbl, npH KOHTaKT-
HOM .3JJeKTpOHarpeee, B 9JJeKTPOJJHTe, a TaK>Ke IlJl33MOH H c no-
MOII.J.bJO JJa3epoe.
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rpeee cTaJJH (u .11.pyrux cnJJaeoe) .11.0 onpe.11.eJJeHHOH TeMnepaTyphI e
cpe.11.e eemecTB, .11.n<l><J>YHJJ.HPYIOII.J.HX (npoHHKaJOII.J.HX) B noeepxHO-
CTHbIH CJJOH MeTaJJJJa, BblJJ.ep:>KKe npu 9TOH TeMnepaType H OXJJa:>K-
.11.eHHH.
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eepxHOCTHoro ynpoqHeHHSI (nOBhlllleHHSI npoqHOCTH, TBep.11.0CTH,
KpaCHOCTOHKOCTH H T. JI..).
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HOCTH noJJyqHJJH T3KHe BH.11.bl XM:MHKO-TepMHqecKOH o6pa60TKH, KaK
u.eMeHT3U.HSI, 830THpOB3HHe, U.H3HHpOB3HHe, JJ.H<l><l>Y3HOHHaSI MeTaJJ-
JJH33U.HSI.
u e M e H T a u. H SI - 9TO npou.ecc noeepXHOCTHOro H3CbIII.J.eHHSI
MaJJoyrJJepo.11.ncToii cTaJJH yrnepo.11.oM. UeMeHTaU.HJO npoH3BOJJ.SIT B
pa3m1qHhlx cpe.11.ax, co.11.ep:>1<aw.11x yrJJepo.11. (Kap610pH3aTOpax), -
TBepJJ.OH, ra30BOH H :>KH.11.KOCTHOH. CTpou:ecc npOBO.LI.SIT npH TeMne-
paType 840-1000 °C B TeqeHHe 0,3-10 q B 33BHCHMOCTH OT
MapKH cTaJJH u cocTaea Kap610pH3aTopa. KoHu:eHTpau.11S1 yrJJepo.11.a
B noeepxHOCTHOM CJJOe .LJ.OCTHraeT 0,9-1,2%.
UeMeHTaU.HH no.11.eepraJOTCSI .11.eTaJJH H3 yrnepoJJ.HCTOH H JJern-
poeaHHOH CTaJJn c co.11.ep:>1<aHHeM yrnepo.11.a He 6oJJee 0,2%:
A 3 o T H p o s a H H e np11MeHS1eTcS1 JJ.JJSI nosbillleHHSI Tsep.11.ocTH,
H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH, npoqHQCTH, conpOTff,BJJeHHSI KOpp03HH H :>Kapo-
npoqHQCTH. CTpou:ecc 330THpOB3HHSI CT3JlbHbIX JJ.eTaJJeH 33KJJJOqaeTCSI
B noeepxHOCTHOM H3CbJII.J.eH)iH a30TOM B cpe.11.e 3MMHaKa (NHa)
npH TeMnepaTypax Harpesa 500-700 °C e TeqeHHe 20-90 q.
fJJy6HHa 330THpOB3HHoro CJJOSI .n.onycKaeTCH B npe.11.eJiax 0,2-0,8 MM.
u H a H H p 0 B a H H e - npou.ecc ynpoqHeHHSI noeepXHOCTH
CT3JlbHblX .11.eTaJJeH H3CbJII.J.eHHeM yrJJepOJJ.OM H 830TOM B TBep.11.oH:,
:>KH.LJ.KOCTHOH HJJH ra3oeol1 cpe.11.e. Pa3JJHqaJOT HH3KOTeMnepaTypHoe
(500-550 °C) H BbJCOKOTeMnepaTypHOe (900-950 °C) U.H3HHpO-
B3HHe. BpeMSI BhIJJ.ep:>KKH - 1,2-3,0 q, rJJyouHa u.uattupoeaHHoro
cJJoH 06h1qHo He60JJhlllaS1 - 0,02-0,08 MM. UuaHupoeaHHJO qacTO
no.11.eepraJOT pe:>1<ymue u H3MepHTeJihHble HHTpyMeHThI. CTOHKOCTb
ux nocJJe TaKOH o6pa60TKH yeeJJuqueaeTCSI B 1,5-2 pa3a.
Jl u <P <I> y 3 u o H H a SI M e T a JI JI H 3 a u. HSI - npou.ecc noeepx-
HOCTHOro ynpoqHeHHSI CTaJJbHblX .11.eTaJJeH nyTeM .11.n<t><PY3HOHHOf0
H3CblII.J.eHHSI noeepXHOCTHOfO CJJOSI MeTaJJJJ3MH - xpoMOM (xpOMHpo-
eaHHe)' aJJJOMHHHeM (aJIHTHpOBaHHe)' KpeMHHeM ( CHJIHU.HpOB3HHe).
Jlu<J><J>Y3HOHHYIO MeTaJIJIH3aU.HIO npOXOJJ.HT .11.eTaJIH H3 CTaJieH, u.eeT-
H,blX cnJiaBOB H qyryHOB JJ.JISI IlOBblllleHHH H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH, :>Kapo-
npoqHQCTH H IlOBblllleHHH conpoTHBJJeHHf{ Kopp03HH.
32
KoHTPOJJbHble eonpocbl
I. KaKOB nyTb MeTaJIJia OT PY.llbl .no M3WHHOCTpOHTeJI&lloro H3.lleJIH!I (HanpH·
Mep, TOKapuoro pe3ua HJIH waTyua seJIOCHne.nuoii ne.naJIH)?
2. 1:1To He06XO.llHMO .llJl!I ocyw.ecTBJieHH!I npouecca JIHTb!I CT3JlbHOii .neTaJIH, J:1PO-
uecca 06pa60TK11 MeTaJIJJOB .nasJieIIHeM?
3. c K3KOii ueJiblO H K3K npOH3BO.ll!IT TepM!!'leCK)'IO o6pa60TKY MeTaJIJIOB,
XHMllKO-TepMH'leCK)'IO o6p"a60TK)' MeTaJIJIOB?
4*. KaKoii waTyH npH paBHbIX npo'IHX ycJIOBHHX HMeeT 6oJI&W)'IO npo'IHOCT&:
JlllTOH HJlll WTaMnOB3HHblii?
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6*. KaK pa3JIH'l3IOTC!I TBep.nocTH nosepXHOCTHbIX CJIOeB H cep.nuesHHbl .neT3JIH,
no.nsepruyToii ueMeHTaUHH?
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60TKY MeTaJIJIOB .ll3BJieHHeM?

3a.zr.aHHH
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2. Haii.nHTe 3-4 .u;eTaJIH (6b1TOBblX H3.lleJIHii, H3BeCTHblX M3WHH H .u;p.), H3-
roToBJieHHblX o6pa60TKOii MeTaJIJIOB .u;aBJieHHeM.
3. CocTaB&Te ynpow.euuyio TexuoJiornio H3r.oToBJieHHH MeTaJIJIH'!ecKoro qaiiHHKa.

7. MEXAHH'IECKMI 06PA60TKA METAJIJIOB

CO CHjlTff,EM CTPY)l(KH

J13yqeHHe npou.ecca o6pa6oTKH MeTannos co CHHTHeM CTPY>KKH

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TOCTH nosepxHOCTH o6pa6aTbIB3eMblX JJ.eTaneif Heo6XO.ll.HMO IlOHH-
M3HHe KOMnneKca <f>H3H4eCKHX HMeHHH, npoHCXOJJ.HIUHX npH T04e-
HHH, <f>pe3epOB3HHH, rnnH<f>OB3HHH, CTporaHHH H JJ.pyrnx BH.ll.3X
o6pa60TKH.
CyW.HOCTb npou.ecca pe3aHHH. Cy1UHOCTbIO npou.ecca pe3aHHH
HBnHeTCH pa3pyrneHHe (HapyrneHne cnnornHOCTH) o6pa6aTbIBaeMoro
MaTepuana nOJJ. )l.eHCTBHeM HHCTpyMeHTOB H npHnO}!{eHHbIX BHelll-
HHX CHn. Ho pa3pyrneHHe 3TO )l.On}KHO 6bITb y n f> a B n ff e M bl M.
C no3HU.HH cTpoeHHH MeTannuqecKoro semecTBa pa3pyrneHHe -
3TO pa3pb1B 3neKTpH4eCKHX CHn B33HMO)l.eHCTBHH 3TOMOB, CBH3eH
KpHCTannH4eCKOH pe'rneTKH- c
Il03HU.HH MexaHHKH JJ.e<f>opMHpye-
MblX Ten pa3pyrneHHIO npeJJ.llleCTByeT ynpyraH H nnaCTH4eCK3H )l.e-
<f>opM3U.HH MaTepHana B npou.ecce BHeJJ.peHHH HHCTpyMeHTOB (pe3u.a,
<f>pe3bI, 3epeH rnnu<f>osanbHOro Kpyra).
Pa3pyrneHHe xapaKTepu3yeTCH CTPY*Koo6pa3osaHHeM, T- e_ npu
o6pa60TKe 43CTb MaTepuana OT)l.enHeTCH OT 3aroTOBKH, npespa-
1U3eTCH B CTPY}!{Ky.

* 3.u;ecb H .u;aJiee 3Be3.D;O'IKOii OTMe'!eHbl sonpocbl H 33,11;3HHll nOBblllleHHOii

TPY.llHOCTH.

2 3aKa3 231 33
PHC. 10. nocJICAOBaTeJlbHOCTb o6p83oea- PHc. 11. BHAY cTpy>KKH:
HHR CTPY>KKH (no H. A. THMe). a - CJIHBH3Rf 6- CKUWBAHHR; B- H8AJIDMa.

·Cypy:>K.Koo6pa3oBaHHe. Ha puc. 10 paccMoTpeHa nocJie.nosaT.eJib-

HOCTb o6pa3oBaHHH CTpy>KKH. B nepBblH MOMCHT npOHCXO)l.HT conpH-
KOCHOBeHHe pe3u.a c .neTaJibIO (pHC. 10, a), 38TCM npHJIO>KCHHe
BHClllHHX CHJI (Jl.BH:lKeHHC HHCTpyMeHTa co CKOpOCTblO v) npHBO.D.HT
K B03HHKHOBeHHJO ynpyrnx .ne<f>opMaU.HH B HHCTpyMeHTe H B saro-
TOBKe. MeTaJIJI o6pa6aTbrnaeMoH: .neTaJIH Ha'lHHaeT oKa3blBaTb conpo-
THBJieHHe BHe.npeHHIO B Hee OCT.PHH (KJIHHa) HHCTpyMeHTa (pe31.1,a,
<f>pe3bl H .np.) . .lI.aJibHeH:lllee BHe.npeHHe KJIHHa HHC'f1>YMCHT.a B 3a-
roTOBKY Bbl3bIBaeT nJiaCTH'leCKYIO .ne<f>opMaU.HIO B o6pa6aTblBaeMOM
MaT.-epHaJie, T. e. CMellJ,eHHe O.D.HOH qacTH 3arOTOBKH no OTHOllleHHIO
K .D.PYrHM (pHC. 10, 6). fl pH 3TOM conpOTHBJieHHe MaT.epHaJia BHC.D.-
peHHIO B Hero HHCT.pyMeHTa HapacTaeT., npHBO.D.H K YBeJIH'leHHIO
3HepreTHlleCKHX 3aTpaT Ha CTPY:>KK006pa3osam1e.
PocT uanpH:>KeHHH H .n.ecpopMa1.1,nH: B 3JieMeHTe CHHMaeMoro o6be-
Ma MaTepHaJia npHBO.D.HT K nJiaCT.HlleCKOH .n.e<f>opMal.l,HH C.D.BHra. flpH
3TOM Bb!HBJIHCTCH nJIOCKOCTb, no KOT.OpoH: npOHCXO.D.HT C,ll.BHr (pHC.
10, a). 3Ta nJiocKOCTb oobI'lHO tta3bIBaeTCH (no H. A. THMe)
nAOCfCOCmblO ctcaAbtBllHUJI..
Opo.noJI>KeHne npou.ecca se.n.eT K o6pa3osattHJO 2-ro, 3-ro H T • .n.
3JieMeHTOB CTPY>KKH (puc. 10, 2).
H. A. TnMe JI.aJI noHbIHe JI.CHCTBYIOlll.YIO KJiaccuct>uKaU.HJO cTpy-
>KeK, pa3.D.eJIHB HX Ha CJIHBHYIO, CKaJiblBaHHH H Ha.D.JJOMa (pHC. 11).
CAUBHaR. cmpy31Cica noJJy'laeTcH npu o6pa6oTKe BH3KHX H nJJa-
CTH'lHblX MaTepuaJIOB npu onpe.neJJeHHbIX pe>KHMax pe3aHHH. Ha-
PY:>KHaH npHpe31.1,osaH cTopoHa CJIHBHOH: cTpy>KKH rna.nKaH, 6J1ecn1-
maS1, BHyTpettHSISI - MaToBaSI, c MHO:>KeCTBOM MCJJKHX 3a3y6pHH
( CJIC,ll.OB C.D.BHra).
Cmpy31Ctca cicaAbtBaHUJI. noJJyqaeTcSI npn o6pa60TKe MaTepnaJJos
cpe.nHeH TBep.n.ocTH H TBCp.D.blX B onpe.neJICHHblX pe}l{HMaX pe3a-
HHH. Hapy>KttaSI CTOpotta CTpy>«:KH CKaJJblBaHHSI rna.n.KaH, 6J1eCTI1-
lll.aS1, BHYTPCHHSISI - B KpynHblX 3a3y6pHHax; HCHO BH)l.Hbl OT.D.eJibHbie
3JICMCHTbl CTPY>KKH.
Cmpy31Ctca HaaAoMa 06pa3yeTcS1 npH o6pa6oTKe xpynKHx (qame
scero Tsep.n.b1x, MaJionJiaCTH'lHbIX) MaTepHaJios. 3Ta cTpy>KKa co-
CTOHT H3 OT.ll.eJibHblX KYCKOB. ,
B ycJIOBHSIX npoH3BO.D.CTBa BH.D. CTPY:lKKH HMeeT 6oJJblllOe 3Ha'le-
HHe. HaH6oJiee 6e3onacHa .D.JJH pa6oqero CTpy>KKa LI.HJIHH.D.pH'ICCKOH
HJIH KOHH'leCKOH <t>opMbI B BM.ll.C OTpC3KOB AJIHHOH 30-80 MM npH
.D.HaMeTpe )1.0 20 MM.
34
 TaKHM o6pa30M, pa3JIHqHH CTPY*KH o6'bHCHHIOTCH pa3JIHqHbIMH
MexauHqecKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH o6pa6aTbIBaeMoro MaTepaana
(nJiaCTHqHQCTb, BH3KOCTb, TBep.n.ocTb), reoMeTpHeH pe3UOB (Be-
JIHqHHa yrJIOB, H8JIHqHe cneuHaJibHbIX CTpy>KKOJIOM3TeJibHblX
H CTpy2KK03aBHBaTeJibHbIX nopO>KKOB, KaHaBOK), napaMeTpaMH
pe>KHMa pe3aHHH (qacTOTa epaw.eHHH, rny6HHa peaaHHH, no.n.aqa).
nJIHHa CTpy>KKH BCer.n.a 3HaqHTeJibHO MeHbWe .11.JIHHbl IlYTH, npoii-
JI.eHHOrO pe3IJ,OM. npH 9TOM CTpy>KKa OKa3blB8eTCH TOJIW.e CHHMa-
eMOrO pe3IJ,OM CJIOH (rny6HHbl pe38HHH). 3TO ffBJieHHe Ha3bIB8IOT
ycaatcou cmpy31Ctcu.
npH o6pa60TKe IlJiaCTHqffbIX MaTepHaJIOB Ha nepe.n.HeH qaCTH
pe3u,a 06pa3yeTCH Hapocm - 3acToiiHoe HaKonneHHe MaTepHaJia o6-
pa6aTbleaeMoii 3ar0TOBKH. HapocT npHeapHBaeTcH K noeepxHOCTH
pe3ua, H3MeHHeT ero reoMeTpH10.
· nnacTHqecKaH .n.ecpopMau,Hst MeTaJIJia acer.Ila (CM. § 7) npH-
BO.ll.HT K ynpot.tnenu10 ero. CTpy2KKoo6pa3oBaHHe H pe3aHHe Bbl3bI-
ea10T )J.0CT8TOqHo 60JibWHe nJiaCTHtleCKRe .n.e(j>opMaU.HH (ee.n.b
qTo6bI pa3pywHTb MaTepHaJI, Ha.n.o H3pacxo.n.oeaTb eecb 3anac ero
nJiaCTffqHOCTU).
QqeBH.ll.HO, qTo B pe3yJibTaTe oopa60TKH pe38HHeM npOHCX0.!1.HT
ynpoqHeHHe MaTepHaJia CTPY2KKH H 3aroTOBKH no oopa6oTaHHOH
noeepxHOCTH~

68JlaHc saepruu. Bc10 Heo6xo.n.HMYIO AJIH o6pa6o1KH pe3aHHeM

9HeprHIO CTaHOK nonyqaeT H3 9JieKTpHqecKOH ceTH. 56.nbwaH qaCTb
9JieKTpaqecKoii 9HeprnH pacxo.n.yeTcH Ha npouecc cTpy:>1<Koo6pa3oea-
HHH. Pa6oTa, 3aTpaqHeaeMaff Ha cTpy>KK006pa3oBaHHe, BKJ110qaeT
pa6oTy ynpyroro H nnacTHqecKoro .n.ecpopMHpoeaHHH MaTepaana
B 3oHe pe3aHHH, pa6oTy Ha o6pa30B8HHe HOBbIX noeepXHOCTeii (T. e.
Ha pa3pyweuue 9JleKTPHlffiCKHX CHJI Me:>K.ll.Y aTOMaMH KpHCTaJIJIH-
qecKOH peweTKH), pa6oTy CHJI TpeHHH Ha noeepXHOCTHX KOHTaKTa
pe3ua co cTpy>KKoii H o6pa6aTbIBaeMoH .n.eTaJIH. Bo3HHKaeT eonpoc:
Ky.II.a .n.eeaeTCH CTOJib 60JibWOH 3anac 9HeprHH (pat'.SOTbl) npH pe-
3aHHH? 3TB 3HeprHH npeo6pa3yeTCH B TenJIOTy. neHCTBHTeJibHO,
npH o6pa60TKe pe3aHHeM CTPY*Ka, .n.eTaJih, pe3eu, 3aMeTHO uarpeea-
IOTCH. CTpy2KKa MO>KeT HMeTb TeMneparypy .ll.0 450 °C, a TeMne-
parypa pe2Kyw.eii KpOMKH pe3u,a M02KeT .ll.OCTHr8Tb 800-900 °C.
TenJIOBhl.ll.eJieHHe npH pe3aHHlf cyw.ecTeeHHO 3aeHCHT OT cifn pe-
3aHHH, pe2KHMOB o6pa60TKH, reOMeTpHH pe.)l{yw.ero HHCTpyMeHTa.
BbICOKHe TeMnepaTypbI MOryT npHBeCTH K yMeHbWeHHIO CTOHKOCTH
HI;(CTpyMeHTOB, CHH:>KeHHIO roqHOCTH H KaqecTea oopa60TKH. BoT
noqeMy B 30HY pe3aHHH no.n.aIOT CM83bIB8IOW.e-OXJl8}1{.ll.8IOW.He }l{H.!1.-
KOCTH ( CO)I(), KOTOpble yMeHbW8IOT CHJlbI TpeHHH H OT BOJI.HT
BblJleJIHeweecH renJio.
lbeoc HHCTp)'MeHra. BoJibWHe .n.aeneHHH, rpeHHe, rennoBbl.ll.eJie-
HHe npHBO.ll.HT K H3Hocy HHCTpyMeHTa - npOHCXO.ll.HT H3MeHeHHe reo-
MeTpHH pe.)l{yW.HX KpOMOK, noeepXHOCTeii. 3TO, B CBOIO oqepe.n.b,
CHH>KaeT CTOHKOCTb HHCTpyMeHTa.
CToiiKOCTblO HHCTpyMenra na3bIBaeTcH ero cnoco6uocTL coxpa-
2* 35
HHTb B pa(foqeM COCTOHHHH CBOH KOHTaKTHbie noaepxHOCTH H pe-
*YW.He KpOMKH. ~ha cnoco6HOCTb ou.eHHBaeTCH nepHO.ll.OM CTOHKOCTH,
T. e. BpeMeHeM pa60Tbl HHCTpyMeHTa OT 3aTOLIKH .ll.0 nepeTOLIKH.
CTOHKOCTb HHCTpyMeHTa JaaucuT OT MaTepuaJia o6pa6aTbIBaeMOH
.n.eTaJIH, MaTepuaJia, H3 KOTOporo c.n.eJiaHa pa60L1aH L!aCTb HHCTpy-
MeHTa, OT pe:H<HMOB pe3aHHH, 3<tJ<tJeKTHBHOCTH CO)I(, reoMeTpnu HH-
CTpyMeHTa H ero ycTaHOBKH, COCTOHHHH CTaHKa H .u.pyrux <PaKTOpOB.
HapyweHHH ycTaHOBJieHHbIX TexHoJiorueii pe:H<HMOB u npaauJI o6-
pa6oTKH MoryT npHBeCTH K IlOJIOMKaM HHCTpyMeHTa (B TOM LIHCJie
JI.OporoCTOHW.ero).

KoHTPOJibHble eonpocbl
I. B l!eM cyrn.HoCTb npouecca pe3aHH!!?
2. MmKHO JIH ynoJJ.o6HTb npouecc pe3aHHH npoueccy eHeJJ.peHHH KJIHHa?
3. KaKHe CHJihl npeo)l.oJieeaIOTCH npH pe3aHHH MeTaJIJIOB (c no3HUHii o6rn.eii
TeOpHH CTpOeHH!I MeTaJIJIH'leCKOro eew.ecTBa)?
4. KaK CBH3aHbI eo epeMeHH ynpyraH, nn.acTH'lecKaH JJ.ecj>opMaUHH H pa3py-
weHHe Men~JIJia npH o6pa6oTKe pe3aHHeM?
5. l13MeHeHHeM KaKHX cj>aKTopoB M01KHO ynpaBJI!!Tb npoueccOM pa3pyweHH!I Me-
TaJIJia npH o6pa6oTKe pe3aHHeM (Ha npHMepax TOKapHoii H cj>pe3epHoii o6pa6oTKH)?
6. Ha KaKoii cTaJJ.HH cTpy1K1<006pa3oeaHHH npoHCXOJJ.HT nnacTH'lecKaH JJ.ecj>op-
MaUHH?
7. KaKHe cj>aKTOpbI oKa3bIBaIOT BJIHHHHe Ha BHJJ. CTPY1KKH, o6pa3yIOrn.eiicH npH
pe3aHHH Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe?
8. KaKHe !IBJieHHH Ha6JIIOJJ.aIOTC!I np~ pe3aHHH MeTaJIJIOB?
9. qeM 06b!ICHHTb, '!TO 06pa60TaHHa11 pe3aHHeM noeepXHOCTb HMeeT TBepJJ.OCTb
BbIWe TBepJJ.OCTH 3arOTOBKH?
10. KyJJ.a H KaK pacxoJJ.yeTc11 :rneprn11, noTpe6J111eMa!I :ineKTPOJJ.BHraTeneM c'raHKa
H3 3JieKTpoceTH?
11. Ka1<y10 pa6oTy Heo6xoJJ.HMO coeepmHTb JI.Jiii o6pa30B8HH!I CTPY*KH npH o6-
pa6oTKe pe3aHHeM?
12. Tio'leMy npoHCXOJJ.HT Harpee cTpy1KKH, JJ.eTaJIH H HHCTpyMeHTa npH o6pa-
6oTKe pe3aHHeM?

JlaoopaTopuo-npaKTn11ecK8JI paooTa J'lt 1.

Onpe.n.eJieHHe npanycKOB Ha oopaooTKy

aeAb." 03HaKOMJieHHe C npaKTHKOH onpe.n.eJieHHff npHn)'CKQB H

Bbl6opa 3aroTOBOK.
Ocnaw,enue: pa60L1ee qepTe:H<H u o6pa3U.bl .n.eTaJieif (no.u.6upae-
Mhie YLIHTeJieM, HCXO)l.ff H3 MeCTHbIX ycJIOBHH), no.n.Jie:H<aW.HX TOKap-
HOH HJIH <Ppe3epHOH o6pa60TKe; H3MepHTeJibHblH HHCTpyMeHT.

flop11,80K BbtnOAnenuR pa6ombt:

1. TIO pa6oLleMy qepTe:H<y (HJIH 06pa3u,y) JI.eTaJIH OXapaKTepH30-

BaTb Heo6XO.ll.HMYIO 3arOTOBKy: a) onucaTb <PopMy .n.eTaJIH; 6) on-
pe.n.eJIHTb HJIH H3MepeTb ra6apnTHble u .n.pyrue pa3Mepb1, Heo6xo.u.u-
Mble ,LI.Jiff Bbl6opa 3aroTOBKH; B) onpe,LI.eJIHTb MHHHMaJibHble npuny-
CKH Ha o6pa60TKY ( c IlOMOill.bIO cnpaBOLIHOH JIHTepaTypbI); r) on-
pe,LI.eJIHTb MHHHMaJibHO B03MO:H<Hb!e pa3Mepb1 3aroTOBKH; A) Bbi6paTb
3arOTOBKY C yqeTOM fQCToB Ha pa3Mepb1 H <tJopMy npOKaTa.
36
 2. Ha pa6otrnli l!epTe>K .u.eTaJJH HaHecrn KOHTYPhI Bb16paHHOH
3arOTOBKH.
3. no pa60l!eMy l!epTe:>Ky H 3aroTOBKe onpe.u.eJJHTb B03MO>KHOCTb
H3rOTOBJJeHHH H3 Hee yKa3aHHOH Ha l!epTe:>Ke .u.eTaJJH. .[lJJH 3TOro
He06XOJJ.HMO: a) BHHMaTeJJbHO OCMOTpeTb 3arOTOBKY B ueJJHX BbIHB-
JJeHHH B03MOJKHblX .u.e<f>eKTOB nosepxHOCTH (TpeW:HHbl, paKOBHHbl H
.u.p.) H cf>opMbI; 6) H3MepHTb ra6apHTHbie pa3Mepb1 3aroTOBKH H
y6e.ZI.HTbCH B HX npaBHJJbHOCTH.
4. np11 Bhl6ope 3aroTOBKH npe.u.ycMOTpeTb Heo6xo.u.HMOCTb ee
3aKpenJJeHHH Ha CTaHKe (B llIOHH.ZI.eJJe TOKapHoro CTaHKa, Ha CTOJJe
cf>pe3epHoro)' a TaK>Ke B03MO>KHOCTb H3rOTOBJJeHHH HeCKOJJbKHX .u.e-
TaJJeH H3 OJI.HOH 3aroTOBKH.
5 . .[laTb npe.ZI.JJO:>KeHHH no HCilOJJb30BaHHIO 3aroTOBOK, noJJyl!eH-
HblX nporpeCCHBHblMH MeTO.ZI.aMH ( OTJJHBOK, IlOKOBOK H .u.p.)' .ZI.JJH
H3rOTOBJJeHHH .u.aHHOH .u.eTaJJH, onpe.u.eJJHTb 3KOHOMHIO MeTaJJJJa H
CHH>KeHHe Tpy.u.oeMKOCTH.

Jla6opaTopao-npaKTHqecKast pa6oTa .Nit 2.

8bl6op pelK.yw,ero HHCTpyMeHTa no BHJl,aM TOKapHblX
H cJ-pe3epHb1X paoOT
Il.eAb: 03HaKOMJJeHHe c npaKTHKOH BbI6opa pe:>Kymero HHCTpy-
MeHTa JJ.JJH Bb!IlOJJHeHHH OCHOBHbIX TOKapHbIX H <J>pe3epHbIX one-
pauHH.
OcHaw.eHue: pa6o4He l!epTe>KH H o6pa3Ubl .u.eTaJJeli, noJJyl!eH-
HblX TOKapHOH H <J>pe3epHOH o6pa60TKOH; 3aroTOBKH .ZI.JJH H3fOTOBJie-
HHH 3THX .u.eTaJJeH; OCHOBHOH pe>KyW:HH HHCTpyMeHT (pe3Ubl, <J>pe3bl,
csepJJa, MeTl!HKH H .u.p.); H3MepHTeJJbHbIH HHCTpyMeHT.
fl OpR80te BbtnOAHeHUR. pa6ombt:
1. no pa6ol!eMy l.lepTe>Ky (HJJH o6pa3UY) .ZI.eTaJJH Bb!Op8Tb
3aroTOBKy, Ha3H8'-IHB npHnycKH Ha o6pa60TKy.
2. no pa60lleMy llepTe>Ky (HJJH o6pa3Uy) JJ.eT8JJH Onpe.u.eJJHTb
3JJeMeHTbl, noJJyl.laeMbie TOKapHOH H cf>pe3epHOH o6pa60TKOH.
3 . .[lJJH Bb!IlOJJHeHHH K8>K.ZI.OH TOKapHOH H cf>pe3epHOH onepaUHH
no.u.o6paTb pe>Kylll.HH HHCTpyMeHT.
4. 060CHOBaTb MOTHBbl BbI6opa Toro HJJH HHOro HHCTpyMeHTa.
5. OcMOTpeTb Bhl6paHHbIH HHCTpyMeHT, y6e.ZI.HTbCH B ero HC-
npaBHOCTH.
6. Pe3yJJhTaTbI BbinOJJHeHHH pa6oTbI 3aHeCTH B Ta6JJ11uy:
ToKapHaH H cppe3epHaH
3CKH3 Pe>t<ymuH HHCTpyMeHT
onepatlHH

37
fJJABA 3. MAWH HOCTPOHTEJlbHblE
KOHCTPYKU.HOHHblE MATEPHAJibl

8. METAnnbl H HX cnnABbl

B MalllHHOCTpoeH·HH H JJ.pyrnx OTpaCJIHX npoMblllJJleHHOCTH JJ.JIH

H3fOTOBJieHHH pa3JIHqHblX JJ.eTaJieH MalllHH H npu6opoe HCDOJlb3Y-
eTCH orpoMHOe KOJJHqecTBo KOHCTPYKI.\HOHHblX MaTepuanoe. 0JJ.HH
H3 HHX o6na,n.aIOT 3HaqHTeJibHOH npoqHOCTbIO npH OTHOCHTeJibHO
HH3KOH DJIOTHOCTH, ,n.pyrue HMeIOT xopolllyIO 3JieK'rponpOBOJJ.HOCTb,
TpeTbH - HH3KYIO 3JieKTponpoeoJJ.HOCTb, HO JJ.OCTaToqHO xopolllyIO
o6pa6aTb1BaeMOCTb pe3aHHeM, qeTeepTble B pacnnaeJieHHOM COCTOH-
HHH AOCTaTOqHO }l{HAKOTeKyqu AJIH nonyqeHHH CJIO}l{HblX OTJIHBOK.
KoHcTpyKTop npu Ha3HaqeHHH MaTepuana AJIH H3roToeneHHH TOH
HJIH HHOH ,n.eTaJIH yqnTbleaeT 6oJiblllOe qucno <f>aKTopoe, K rnae-
HbIM H3 KOTOpbIX MO}l{HO OTHeCTH cJiy}l{e6Hble CBOHCTBa JJ.eTaJIH,
CTOHMOCTb MaTepHaJia, ero o6pa6aTblBaeMOCTb TeM HJIH HHblM cno-
co60M, B03MO}l{HOCTH HCil0Jlb30BaHHH OTXOAOB, .n.e<l>Hl\HTHOCTb.
CTOHMOCTb MaTepHaJia cyrn.ecTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT KOJIHqecTBa H
CTOHMOCTH CblpbH, 3Hepre'fnqecKHX 3aTpaT Ha npOH3BOACTBO MaTe-
pHaJia, 3KOJIOrHqecKOH npHeMJieMOCTH TeXHOJIOrHH npOH3BOACTBa JJ.aH·-
Horo MaTepuana (He eeJIHKH JIH noTpe6HOCTH B BOJJ.e, KHCJIOpo.n.e
B03JJ.yxa, He BeJIHKH JIH ebl6pocbl e aTMoc<f>epy, c6pocbl e eo.n.oe-
Mbl, HeHCDOJlb3yeMble OTXOJJ.bl).
Bee MalllHHOCTponTeJibHble KOHCTPYKI.\HOHHble MaTepuaJibl MOlKHO
pa3,n.eJIHTb Ha MeTaJIJibl H HeMeTaJIJibl (pnc. 12). B ceo10 oqepe,n.b,
MeTaJIJibl ,n.eJIHTCH Ha qepHble H l\BeTHble. tJepHble MeTaJIJibl BKJIIO-
qaJOT cTaJIH H qyryHbl, T. e. cnnaebl }l{eJie3a (Fe) c yrnepo,n.oM
(C) H .ll.PYrHMH XHMHqecKHMH 3JleMeHTaMH.
MeTaJIJibI npHHI.\HnnaJibHO OTJinqaJOTCH OT HeMeTannoe KpHcTaJI-
JIHqecKHM CTpoeHHeM.
MalllHHOCTpOHTeJibHble MaTepHaJibl pa3J1Hqa10TcH no en.n.y nocTae-
KH e 06pa6aTblBa10rn.ne l\eXH npe.n.npHHTHH. TaK, MeTaJIJibI nocTae-
JIHIOTCH B BH,zr.e CJIHTKOB, OTJIHBOK, npyTKOB pa3JIHqHoro nonepeqHo-
ro ceqeHHH, JIHCToe, nonoc H pynoHoe.
MexaHHqecKHe, <f>H3HKO-XHMHqecKHe H TexHonornqecKne ceolicTea
MaTepHaJIOB B 3HaqHTeJibHOH CTeneHH onpe,n.eJIHIOT TeXHOJIOrHqecKHe
napaMeTpbI o6pa6oTKH. TaK, uanpnMep, co.n.ep*auue yrnepo.n.a e
CTaJIH BJIHHeT Ha ee MexaHHqecKH'e CBOHCTBa, Ha conpoTHBJieHHe
pe3aHHIO pe3l\8MH HJIH IlJ18CTHqecKOMY ,n.e<f>opMHpOB8HHIO B lllTaMnax,
a pa3JIHtJHaH Tennonpoeo,n.HocTb cTaneif cpe,zr.H ,n.pyrux <f>aKTopoe
onpe,n.eJIHeT lllepoxoeaTOC1rb (qHcToTy) noeepxilocTffl ,n.eTaneif, nOJ1y-
qaeMblX TOlleHHeM Ha TOKapHbIX CT8HKax.

38
 Maw11HocTpo11TenbHb1e
KOHCTpyKUHOH Hbl e
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MeTannbl HeMeTannbl

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- Ueernb1e
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>KeHepbl H TeXHHKH MoryT onpe.ueJIHTb Xl1!VIH4eCKHH COCT8B MaTepHa-
Jia, a T8K>K(' pa3JIH4Hhll' ero COOHCTB:\.

39
 K<J>H3Hl!eCKHM CBOHCTBaM MeTaJJJIOB OTHOCHTCH u.seT, nJIOTHOCTh,
nJiaBKOCTh, 3JieKTponpoBO.U.HOCTh, MarHHTHbie csoiicTsa, Tennonposo.u.-
HOCTh, TeilJJOeMKOCTb, pacLUHpHeMOCTb npH HarpeBaHHH H ¢a30BbIX
npeapameHHHX; K XHMH"IeCKHM - OKHCJJHeMOCTb, paCTBOpHMOCTb,
Kopp03HOHH8SI CTOHKOCTh; K Mexa~HlleCKHM - ynpyroCTb, nJiaCTH'·l-
HOCTb, npOl!HOCTb, TBep.U.OCTb, BSl3KOCTb, xpynKOCTh; K TeXHOJJOrH-
qecKHM - npoKaJJHBaeMOCTb, :>KHJl.KOTeKyl!eCTb, nJJaCTHl!HOCTb, 06pa-
6aTb1BaeMOCTb pe3aHHeM, CBapHBaeMOCTb.
OcHOBHble noHHTHH TeopHH cnJ1aeoe. MeTaJJJJHl!eCKHMH cnJJasa-
MH H83b!B8IOT COlleTaHHe .!l.BYX HJJH HeCKOJ!bKHX MeTaJJJJOB H He-
MeTaJIJIOB, y KOTOphlx coxpaHHIOTCH MeTaJJJJHllecKHe csoiicTaa. BoJJb-
IlIHHCTBO CnJJaBOB IlOJJyllalOT B :>KH.U.KOM COCTOHHHH, T. e. cnJJaBJJe-
HHeM. CnJiaBbI MoryT 6hITh noJJyl!eHbl TaK:>Ke cneKaHHeM, 3JieKTpo-
JJH30M, KOH.U.eHcau.HeH H3 napoo6pa3HOrO COCTOHHHH H .u.pyrnMH cno-
co6aMH. ·
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H83b!B8IOT KOMilOHeHTaMH.
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perneTKa, T. e. aTOMbl KOMilOHeHTOB pacnoJJaraJOTCH B npocTpaHCTBe
B onpe.u.eJJeHHOH nocJJe.u.oaaTeJJbHOCTH. HepaBHOMepHOCTh ¢a3oeoro
COCTaBa H OXJJ8>K.U.eHHSI npHBO.U.HT K o6pa30B8HHIO 3epeHHOH CTpyK-
Typbl, Ha3bIBaeMoii noAu1epucmaAAUttec1wu (pHc. 13). Pa3Mepb1 3e-
peH 3H8l!HTeJJbHO npeBbllll8IOT aTOMHbie paccTOSIHHH, HO coxpaHHIOTCSI
6JJaro.u.apH CHJJaM 3JJeKTpH4eCKOro B38HMO.U.eHCTBHSI Me:>K.U.Y aTOM8MH.
y 60JJblllHHCTBa peaJJbHblX MeTaJJJJOB B CTpoeHHH KpHCTaJJJIH-
qecKOH perneTKH HMeJOTcH pa3JJH4Hble HecoseprneHCTBa - oucAoKa-
l{UU (pHC. 14). lfacJJo .!1.HCJJOKaU.HH He IlOCTOSIHHO, a. 38BHCHT OT
npou.eccos TepMHlleCKOH H MexaHHlleCKOH o6pa60TKH. 4eM 60JJbllie

-
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KpHCT8JIJI c KyOH'leCKOH peweTKOii:
a - coaepweHHWA kpHCTUJI; 6 - AHC.llOqHpOlaH-
Hblii kpHCT&.11.11.
PHc. 13. noJIHKpHCT8JIJIH'leCK8H 3epeHH8H
MHKpOCTpyKTypa CT8JIH c M8Jlb1M co.11.ep)l(a-
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poBaHHOii CTPYKTYPbl MeTaJ1J18 a npo1.1ec-
ce pe3aHHH co CJIHBHOH CTpy)l(KOH.

40
.11.ucJioKau.uii B peaJibHhIX MeTaJIJiax, TeM 6oJihWe, npn npo1.1nx pae-
HhIX ycJIOBHHX, npol.IHOCTb H conpOTHBJieHHe .11.e<f>opMnposaHHIO. 0.11.-
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ocoobIX ycJIOBHHX KpHcTaJIJIH3aU.HH l.IHCThIX MeTaJIJIOB H cneu.naJib-
HhIX cnJiasos) MeTaJIJihI 06Jia.u.a10T 6oJibWOH npo1.1HOCThIO, B HeCKOJih-
KO pa3 npesblwa10meii npo1.1HOCTh peaJibHhIX MeTaJIJIOB. MeTaJIJihl
6e3 .U.HCJIO~au.uii no CTpoeHHIO npHOJIH>KaIOTCH K u.u.eaJibHblM KpH-
CTaJIJiaM.
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JIO>KeHHH .U.OCTaTOl.IHOH Harpy3KH npoHCXO.ll.HT CJIO>KHblH npou.ecc
.U.BH>KeHHH, 3apO>K.ll.eHHH H HCl.le3HOBeHHH .U.HCJIOKaIJ,HH, KOTOpbIH npn-
80.U.HT K H3MeHeHHIO pa3Mepos H <f>opMbl 3epeH, T. e. 06pa3yeTCH
TaK Ha3blBaeMaH .D.e<f>opMHposaHHaH CTPYKTypa (pnc. 15).
l.JeM 6oJibWe npnMeceii, KOMnoHeHTOB B cnJiase, TeM 6oJiee se-
poHTHO yseJIHl.leHHe KOJIHl.leCTBa .U.HCJIOKaIJ,HH.
B pe3yJihTaTe .u.e<f>opMnposaHHH 3epHa H3MeHHIOT cso10 <f>opMy H
HanpaBJieHHe, l.ITO npHBO.U.HT K 3aMeTHOMY pa3JIH1.!HIO CBOHCTB B
pa3Hb!X HanpaBJieHHHX, HanpHMep B.U.OJib H nonepeK npoKaTKH TOJI-
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aomponHOC mb10.
lfaMeHeHHe <f>opMbl H pa3MepoB 3arOTOBOK npH HX o6pa60TKe
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Tel.leHHeM. flpH pe38HHH MeTaJIJIOB nJiaCTHl.leCKaH .u.e<f>OpMaIJ,HH npe.D.-
UieCTB)'eT o6pa3oBaHHIO CTPY>KKH, npn wTaMnosKe 06ecne1.1nsaeT
<f>opMOH3MeHeHHe.
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0.ll.Ha 1.(8CTb KpHCTaJIJia He CKOJ!b3HT no .u.pyroii no.u.o6HO .ll.BH:>Ke-
HHIO TBep.D.oro TeJia no nJIOCKOCTH, T. e. C.U.BHr He npoHCXO.ll.HT
cpa3y no seen nJIOCKOCTH CKOJib:>KeHHH. C.ll.BHr Hal.IHHaeTCH B TOl.!Ke
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no Mepe yseJI011eHHH .u.e<f>opMau,nn Ha3blBaeTcH ynpo11HeHneM HJIH
HaKJienoM (uarapTOBKoii).
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c yrnepo.u.oM H .n.pyrnMH KOMnoHeHTaMH. l.JyryH co.u.ep:>KHT 60Jiee
2% yrnepo.u.a, cTaJib - MeHee 2% yrnepo.u.a. Ecnn B CTaJIH
0,6 ... 2,0% C, TO ee Ha3blBaIOT BhICOKoyrnepo.u.ncToii, ecnn 0,25 ...
0,60% C - cpe.u.Heyrnepo.u.ncToii, ecnn yrnepo.u.a MeHbwe 0,25% -
HH3KoyrnepO.U.HCTOH .
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MOJIHO.U.eHOM H .n.pyrHMH MeTaJIJiaMH) H o6pa6aThIBaIOT TepMHl.leCKH
6T:>KHrOM, 3aKaJIKOH H OTnycKOM.
41
 BhrcoKonpotJHbIH qyrya npHMeHHIOT .zvrsi: OTJIHBOK KoJieHtJaTbIX
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TSJieH, KOTOpble n0Tpe6y10T TOKapHOH H cppe3epHOH o6pa60TKH.
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a ucnoJih3YIOT JI.JIH noJiytJeHHH OTJIHBOK. KosKnii qyryH .n.ernesne
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KOCThlO K KOpp03HH. J13 Hero H3rOTOBJIHIOT OTJIHBKH CT8HHH CTaH-
KOB, 3y6tJaTt.1X KOJiec, KapTepb! 3aJJ.HHX MOCTOB 8BTOMOOHJieH H
ceJibX03M8WHH.
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KpeMHHH, MapraHeu, cepa H cpoccpop.
KnaccucpnKaUHH cTaJieii npHBe.zr.eHa Ha pHc. 16.
Yrnepo.zr. HBJIHeTCH ocHOBHOii npaMecbIO, OT ero co.zr.ep.xrnHHH
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HHH yrnepo.zr.a yBeJIHlJHBaIOTCH npotJHOCTh, TBep.zr.ocTh, conpoTHBJieHHe
.zr.ecpopMHpOB8HHIO H yMeHbWaeTCH OJI8CTHlJHOCTb CT8JIH.
KpeMHHii H Mapraaeu B yrnepo.zr.ecTOH cTaJIH coJI.epJKaTcR e
.zr.ecHTblX JI.OJIHX npoueHra H cyrn.ecrseHHOro BJIHHHHH Ha MexaHH-
qecKHe CBOHCTBa ctaJIH ee oKaSbIBalOT. Cepa H cpoccpop o6bllJHO
COCTaBJIHIOT .zr.o 0,05% H, HBJIHHCb BpeJI.HbIMH npHMeCHMH, yxy.zr.-
W8IOT CBOHCTBa CTaJieH. 0.zr.HaKo B TaK H33bIBaeMblX 8BTOM8THbIX
cTam1x (c co.zr.ep>KaHHeM yrnepo.zr.a .zr.o 0,3%) .zr.onycKaeTcR noeb1-
weHHoe co.zr.ep>KaHHe ¢oc¢opa H cephl (.zr.o 0, 15%) JI.JUI o6Jierq·e-
HHH CHHTHH CTPY>KKH H ynyqweHHH KatJecTsa nosepxHoCTH o6ra-
tJHeaeMhIX .zr.eTaJieH:, B lJ8CTHOCTH npH Hape38HHH pe3b6.
KoncmpyKU,UOHHbte yeAepoaucmbte cmaAu o6btKHOBennoeo Ka-
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0 .no 7 B 38BHCHMOCTH OT XHMHlJeCKoro COCTaBa H MexaHHlJeCKHX
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poeKa CTBJIH T3K>Ke orpa>KaeT CTeneHb paCKHCJieHHH H cnoco6
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tJeHHH. MapKHPYIOTCH OHH TaK: CT8Jlb 08Kn, CT3Jlb 45) CT8Jlb 30f
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npou;eHTa, t5yKB3 r YK83blBaeT Ha DOBbIWeHHOe co.zr.ep>KaHHe Map-
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Kaqecrseuuasi: yrJiepo.zr.ncrasi: KoecrpyKUHOHHaH cTaJih npHMeesi:-
ercsi: JI.JIH H3roTOBJieHHH .zr.eraneii M8UIHH.
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KatJecTBeHHblMH H oco6o BhICOKOKatJecreeHHhlMH. B MapKepOsKax
nocJieJI.HHX B KOHU.e MapKH CTSBHTCH 6yKBS. A HJIH III COOTBeT-
42
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OTCYTCTByeT - co,ll.ep>KaHHe :>JieMeHTa .ll.O 1 % •
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JiernpoBaHHblX CTaJieH.
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( KOpp03HOHHOCTOHKHe)' >KaponpOllHble, H3HOCOCTOHKHe.
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HHSI pe>Kyw.ero HHCTpyMeHTa.
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KOe pacnpoCTpaHeHHe B Mall!HHOCTpoemrn H o6pa6aTblBaIOTCH Ha
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no cpaBHeHHIO C lJHCTOH Me)l.blO JiaTyHH npOllHee, nJiaCTHlJHee
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no rOCTy MapKH JiaTyHH o6o3HalJaIOTCSI 6yKBOH JI H 'IHCJIOM,
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JiaTyHh, CO,ll.ep>Kaw.aH OKOJIO 62% Me)l.H H 38% U.HHKa. JlaTyHH
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44
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UHHK).
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Bb!MH, HHKeJieBblMH, oepHJIJIHeBblMH H JJ.p.
no rocry opOH3bl MapKHpyIOTCSI oyKBaMH Bp, 3a KOTOpbIMH
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45
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46
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41
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48
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49
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KOr.na H3-3a onaCHOCTH HCnOpTHTb nosepXHOCTb rOTOBOH .neTaJIH
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OCHOBaH Ha TOM, qTo TBepJI.OCTb MeTaJIJIOB npHMO nponopUHOHaJibHa
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BHCHW.YIO OT TBep.n.ocTH HCnblTbIBaeMoro MeTaJIJia. Mepoii TBep.nocTH
B 9TOM CJiyqae SIBJIHeTCSI BbICOTa OTCKOKa 6oiiKa.
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a taK:>Ke Heo6XO)l.HMOCTb OTKa3a OT MeTO)l.OB B)l.aBJIHBaHHSI c np11cyn.tH-
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51
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npoqHOCTH " y.11.apHOH BH3KOCTH.
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ra10m11ifcH B 3KCnJiyaTaU.HH 3HaKonepeMeHHblM Harpy3KaM (Ha-
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fOJJ.HOCTH MeTaJIJIOB K TOMY HJIH HHOMY BHJJ.Y oopaoOTKH.

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CTJiaCTMaccbI JierKo noJJ.JJ.aIOTCH o6pa6oTKe Ha MeTaJIJiope>Kyrn.ux

53
 CTaHKaX HHCTpyMeHTOM H3 6blCTpope11<yW.HX CTaneA HJIH TBep)l.hlX.
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eepXHOCTH H np.
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54
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MOH, perneuueM KOTOpoii 38HffTbl MeTaJIJIOcp_H3HKH, MeTaJIJI08e)l.bl,
TeXHOJIOrH H 3KOHOMHCTbl.
Bue.zt.peuue pe>1<yw.ero KJIHHa 8 3aroT08KY 803MO)KHO JIHlllb npu
yCJI08HH, 'ITO MaTepHaJI HHCTpyMeHTa T8ep)Ke MaTepuaJia o6pa6a-
Tbl88eMOH .zt.eTaJiu. T8ep.zt.oCTb 6oJiblllHHCT8a KOHCTPYKUHOHHblX Ma-
TepHaJio8 HH>Ke T8ep.zt.OCTH COOT8eTCT8YIOW.ero HHCTpyMeHTa, OJJ.H8KO
no.zt. 803.zt.eHCT8HeM 8blCOKOH TeMnepaTypbl npu pe3aHHH T8ep.zt.OCTb
HHCTpyMeHTa CHH>KaeTCff H MO>KeT OK838TbCff He.zt.OCTaTOllHOH JI.Jiff
ocyw.ecT8JieHHff pe3aHHff. C8oiicT80 MaTepuaJia coxpaHffTb ueo6xo-
JJ.HMYIO T8epJJ.OCTb npu 8blCOKOH TeMnepaType H83bl8aeTCff TenJIO-
CTOHKOCTbIO, KOTOpaff xapaKTepu3yeTCff KpHTHlleCKOH TeMnepaTypoii.
Pa6oqHe qacTH HHCTpyMeHTa no.zt.8ep*eHbl H3rn6y, pacTR>KeHHIO,
C}l{8THIO, '18CTO HCilblTbl88IOT y.zt.apHble Harpy3KH. l103TOMY npe.zt.eJibl
npOllHOCTH Ha H3rH6 H C.>KaTHe, yJJ.apHaff 8ff3KOCTb ff8JlfflOTCff OCH08-
HbIMH noKa3aTeJiffMH npOl!HOCTH HHCTpyMeHT8JlbHbIX MaTepuaJI08.
f1pu pe3aHHH 8eJIHKH CHJI_bl TpeHHff MaTepHaJia o6pa6aTbIBae-
MOH 3aroT08KH 06 HHCTpyMeHT. Cnoco6HOCTb npoTH80CTOHTb H3Ha-
lllH8aHHIO npu TpeHHH TaK.>Ke ff8JiffeTCff 88:>KHblM C80HCT80M MaTe-
puaJia HHCTpyMeHTa. l13HOCOCTOHKOCTb xapaKTepH3yeTCff pa60TOH
TpeHHff, OTHeCeHHOM K 8eJIHl!HHe CTepTOH MaCCbl MaTepHaJia.
B Kal!eCT8e MaTepuaJI08 JJ.Jiff pe:>1<yW.HX HHCTpyMeHT08 npuMe-
HHIOTCff: KOHCTPYKUHOHHble CT8JIH, HHCTpyMeHT8JlbHble yrJiepOJJ.HCTbie,
JierHp088HHble H 6blCTpope:>1<yw.He CTaJIH, T8ep.zt.ble CilJI8Bbl, MHHe-
paJIOKepaMHKa, KOMil03HTbl, aJIM83bl.
f1pa8HJlbHblH BbI6op MaTep1rnJia .LI.Jiff pe.>KyW.HX HHCTpyMeHTOB
o6ecnel!HBaeT HX npueMJieMyIO CTOHKOCTb, B03MO:>KHOCTb IlOBblllle-
HHff npOH3BOJJ.HTeJibHOCTH 38 cqeT yeeJIHl!eHlrn CKOpOCTH pe3aHHff.
4acTo B KOHCTPYKUHH HHCTpyMeHTa KOM6HHHpyIOT MaTepHaJibl: Ha-
npHMep, rnupoKo H3BeCTHbl c6opHble KOHCTPYKUHH pe3UOB u cppe3.
HucTpyMeHnlJibHhle cTaJIH. 11HcTpyMeHTaJibHhle CTaJiu npuMeHH-
IOTCff JI.Jiff H3rOTOBJieHHff KopnycHOH H Kpene.>KHo-npucoe.zt.HHHTeJib-
HOH qac.Teii pe:>1<yw.ux HHCTpyMeHT08 (.zt.ep:>1<a8KH pesuos, Kopnyca
cppe3, XBOCTOBHKH CBepJI H .zt.p.). EcJIH HHCTpyMeHT pa6oTaeT npH
HH3KHX CKOpOCTffX pe3aHHff, o6pa6aTblBaeMblH MaTepuaJI HMeeT OT-
HOCHTeJibHO He6oJiblllYIO TBep.zt.OCTb, a TeMnepaTypa pe:>KyW.HX Kpo-
MOK He npe8bllllaeT 250 °C, TO pe:>1<yw.ue l!8CTH HHCTpyMeHTa MO)KHO
H3rOTOBJiffTb H3 yrnepo.zt.HCTblX HHCTpyMeHTaJibHblX CTaJieii MapoK
Y7A, Y8A, YlOA, Yl3A H .zt.p.
]lJiff IlOBblllleHHff Tex HJIH HHbIX CBOHCTB yrnepO.zt.HCTblX HHCTpy-
MeHT8JlbHblX CTaJieii 8 HX COCTaB BBOJJ.ffT JiernpyIOW.He 3JieMeHTbl,
o603HallaeMble COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HMH 6yKB8MH 8 MapKax CT8JIH (CM.
§ 6). HanpuMep, BblCOKOJiernpo8aHHble cTaJIH XBCf, YXC, XBf
H .zt.pyrne npHMeHffIOT JI.Jiff H3rOTOBJieHHH pa38epTOK, cpaCOHHblX pes-

55
 HHCTpyMeHTaflbHble MaTepHq.flbl

KoHCTPYKL!HOHHble CTanH

HHCTpyMeHTanbHble CTanH.

y rne PO,llHCTble

nernpoBaHHble

oblcTpope>KyL1.1He Tsep,11ocTb
MexaHwiecKaH npo'lHOCTb
TennocToi1KoCTb

Tsep,11ble cnnasbl H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb

TexHonorH'lHOCTb

npHeMneMaH CTOHMOCTb·
MHHepanoKepaMHKa He,11ecjJHL!HTHocTb

KoMn03HTbl

Ai1Ma3bl

PHc. 21. KJiaccHlj>HKal\HH MaTepHaJIOB AJIH H3rOTOBJieHHH pelKyll\ero HHCTpy-

MeHTa H npe,11.'bHBJIHeMble K HHM Tpe6oeaHHH.
LI.OB, csepJI, KOHU.eBbIX «J>pe3, npoTSI>KeK, MeTl!HKOB H )J.pyrnx HHCTpy-
MeHTOB.
Oco6y10 rpynny eocTaBJIHIOT 6blcTpope>Kylll.He cTaJIH, co)J.ep:>Ka-
lll.He OT 6 )J.O 18% BOJib«J>paMa. CTaJIH Pl8, Pl2, pg OTHOCHTCH K
BOJib«J>paMOBbIM 6blcTpope:>Kylll.HM, P6M3 H P6M5 - K BOJib«J>paMo-
MOJIH6)].eHoBbIM, P18<1>2, Pl4<1>4, P9<1>5 - K BOJib«J>paMosaua)J.HeBbIM,
P9K5 H P9Kl0 - K BOJib$paMoKo6aJibTOB·bIM, Pl8K5<1>2, PlOK5<1>5
" )J.p.- K CJIO:>KHOJiernposaHHblM 6bICTpope:>Kylll.HM.
obICTpope>Kylll.He cTaJIH OTJIHl!aIOTCH .BbICOKOH TenJIOCTOHKOCTbIO
()J.0 700 °C), l!TO Il03BOJIHeT BeCTH o6pa60TKY C BbICOKHMH CKOpO-
CTHMH pe3aHHH.
TBep,11,hle cnJiaBhl. 0Tel!ecTseuuaH npoMbillIJieuuocTb BhmycKaeT
CBbillle 20 MapoK TBep)J.blX CilJl3BOB .ll.JIH H3fOTOBJieHHH pe:>Kylll.HX
ll3CTeii: HHCTpyMeHTOB. 3TH MaTepHaJibl npe.ll.CT3BJIHIOT co6oii: CilJI3Bbl
Kap6H.ll.OB TyronJiaBKHX MeTaJIJIOB c K06aJibTOM, HBJIHIOlll.HMCH CBOe-
o6pa3HOH CBH3Koii:. Hx nonyqa10T MeTO.ll.OM npeccosaHHH MeTaJIJio-
nopollIKOB " nocJie.ll.yIOlll.ero cneKaHHH 33fOTOBOK 3JieMeHTOB pe:>Ky-
mero HHCTpyMeHTa (nJiaCTHH, ay6beB " )J.p.).
0.ll.HOKap6H.ll.Hbie COJI3Bbl IlOJiyl!aIOT Ha OCHOBe Kap6H.ll.3 BOJib«J>pa-
Ma H uaablsaIOT BOJibQ:ipaMoKo6aJibTOBbIMH (rpynna BK). B MapKax
BK2, BK4, BK6, BK8 u.u«J>pa noKa3hIBaeT npou.euTuoe CO.ll.ep:>Ka-
HHe K06aJibT3 ( OCT3JlbHOe - Kap6H.ll.bl BOJib«J>paMa). Teep.ll.ble CilJI3Bbl
3TOH rpynnbI HaH60Jiee npOl!Hble, HX npe.ll.eJibH3H TenJIOCTOHKOCTb -
950-1000 °C. 0HH npHMeHHIOTCH .ll.JIH o6pa60TKH qyryuoe " U.BeT-
HbIX MeTaJIJIOB TOlleHHeM " «J>pe3epoeaHHeM .
.D.eyxKap6H.ll.Hbie cnnaehl, noMHMO KOMnoueHTOB rpynnhI BK, co-
.ll.ep:>KaT Kap6H.ll.bl THTaHa H H33b!B3IOTCH THT3HOBOJib«J>paMOKo6aJib-
TOBbIMH (rpynna TBK HJIH TK). B MapKax T5Kl0, Tl4K8, Tl5K6,
T30K4 l!HCJIO noCJie 6yKBbl T noKa3bIBaeT npou.euTuoe co.ll.ep:>Kauue
Kap6H.ll.OB THTaua, nocne K - CO.ll.ep>Kauue MeTaJIJIHl!ecKoro K0-
6aJibTa ( ocTaJibHOe - Kap6H.ll.bl BOJib«J>paMa). Cnnasbl 3Toii: rpynnhI
6onee uauococTOHKH H Meuee npol!Hbl, l!eM cnnaebl rpynnhl BK.
0HH npHMeHHIOTCH npH o6pa60TKe yrnepO.ll.HCTblX " JiernpOB3HHbIX
KOHCTPYKU.HOHHbIX CTaneii: TOl!eHHeM H «J>peaepoeauueM.
TpexKap6H)J.Hble Teep.ll.hle cnnaebl no cpaeueuHIO co cnnae~MH
rpynnbl TBK BKJIIOll3IOT eme " Kap6H.ll.bl T3HTaJia H H33bIB3IOTCH
THTaHOT3HT8JIOBOJib«J>paMoKo6aJibTOBbIMH (rpynna TTK). B Map-
Kax TT7Kl2, TT8K6 .qucno nepe.ll. K noKaabrnaeT cyMMapuoe npo-
u.euTuoe CO.ll.ep.mauHe Kap6H.ll.OB THTaua H TanTaJia, nocne K - co-
.ll.ep>Kauue Ko6aJibTa ( ocTaJibHOe - Kap6H.ll.bl BOJib«J>paMa). Cnnaebl
3TOH rpynnbl HMeIOT BbICOKYIO npOl!HOCTb H npHMeHHIOTCH npH o6-
pa60TKe :>Kaponpol!HbIX CTaJieii: " CilJI3BOB, a T3K>Ke THT3HOBbIX
cnnaeoe.
Bonb«J>paM HBJIHeTCH OTHOCHTeJibHO. .. .ll.OpornM " .ll.e$HU.HTHblM Me-
T3JIJIOM. B CBH3H c 3THM e pe3yJibTaTe oTel!eCTBeHHbIX uayquo-Hccne-
.ll.OBaTeJibCKHX pa3pa60TOK 6bIJIH C03.ll.3Hbl 6eaeo4b«J>paMOBbie TBep-
)J.bie cnnaBbI TMl, TM3, TH-30, KHT-16 H .ll.P· ua ocuose Kap6H)J.OB
57
H .ll.PY~HX cOe,lI.HHeHHH THTaHa c .ll.003BK3MH MOJIHO,lI.eHa, HHKeJIH H
npoqnx TyronnaBKHX MeTaJIJIOB.
lJacTO pe>Kyw.ne nJI3CTHHb1 cnJiaBOB noKpb!B8IOT TQffq8HIIIHM
(5-10 MKM) CJIOeM H3HOCOCTOHKOro M1l.TepnaJia (KapoH,lI.a, HHTpH-
.ll.8, KapoOHHTPlf.ll.a THTaHa H .n.p.), qTo yBeJinqnBaeT CTOHKOCTb nna-
CTHH B 2-5 pas. B 3TOM cnyqae nOBhimaeTcH npoH3BOlJ;HTeJibHOCTb
TOqeHHH, cppesepOB8HHH, COKpaw,aIOTCH 3aTp8Tbl Ha BOCCTaHOBJie-
HHe (nepeTaqnBaHne) HHCTpyMeHTa.
Cne.n.yeT HMeTb B BH.ll.y, qTo TBep:n,b1e cnJlaBbl 3HaquTeJibHO .n.o-
po:me HHCTpyMeHT3JlbHblX CT8JieH. TBep.n.ocnJiaBHbIH HHCTpyMeHT
TpeoyeT Tlll,aTeJibHOrO COOJllO.ll.eHHSI pe>KHMOB oopaoOTK1f, oepe}KHOro
OOp8W,eHHH (nJiaCTHHbl xpynKH, 60HTCH y.n.apoB), npaBHJlbHOH 38-
TOqKH H ,lI.OBQ.ll.KH.
M.eeepaJIOKepaMHKa, KOMD03HTbl, aJIMa3bl. 00HCKH HHCTpyMeH-
T3JlbHblX MaTepnaJIOB, He co.n.ep}Kalll,HX .n.ecpHU.HTHblX 3JleMeHTOB,
npHBeJIH K C03,lI.aHHIO MHHepaJIOKepaMuqecKHX pe}Kyll.lHX n.11aCTHH
Ha OCHOBe OKHCH aJIIOMHHHH. y nyqmeHne CBOHCTB MHHepaJIOKep8-
MHKH .n.ocTnraeTcH yMeHbllieHneM pasMepoB sepeH cTpyKTYPhI u .ll;O-
oaBJieHneM KapOH,lI.OB TyronJiaBKHX MeTaJIJIOB.
nepcneKTHBHblMH M3TepuaJI8MH .ll.JIH H3rOTOBJieHHH pe>Kylll,HX q3-
CTeH HHCTpyMeHTOB HBJIHIOTCH KOMil03HTbl, npe.n.cTaBJIHIOW,He co6oii
IlOJIHKpHCTaJIJibl, Bbipaw.eHHble pa3JiffqHblMH cnoco6aMH. 00JIHKpH-
CT8JIJibl Ky6uqecKoro HHTpn.n.a 6opa H3BeCTHbl IlO.ll. Ha3B8HHHMH
3Jlb00p-P, KOMil03HT, HCMHT H reKC3HHT-P. Pe3U.bl H cppe3bl OCH8-
lll,8IOTCH pe}Kyll.lHMH 3JieMeHT8MH H3 IlOJIHKpHCT8JIJIOB, HMeIOW,HMH
.n.naMeTp .n.o 4 MM n .ll.JIHHY .n.o 6 MM. Opu 3aKJI10qnTeJibHOH o6pa6oTKe
T8KHM HHCTpyMeHTOM 3aroTOBOK H3 qyryHa H 3aKaJieHHblX CTaJieH
Bb!COKOH TBep,lI.OCTH .ll.OCTHraeTCH 11IepOXOBaTOCTb noeepXHOCTH, co-
OTBeTCTBYIOW.8H IIIJIHcpoeaHHIO. CKopocTb pe3aHHH npu 3TOM 60-
nee 25 M/c •
.D.m1 qncTOBOro TOqeHHSI .n.eT8JieH H3 U.BeTHblX MeT8JIJIOB H CilJt8-
BOB, IlJ13CTM3CC H .n.pyrnx HeMeT8JIJIHqecKHX MaTepH8JIOB npnMe-
HHIOT JYe3U.bl H3 npnpO.ll.HblX aJIM830B Maccou 0,20-0,85 KapaTa, 38-
KpenJIHeMblX MexaHnqecKHM cnoco6oM HJIH HanaHKOH B nepeXO.ll.HbIX
.n.ep}KaBK8X. .UJIH o6p860TKH TBepJJ.blX cnJiaBOB, BblCOKOKpeMHHCTblX
M8TepH8JIOB, CTeRJionJiaCTHKOB H HeKOTOpbIX BH.ll;OB IlJI8CTM8CC HC-
nOJib3YIOT CHHTernqecKHe (HCKYCCTBeHHble) 8JIM'83bl THil8 Kap6o-
H8J],0 u 6aJI8CC.

KoeTpOJJbHble · eonpoc1i1

1. floqeMy pe>Ky!UHH HHCTpYMeHT He H3l"OTOBJJffeTCff Hi KOHCTpyKUHOHHblX

cTaneli?
2. KaKHe CBOHCTBa HHCTpyMeHTaJJbHblX MaTepHaJJOB HaXOJJ.!ITCH B npoTHBopeqHn?
3. KaKHM o6pasoM B MeTannose)J.eHHH JJ.06HBaIOTC!I Tpe6yeMblX csolicTB HHCTpy-
MeHTaJJbHblX CTaJJeli?
4. KaK pa3JJHqaIOTC!I no XHMHqecKOMY COCT3BY CT3Jlb 10 H CT3Jlb YlOA?
5*. KaKHMH npenMymecTBaMH o6naJJ.aIOT HHCTpyMeHTbl, pe>Kymne KpOMKH KO-
TOpblX H3rOTOBJJeHbl H3 TBepJJ.blX CM3BOB, no cpaBHeHHIO co CT3JlbHblMH HHCTpy-
MeHT3MH'?

58
 6*. noqeMy OpH o6pa60TKe TBep)lOCDJl8BHblMH pe3U.8MH )lo6HB8IOTCll 150JJee
BblCOKHX qucTOTbl H TOqHOCTH nosepXHOCTH?
7. noqeMy TBepAOCDJl8BHblH HHCTpyMeHT Tpel5yeT BblCOKOH KyJl&Typbl TpyAa
npu pa60Te Ha TOKapHblX H cppeaepHblX CT8HKax?
8*. noqeMy )lOJ16e:>KHble pe3U.bl He OCH81U8IOT fiJl8CTHH8MH H3 TBepAOrO CDJl888?
9. KaKHMH He.ii:ocraTKaMH o6na.ii:aIOT Tsep.ii:ble CDJl8Bbl?
10. B qeM npeHMymecTBa MHHepanoKepaMuqecKHX pe:>KyIUHX nnacTHH nepe.ii:
TBep.ii:ocnnaBHblMH?
11*. t1To HBJIHeTCll Cb!p&eM AJJH nonyqeHHH MHHepanoKepaMuqecKHx pe:>1<ymux
MaTepHaJIOB?

na6opaTopao-npaKTH~ecKaR pa60Ta M 3.
HcnYTaaae MeTan.11oe aa Teep,11.ocTb
ll.eAb: 03HaKOMJieuue c npaKTHKOH onpe.n.eJieHHH TBep.ll.OCTH Me-
TaJIJIOB, c ycTpOHCTBOM H npuuuunoM paOOTbl npuoopa H MeTOJJ.HKOH
ucnbITauuH: MeTaJIJIOB ua Teep,ll.OCTb no BpuueJIJIIO.
OcHaUlieHue: npuoop Tlll-2, Jiyna JI.JIH H3MepeuuH .n.naMeTpa oT-
neqaTKa wapHKa, o6pa3Ubl MeTaJIJIOB .ll.JIH HCnbITaHHH Ha TBep.n.ocTb.
fl OpR.aote BbtnOAHeHUR. pa6ombl:
1. l13yqnTb ycTpOHCTBO npuoopa.
2. Onpe.ll.eJIHTh .ll.HaMeTp wapnKati uarpy3KY e 3aeucuMocTH OT
MaTepuaJia u TOJIW.HHbl 06pa3u.a (no Ta6Jinue e cnpaeoq1:10H: JIHTe-
paType, peKOMeH,ll.OBaHHOH yquTeJieM).
3. Tio.ll.rOTOBHTh npuoop K H3Mepeuuto TBep.n.ocTH, ycTauoenTh
TpeoyeMblH uaoop rpy30B H Jf.JIHTeJibHOCTb BbIJJ.ep>KKH (no cnpa-
BOqHOH JIHTepaType).
4. YcTauoeHTh 06pa3eu Ha CTOJIHKe npuoopa H npou3eecTu H3-
Mepeuue TBep.n.ocTH e cooTBeTCTBHH c peKoMen.n.aUHHMH HHCTPYKUHH
H oo'bHCHeHHHMH yqnTeJIH.
5. l13MepHTb .n.naMeTp OTneqaTK3 wapHKa c nOMOW.bIO cneuuaJib-
HOH Jiynhl.
6. B cooTeeTCTBHH c noJiyqeHHbIM pa3MepoM .n.naMeTpa OTne-
qaTKa wapuKa BhlqHCJIHTb (no <1>opMyJie) HJIH onpe.D.eJIHTb (no Ta6-
Jiuue e cnpaeoquo8 JIHTepaType) qncJ10 Teep,ll.oCTH no Bpu-
He.IIJIIO (HB).
7. HcnhITaTb o6pa3eU TpH>KJJ.hl u onpe.D.eJIHTb cpe.n.uee apn<l>Me-
TnqecKoe 3HaqeHHe pe3yJibT8Ta. )laHHble 38nHC8Tb B T80JIHUy:

MaTepHaJJ .nuaMeTp HarpysKa. .nuaMeTp llHCJJO nepAOCTH

o~pasua W8pHK8, MM H OTne'laTKa, llM HB

59
 JlaoopaTOpao.,npaKT~qecKast paooTa .N2 4.
Hcm.1Taaue MeTa.JIJIOB aa pacTH:iKeaue

ll,eJtb: 03HaKOMJieHHe c MeTO)J.HKOH npose)J.eHHSI HCDhITaHHH H

3aKpenJieHHe 3HaHHH 0 MexaHHqecKHX CBOHCTBax MeTaJIJIOB.
Ocna14enue: llIKOJih.HhIH rHJJ.pasJI0qecKHH npecc c np0cnocooJie-
HHeM .JJ.JISI HCilblTaJfHH oopa3UOB Ha paCTSiiKeHHe, oopa3Uhl H3 MSir-
KOH CTaJIH, aJIIOMHHHSI HJIH JiaTyHH, llITaHreHUHPKYJih.
fl OpR80K BbtnOJtfteftUR pa6ombt:
I. 03HaKOMHThCH c ycTponcTsoM H paooTon llIKOJihHoro rHJJ.pas-
JIHqecKoro npecca, H3MepHTh JJ.HaMeTp nJiyHiKepa oOJihllIOro UH-
JIHHJJ.pa (Du), BbJqHcJIHTb nJiomaJJ.b JJ.HaMeTpa nJiyHiKepa oOJihllIOro
UHJIHHJJ.pa ( s u>.
2.
113MepHTb )J.JIHHY (/o) H )J.HaMeTp (do) oopa3Ua, 00)1.CqHTaTb
nJioruaJJ.b ero nonepeqHoro ceqeHHSI (So).
3. 3aKpenHTb Oopa3eU B npHCilOCOOJieHHH; ycTaHOBHTh npHCnO-
COOJieHHe Ha npecc JJ.JIH HCnhITaHHSI.
4. OcTopOiKHO HarpymaTb oopa3eu H CJie)J.HTb 3a 3HaqeHHeM
)J.aBJieHHH no MaHOMeTpy npecca; 3aMeTHTb, npH KaKOM 3HaqeHHH
)J.aBJieHHSI (p) npOH30llIJIO pa3pyllieHHe Oopa3Ua.
5. COMKHYTb ooe qacTH pa3opsaHHOro oopa3ua, BTOpHqHo H3-
MepHTh ero )J.JIHHY (11), BhlqHCJIHTb 3HaqeHHe H3MeHeHHSI )J.JIHHhl
!ll=li -lo.
6. Bh1qucJIHTh3HaqeHHe Harpy3KH (P), npH KOTopou npoH30llieJI
pa3pb1B 00p83Ua, KaK npOH3Be)J.eHHe )J.aBJieHHH Ha nJIOIUa)J.b
nJiyHmepa.
7.

8. Onpe)J.eJIHTb . OTHOCHTeJI-hHOe
.= P
Onpe)J.eJIHTb npe)J.eJI npoqHOCTH oopa3ua Ha pacrnmeHHe (spe-
MeHHOe conpoTHBJieHHe MeTaJIJia pa3phrny) o
YJJ.JIHHeHHe
/So.
oopa3ua KaK
fJ=fll/lo · 100%. ·
9. Pa3paooTaTh TaoJI11uy JJ.JISI 3an0c0 3HaqeHHH H3MepeHHH H
BbJqHCJieHHH.
10. 0pOH3BeCTH HCilblTaHHSI Ha paCTSI)!{eHHe Oopa3UOB H3 CTaJIH
H aJIIOMHHHH (JiaTyHH) 0)1.HOro )J.HaMeTpa, noJiyqeHHbie )J.aHHble 3a-
nHcaTb B TaOJIHUy, cpaBHHTb pe3yJihTaThl, C)J.eJiaTb BhIBO)J.hl.

Jlaooparopao-npaKTaqecKast paooTa .Ni 5.

3aKaJIKa H OTnycK yrJiepOJJ.HCTOH CTaJIH

il,eJtb:
03HaKOMJieHHe C npHeMaMH TepMHqecKOH OopaoQTKH CTa-
JIH,3aKpenJieHHe 3HaHHH 0 MexaHHqecKHX CBOHCTBax MeTaJIJIOB.
Ocna14enue: MycpeJibHaH neqh, oaqKH c OXJia)!{)J.aIOrueu )!{H)J.-
KOCTblO (MaCJIOM, 80)1.0H), KJieIUH, npHoop )J.JISI H3MepeHHSI TBepJJ.0-
CTH Tlll-2, HanHJihHHK, oopa3Uhl (HJIH )J.eTaJIH), IlO)J.JiemaruHe Tep-
MHqecKOH oopaoOTKe, Jiyna.

60
 flopRaoK BbtnOJLHeHUR pa6ombt:
I. no cnpaeotrnoif JIJfTepaType onpe.n.eJIHTb TeMrrepaTypy Harpe-
ea CT8JIH JJ.8HHOH MapKH nepe.n. 38K8JIKOH, epeMH Bbl.ZI.ep:>KKH B rretrn
IIpH OTIIYCKe.
2. HarpeTh My<j>eJihHYIO .3JieKTpuqecKyIO rre% .n.o eblopaHHOH
TeMnepaTypbl, noMeCTHTb B Hee 38K8JIHBaeMyIO .n.eTaJib H Bbl.ZI.ep:>KaTb
.n.eTaJib e rreqH.
· 3. BbIHYTb .n.eTaJib H3 rreqH ( co6JIIO.ZI.8H rrpaeuna oe3onacHOCTH),
ObICTpo rrorpy3HTb B oaK c BOJJ.OH.
4. nocJie OXJI8:>K.ZI.eHHH BbIHYTb .ZI.eTaJib H3 BO.ll.bl H H3MepHTb ee
TBep.n.oCTb TBep.n.oMepoM (HJIH H8IIHJibHHKOM).
5. npe.n.eapHTeJibHO 38KaJieHHYIO .ZI.eT8Jlb BbI.ZI.ep:>K8Tb B neqf! IIpH
orrpe.n.eJieHHOH TeMnepaTyp~. a 38TeM OXJI8.ZI.HTb B M8CJie HJIH Ha
003.n.yxe.
6. CpaBHHTb TBep.ZI.OCTb .n.eTaJIH .ZI.O TepMHqecKOH oopaoOTKH,
IIOCJie 38K8JIKH H IIOCJie OTnycKa. C.n.eJiaTb BblBO.ZI.bl.
7. npoH3BeCTH IIOJIHpOBKY IIOBepXHOCTH HCXO.ZI.HOH 38fOTOBKH H
.n.eTaJIH IIOCJie 38K8JIKH; c IIOMOIIJ.b!O JIYIIbl (HJIH MHKpOCKOIIa) H80JIIO-
JJ.8Tb cTpyKTYPY MeTaJIJia .n.o H nocJie 3aKaJIKH, oxapaKTepH30BaTb
H3MeHeHHH cTpyKTYPhl MeTaJIJia. C.n.enaTb BbIBO.ZI.bl.
4aCTb BTOpaH.

Ocuoaub1e cae.u.euHSI,
HeOOXO,ZJ.HMbie JI.JUI BbIIlOJIHeHHfl.
TOKapHbIX H cppe3epHbIX paooT

fJ1ABA 4. TEXHOJIOrHSI METAJIJI006PA60TKH

HA TOKAPHblX H «l»PE3EPHblX CTAHKAX

12. OCHOBHblE CXEMbl H fiAPAMETPbl

06PA60TKH METAJIJIOB PE3AHHEM

JlJHI H3rDTOBJieHHH JIIOOOH }J.eTaJIH B COBpeMeHHOM MalllHHOCTpoe-

HHH npHMeHHeTCH HeCKOJibKO BH}J.OB oopaoOTKH MeTaJIJIOB pe3aHHeM.
ToKapttaH 11 cppe3epHaH o6pa6oTKa cocTaBJIHeT JIHlllb qacTh ux.
MHorooopa311e BHJJ.OB o6pa6oTKH pe3aHneM oTpa:maeT KJiaccmtrn-
KaU.HH (p11c. 22). KaK noKa3bIBaeT KJiaccnc}>11Kau.nH, cxeMbI pe3aHHSI
pa3JIHqaIOTCH no npHMeHHeMOMY HHCTpyMeHTY H no xapaKTepy ero
JJ.iJH:>KeHHH. Ho BHJJ.bl oopa60TKH MeTaJIJIOB pe3aHHeM pa3JIHqaIOTCSI
TaK:>Ke npHMeHHTeJibHO K H3rDTOBJieHHIO Ka}f{,ll.OH KOHKpeTHOH ,ll.eTaJIH
no npOH3BO,ll.HTeJibHOCTH, CJIO}f{HOCTH H CTOHMOCTH CTaHKOB, CTOH-
KOCTH H CJIO:>KHOCTH H3rOTOBJieHHH HHCTpyMeHTa, TpeoyeMOH KBaJIH-
c}>nKaU.HH pa6oqero. BoT noqeMy 3HaHHe OCHOBHblX BH,ll.OB oopa6oT-
KH H HX cxeM HBJIHeTCSI Ba}f{HblM npaKTHqecKHM BOnpocoM, 6e3 pe-
JlleHHSI KOToporo HeB03MO}f{Ha pa3paooTKa TexttoJiornqecKoro npo-
u.ecca H3rOTOBJieHHH ,ll.eTaJIH.
B TaOJIHU.e 1 JJ.aH 063op Ha1100Jiee ynoTpe6nTeJibHbIX BHJJ.OB o6pa-
6oTKH MeTaJIJIOB pe3aHHeM.
Jl.JIH BCeX BH}J.OB oopa60TKH pe3aHHeM (3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM c}>H-
3HKO-XHMHqecKOH) 06lll.HM HBJIHeTCH BHeJJ.peHHe KJIHHOBH}J.HOH pe-
*Ylll.eH KpOMKH HHCTpyMeHTa B MaTepHaJI 33rOTOBKH, Oopa30BaHHe
CTPY:>KKH H cpopMHpOB3HHe oopaoOTaHHOH noBepXHOCTH.
DapaMeTpbl npol\ecca o6pa6oTKH. ,ll.JIH Toro qTOOhI oxaaTHTh
pe3aHHeM BCIO noBepXHOCTb oopaoaTblBaeMOH }J.eTaJIH, HHCTpyMeHTY
HJIH JJ.eTaJIH, noMHMO rJiaBHoro JJ.BH:>KeHilH (CM. TaoJI. 1), HY:>KHO co-
oomnTh eme H JJ.BH}f{eHHe no,ll.aq11. CKopOCTb 3Toro JJ.BH:>KeHHSI Ha-
3bIBaeTCH noJJ.aqeii. TaK, JJ.JIH TOKapHbIX cTaHKOB, rJJ.e rJiaBHhlM JJ.BH-
:mett11eM HBJIHeTCSI apameHHe 3arOTOBKH, no}J.aqa - 3TO nyTh, npo-
XOJJ.HMbIH HHCTpyMeHTOM (pe3U.OM) 38 O}J.HH OOOpOT UJnHH}J.eJISI. no-
}J.aqa Ha OOOpOT (pHC. 23) H3MepHeTCSI OOblqHO B MM/00.

62
 BHAbI o6pa6orKH
MarepHanoe pe3aHHeM

no npHMeH51eMOMy no xapaKTepy

HHCTpyMeHTY ABH>KeHH51 HHCTpyMeHTa

fle3BHAHbIA BpamaTenbHoe
( pe3LtbI ,<t>pe3bl1ceapKa H AP-)
( cppe3bl, ceepna, Kpyrn)

A6pa3HBHbIA nocTynaTenbHOe
{KpyrH,6pycKH, naCTbl
H Ap.) (pe3LtbI,ct>pe3bl, AOn651KH)

C 4>HKCHpOBaHHblM
<l>H3HKO-XHMH'leCKHe cpeAbl
nono>KeH11eM HHcrpyMettra
( :;ineKTponHTbl, nna3Ma, ny'I ( pe3LtbI 1 ceepna , nnawKH,
na3epa, :ineKTpop •a3p51A ny11 na3epa H AP·)
.HAP.)

PHc. 22. KJ1accHtllHKaI.!HS1 BHJJ.OB

o6pa60TKH peaaHHeM.

-+-
PHc. 23. no11.a'la H uy6HHa pe-
aaHHH npH TO'leHHH Ha TOKap-
HOM CTaHKC.
L---------.1
T a 6 n n ll a I. OcHOBHble BHJJ.bl o6pa6oTKH MeTa.nnoe pe3aHHeM
fJJaenoe .llBH>KeHHe
BHA o6pa6oTKH CxeMa o6pa6orKH
ABH1KeHne DO,!J.8QH

ToqeHHe Ha BpameHHC 3a- nepeMemeHHe

CTaHKax TOKapHoii roTOBKH pe31la BJJ.OJlb OCH
rpynnbl

CTporaHne Ha Bo3epaTHo-no- Ilpepb!BHCTOe

npOJlOJlbHO-CTpo- cTynaTenhHOe JJ.BH- nepeMeme11ne pe3-
raJJbHblX H none- lKCHHe 3afOTOBKH .lla HJIH 3afOTOBKH
peqHo-cTporanb- HJIH pe31la nepneHJJ.HKym1p110
HblX CTaHKaX K rnaeHOMY JJ.BH-
lKeHHIO

.llon6neHHe Ha Bo3epaTHo-no- To JKe

JJ.OJ16ClKHblX CTaH- cTynaTeJ1hHOe JlBH·
KaX lKCHHe JJ.OJJ6elKHO-
ro pe31la

CeepneuHe Ha BpamaTeJJhHOe IlocTynaTCJlbHOC

ceepJJHJlbHblX CTaH- JJ.BHlKCHHe ceepna nepeMemeHHe
Kax ceepna B OCCBOM
HanpaeJJCHHH

<l>pe3epoeaHHe BpamaTeJJbHoe IlocTynaTeJlbHOC

Ha ropH30HTaJ1b- JlBHlKCHHe cf>pe3bl npHMOJIHHCHHOe
HO-cf>pe3epHb1X nepeMemeHHe 3a·
CTaHKaX roTOBKH

lllnncf>oeaHHe Bpau1aTeJ1bHOe Bpau1aTeJ1hHOe

Ha Kpyrnornnncf>o- JlBHlKCHHe lllJIHcf>o- nepeMCll\CHHC 3a-
eanbHblX CTaHKax BaJlbHOro Kpyra rOTOBKH

64
 Pa3Jrnqa10T TaK>Ke MHHYTHYIO no.n.aqy sM- nyTh, npoxo.n.HMblH
HHCTpyMeHTOM (HJIH H3,ll.eJIHeM) 3a 0.ll.HY MHHyTy. MHHyTHaH no.n.aqa
H3MepHeTCH B MM/MHH. QqeBH.ll.HO, qTQ

r.n.e s- no.n.aqa Ha o6opoT, MM/06;

n- qacTOTa Bparu.eHHH, MHH- I
.Ll.JIH CHHTHH npHnycKa HHCTpyMeHT Heo6xo.n.HMO yrJiy6HTb B 3a-
fOTOBKY ua HeKOTOpoe paCCTOHHHe, onpe.n.eJIHeMoe rny6HHOH pe-
3aHHH. f Jiy6HHOH pe3aHHH t Ha3bIBaeTCH KpaHaiiwee paCCTOHHHe
Me.m.n.y o6pa6aTbrnaeMoii noeepxHOCTbIO H noeepxHOCTbIO, o6pa6o-
TaHHOH 3a 0.ll.HH npoxo.n. (CM. pHC. 23).
r
JI3BHOe .ll.BH:>KeHHe xapaKTepH3yeTCH CKOpOCTblO pe3aHHH. CKo-
pOCTblO pe3aHHH v H33bIBaeTCH CKOpOCTb nepeMeru.eHHH TQqKH o6-
pa6aTbIBaeMOH noeepXHOCTH OTHOCHTeJibHO pe:>Kyru.eii KpOMKH HH-
CTpyMeHTa .
.Ll.JIH CTaHKOB c ep"aru.aTeJihHbIM rJiaBHblM JI.BH:>KeHHeM CKOpOCTb
pe3aHHH - 3TO OKpy:mHaH CKOpOCTb 3aroTOBKH (HanpHMep, npH TO-
KapHOH o6pa60TKe) HJIH HHCTpyMeHTa (HanpHMep, npH <f>pe3epo-
BaHHH):
v=nDn/1000,
r.n.e D - .n.HaMeTp
o6pa6aTblBaeMoii nosepxHOCTH HJIH HHCTpy-
MeHTa, MM;
n - qacTOTa Bparu.eHHH 06pa6atbleaeMOH .n.eTaJIH HJIH HHCTpy-
MeHTa, MHH- 1•
.Ll.JIH CTaHKOB c B03BpaTHO-UOCTynaTeJibHbIM rnaBHbIM .ll.BH:>KeHHeM
CKOpOCTb pe3aHHH - CKOpOCTb pa6oqero xo.n.a v p:
Vp=Lp/lOOOTP,
r.n.e LP- JI.JIHHa xo.n.a pa6o4ero opraHa CTaHKa, MM;
T P - epeMH
pa604ero xo.n.a, MHH.
CKopocTh pe3aHHH. H3MepsieTcH s M/MHH (JI.JIH WJiii<f>osaHHH -
B M/C).
npaBHJibHbIH Bbl60p pe.>KHMOB o6pa60TKH ( CKOpOCTH pe3aHHH,
no.n.a4H, rny6HHhI pe3aHHSI) - ea:mHaH npaKTH4ecKaH 3aJI.a4a. Ha
Bb16op BJIHHIOT npo4HOCTHhie ceoiicTBa o6pa6aTblBaeMoro MaTepHa-
Jia, MaTepHaJI pe:myw.ero HHCTpyMeHTa, CTOHKOCTb HHCTpyMeHTa, 3a-
JI.3HHbie npOH3BOJI.HTeJibHOCTh, T04HOCTb H wepoxosaTOCTb noeepx-
HOCTH.
Cuna H MOUJ,HOCTb pe3aHHH. 06pa6aTblBaeMblH MaTepHaJI oKa3bl-
eaeT conpoTHBJieHHe pe3aHHIO, H Ha HHCTpyMeHT .n.eiicTeyeT CHJia R,
3Ha4eHHe KOTopoii 38BHCHT OT npo4HOCTH H BH3KOCTH o6pa6aTbIBae-
MOro MaTepHaJia, ce4eHHH cTpy:mKH, reoMeTpHH HHCTpyMeHTa, pe.>KH-
MOB o6pa60TKH, COCTOHHHfl noeepxHOCTH o6pa6aTbIBaeMOH 3aro-
TOBKH, npHMeHfleMOH CM8304HO-OXJ1a:>K.n.a10w.eH: :>KHJI.KOCTH H .Apyrnx
<f>aKTopoe. YKa3aHHafl CHJia HanpaeJieHa s npocTpaHCTBe no.n. onpe-
.n.eJieHHhIM yrnoM. Ee npHHHTO pacKJia.ll.blBaTb no TpeM B3aHMHO
3 3aKa3 231 65
 ~
nepnen.nuKymipRhIM uanpaaJie-
HHflM ua cocTaBJiflIOmHe Px, Py
H P2 {pHC. 24).
Hau6oJibrnee 3HatJeuue HMeeT
!I x CHJia Pz, .neH:cTay10mafl B uanpaa-
JieHHH cKopocTH pe3aHHH. Ona
onpe.neJifleT MomnoCTh, n0Tpe6-
uy10 .llJIH ocymecTBJieHHH rJiaB-
uoro .llBH}KeHHH, H nOTOMY ua-
3bIBaeTCH CHJIOH pe3aHHfl.
CuJia Px - CHJia no.na-l!H -
.neH:cTByeT npOTHBOnOJIO}KHO ua-
npaaJieHHIO no.natJH. Ona onpe.ne-
JifleT MomnoCTh, pacxo.nyeMy10 ua
PHc. 24. npHMep pa3JIO>KeHHH CHJlbl pe3a- no.natJy.
HHH Ha cocTaBJ1H10U-1He. CuJia Py - pa.nuaJihHafl cH-
Jia, HJIH YCHJIHe OTT3JIKHBaHHff,-
.neHCTByeT nepnen.nuKym1puo K uanpaaJieHHIO no.natJH. CymecTaeu-
uoro BJIHffHHff ua MomuocTh, pacxo.nyeMy10 ua pe3auue, oua ue
OKa3hJBaeT, HO Bbl3bJBaeT .ne<t>opMaU.HH HHCTpyMeHTa H o6pa6aTbI-
BaeMOH .neTaJIH, IJTO CKa3blBaeTCff Ha TOIJHOCTH o6pa60TKH.
OpHMeHHTeJibHO K cxeMe 06TalJHBaHHH COOTHOIIIeHHH COCTaBJIHIO-
mHx CHJibl pe3aHHff MoryT 6hITb npHHflThl npHMepuo TaKHMH:
Py=(0,4 ... 0,5)Pz;
Px = (0,25 ... 0,30)Pz;
R =(I ,IO ... I, I 5)Pz.

Bee 3TH CHJihI 3aBHCHT, KaK yKa3bIBaJioch, OT MHornx <l>aKTO-

poa H pacctJHTbIBaIOTCH no 3MnHpHtieCKHM <t>opMyJiaM BH.na:
P2 =Cpz f'PzSYPzv"Pzkp,z
r.ne cp - nOCTOHHHhIH K03<l><l>HU.HeHT, xapaKTepu3y10mHH: CBOHCTBa
o6pa6aTbIBaeMoro MaTepHaJia H .npyrne cj>aKTOphI:
x P, y P, n P - noKa3aTeJIH cTeneueH:, xapaKTepu3y10mue 3aKon
z z z -
H3MeHeHHff CHJibI pe3aHHff B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rJiy6HHhI no.natJH
H CKOpOCTH pe3aHHH;
kp , - nonpaaotJHhIH Ko3<1><1>uu.uenT, y1JHThrna10muH: KOHKpeTHhie
ycJIOBHff pe3aHHff.
Optt perneHHH npaKTHtJeCKHX 3a.naq no BhIIJHCJieHHIO CHJI pe-
3aHHH (ueo6XO.llHMbIX .llJIH pactJeTOB noTpe6HblX MOmHOCTeH, pacqe-
TOB HHCTpyMenTa ua npotIHOCTh H }KeCTKOCTH COH.ll) nonpaaoq-
Hhie K03<l><l>HU.HeHThI H noKa3aTeJIH cTeneueH: cJie.nyeT ua3ua1JaTb. np
cnpaBOIJHHKaM HJIH .npyroH: cneu.HaJibHOH JIHTepaType.
MomuocTh, pacxo.nyeMaH ua pe3auue H Ha3blBaeMaH 3cj>cj>eKTHBHOH
MomuocThIO N., onpe.neJIHeTcH (KBT):
N,=Pzv/60· 102.
66
 fl podo.1i:J1CeH.ue

I HAYAnO

I
I
Hcxo.nttble naHHbie:
CTaHOK, CnH.U. npHnyCK,
TO'IHOCTb, pa3Mepbl .neranH,
MaTepttan KO HEU
I
rny611Ha pe3aHHSI t PHc. 25. 6JIOK-cxeMa (aJiropHTM) npaK-
(no cnpaBO'IHHKy) TH'lecKoro pac•1era pe>KHMOD pe3aHHH npH
TO'leHHH, ceepJienHH, .ppuepooaHHH.
I
non a'la s
(no cnpaBO"IHHKY)

I noTpe61rnH MOU.UIOCTb 3JieKTp0·

CKopocTb pe3aH11S1 V .u.oHraTeJIH Na 6y.u.eT 6onhrne 34>-
(no cnpaBO'IHHKY) cpeKTHBHOH MO!llHOCTH Ha BeJIH4HHY
noTepb B MexaHH3M8X CT8HKa, on-
I pe.neJHieMblX K03cpcpHUHeHTOM no-
Jie3HOfO .u.eHCTBHH (KBT):
4acrora
epameHHSI wnttHnenll craHKa n Na =N,/ri.
n • 1000 V/1fD
3ttaSI 110Tpe6ttyIO MOlUHOCTb H
I cpaBHHB ee c MOlllHOCTblO 3JleKTpo-
Dp11HS1TaS1 JJ.BHraTeJISI KOHKpeTHOro CTaHKa,
"lacToTa epameHHSI n (j!aKT. MO>KHO CYJJ.HTb 0 B03MO>KHOCTH HC-
(no nacnopry CTaHKa) nOJib3088HHSI ero .11.JIH BWilOJIHeHHH
38JJ.8HHOH pa60Tbl: MOlll.HOCTb 3JieK-
I TPO.ll.BHraTeJISI, yKa3attttaH B nac-
nopTe cTaHKa, .non>Kna 6wTh paana
<I>aKTH'!eCKaSI CKOPOCTb pe3aHHSI HJIH 60Jibllle DOTpe6HOH MOlll.HOCTH
V (j!aKr.=11D n(j!aKT/1000 .Na.
Ha p11c. 25npe.u.cTasnetta
I 6noK-cxeMa (anropHTM) pact.JeTa
pe>KHMOB pe3aHHSI, KOTOpwii Bb!IlOJI-
C11na pe3aHHSI Pz
(no (j!opMynaM) HSleTCfl KB8JIHCt>HLU1pOB8HHhlMH pa-
601.JHMH H HH>KettepaMH-TeXHOJIOra-
I MH npH TOKapHOH, <J>pe3epHOH H
n.pyroii o6pa6oTKe JJ.eTaneu. CTeneHb
noTpe6HaSI MOlUHOCTb
aneKTPO.!lBHrarenSI CTaHKa DO.ll.p06HOCTH pact.JeTa 38BHCHT OT
tteo6XOJJ.HMOH TOl.JHOCTH pemeHHfl
Na= PzV(j!aKT,/102. 60 ·I}
nocTaBJieHHOH TeXHOJIOfMl.JeCKOH 38-
t .ll.81.JH.

3• 67
KonTpO.llbHble aonpocbl
I. KaK11e BllAbI o6pa6oTKll MeTaJIJIOB pe3aH11eM HaXOAllT np11MeHeH11e np11
H3rOT<;>BJieHllH pa3Jlll'IHblX Maw11HOCTp011TeJ1bHblX AeTaJieii?
2. KaKoe AB11)KeH11e Ha3bIBaeTCH rnaBHblM?
3. KaK pa3Jill'lalOTCH rnaBHble ABll>KeH11H 11 ABll>KeHllH n0Aa1J11 np11 ceepneH1111
Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe II cj>pe3epoBaHllll Ha rop1130HTaJlbHO·cj>pe3epHOM CTaHKe?
4. KaKHe napaMeTpbl npouecca 06pa6qTK11 pe3aH11eM 11MeJOT eaiKHoe npaKTll-
qecKoe 3Ha1JeH11e?
5. KaKaH noAa'la Ha3b1BaeTCll MllHYTHoii?
6.KaKoBa 3ae11c11MOCTb cKopocT11 pe3aH11ll np11 06Ta1J11BaH1111 OT AllaMeTpa
3arOTOBKll?
7. 1ho Ha3blBaeTCll CllJIOii pe3aHllH?
8. 4To Ha3bIBaeTCH noTpeoHOii MOW.HOCTblO 3JleKTpOABllraTeJIH CTaHKa II KaK
OHa onpeAeJIHeTCll?
9. KaK11e 3Tanbl (KaKoii anrop11TM) BKJIIO•iaeT Bbloop pe>KllMOB pe3aHllH
H CTaHKa AJIH o6pa6oTKll KOHKpeTHblX AeTaJieii B uexoeoii npaKTllKe?
10. KaK onpeAeJilllOTCll rny611Ha pe3aHllH, noAa'la, cKopocTb pe3aHllll AJill
oopaOOTKll KOHKpeTHOH AeT3Jill?
11. KaK11e 11cxoAHb1e AaHHble Heo6xoAllMbl AJill Bbloopa pe>K11MOB pe3aHllll
II MOll.lHOCTll 3JleKTPOJJ.BllraTeJIH CTaHKa?
12*. 4To cJieJJ.yeT npeJJ.np11HHTb, ecJ111 noTpe6Hall MOW.HOCTb oKa3aJiacb oonbwe
MOll.lHOCTll 3JleKTPOJJ.BllraTeJIH, Bb!opaHHoro paoO'lllM (HJill llH>KeHcpoM-TeXHOJIOrOM)
CTaHKa?

3a.u,aHHSI

I. OueH11Te paJJ.11aJ1bHY10 CHJiy, JJ.eiicTBy10w.y10 Ha MexaHll3M nonepe'IHOii

UO)l.3'111 TOKapHoro CTaHKa np11 OOT3'1HB3Hllll, eCJill MOU~HOCTli pe3aHllH np11
oopaoOTKe )l.eTaJill 113 CTaJill 20XH OKa3aJiaCb paBHOii 3,0 KBT; '!aCTOTa apau~eHllH
WUllH)l.eJIH 150 MllH- 1; )l.llaMeTp OOTa'lllBaeMoii )l.eTaJill - 75 MM.
2*. 11cnOJib3Yll 3HaHllll 0 cj>H311KC npouecca pe3aHllH, nep_e'lllCJlllTe cj>aKTOpbl,
KOTOpbie, no aaweMy MHeHllJO, BJlllHIOT Ha 113MeHeH11e YCllJlllll pe3aHl!ll np11 33MeHC
CTaJibHblX pe31.l0B pe31.laMll 113 TBepJJ.bIX cnJiaBOB •
.3*. OueH11Te, KaK 113MeHllTCH 3cj><f>eKTllBHaH MOll.lHOCTb pe3aHllH np11 cj>pe3epo-
BaH1111 c noCTOllHHOii CllJIOH pe3aHllH, ecJill '13CTOTa Bpaw.eHllll cj>pe3bl 113MeH11J1aCb
C 150 MllH-l Ha 250 MllH- 1• naiiTe aJirOpllTM peweHllH 3TOH 33)1.a'lll, HeOOXO)l.llMblC
nOllCHeHllll H pacqeTbl.
4. Ha BblKJllO'leHHOM TOKapHOM CTaHKe BHllM3TeJlbHO OCMOTpHTe ycTp9iicTBO )I.Jiff
33KpenJ1eH11ll pe3u.a. Ha30BllTe, KaK11e CllJibl nblTalOTCH cornyTb pe3eu., BblTOJIKHYTb
era 113 pe311.eAep>KaTeJ1ll, OTTOJIKIIYTb OT noaepXHOCTll o6pa6aTblBaeMoii AeTaJll!.

13. DOH.slTHE 0 KOHCTPYKU.HH PE)l(YUJ.ErD

HHCTPYMEHTA.
DPABHJIA DOJ1b30BAHHH HHCTPYMEHTOM

0pH pa60Te Ha CTaHKaX IlpliMeHSIIOTCSI pa3.10qHble pe:>1<yII.1,He

HHCTpyMeHTbl: pe3LJ.bl, caepJia, pa3BepTKH, MeTqHKH, nJiaIIJKH, <f>pe3bl
H .ZI.P· Pe3LJ.bI - .Han6onee pacnpocTpaHeHHblH HHCTpyMeHT .ZI.JISI o6-
pa6oTKH IlJIOCKOCTeH, LJ.HJIHH.ZI.pHqecKHX H cfiaCOHHbIX noaepXHOCTeH,
Hape3aHHSI pe3h6b1 u T. .ZI.- PaccMoTpHM KOHCTPYKLJ.HIO pe*ymero
HHCTpyMeHTa Ha npHMepe TOKapHoro pe3Ila (puc. 26).
Pe3eLJ. COCTOHT H3'f0JIOBKH (pa6oqeif qaCTH) H CTep)l{HSI (Tena),
cny*amero .ZI.JISI 3aKpenneHHSI pe3ua. Ha ronosKe pe3ua pa3J10qa10T
nepe.ZI.HIOIO nosepxHOCTb, no KOTopoif cxo.ZI.HT CTPY*Ka, H .ZI.Be 3a.ZI.-
68
 l?rpc;im.'l OupaJa.mb16aeNaJJ no6epx11ocmb
noBepxHocmb
no6epXHOCmb
r11a6110J1 pe11<g14aR pe3QlfUR
KPOHKa ,____ 05pa50-
Bcno1'102amenb-
lfOJ1 peH<gll!,OR ma11HaR
KpOMKa no!Jepx-

rnaBHaR 3G8HR11
noDepXHOCtnb
- 11ocmb
npoiJonb1taR
nofiaqa
lnonepe'llfaR
BcnoM02ame11bHQR 3QOH/fR /notJaqa
no8epx1tocmb 0CH06HaR 11/IOCKOCmb

PHc. 26. 11aCTH H aneMeHTbl pe311a. PHc. 27. Ocuoeuble nnocKocTH pe311a H
noeepxHOCTH 3arOTOBKH.

HHC (rJiaBHyIO, oopaw.eHHYIO K oopaoaTblBaeMOH ,ll.CTaJIH, H BCilO-

MOfaTCJibHYIO).
r JI a B H a H p e >K y lll. a H K p 0 M K a BblilOJIHHCT OCHOBHYIO
paooTy pe3aHHH. - 0Ha oopa3yeTCH nepecel!eHHeM nepe.zr.Hen H rnas-
HOH 3a.zr.Hen nosepxHocTen pe3ua.
B c n o M o r a T e JI b H a H p e >K y w. a H K p o M K a - .3TO JIH-
HHH nepecelJCHHH nepe.zr.HeH H BCilOMoraTCJibHOH 3a.zr.HeH nosepx-
HOCTCH.
B e p Ill H H o u pe3ua HBJIHeTCH TOl!Ka nepecel!eHHH rJiasHon H
BCilOMOraTeJibHOH pe>Kylll.HX KpOMOK .
.ll.JIH onpe.zr.eJieHHH yr JIOB pe3ua ycTaHOBJieHbl IlOHHTHH ycJIOBHblX
IlJIOCKOCTCH (pHC. 27). CT JI 0 C K 0 CT b IO p e 3 a H H H Ha3b!BaIOT
IlJIOCKOC_Tb, KaCaTeJibHYIO K nosepxHOCTH pe3aHHH H npoxo.zr.Hw.y10 l!e-
pe3 pe>1<yw.y10 KpOMKy.
0 c H0 BHa H n JI 0 c K 0 c T b napaJIJICJibHa HanpaBJieHHIO
npo.zr.oJibHOH H nonepel!HOH no.zr.aq H cosna.zr.aeT c onopHon nosepx-
HOCTbIO pe31.1,a. fJiaBHaH ceKyW.aH IlJIOCKOCTb nepneH,ll.HKYJIHpHa npo-
CKUHH rnasHon pe>1<yw.eu KpOMKH Ha ocHoBHYIO nJiocKocTb.
c IlOMOW.bIO .3THX IlJIOCKOCTeH MO>KHO oxapaKTepH30BaTb OCHOB-
Hble yrJibl pe3ua (pHc. 28).
r JI a B H bl H 3 a A I-I H H y r 0 JI a - .3TO ·yroJI MC)KJJ.Y r JlaB-
HOH 3a.zr.Hen nosepxHOCTbIO pe31.1,a H nJIOCKOCTbIO pe3aHHH.
Yr o JI 3 a o c T p e H H H ~ - yroJ1 Me>K.zr.y nepe.zr.Hen H rJ1aB-
HOH 3a.zr.Hen nosepxHOCTHMH.
n e p e JJ. H H H y r 0 .'I y-
yroJI MC>KJJ.Y nepe.zr.HeH nosepxHO-
CTblO . pe3u.a H IlJIOCKOCTblO, nepneH,ll.HKYJIHpHOH IlJIOCKOCTH pe3a-
HHH, npose.zr.eHHOH llepe3 rJiaBHYIO pe>1<yw.y10 KpOMKy.
Y r o JI p e 3 a H H H 6 - yroJI MC>KJJ.Y nepe.zr.HeH nosepxHOCTbIO
peaua H IlJIOCKOCTblO pe3aHHH.
r JI a B H bl H y r 0 JI B n JI a H e qi - yroJI MC>KJJ.Y npoeKU.HCH
rJiaBHOH pe>Kyw.eu KpOMKH Ha OCHOBHYIO IlJIOCKOCTb H HanpaBJle-
HHCM no.zr.alJH.
B c no Mor a Te JI b H bl u yr o JI B n JI a He qi1- yroJ1 Me.)K-
69
 Ce'lei111e no BcnoMo-
20m~nbHou ce1<y-
14eu nnoc1<ocmu

JJ..Y npoeKu.ueH: BCilOMoraTeJibHOH pe>Kyrn.eH: KpOMKH . Ha OCHOBHYIO

IlJIOCKOCTb H HanpaBJieHHeM IlO]J..aqu.
Y r o JI n p H B e p Ill H H e B n JI a H e e - yroJI Me*JJ..Y npo-
eKU.HHMH rJiaBHOH H BCilOMOraTeJibHOH pe}!{yIII.HX KpOMOK Ha OCHOB-
ey10 IlJIOCKOCTb.
B c n o M o r a T e JI b H bl ii 3 a JJ.. H H ii y r o JI a1 - yroJI Me>K-
JJ..Y BCilOMOraTeJibHOH 38]1..eeH: nonepXHOCTblO H IlJIOCKOCTbIO, npoxo-
JJ..SIIII.eH qepe3 BCilOMOraTeJibHYIO pe>1<yrn.y10 KpOMKY nepneH]J..HKy-
JISlpHO OCHOBHOH IlJIOCKOCTH.
YroJI HaKJIOHa rJiaBHOH pe*yrn.eH: KpOMKHA-
yroJI Me>KJJ..Y pe>Kyrn.eH: KpOMKOH H JIHHHeH, npoBe]J..eHHOH qepe3 sep-
lllHHY pe3u.a napaJIJieJibHO OCHOBHOH IlJIOCKOCTH.
IlepeJJ..eHH yroJI y, rJiaBHbIH yroJI B aJiaHe cp H <f>opMa nepeJJ..HeH
nosepxHOCTH OKa3bIBaIOT BJJHmrne ea npou.ecc pe3aHHH, ea JierKOCTb
CXOJJ..a CTPY>KKH, KaqecTBO o6pa6oTaHeoH: noeepxHOCTH H CTOHKOCTb
pe3u.a. l'faMeeSIH yr JibI 3aToqKH H <f>opMy nepeJJ..Heii nosepxeocTH,
MO>KHO ]J..06HTbCSI 3HaqHTeJibHOro IlOBblllleeHSI CTOHKOCTH pe3U.OB H
npOH3BO]J..HTeJibHOCTH o6pa60TKH.
Ilo HanpaBJieHHIO IlO]J..aqH pe3U.bl pa3]J..eJISllOTCSI Ha npaBbie H Jie-
Bbie. IlpaBbie pe3U.bl Ha TOKapHOM CT8HKe pa6oTaIOT npH IlO]J..aqe
cnpasa HaJieso, T. e. nepel\'.fern.aIOTCH K nepeJJ..Heii 6a6Ke cTaHKa.
Ilpu HCilOJib30B8HHH JJ..OporoCTOHIII.HX pe>KyIII.HX MaTepHaJIOB
pe3U.bl H3rOTOBJISIIOT COCTaBHblMH: rOJIOBKY - H3 HHCTpyMeHTaJibHOro
MaTepuaJia, a CTep}!{eHb - H3 KOHCTPYKU.HOHHOH yr JiepoJJ..HCTOH
cTaJIH. Hau6oJiblllee pacnpocTpaHeHue rioJiyqunu cocTaBHbie pe3U.bl
(u <f>pe3b1) c nJiaCTHHK8MH H3 TBepJJ..oro cnJiaBa HJIH 6blCTpope>1<y-
rn.eH: CTaJIH. IlJiaCTHHKH H3 TBep]J..oro cnJiaBa npunaHBaIOTCSI HJIH
KpenSITCSI MeXaHHqecKH, a nnacTHHKH H3 6blCTpope>Kyrn.eH: CTaJIH
npusapHB8IOTCSI.
70
 DpH pa6oTe TBep,nOCilJl88HblM HHCTpyMeHTOM Ha BblCOKHX CKO·
pocn1x e 30HY pe3aHHSI Heo6XOJJ.HMO no.naeaTb cMa30 1rno-oxJia>1<.na-
IOUJ.He :lKHJJ.KOCTH (CO)I(), qTo 6JJaronpHS1THO BJ1HS1eT Ha npou.ecc
pe3aHHS1 MeTaJIJIOB, 3HaqHTeJJbHO yMeHbUiaeT H3HOC pe>Kymero HH-
CTpyMeHTa, IlOBblUiaeT 1rnqecTBO o6pa6oTaHHOH noeepxHOCTH H CHH-
:>KaeT 3aTpaThl 3Hepruu. CTpysi :lKHJJ.KOCTH JJ.OJJ>KHa 6b1Tb o6HJibHOH
H uenpepb!BHOH, TaK K3K npepbIBHCTOe OXJia:>KJJ,eHHe MO:>KeT npH-
eecTH K 06pa3oeauu10 Tpemuu e nnacTHHax TBepJJ.oro cnnasa H
6blCTpOMY Bb!XOJJ.Y H3 CTpOSI HHCTpyMeHTa.
Dpu nonb30BaHHH peiKYll.l.HMH HHCTpyMeHTaMH ueo6XOJI.HMO Bbl-
noJIHSITb CJJeJJ.yIOll.l.He Tpe6oeaHHS1:
nepeJJ. BbIKJIJOqenHeM no,naqu OTBOJl.HTb pe.>Kyll.l.HH HHCTpyMeHT OT
3aroTOBKH - 3TO npeJI.OXpaHSieT pe>1<ymy10 KpOMKY OT BbIKpaUIH-
BaHHSI;
He .nonycKaTb 3uaquTeJibHoro 3aTynJieHHSI HHCTpyMeHTa no 3a,n-
Heii noeepxuocTH; nepeTaqaeaTb ero naJI.o JI.O Toro, KaK. uaqneTCH
pa3pyUieHHe pe.>Kymeii KpOMKH, T. e. npH llIHpHHe H3HOllleHHOH DJIO-
ll.l.aJJ.H Ha rJJaBHOH 3a,nueii noeepxHOCTH 1-1,5 MM;
nepHOJl.HqecKH Bb!IlOJIHSITb .ll.OBOJJ.KY pe:>Kymeii KpOMKH HHCTpy-
MeHTa MeJIK03epHHCTbIM a6pa3HBHbIM HJIH aJIMa3HbIM opycKOM~
He .nonycKaTb xpauettHSI pe.>Kymero HHcTpyMeHTa «HaeaJIOM»;
CJie.n,HTb, qT06bl pe.>Kyll.l.He KpOMKH He KacaJIHCb CTeHOK HHCTpyMeH-
TaJJbHOro UIKa<f>qHKa H He y.napSIJIHCb 0 TBep.n,ble npe.n.MeTbl.

KoHTpon&Hble eonpocbi
I. Jfa KaKHX OCHOBHblX qacTeil: COCTOHT pe3eu?
2. J.fa KaKHX 3JleMeHTOB COCTOHT rOJJOBKa pe3ua?
3. KaKoe Ha3Ha11eHne 11Me10T nepe;:i;H11il: 11 3a;:i;Hnii yrnbl peaua?
4. KaKHe Bbl 3HaeTe pe3Ubl .llJJ!I pa3JJH'IHblX sn;:i;os o6pa6oTKH?
5. lfro TaKoe CTOHKOCTb HHCTpyMeHTa?
6. KaK11e cfJaKTOpbl BJIH!IIOT Ha cToiiKOCTb HHCTpyMeHrn?
7. KaK 3asncHT cToiiKoCTb HHCTpyMeHTa OT cKopocTH pe3aHH!I?
8. KaKHe yrnbl pe:lKymero HHCTpyMeHTa He BJJH!IIOT Ha ero cToiiKOCTb?
9. c K8KOH UeJJblO npHMeH!llOT np11 pe3aHHH MeTaJIJIOB OXJla:lK)l;8101UHe :lKH.ll·
KOCTH?
10. KaKHe npasnna noJJb30B3HH!I pemymnM HHCTpyMeHTOM ;:i;on:lKeH co6mo-
;:i;aTb CTaHO'IHHK?

3a)J,3HHR
I. IloKa:lKHTe Ha pe3ue nepe;:i;HIOIO H 38.lJ;HIOIO nosepxHOCTH; nepe;:i;HHH II 33,ll·
HHe yrnhl; yron 3aoc1peHH!I.
2. IloKa:lKHTe Ha pe3ue rnasHy10 pemymy10 KpOMKY H ;:i;ail:Te ee onpe;:i;e.11eH11e.

14. OCHOBHblE CBEJJ.EHH.SI

0 METAJJJIOPE)l(YUlHX ·CTAhKAX

MeTaJIJJope:>KymHe cTaHKH e CCCP BhlnycKalOTCSI npe.nnpHH-

THSIMH MHHHCTepcTBa CT8HKOHHCTpyMeHTaJibHOH npOMblUIJieHHOCTH
H psi.n.a .n.pyrux ee.n.oMCTB. B 3aeHCHMOCTH OT HOMeHKJiaTypbI o6pa-
71
68TbJB8eMbIX 38rOTOBOK pa3JIH'lalOT ymiBepcaJibHbie, cneuHaJIH3Hpo-
B8HHbie H cneu.HaJibHble CTaHKH. HanpHMep, TOKapHhie cTaHKH, ycTa-
HOBJieHHbie B IlIKOJibHbIX MaCTepCKHX, HBJIHIOTCH YHHBepcaJibHblMH,
T8K KaK Ha HHX MO:>KHO BbinOJIHHTb THnOBbie BH,II.bl o6pa60TKH (To-
11eHHe, OTpe3aHHe, Hape3aHHe Hapy:>KHOH pe3b0bl). .[{JIH o6pa-
6oTKH HeKOTOpbIX .n.eTaJieii: (HanpHMep, 8BTOMOOHJibHbIX) 118CTO npH-
MeH.fflOT cneu.HaJibHble CTaHKH •
.[{JIH o6pa60TKH 38rOTOBOK c pa3JIH'IHOH TO'IHOCTblO BhmycKa-
IOTCH CT8HKH nHTH KJI8CCOB: HOpM8JibHOH TO'IHOCTH (H)' nOBbIIUeH-
HOH (D), BbICOKOH (B) H oco6o BbICOKOH (A). Oco6o TO'IHbJe CTaH-
KH (C) o6ecne'IHB8IOT C8Mbie BbICOKHe Tpe60B8HHH K TO'IHOCTH 06-
paoOTKH.
Bo BCeM MHOroo6pa3HH CT8HKOB MO:>KHO BbI,II.eJIHTb CJie.n.y10mHe
rpynnh1: I) TOKapHhie cTaHKH (cocTaBJIHJOT .n.o 30% napKa cTaH-
KOB B CCCP); 2) CBepJIHJibHbie H pacTO'IHbie (.n.o 20%); 3) IUJIH-
<j:>oBaJibHble pa3JIH'IHOro Ha3Ha11eHHH (.n.o 20%); 4) KOMOHHHpo-
BaHHhie; 5) CT8HKH ,II.JIH o6pa60TKH 3y611aTbIX KOJieC (.n.o 6%);
6) <f>pe3epHbie ,II.JIH o6pa60TKH IlJIOCKOCTeii: (.n.o 15%); 7) nporn:>K-
Hble, CTporaJibHble, )I.OJioe:>KHble c npHMOJIHHeHHblM fJI8BHblM pa-
OO'IHM ,II.BH.>KeHHeM (.n.o 4%); 8) cTaHKH .n.nsr pa3pe3aHHH npoKaTa;
9) CTaHKH )I.JIH 6aJI8HCHpOBKH, npaBKH.
Ka:>K.n.asr rpynna BKJI1011aeT .n.eBHTh THnos cTaHKOB. B o6o3Ha-
11eHHH CTaHKa nepBaH UH<f>pa 03Ha11aeT rpynny, a BTOpasr - THn.
HanpHMep, B TOKapHOH rpynne pa3JIH4HbIM THnaM CT8HKOB COOTBeT-
CTBYIOT u.u<f>pbI: I - o.n.HoIUnHH,II.eJibHhIM aBTOMaTaM; 3 - TOKapHo-
peBOJibBepHbIM; 5 - TOKapHO-KapyceJibHbIM; 6 - TOKapHbIM, TO-
KapHO-BHHTOpe3HbIM H T. n. YJiy11IUeHHH H H3MeHeHHH KOHCTPYKU.HH
CTaHKa OTpameHbl B 6yKBeHHbIX 0003Ha4eHHHX nocJie nepBOH, BTO-
poii: U.H<f>p HJIH B KOHUe. DocJie,II.y!OllI.J'Ie U.H<f>pbI xapaKTepH3YIOT
KaKOH-JIHOO Ba:>KHbIH TeXHOJIOrH'leCKHH napaMeTp CT8HKa: H8HOOJib-
IlIHH )I.HaMeTp o6pa60TKH (BbICOTY u.eHTpOB Ha)I. CT8HHHOH)' pa3-
Mepbl CTOJia, ,II.HaMeTp <f>pe3bl H T. n.
,Jl.BHlKeHHH B CTaHKax • .[{JIH Toro '-ITOObl o6pa60T8Tb .11.eTaJib Ha
CTaHKe, HeOOX0.11.HMO onpe.11.eJieHHOe COlleTaHHe B3aHMHblX nepeMeme-
HHH pe:>Kymero HHCTpyMeHTa H 3aroTOBKH. OcttoBHy10-poJib npH 3TOM
Hrpa!OT pa6oqHe ,II.BH:>KeHHH: pe3aHHH H IlO)l.81.jH • .[{JIH o6pa60TKH
011epe.11.HOH 3arOTOBKH HHCTpyMeHT HJIH CTOJI CT8HK8 B03BpamaJOT B
HCXO)l.HOe noJIO:>KeHHe, npOH3BO)l.H 0)1.HO HJIH HeCKOJibKO XOJIOCTbIX
,II.BH:>KeHHH, npu KOTOpbIX pe3aHHH HeT. Co11eTaHHe pa6011Hx H xo-
JIOCThix )1.BH:>KeHHH 06pa3yeT U.HKJI o6pa60TKH.
fJI.aBHoe .11.BH:>KeHHe (.11.BH:>KeHHe pe3a1msi:) MO:>KeT obITb nocTyna-
TeJihHhlM ( CTporaHHe, npOTHrHBaHHe, )1.0JIOJieHHe H .11.p.) HJIH Bpama-
TeJibHbIM (TO'leHHe, <f>pe3epoBaHHe, CBepJieHHe, IlIJIH<f>OBaHHe H .n.p.)'
JJ.BH:>KeHHe no.n.a11H - npHMOJIHHeHHblM HJIH BpamaTeJibHbIM •
.[{JIH HJIJIIOCTpau.HH HHTepecHO cpaBHHTb CBep.rreHHe Ha TOKapHOM
u cBepJIHJibHOM cTaHKax. B nepBOM cJly11ae rnaBHOe .11.BH:>KeHHe -
epaw.eHHe 38roTOBKH: pe3aHHe o6ecneqHBaeTCH COlleTaHHeM 3TOro
JJ.BH>KCHHH c nocTynaTeJibHbIM npHMOJIHHCHHbIM .11.BH:>KeHHeM csepna.

72
Bo BTopoM cJiyirne rnasHoe JJ.BJUKettue - sparn.ettue csepJia; pe3a-
HHe o6ecnequsaeTCH coqeTaHHeM 3Toro JJ.BHmeHHH c nocTynaTeJib-
HhIM JJ.BH.>KeHneM csepJia (HJIH cToJia cTaHKa). Opu ¢pe3eposattuu-
sparn.ettue ¢pe3bl ( rnasttoe JJ.BH)l{ettue) coqeTaeTCH c nOJJ.beMOM-
onycKaHHeM CTOJia CTaHKa H nepeMelll,eHHeM CTOJia B ropH30HTaJib-
HOH IlJIOCKOCTH.
06o6w.eHHaH CTPYKTypa CTaHKa. KoM6HHaU.HH pa6oqux JJ.BH.>Ke-
HHH, tteo6xoJJ.HMbie JI.Jiff o6pa6oTKH pe3aHHeM Ha cTaHKax, sechMa
pa3Hoo6pa3Hhl. HcToqHHKOM JJ.BHmeHHH (u MOlll,HOCTH) B cTaHKax,
KaK npaBHJIO, HBJIHIOTCH 3JleKTPOJJ.BHraTeJIH, BaJibl HKOpeH KOTOpbIX
Bparn.aIOTCH c 60JibUJeH 4aCTOTOH (750-3000 MHH- I). 1fro6bl no-
JiyqHTb onpeJJ.eJieHHblH pe)l{HM pa60Tbl CTaHKa, He06XOJJ.HMO npeo6-
pa30BaHHe JJ.BH)l{eHHH.
nJIH ynpaBJieHHH CTaHKOM CJiy)l{aT CHCTeMhl ynpaBJieHHH H 6JIO-
KHpOBKH, o6ecnequsal0lll,He cor JiaCOBaHHOCTb H nocJieJJ.OBaTeJihHOCTb
JJ.BH)l{eHHH, a TaKme OTKJll04eHHe CTaHKa B cJiyqae KaKHX-JIH6o OT-
KJIOHeHHH HJIH HapymeHHH Tpe6osaHHH 6e3onacHOCTH. B HeKOTOpbIX
cJ1yqas:1x ynpasJieHue ocyrn.ecTBJIHeTCH no nporpaMMe c MHHHMaJib-
HhIM yqacTHeM pa6oqero-onepaTopa. OporpaMMOHOCHTeJIHMH MoryT
6h1Tb KaK npocTOH ma6JIOH, MOJJ.eJib, TaK H MarHHTHb!e JieHTbl HJIH
JJ.HCKH.
06o6rn.eHHaH CTPYKTypa CT8HKa JJ.aHa Ha puc. 29. nJIH HOpMaJib-
HOH pa6oThl cTaHKH JJ.OJI)l{HbI HMeTh cucTeMbl nonaqu CO)K, cMa3KH,
CHCTeMbl aBTOMaTuqecKOro H3MepeHHH pa3MepoB o6pa6aTblBaeMOH
JJ.eTaJIH H JJ.p.
Oco6eaaocTH npHMCHCHHH B CTaHKax 9J1CKTPOJJ.BHraTCJ1eii nepe-
Mettaoro TOKa. nJIH ocyrn.eCTBJieHHH npou.ecca o6pa60TKH (HanpH-
Mep, ToqeHHH Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe) Heo6XOJJ.HMO npeOJJ.OJieTb Kpy-
Tfflll,HH MOMeHT, B03HHKalOlll,HH npH pe3aHHH (M pe•=P pe,D m). TaK

MexaHH3M Pa6o'!Hfl
3neKTPOABHrarenb
--- npeo6pa3oBaHH.si
ABHJKeHH.s!
r--- opraH
CTaHKa

CHcTeMbl ynpasneHH.s!
H 6.rJOKHpOBKH CTaHKa

nporpaMMOHOCHTeflb

PHc. 29. 06o6meHH8H CTpyKTypa CT8HK8 (HanpHMep, TOKapHoro HJIH cl>pe3epHoro).

73
K8K npH ToqeHHH 38rOTOBK8 .ll.OJUKH8 BpamaTbCSI c 38.ll.8HHOH qacTO-
TOH l'iaan TO MOlllHOCTb, IlOTpe6HaSJ .ll.JISI pe38HHSI B MHHyry, 6y.11.eT
paBH8 (H · M/MHH):

N pea=M peanaar/9550.
0.11.HaKO .ll.BHraTeJib CT8HK8 )l.OJI:>KeH pa3BHB8Tb MOlllHOCTb· B 1,2-
1,8 pa3 60JibUie, T8K K8K HMeIOTCSI noTepH B MexaHH3M8X npeo6pa-
30B8HHSI ABH:>KeHHSI, He06XO.l{HMbl 38Tp8Tbl MOlllHOCTH H8 ocyme"
CTBJieHHe no.naq, pa6oTy pa3JIHqHblX CHCTeM CT8HK8. Il03TOMY MOII.J.-
HOCTb rJI8BHOro ABHraTeJISJ CT8HKa 6y.neT paBH8 (H. M/MHH):

Nil• =Mil.nil• / 9550.

OqeBHAHO, qTQ N JJ.B>
N pea·
q8CTOT8 BpameHHSI poTopa 3JleKTPOABHraTeJISJ nepeMeHHOrO TO-
Ka npH B03pacTaHHH uarpy3KH ue ,noJI:>KHa na.naTb HH:>Ke onpe.ne-
Jieuuoro 3HaqeHHSI - 3TO npHBOJJ:HT K neperpeBy H BblXOAY ABHFa-
TeJISJ H3 CTpOH. nJrn o6ecneqeHHSI HOpMaJibHOH pa60Tbl 3JleKTpOABH-
raTeJISJ npH H3MeHeHHH CHJIOBoro pe:>KHMa pe3aHHSI (ycHJIHH H MO-
MeHTa pe3aHHH) B CT8HKe npe.nycMaTpHBaIOTCH MexaHH3Mbl npeo6-
pa30B8HHH .ll.BH:>KeHHH, B qacTHOCTH. Kopo6Ka nepeMeHHblX nepe,naq
( aHaJiornquo - H83HaqeuHe KOp06KH nepe.naq 8BTOM06HJISJ, MOT0-
11.HKJia)' Il03BOJIHIOlll8H yMeHblll8Tb qacTOTY BpameHHSI WilHH)l.eJISJ,
a CJie,noBaTeJibHO, yBeJIHqHB8Tb MOMeHT, pa3BHB8eMblH B 30He pe-
38HHH.
3JieKTPO.llBHraTeJIH IlOCTOSIHHOro TOK8 Meuee qyBCTBHTeJibHbl K
BbIHY>K.ll.eHHOMY na)l.eHHIO 118CTOTbl BpameHHSI, T8K K8K ee MO:>KHO pe-
ryJIHpOB8Tb 3JleKTpuqecKH B -AOBOJl.bHO WHpOKHX npe,neJiaX.
MexaHH3Mbl npeo6pa3oBaHHSJ ,ll,BH>KeHHSJ. CTpe.ncTaBJieuue o Me-
xaHH3Max npeo6pa30B8HHH ABH:>KeHHH .naeT HX ynpomeHH8H KJiac-
CH<l>HK8I.J.HH (pHC. 30).
nJIH H3MeHeHHH qaCTOTbl BpameHHH B CT8HK8X IllHpOKO npHMe-
HSIIOTCH 3y611aTbie MeX8HH3Mbl. 0,u.HaKO OHH HMeIOT cymecTBeHHblH
ue.nocTaTOK - HX ,neHCTBHH AHCKpeTHbl. 2horo He,nocTaTKa JIHWeHbl
B8pliaTOpbl - MexaHH3Mbl, 06ecne11HB8IOI1lHe IlJl8BHQe l:f3MeHeHHe
nepe,naT011Horo 11HcJia, a cJie.11.osaTeJibHO, qacTOTbl apameHHSJ ae~
.n.oMoro 3aeua.
HanpasJieHHe .na11.:>KeHHH a cTaHKax H3MeHHIOT c noMOlllbIO pe-
BepcHBHbIX MexaHH3MOB ( 8H8JIOrHH - 38.D:HHH XO.ll. B KOpo6Ke nepe-
.n,aq aBTOM06HJIH, TpaKTopa). Bo3MO:>KHOCTb ocTaHOBKH rnaBHoro
ABH:>KeHHH 06ecneq11.saeTcH MexaHH3M8MH nepuo.nu11ecKoro .ll.BH:>Ke-
HHSJ - MyqnaMH ( 8H8JIOrHH - cuenJieHHe 8BTOM06HJIH, MOTOI.J.HKJ18),
xpanOBbIM, M8JlbTHHCKHM H .npyrHMH MexaHH3M8MH.
HcnOJIHHTeJibHble MexaHH3Mbl CTaHKOB. naHraTeJib H MexaHH3Mbl
npeo6pa30B8HHSI ABH:>KeHHSI cJiy:>KaT AJIH npHBe.neHHH B .n.eHCTBJle
HCilOJIHHTeJibHOro MexaHH3Ma, KOTOpblH o6ecneqHB8eT 38KpenJ1eHHe
H B38HMHOe nepeMemeHHe pe:>Kymero HHCTpyMeHTa H 38rOTOBKH.
K
11.cnoJIHHTeJibHbIM MexaHH3MaM (pa6oq11.M opraHaM) TOKap;Horo
CT8HK8 OTHOCHTCH IllilHH,nem.--( c_JIY:>KHT .ll.JISI 38Kpern1eHH.SI 38rOTOBKH

74
 MexaHH3Mbl
- npeo6pa30BaHHSI
ABH>KeHHSI
-
3y6'iaTb1e
- BapHaTOpbl PeaepcHBHble

Yepesi'iHble
- CyMMHpy10~He
CTpepb!BHCTOrO
l{BHlKeHHSI

8HHTOBble
-
¢pHKUHOHHble
-
PHc. 30. KJiaccH4'HKa~HR MexaHH3MOB npeo6pa3oeaHHR Jl.BHlKeHHR, npHMeHReMblX e
CTaHKax.

H nepe.n.a•rn JI.BH>KeHHH) H cynnopT (JI.JIH 3aKpenJieHHH H nepeMem.e-

HHH pe3IJ.OB).
K 11cnoJIHHTeJibHbIM MexaHH3MaM ¢>pe3epuoro cTaHKa OTHOCHTCH
IIInHHJI.eJib (.zvrn 3aKpenJiemrn ¢>pe3bI H nepe.n.aq11 eii JI.BH>KeHHH) H
CTOJI (JI.JIH ·3aKpenJieHHH H nepeMern.emrn 06pa6aTb1BaeMoH 3aro-
TOBKH).
YnpaeJJeHHe MexaHH3MaMH CTanKa. B yu11eepcaJibHblX cTaHKax
HCilOJib3yeTCSI 3HaqHTeJibHOe ql{CJIO opraHOB ynpaBJieHHSI B BHJI.e py-
KOSITOK, MaXOBHKOB, KHOilOK H KHOnoqffbIX CTaHU.HH, B03JI.eHCTBYIO-
lll.HX Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HH opraH CTaHKa HJIH Ha
cneu.11aJibHblH ynpaBJIHIOlll.HH MexaHH3M. YnpaeJieHHe cTaHKOM no3BO-
JIHeT, HanpHMep, npH BbinOJIHeHHH 3aJI.aHHblX TeXHOJIOfHqecKHX one-
paa.HH H3Mem!Tb qacTOTY H HanpaBJieHHe eparn.eHHSI lIIIlHHJI.eJIH HJIH
3arOTOBKH, npOH3BeCTH BKJIIOqeHHe H BbIKJIIOqeuHe lIIIlHH,ll.e.rrn H
JI.BH>KeHHH no.n.aq, nepeMern.eu11e HHCTpyMeHTOB, noJI.aqy CO)K H JI.p.
Pa3JI11qa10T pyquoe H aBTOMaT11qecKoe ynpaeJieu11e cTaHKOM. Ae-
TOMaTHqecKoe ynpaBJieu11e npeJI.ycMaTpneaeT Bhmom1em1e ecex
ynpaBJISllOlll.HX B03JI.eHCTBHH BO BpeMH TeXHOJiornqecKOH onepaa.HH
Oe3 BMeIIIaTeJibCTBa onepaTopa, no 3aJI.amIOH nporpaMMe (B TOM
ql{CJie aBTOMaTHqecKoe H3MeHeHHe opHeHTaUHH 06p26aTb1BaeMOH
3arOTOBKH H HHCTpyMeHTa B npocTpaHCTBe). Mara3HH HHCTpyMeH-
75
T08 MO>KeT co.u.ep>KaTb uecKOJibKO .u.ecHTK08 uanMeHo8aHHH. TaKHe
cTaHKH c nporpaMMHbIM ynpa8JieuneM, ocyrn.ecT8JIHeMbIM c no-
MOlll.bIO 3BM, npHHHTO H33bl83Tb 0 6 p a 6 a T bl 8 a IO ill. H M H
u. e HT pa M H.
nacnopT CTaHKa. Ka>K,ll.bIH CT3HOK, HaXO,ll.Hlll.HHCH 8 u.exe HJIH
M3CTepCKOH, HMeeT nacnopT, 8bl,ll.3HHblH 3a80,ll.OM·H3rOT08HTeJieM H
xpaHHlll.HHCH 8 OT.U.eJie rna8uoro MexauHKa 3a8o.u.a. nacnopT H8·
JIHeTCH OCH08HblM TeXHH'leCKHM ,ll.OKyMeHTOM, co.u.ep>Kalll.HM IlOJIHYIO
xapaKTepHCTHKY cTaHKa. B nacnopTe .u.aubl c8e.u.euHH o THne cTau-
Ka, MO.lleJIH, yKa3aH 3a80,ll.-H3rOT08H1'eJib, ro.u. 8bIDYCKa, 3a80,ll.CK()H
HOMep, IlOMern.eua <l>oTorpa<l>HH CTaHKa H cneu.H<l>HKaU.HH opraH08
ynpa8JieHHH. ·
B pa3JJ.eJie nacnopTa «0cuo8Hble .u.auuble cTauKa» npH8e.u.eub1
cse.u.eHHH 0 ra6apHTe H Macce CTaHKa, npHua.u.Jie>KHOCTHX H npHcno-
co6JieHHHX .llJIH uacTpOHKH H o6cJiy>KHBaHHH CTaHKa, 0 peMOHTe H .u.p.
B pa3.u.eJie «MexaHHKa cTauKa» co.u.ep>KaTcH .u.auub1e o MexauHKe
rJia8HOro ,ll.8H>Keu1rn (iiaCTOTa 8paw.eHHH UIIlHH,ll.CJIH, MOlll.HOCTb Ha
lllDHH.U.eJie) H o MexaHHKe no.u.a11H (npo.u.oJibHaH, nonepe11uaH, sep-
THKaJibHaH, ycKopeHHble DOJJ.a'IH CTOJia).
KpoMe nacnopTa, K Ka>K.U.OMY cTaHKY npHJiaraeTCH pyKOBO.U.CTBO
no 3KCnJiyaTaU.HH, 8 KOTOpOM HMeIOTCH KHHeMaTH'leCKaH cxeMa CTaH-
Ka co cneu.H<l>HKau.ueii: 3y611aTbIX H qep8Hl:!HblX KOJiec, qepBHKOB H
peeK, onHcauHe KOHCTPYKU.HH cTaHKa H era y3Jios; peKoMeu.u.au.HH
no uacTpOHKe, HaJia,ll.Ke H pe.>KHMaM pa60Tbl, peryJIHp083HHIO H
3KCDJiyaTaU,HH 3JleKTpoo6opy.u.o8aHHH H .u.p.

KouTpo.11&u111e Bonpoc111
I. KaKHe .llBH:>KeHHSI Heo6xo.nHMbl e cTaHKax .U.JISI ocymecTBJieHHSI npouecca pe-
3BHHSI?
2. KaKoe .u.onoJIHHTeJibHOe .llBH:>KeHHe xapaKTepHo .llJISI lf>pe3epHoro cTanKa no
cpaeneHHIO co ceepJIHJibHbIM?
3. KaKoe .llBH:>KenHe coseprnaeT csepJio npn ceepJieHHH oreepcTHSI ua TOKap-
noM G3HKe?
4*. KaKoeo 6y.neT rnaeuoe .llBH:>KenHe cTaHKa .U.JISI CTporanHSI KpynHhlX 3aro-
TOBOK Ha npO.llOJlbHO-CTporaJibHOM CTBHKe?
5. KaKoea KOHKpeTHaSI CTPYKTypa lllKOJibHoro cTaHKa?
6~ KaKHe MexaHH3Mbl npeo6pa3oBaHH!i .llBH:>keHHSI npHMeH!llOTC!l e CTaHKe H c
KaKoii ueJib10?
7. '-ITO npoH3oii.neT, eCJIH yeeJIH'le1me ycHJICHH!l pe3aHH!l npHBe.neT K npo.noJI-
:>KHTeJibHoii OCTBHOBKe lllnHH.lleJISI CTBHKa? Ilo'leMy?
8*. KaK npHHUHnHaJibHO H3MeHHTCSI cTpyKTypa cTanKoe npH 3aMene .nenra·
TeJISI nepeMeHHOro TOKa .llBHraTeJieM noCTOSIHHoro TOKa?
9. KaKHC MexaHH3Mbl Heo6xo.nHMbl .!I.Jiff ynpaBJieHHSI craHKOM?
10. KaK npHHI.\HnHa.%HO H3MeHHTb '!acToTy epameHH!l wnHH.lleJIH c noMOIUblO
Kopo6KH nepeMeHHblX nepe.na'I? ·
*.
11 KaKy10 Bbl MO:>KeTe npe.nJIO:>KHTb npHHUHnHaJibHYIO cxcMy eapHaTopa - Me·
XBHH3Ma c nJIBBHOii peryJIHpOBKOii nepe.naTO'IHOro 'IHCJia? ..
12*. KaKoii Bbl MO:>KeTe npe.U.JIO:>KHTb npHHUHn peeepcHposa1u1S1 .llBH:>KeHHSI? KaK,
B 'IBCTHOCTH, 3TO .u.eJiaeTC!l B KOpo6Ke nepe.na'I aBTOM06HJISI?
1-3. KaKHM o6pa3oM OTKJIIO'IHTb spameuHe 111nHH.lleJIS1 cTaHKa?

76
 15. 6E300ACHOCTb TPYJJ.A
DPH CTAHO'IHOR 06PA60TKE METAJJJIOB
PE3AHHEM

B uarneii cTpaHe y.D.em1eTcH ooJibrnoe BHHMaHHe C03.ll.aHHIO HaH-

Jiy11rnux H oe3onaCHbIX YCJIOBHH Tpy.D.a, lJTO HalllJIO OTpa}l{eHHe BO
MHorux napTHHHbIX perneHHHX H .ll.OKyMeHTax, a TaK*e B OcHOBHOM
3aKOHe Harneii CTpaHbI - KoHCTHTYU:HH CCCP.
B CCCP .D.eiicTsyeT cucTeMa 3aKOHO.ll.aTeJibHbIX aKTOB H cooTBeT-
CTBYIOlllHX HM COU:HaJibH0-3KOHOMHlJeCKHX, TeXHHlJeCKHX. rHrHeHH-
qecKHX H opraHH3aU:HOHHbIX MeponpHHTHH, o6ecne'IHBalOll.lHX Oe3onac-
HOCTb, coxpaHeHHe 3.ll.OpOBbff H pa6oTocnoco6HOCTH qeJIOBeKa B
npou:ecce Tpy.D.a. ·
DpoH3BO.ll.CTBeHHhle onacHOCTH npu paooTe Ha CTaHKax C03.D.a-
IOTCH .ll.BH}l{Yll.lHMHCH qacTHMH MexaHH3MOB, 3JieKTpHlleCKHM o6opy-
.ll.OBaHHeM, .CHJibHO HarpeTbIMH npe.D.MeTaMH H T. Jl..
Dpu Heco6JIIO.ll.eHHH TpeooBaHHH oe3onacHOCTH Tpy.D.a onaCHble
npOH380.ll.CTBeHHble cpaKTOpbI MOfYT npHBeCTH K TpaBMaM: MeXaHH-
lleCKHM (yrnHObl, 3acopeHHe rJia3, nope3bl); TepMH'leCKHM ( O}l{OrH,
o6Mopo*eHHH); 3JieKTpHlleCKHM (3JieKTPHlleCKHe y.D.apbI, O}l{OrH);
XHMHlJeCKHM ( O}l{OrH, OTpasJieHHH) ; JiylleBblM ( Bbl3BaHHbIM pa.D.HO-
aKTHBHbIMH HJIH peHTreHOBCKHMH JiyllaMH).
B pe3yJihTaTe cucTeMaTH11ecKoro B03.D.eiicTBHH Ha opraHH3M spe.D.-
HbIX ycJIOBHH Tpy.D.a MoryT 803HHK8Tb npocpecCHOHaJibHble 3800-
JieBaHHH.
Dopa}l{eHHe 3JieKTpH11eCKHM TOKOM HBJIHeTCH pe3yJibT8TOM Heno-
cpe.ll.CTBeHHOrO conpHKOCHOBeHHH c TOKOBe.ll.yll.lHMH qacTHMH ycTa-
HOBOK, KOTOpbie B pa6011eM COCTOSIHHH HaXO.ll.ffTCSI IlO.ll. HanpH}l{e-
HHeM, HJIH KOHTaKTa c MeTaJIJIH11ecKHMH KOHCTPYKU:HHMH, cJiy11aiiuo
OK838BlllHMHCSI IlO.ll. HanpH}l{eHHeM.
11CXO.ll. nopa~eHHSI 3JieKTpH11eCKHM TOKOM 38BHCHT OT CHJlbl TOKa,
npO.ll.OJI}l{HTeJibHOCTH .D.eikTBHH, 11aCTOTbl, nyTH ero npOXO}l{.ll.eHHH,
a TaK}l{e OT HH.ll.HBH.ll.yaJibHbIX csoiicTB opraHH3Ma 11eJI0BeKa. oe3onac-
HbIM .D.JIH 11eJioseKa c11HTaeTcsi: nepeMeHHbIH TOK cuJioii .ll.O 0,01 A npu
uanpH}l{eHHH .ll.O 12 B H nocTOHHHhlH TOK CHJioii .ll.O 0,05 A, a HaH-
ooJiee onaCHblM - nepeMeHHbIH TOK qacTOTOH 15 ru:, CHJIOH 0,1 A H
uanpsi:}l{eHHeM CBblllle 250 B. ConpOTHBJieHHe BHyTpeHHHX opra-
HOB 11eJioseKa npHHHMaeTCH paBHbIM 1000 OM.
K OCHOBHblM 3all.lHTHbIM MeponpHHTHHM OT nopa}l{eHHH 3JieKTpH-
11ecKHM TOKOM CJie.D.yeT OTHeCTH: npHMeHeHHe TOKa oe30il8CHOfO Ha-
npH}l{eHHH; BBe.D.eHHe 3alllHTHbIX 3a3eMJieHHH HJIH 3aHyJieHHH; ycTa-
HOBKa MexaHHlJeCKHX orpa}l{.ll.eHHH; npHMeHeHHe cneu:HaJibHbIX HH-
.ll.HBH.ll.yaJibHbIX 3alllHTHbIX cpe.D.CTB (pe3HHOBhle KOBPHKH, nep11aTKH,
raJiornu, nJiocKory6u:b1 c Ha.D.eTbIMH Ha pyKOHTKe pe3HHOBbIMH Tp'y6-
KaMH) ; H30JIHposaHHe nposo.D.os; npuMeHeHHe ttanpsi:*eHHH .ll.O 36 · B
npu BbIIlOJIHeHHH onacttblx onepau:uii npu paooTe B cblpbIX noMe-
meHHHX H .ll.p.
3amuT.Hoe 3a3eMJieHHe ·ape.D.Ha3Ha11eHo .ll.JIH ycTpaHeHHH onac-

77
HOCTH nopa>KeHHH JIIO.D.eH 3JieKTPHlleCICHM TOKOM npu IlOHBJieHHH
nanpSI>KeHHH na KOHCTPYKTHBHhIX qacTHX 3JieKTpoo6opy.D.oBaHHH,
T. e. npu 3aMblKaHHH Ha KOpnyc. 3a3eMJieHHIO DO.D.Jie>KaT KOpnyca
3JieKTPHlleCKHX MaUJHH, npHBOJl.bl CTaHKOB H .D.pyrne ycTpoikTBa.
Hau60Jih11IaS1. onacHOCTb· nonyqeHHH MexaHHllecKoif TpaBMhl B03-
HHKaeT B 30He .ll.BH>KYW.HXCH qacTeif ff, MexaHH3MOB, pe>Kyw.ero HH-
CT.pyMeHTa, o6pa6aTblBaeMbIX .D.eTaJieH, nJiaHI1Iaif6, 3y()qaTbIX, pe-
MeHHblX u uenHhix nepe;rnq, paooqnx CTOJIOB cTaHKOB u T. JI.. OcooaH
onacHOCTb C03.D.aeTCH B cJiyqaHX, KOr.D.a B03MO>KeH 3axeaT O.D.e>K.D.bl
HJIH BOJIOC paooTaIOW.ero .ll.BH>KYW.HMHCH llaCTHMH ooopy.ll.OBaHHH.
r0CHOBHblMH npHllHHaMH HecqacTHblX. cJiyqaeB npu MeXaHHlleCKOH
oopaOOTKe MeTaJIJIOB HBJIHIOTCH:
HenpoqHoe 38KpenJieHHe o6paoaTblBaeMhlX 3arOTOBOK, OTCYTCTBHe
orpa.D.HTeJibHblX ycTpOHCTB, 3aw.uw.aIOW.HX pao~Ta!OW.HX OT. OTJieTaIO-
w.ux, qacTHU. OopaoaTblBaeMOH sarOTOBKH HJIH CJIOMaHHOro HHCTpy-
MeHTa;
HCilOJib30BaHHe HencnpaBHOro HHCTpyMeHTa;
yoopKa cTpy>KKH roJiblMH pyKaMu HJIH c.D.yBaHue ux pToM;
HepaBHOMepHbIH.IlO.ll.BO.ll. pe>Kyw.ero HHCTpyMeHTa, Be.D.yw.uif, K ero
IlOJIOMKe HJIH OTJieTaHHIO OCKOJIKOB;
H3MepeHue JI.eTaJieif npu pa6oTaIOW.eM, cTaHKe;
npHKOCHOBeHHe K .ll.BH>KYW.HMCH HJIH epaw.aIOW.HMCH 1IaCTHM
CTaHKa,
P.o Ha~aAa pa6ombt Ha cmaHKe HeooxO.D.HMO:
npaBHJlbHO Ha.D.eTb cneuo.D.e>K.D.Y (cj>apTyK c HapyKaBHHKaMH HJIH
xaJiaT); cnpHT8Tb BOJIOCbl IlO.ll. rOJIOBHOH; yoop (oepeT HJIH• KOCblHKy,
3aBH3aHHYIO oe3 CBHCaIOW.HX KOHUOB)·;
npoeepHTb HaJiuque H Ha.D.e>KHOCTb KpenJieHHH 3aW.HTHblX orpa>K-
.D.eHHH H coe.ll,HHeHHH 3aW.HTHoro 3a3eMJieHHH (3aHynemrn) c KOp-
nycoM CTaHKa;
pacnoJIO>KHTb HHCTpyMeHTbl H 3arOTOBKH B onpe.D.eJieHHOM no-
PH.D.Ke Ha npncTaBHoif TYMOOllKe HJIH Ha ocoooM npucnocooJieHuu;
npOllHO 38KpenHTb pe3eU H oopaoaTbIB8eMyIO .ll,eT8Jlb, BbIHYTh
KJl!Oll H3 naTpOHa H DOJIO>KHTb Ha ycTaHOBJieHHOe MeCTO;
npoeepHTb pa6oTy CT8HKa Ha XOJIOCTOM XO.ll.Y H ucnpaBHOCTb
nycKOBOH KHOilKH nyTeM BKJIIOlleHHH KHODOK H pbIYaroB ynpaeJieHHH.
Bo epeMR. pa6ombt Ha cmaHKe Ha.D.O HHCTpyMeHT nJiaBHO no.D.-
BO.ll.HTh K o6pa6aTb1BaeMOH .D.eTaJIH.
Bo us6e>KaHHe TpaeM aanpew.aeTQI:
H8KJIOHHTb roJIOBY 6JIH3KO K naTpOHY HJIH pe>KyW.eMy HHCTpy-
MeHTy; nepe.D.aBaTb HJIH npHHHMaTh npeJJ,MeTbi tJ:epe3 epaw.a10w.uecH
tJ:aCTH CTaHKa;
ooJIOKallHBaTbCH HJIH onnpaTbCH Ha cTaHOK, KJiaCTb Ha Hero HH-
CTpyMeHThI HJIH 3arOTOBKH;
H3MepHTb H3rOTaBJIHB8eMyIO .D.eTaJib, CM83blBaTb, llHCTHTb CTa-
HOK u youpaTb cTpy>KKY .ll.O nonHoif ero ocTaHOBKn;
OXJia>K.D.aTb pe>KyW.HH HHCTpyMeHT HJIH oopa6aTblBaeMyIO .D.eTaJib
C IlOMOW.bIO TpHDKH HJIH OOTHpOtJ:HblX KOHUOB;
78
 JJ.onycKaTb BhIXOJJ. H3-DOJJ. pe3u.a JJ.JIHHHOH CTPY>KKH;
ocTanaeJIHBaTb cTaHOK nyTeM TOpMo>KeHHH pyKoii naTpoHa;
OTXOJJ.HTb OT CTaHKa, He BblKJllO'-IHB ero;
no.ZJ..ZJ.ep>KHBaTb HJIH JIOBHTb pyKoii oTpe3aHHYIO JJ.eTaJih.
lloc1te OKOHttaHUR pa6ombt na cmanKe HeOOXOJJ.HMO:
OTBeCTH cynnopT HJIH <t>pe3epHyIO rOJIOBKy, BhIKJIIO'-IHTh 3Jiercrpo-
JJ.BHraTeJib;
yJJ.aJIHTb CTPY>KKY co cTaHKa w.eTKoii, a H3 na3os cTaHHHbl -
Kp!Ol!K3MH;
CMa3aTb H npOTepeTb CT3HOK, npHBeCTH B nopHJJ.OK HHCTpyMeHT
H paooqee MecTO; CJJ.aTb cTaHoK JJ.e>1<ypH0My Y'-IHTeJIIO HJIH yqeo-
HOMY MacTepy.

KonTpOJ1bHL1e eonpocL1
1. K KaKHM TpaBMaM MO)KeT npHBeCTH Heco6mo.a.eHHe Tpe6oBaHHii 6e3onac-
HOCTH Tpy.a.a?
2. B KaKoii 30He cymecTByeT HaH60Jiblllall onacHOCTb noJI}"leHHil MexaHH'lecKOii
TpaBMbi?
3. KaKHe Bbl 3HaeTe cpe.a.cTBa HHJJ.HBHJJ.YaJibHoii 3aIUHTb1?
4. B K3KHX CJiy'lal!X JJ.eTaJib, o6pa6aTb!BaeMall Ha CT3HKe, MO)KeT 6bITb npu-
IJHHOH TpaBMbI?
5*. KaKoe Hanpl!)KeHue sneKTpuqecKoii ceTn .a.onycKaeTcll JJ.Jill nHTaHHll cse-
THJibHHKOB MeCTHOro OCBeIUeHHll MeTaJIJIOpe)KylUHX CT3HKOB?
6. KaKHe cymecTBYKJT cpeJJ.CTsa 3aIUHTbl rJia3 OT TpaBM OTJieTaIOmeii CTpy)K-
Koii H nblJibIO o6pa6aTblsaeMoro MaTepHana?
7. KaKHe npH'IHHbI Bbl3b!B3IOT nopa)KeHHe '!eJIOBeKa sneKTpH'!eCKHM TOKoM?
8* . .[lJill qero ycTpaHBaeTCll 331UHTHOe 3a3eMJieHHe CT3HKOB?
9. KaKHe npaBHJia 6e3onacHOCT1:1 11eo6xo.a.HMO BblilOJIHl!Tb np1:1 pa6oTe Ha TO-
KapHOM H cjJpe3epHOM CT3HKax?

fJIABA 5. TOllHOCTb 06PA60TKH

H TEXHHllECKHE H3MEPEHHSI
TIPH TOKAPHblX H «l>PE3EPHblX PA60TAX

16. 83AHM03AMEHSIEMOCTb B MAWHHOCTPOEHHH

KaqecTBOM npoJJ.yKU.HH Ha3hrnaeTCH cosoKynHOCTh xapaKTepu-

CTHK, ooycJIOBJIHBaIOW.HX ec npHrOJJ.HOCTb YJJ.OBJieTBOpHTh onpeJJ.e-
JieHHble noTpe6HocTH s cooTBeTCTBHH c Ha3Ha'-leHHeM. KaqecTBO npo-
JJ.YKU.HH onpeJJ.eJIHeTCH ee CBOHCTBaMH, XHMH'-leCKHM c;ocTaBOM, pa3-
MepaMH H JJ.PYrHMH napaMeTpaMH, ycTaHOBJieHHhIMH c yqeTOM Ha-
JJ.e>KHOCTH H CTOHMOCTH. Ou:eHHB3Th H rapaHTHpOB3Th Kal!eCTBO H3-
)J.eJIHH MO>KHO TOJlhKO B TOM CJlyqae, eCJIH HX Ka4eCTBeHHble xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH l!eTKO onpeJJ.eJieHbl H y3aKOHeHbl • .ll.oKyMeHT3MH, B KOTOpbIX
ycTaHOBJieHhl HeOOXOJJ.HMble Kal!eCTBeHHble xapaKTepHCTHKH H IlOKa-
38TeJIH pa3JIH'-IHOH npOJJ.YKU:HH, HBJISIIOTCH CmaniJapmbt.
79
 B - npOMhlIIIJieHHOCTH CCCP npnMeHH10TCH CTaH.u.apTbI cJie.ny10-
III.HX KaTeropuii: rocy.napcTBeHHbie cTaHJI.apTbI Co103a CCP (fOCT);
OTpacJieBbie (OCT); pecny6JIHKaHCKHe - (PCT); CTaH.u.apTbl npe.u.-
npHHTHSI HJIH o6be,ll.HHeHHSI (CTCT).
fQCTbI pa3pa6aTb1Ba10T Ha npO.ll.YKU.H10 M8CCOBOfO H Kpymro-
cepHHHOfO npOH3BO.ll.CTBa, npoIIIe.U.IIIY10 rocy.u.apCTBeHHY10 aTTeCTa-
l.l,H10, a T8K>Ke Ha HOpMbl, npaBHJia, o603H8l[eHHH, npoeKTHy10, KOH-
CTPYKTOpcKyIO, TexHoJioruqecKy10 1-1 npoqy10 .u.0KyMeHTa1.1,H10 Me>K-
OTpacJiesoro H Me>Kpecny6JIHKaHCKOfO 3Hal[eHHSI.
CTaH.u.apT1-13au,1-1si: cnoco6cTsyeT noBblIIIeH1-110 TeXHHl[eCKoro ypos,
HSI npOI-13BO.ll.CTBa, ycKopeHHIO TeXHHl[eCKOfO nporpecca, nOBbIUJeHH10
s<j><j>eKTHBHOCTH o6meCTBeHHOro npOH3BO.ll.CTBa H npOH3BO,UHTeJib-
HOCTH Tpy.u.a, YJIYl[UJeHI-110 Kal[eCTBa npo.u.yKU.HH H o6ecneqeHH10 ero
onTHM8JlbHOro yposm1, pau,HOH8JlbHOMY HCnOJib30B8HH10 npOI-13BO.ll.-
CTBeHHblX <j>OH.ll.OB H 3KOHOMHH MaTepHaJibHbIX H Tpy.u.oswx pecyp-
cos, 6e3onacHOCTH Tpy.u.a H oxpaHe 3.ll.OpOBbH TPY.ll.HIII.HXCH, pa3BH-
TH10 Me>K.U.yHapo.u.Horo COTPY.ll.HHl[eCTBa, BKJI10l[aH pa3BHTHe 9KcnopTa
H HMnopTa TOBapoB.
B3attAW3a.MeHJle.Mocmb Bbipa:>KaeTCSI B TOM, l[TO coe.U.HHHIOIUHe
.u.eTaJIH 1-1 KOMnJieKTY10IUHe H3.U.eJIHSI npH c6.opKe He Tpe6y10T no.u.-
roHKH, a KOHel[H8SI npo.u.yKU.HH HMeeT 38.ll.8HHbie TeXHHl[eCKHe xa-
paKTepHCTHKH. HanpHMep, CTaHKH 06ecneqHsa10T ycTaHOBJieHHy10
TOl[HOCTb o6pa60TKH, 9JieKTPO.ll.BHraTeJIH pa3BHBalOT 3a,ll.aHHY10
MOIII.HOCTh npu yKa3aHHblX qacTOTax sparn.eHHH, .u.eTaJIH, H3rOTOBJieH-
Hble H3 CT8JlH 0)1.HOH MapKH, HMelOT O)l.HH8KOBY10 npOl[HOCTb H T. n.
BMecTe c TeM npu o6pa6oTKe HeB03MO>KHO noJiyl[HTb a6coJIIOTHO
TOl[HO 0,UHH ~ TOT >Ke 38.ll.8HHblH pa3Mep He TOJibKO y HeCKOJibKHX
o6pa6oTaHHbIX .u.eTaJieH, HO )l.8:>Ke H y 0.ll.HOH )l.eTaJIH B pa3HblX ceqe-
HHSIX. Eho o6bHCHHeTCH BJIHHHHeM pa3JIHl[HbIX norpeUJHOcTeii, Bhl-
3bIBaIOIUHX OTKJIOHemrn OT 3a)l.8HHblX pa3Mepos H <j>opM. l1CT0l[HHKH
nOHBJieHHSI OTKJIOHeHHH BeCbMa. MHOfOl[HCJieHHbl: HeTOl[HOCTH H3rO-
TOBJieHHSI o6opy.u.osaHHH, npucnoco6JieHHH, HHCTpyMeHTOB, HeO.U.HO-
po.ll.HOCTb csoifcTB 3aroTOBKH, KOJie6aHHH npHnycKoB y 3aroT0BoK,
ynpyrne .u.e<j>opMau,uu .u.eTaJieii o6opy.u.osaHHH H MHorne .u.pyrne, B
TOM l[HCJie norpeUJHOCTH H3MepeHHH. CJie.u.osaTeJibHO, .U.JIH ocyrn.e-
CTBJieHHH B38HM038MeHSieMOCTH Heo6XO.ll.HMO H3fOTOBJieHHe H3)l.em:1ii
c HOpMHpOB8HHOH TOl[HOCTbIO, T. e. c ycTaHOBJieHHblMH O'rKJIOHe-
HHHMH.
Yl[HTbIBaH B03MO.>KHOCTb nosi:sJieHHH norpeUJHOCTH o6pa6oTKH H
H3MepeHHH, Ha qepTe>Kax yKa3bIB8IOT )I.Ba pa3Mepa - HaH60JiblllHH
npe.u.eJibHblH H H8HMeHblllHH npe)l.eJibHbIH, npe)l.CT8BJIHSI HX no oco-
6oii rocTHposaHHOH CHCTeMe. Pa3HOCTb Me>K.u.y HaH60JibIIIHM H HaH-
MeHblllH_M npe)l.eJibHbIMH pa3MepaMH Ha3bJBaeTCSI donyCKO.M Ha 06-
pa60TKy.
CTosepXHOCTH ,ll.eTaJieH 6bIBaIOT l.l,HJIHH.ll.pHl[CCKHe, nJIOCKHe, KO-
HHl[eCKHe, 9BOJibBCHTHble, CJIO>KHble ( lllJIHU,eBble, BHHTOBble) H .ll.P·
CTosepXHOCTH JII060H ,ll.eTaJIH MOryT 6b!Tb KJiaCCH<j>HU,HpOBaHbl KaK
conpsi:raeMble H Heconpsi:raeMble. ConpRzae.Mbte - no nosepxHOCTH,

80
no KOTOpbIM .neTaJIH coe,nHHHIOTCH B coopoqHbie e.nHHHU.bl, a coo-
poqHble e,nHHHU.hI a MexaHH3Mhl, neconpReaeMbte HJIH cao6o8Hbte -
3TO KOHCTPYKTHBHO Heooxo.nHMbie noaepxHOCTH, He npe.nHa3HaqeH-
Hhie ,nJIH coe.nHHeHHH c noaepXHOCTHMH .npyrnx .neTaJieii:.
BHyTpeHHHe U.HJIHH.npH:qecKHe noaepxHOCTH, a TaK>Ke BHyTpeHHHe
noaepxHOCTH c napaJIJieJihHblMH nJIOCKOCTHMH HBJIHIOTCH oxaambt-
BalOW,UMU. Hx ycnoBHO Ha3bIBaIOT OTBepcTHHMH; .nHaMeTpbI OTBep-
CTBHH o6o3HaqaJOT D. Hapy.>KHble noaepxHOCTH (BaJIOB, OOKOBhIX
rpaHeii UinoHOK, pe3bOhI, 6oJITOB H .np.) HBJIHIOTCH oxaambtaae-
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PasMepbt BhipamaIOT qHcJIOBble JHaqeHHH JIHHeHHhIX BeJIHqHH
(.nHaMeTpOB, .nJIHH H T. .n.) H .neJIHTCH Ha HOMHHaJibHbie, .neHCTBH-
TeJibHbie H npe.neJihHble. B MaUIHHO- H npH6opocTpOE:HHH ace pa3-
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JIHMeTpax.
TexHHKO-sKOHOMHlfCCKaA sct>ct>eKTHBHOCTb CTaH.zt.apTH3a~HH H
B3aHM03aMeHAeMOCTH. B3aHM03aMeHHeMOCTh .neTaJieii, c6opoqHbIX
e.nHHHU. MaUIHH, MaTepHaJioB, o6ecnequaaeMaH CTaH.napTaMH, rapaH-
THpyeT HaM, qTo, K npHMepy, 3JieKTpoJiaMnoqKa BBepHeTCH B naTpOH,
CBepJIO oy,neT Ha,nemHO 3aKpenJieHO B 3a,nHeH 6a6Ke TOKapHOfO
CTaHKa, KJieTKa B TeTpa.nH 6y.neT o.nHoro pa3Mepa H T. n.
Bee .neiiCTBYIOUI.He B HaUieH CTpaHe CTaH.napTbl MO)KHO pa3,neJIHTb
Ha .nee ooJibUIHe. rpynnhl: ttanpaaJieHHbie Ha nOBblUieHHe KaqecTBa
npo.nyKU.HH H ycTaHaBJIHB3IOUI.He onTHM3JlbHOe pa3H006pa3He BH,nOB,
MapoK H THnopa3MepoB pa3JIHqHoii npo.nyKU.HH.
CTaH.napTH33U.HH o6ecnequaaeT 3KOHOMHIO He3aBHCHMO OT OT-
pacJIH npOMblUIJieHHOCTH Ha Bcex CTa,nHHX TaK H33bIBaeMoro )KH3HeH-
Horo U.HKJia H3)1.eJIHH, T. e. B npou.ecce npoeKTHpOBaHHH, npOH3BO,nCT-
Ba H 3KCnJiyaTaU.HH.
3KOHOMHH B npou,ecce npoeKTHpOBaHHH OOYCJIOBJIHBaeTCH UIHpO-
KHM ucnoJih30BaHHeM B HOBhIX KOHCTPYKU.HHX cTan.napTHhIX, YHH-
<trnu.upoBaHHhIX H noKynHhIX H3.ll.eJIHH, COKpameHHeM 06beMa pa6oT
no npoeKTHposaHHIO, a TaKme no pa3pa60TKe H pa3MHomeHHIO
paooqttx qepTemeH: H .npyroA TexHHqecKoii .noKyMeHTaU.HH.
B npou.ecce npOH3BO,nCTBa ceoeCTOHMOCTb H3fOTOBJieHirn npo-
.nyKU.HH CHH}l<aeTCH 6Jiaro.napH yMeHbllleHHIO 33TpaT Ha MaTepHaJibl,
H3fOTOBJieHHe OCHaCTKH, npHCnOCOOJieHHH H cneu,HaJibHOfO ooopy-
.11.0BaHHH (no B03MO)KHOCTH HCnOJib3YIOTCH CT3H,.!1.apTHbIC, T. e. OCBO-
eHHbie npOH3BO,nCTBOM)' OOJiee HH3KOH CTOHMOCTH noKynHhlX H3,ne-
JIHH no .cpaeHeHHIO co CTOHMOCTbIO TaKHX me H3,neJIHH COOCTBe1moro
npOH3BO,nCTBa.
3KOHOMHH B npou.ecce 3KCnJiyaTaI.J,HH o6ycJIOBJIHBaeTCH IlOBbl-
UICHHeM Ha.nemHOCTH H3.ll.eJIHH H ~HHme1rneM 3aTpaT Ha peMOHT
(HanpHMep, CTaH.napT ycTaHaBJIHBaeT BeJIHqHHY npo6era aBTOMO-
OHJIH .no KanHTa'JibHoro peMOHTa, opueHTHpoeoqHhIH cpoK cJiymohl
<Ppe3bl HJIH pe3u,a, .nonycTHMOe KOJIHqecTBO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaIOlllHX
peMOHTOB UITaMnOB H T. n.).
HapyUieHHH CTaH.napTOB H TeXHOJiornqecKoii ,nHCU.HilJIHHhI npH-
81
80.lUIT K cyw.ecTBeHHbIM JJ.ODOJIHHTeJlbHbIM 3aTpaTaM Ha ecex 3Ta-
nax >KH3lleHHOro U.HKJia H3.ZJ.eJIHH, TOpM03HT . DOBblWeHHe Kati:eCTBa
npo.11.yKU.HH, B TO speMH. KaK npooJieMa cyw.ecTBeHHOro H CHCTeMa-
THti:eCKOro DOBblWeHHH Kati:eCTBa npOJJ.YKU.HH HMeeT 60JibWOe DOJIH-
THti:eeKoe, COU.HaJibHOe, 3KOHOMHti:ecKoe 'H Hayti:HO-TeXHJfti:eCKOe 3Ha-
ti:eHHe - .11.JIH Y.11.0BJieTBopeHHH pacTyW.HX oow.ecTBeHHbIX DOTpeouo-
CTeii H C03JJ.aHHH M3TepHaJ.J&HO-TeXHHti:eCKOH oa3hl KOMMYHH3M3 He-
OOXOJJ.HM · KOJIHti:eCTBeHHbIH pocT BhrnycKa BblCOKoKati:ecTBeHnoii
npo.11.yKU.HH.

3a.u;aaae." PaccMoTpHTe KOHcrpyKUHIO o6bIKHOBeHHOii nepbeaoil aBTopyqKH. HaiiAH·

Te H' nepeqHcJJHTe conp11raeM1>1e H Heconp11rae\\11>1e noaepxuoCTH,· a T3K)Ke noaepxuocTH,
KOTOphle MOfYT· 6h1Tb ycJJOBHO H33B3Hbl B3Jl3MH. H OTBepCTHllMlf.
KaKHe nos•pxHOCTH cnHqeqHoil Kopo6KH MOryY 6b1Tb ycnoBHO HasaaHbl sanaMH
H oTBepcTHHMH? KaKHe ee noaepxHOCTH MOryY cquT3TbCH cao60JI.HblMH?

17. OCHOBHblE IlOHSITHSI

06 06ECilE'IEHHH TO'IHOCTH
06PA6ATblBAEMblX Jl.ETAJJEA

HoM.UHaAbHbtM pa3M.epoM Ha3blBaeTCH pa3Mep, OTHOCHTeJibHO KO-

TOporo onpe.11.eJIHIOT npe.11.eJibHhle pa3Mepbl H OTCti:HTbIBalOT OTKJIOHe-
HHH. Ero Ha3Hati:alOT B pe3y.1IhTaTe pacti:eTOB .11.eTaJieH Ha npoti:HOCTb,
H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb, no .11.pyrnM KpHTepHHM paoOTOCilOCOOHOCTH HJIH
HCXOJJ.H H3 KOHCTPYKTHBHblX, TeXHOJIOrHti:eCKHX H 3KCnJiyaTaU.HOHHbIX
COOopa>KeHHH (TaK, HanpHMep, BbIOpaHbl JJ.HaMeTp KapaH.11.awa, pa3-
Mepb1 TOKapHoro pe3u.a HJIH xo.11.osoro BHHTa npueo.11.a cynnopTa TO-
KapHoro cTaHKa). Conpsi:raeMble nosepXHOCTH HMeJOT oow.Hii HOMH-
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/1et1cmeumeAbHbtt1 pa3Mep ycTaHaBJrnsaeTcH H3MepeHneM c .11.0-
nycTHMOH norpelllHOCTblO. CTorpelllHOCTb H3MepeHHH, a CJieJJ.OB8TeJib-
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llpe8eAbHbte pa3M.epbt - 3TO JI.Ba npeJI.eJibHO JI.OilYCTHMbIX pa3Me-
pa, Me)l{JI.Y KOTOpblMH JI.OJI:>KeH HaXOJI.HTbCH HJIH KOTOpbIM MO)l{eT ObITb
paseH JI.eHCTBHTeJibHbIH pa3Mep (Ha puc. 31- Dmax H Dmin• dmax
H d min)·
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MepoM JI.eHCTBHTeJibHbIM (npeJI.eJibHbIM) H COOTBeTCTBYJOW.HM HOMH-
HaJibHbIM. neHCTBHTeJibHOe OTKJIOHeHHe paBHO aJire6paHti:eCKOH
pa3HOCTH JI.eHCTBHTeJibHOfO H HOMHHaJibHOfO pa3Mepoe, npeJI.eJib-
HOe - aJireopauti:eCKOH pa3HOCTH npeJI.eJibHOfO H HOMHHaJibHOfO pa3-
Mepos.
BepxHee OTKJIOHeHue paBHO aJire6pauti:ecKoii pa3HOCTH HauooJib-
lllero npeJI.eJibHoro H HOMHHaJibHoro pa3Mepos, HH.>KHee - aJire6paH-
ti:ecKoii pa3HOCTH HaHMeHblllero npe.11.eJibHOro. H HOMHH8JlbHOf0
pa3Mepos, cpe.11.Hee OTKJIOHeHne paeHo nonycyMMe sepxHero u HH)l{Hero
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/lonyctc paseH pa3HOCTH naHOOJiblQero H HaHMeHblllero npeJI.eJib-
82
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neJIHqnHe anre6pauqecKoif · pa3- t'j none
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oueHKH TOqHOCTH.HX H3fOTOBJie-
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npe.LI.eJibHbie pa3MepbI, HJIH. npe-
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TaBJieHHH CT8H.ll.8PTHblX Ta6JIHU +
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npe.u.eJibHblMH OTI<JIOHeHHHMH, a
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.u.onycKOM - c yMeHbIIIeHHeM .u.o- c HaTnroM.
nycKa ToquoCTb nOBbllliaeTCH H
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o6pa6aTbIBaeMbIX c M3JlblMH .u.onycKaMH; B03paCT3IOT TeXHOJIOrHqe-
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KBaAumemoM Ha3blBaIOT coeoKynHOCTb .u.onycKOB, cooTBeTCTBYIOlll.HX
0.ll.HH8KOBOH CTenem1 TOqHOCTH .11.JIH ecex HOMHH8JlbHbIX pa3Mepoe.
Pa3JIHqHhle cnocoobl o6pa6oTKH .u.eTaJieH o6na.u.aIOT onpe.u.eneHuoH:
3KOHOMnqecKH .ll.OCTH>KHMOH TO'IHOCTbIO: qepHOBOe ToqeHHe n03BOJIHeT
o6pa6aTb1BaTb .u.eTaJIH c rpy6bIMH .u.onycKaMn; .ll.JIH o6pa6oTKH
c BeCbMa M8JlblMH .u.onycKaMH npHMeHHIOT TOHKOe IIIJIH$OB8HHe HT. ,n.,
no3TOMY KB8JIHTeTbl cpaKTnqecKH npe.u.onpeJJ.eJIHIOT TeXHOJIOrHIO o6pa-
60TKH ,neTaJIH. •

83
 Oow.ue cse.n.enHH o nocaJl,Kax. llocaateou Ha3hlBaeTcH xapaKTep
COC.ZI.HHCHHH .ZI.CTaJieii:. Ooca.ZI.KH xapaKTepH3YIOT CB06o.n.y OTHOCHTeJib-
HOro nepeMew.eHHH coe.n.HHeHHbIX .n.eTaJieii: HJIH HX cnoco6HOCTb
COilpOTHBJIHTbCSI B3aHMHOMY CMeW.eHHIO. Ooca.ZI.KH 6blBalOT C 3a30pOM
( HanpHMep, noca.n.Ka. nopWHH B U.HJlllHJI.pe .ZI.BHraTeJIH)' c HaTHfOM
(HanpuMep, noca.n.Ka csepJia B 3a.ZI.HIOIO 6a6Ky CTaHKa) H nepexo.ZI.Hbie,
.n.a10w.ue B03MO>KHOCTb noJiy•rnTb coe.n.HHeHHe KaK c 3a3opoM, TaK. H c
HaTHrOM (HanpHMep, noca.n.Ka .ZI.BH>KKa JiorapmpMuqecKoii: JIHHeHKH).
3a3opoM. Ha3h1Ba10T pa3HOCTb pa3Mepos conpHraeMbIX ornepcTHH
H saJia, ecJIH pa3Mep ornepcTHH 6oJibwe pa3Mepa BaJia.
HamRZOM Ha3hIBaIOT pa3HOCTb pa3Mepa conpHraeMblX BaJia H
OTBepCTHH .n.o c6opKH, ecJIH pa3Mep BaJia 6oJibWe pa3Mepa OTBepcTHH.
TaK KaK BaJibl H OTBepCTHH HMeIOT OTKJIOHeHHH B pa3Mepax,
MO.>l<HO rosopHTb 0 HaH60JibWeM H HaHMeHbWeM 3a3ope (HaTHre).
H a H 6 o JI b w H ii: 3 a 3 o p paseH pa3HOCTH HaH60Jibwero npe-
.ZI.eJibHoro pa3Mepa OTBepCTHH H HaHMeHbWero npe.n.eJibHOrO pa3Mepa
BaJia (S max Ha pHC. 31, a).
H a H M e H b w H ii: 3 a 3 o p paBeH pa3HOCTH HaHMeHbwero npe-
.n.eJibHOro pa3Mepa ornepcTHH H HaH60Jibwero npe.n.eJibHoro pa3Mepa
BaJia (S min Ha pHC. 31, a).
AHaJiorwrno MO>KHO onpe.n.eJIH'rb H a u 6 o JI b w H ii: H H a -
H M e H b Ill H ii: H a T SI r H ( N max H N min Ha pHC. 31, 6) .
OepeXO.ZI.Hbie IlOCa.ZI.KH xapaKTepH3YIOTCH HaH60JiblllHMH 3a3opaMH
H HaH60JibWHMH HaTHraMH (HaHMeHbWHe 3a3opb1 H HaTHrH paBHbl
HyJIIo).
00C3Jl.KH B CHCTeMaX BaJJa H OTBepCTHH. Ooca.ZI.KH C pa3JIHqHblMH
3a3opaMH H HaTHraMH MO>KHO noJ1yqaTb, H3MeHHH noJie .n.onycKa
o6eHX conpHraeMblX .n.eTaJieii: (T. e. H BaJia, H OTBepCTHH). 0.n.HaKO
no TeXHOJiornqeCKHM H 3KCnJiyaTaU.HOHHbIM coo6pa}!{eHHHM .ZI.JIH 3TOH
U.CJIH y.n.o6HO HlMeHHTb noJie .n.onycKa TOJlbKO BaJia HJIH TOJlbKO
OTBepcTHH. .lI.eTaJib, y KOTOpoii: IlOJIO>KeHHe IlOJISI .n.onycKa He
3aBHCHT OT BH.ZI.a noca.n.KH, H83blBaIOT OCHOBHOH .ZI.CT8Jlbl0 CHCTeMbl.
OcHOBHOH .n.eTaJibIO MoryT 6b1Tb KaK OTBepcTHH, TaK H saJibI, cJie-
.n.osaTeJibHO, cyw.ecTBYIOT CHCTeMbl BaJia H OTBepCTHH.
0oCa.ZI.KH B CHCTeM·e OTBepCTHH IlOJiyqaIOT COe.ZI.HHeHHeM pa3JIHqHblX
BaJIOB (60Jibllle HJIH MCHbllle OTBepCTHH) c OCHOBHblM (HeH3MCHHbIM)
OTBepCTHeM. B CHCTeMe BaJia pa3JIHqHble 3a30pbl H HaTHrH IlOJiy'laIOT
coe.n.HHeHHeM pa3JIHqHblX OTBepCTHH c OCHOBHblM (HeH3MeHHbIM)
B8JIOM.
l13rOTOBJielrne TQqHblX OTBepCTHH TeXHOJIOrH'leCKH. 60J1ee CJIO>KHO
no cpaBHeHHIO c H3rOTOBJICHHeM BaJIOB Tex >Ke HOMHHaJibHbIX
pa3MepoB. Do 3TOH npHqHHe B MalllHHOCTpOeHHH npeHMyW.eCTBeHHOe
npHMeHeHHe HMeeT CHCTeMa OTBepCTHH.

UpHMep-HJIJllOCTpaQHH. EcJJH B3HTb HeCKOJlbKO asropytieK, CHHTb c HHX

KOJJna'IKH, a noTOM Ha.D.eBaTb HX na OJI.HY Bb16paHHYIO py'IKy, MOJKHO JJerKO
y6e.D.HTbCH B TOM, 'ITO noca.D.KH 6y.D.yT pa3HblMH. TaKoii CJJyqas HBJIHeTCH aHaJIOfOM
HCilOJlb30BaHHH CHCTeMbl BaJJa. EcJJH JKe B3HTb 0.ll.HH KOJ!Ila'IOK H IlJIOTHOCTb noca.D.KH
o6ecne•rnBaTb no.D.60p0M pytieK, TO 6y.D.eT npHMeHeHa CHCTeMa OTBepcTHH.

84
 fpac1>u11ecKoe H306pruKeHHe )l.OnycKOB H OTKJIOHCHHH. fpa<trnqec-
KHH cnoco6 H306pa)f{CHHH )l.OnycKOB H OTKJIOHCHHH BCCbMa HarJIH)l.CH
H cyw.ecTBCHHO o6JierqaeT BbIIlOJIHCHHe pact:IeTOB, CBH3aHHbIX c onpe-
)1.CJI~HHCM npeJI.eJibHhIX pa3Mepoe JI.eTaJieii, 3a3opoe H HaTHroB np11
KOHCTpyHpoeaHHH H H3roTOBJICHHH )l.eTaJieii.
CTpuMeM HOMHHaJibHhIH pa3Mep 3a HYJih oTct:IeTa; TOrJI.a OTKJIOHe-
HHH ( c yqeTOM 3HaKa) MoryT 6b1Tb OTJIO)f{CHbl no OCH Op)l.HHaT
COOTBCTCTBCHHO )l.JIH BaJia (pHC. 31, a) H ornepCTHH (pHC. 31, 6). Ha-
JIO)f{CHHe 3THX H306pa)f{CHHH )l.aeT HarJIH)l.HOe npe)l.CTaBJICHHe 0 nOJIHX
)l.OnycKOB H 3Hat:IeHHHX HaTHrOB,
06o3Ha'leHHH .11.onycKOB H noca)l.OK. B EJI.HHOH cucTeMe JI.onycKoB
H noca)l.OK C3B (EC.UH C3B) noca)l.KH He HMeIOT cneu,HaJihHhIX
Ha3BaHHH H o603Hat:IaIOTCH KOM6HHaIJ,HHMH ycJIOBHblX o603Hat:IeHHH
IlOJieH )l.OnycKOB, KOTOpb!MH OHH o6pa30BaHbl. HanpHMep, COC)l.HHCHHe
OTBepCTHH H BaJia, HMC!Olll.HX HOMHHaJibHble )l.HaMeTpbl 60 MM H
o6pa6oTaHHhIX no noJIHM )l.onycKoB H7 H u6, )l.aeT nocaJI.KY e CHCTeMe
OTBepcTHH, KOTopyIO o603Hat:IaIOT Ha qepTe)f{e 0)1.HHM H3 CJie)l.yIOill.HX
H?
cnoco6oe: 060 u 6 ' 060H7 /u6 HJIH 060H7-u6.
He3aBHCHMO OT cnoco6a 3anHcH B qHcJIHTeJie JI.po6H HJIH Ha nep-
BOM MCCTe CTpOKH noMem.aIOT ycJIOBHOe o603Hat:IeHHe IlOJIH )l.OilYCKOB
OTBepCTHH, a B 3HaMeHaTeJie HJIH. Ha BTOpOM MCCTe CTpOKH - ycJIOB-
HOe o603Hat:IeHHe DOJIH )l.OnycKa BaJia. EcJIH OCHOBHOe OTKJIOHCHHe
eaJia o6o3Hat:IeHO CHMBOJIOM OCHOBHOrO BaJia - 6yKBOH h, TO noca)l.-
Ka BhIDOJIHeHa e CHCTeMe eaJia. HanpHMep, noca)l.KH F7 /h7 H F6/h6
OTHOCHTCH K CHCTeMe BaJia.
YcJIOBHbie o6o3HaqeHHH noKa3hIBaIOT npHHHTYIO CHCTeMy noca)l.OK,
KBaJIHTCTbl (apa6CKHe u.mJ>pbI) )l.aIOT npe)l.CTaBJieHHe 06 OTHOCHTeJib-
HOH eeJIHIIHHe 3a3opoe HJIH uaTHroe.
KeaJIHTCTOB no CT C3B 144-75 ecero 19. 0HH o6o3Hat:IaIOTCH
0, 1; O; 1... 17. HaH6oJiee ToqHhIM H HBJIHIOTCH KBaJIHTeTbI, o6o3Ha-
t:IeHHbie MaJibIMH IIHCJiaMH. B MaurnHocTpoeHHH (Maccoeoe H KpynHo-
cepHiiHoe npOH3BO)l.CTBO) npHMCHHioT KBaJIHTCT 7, pe)f{e 8.
BoJibll!He JiaTHHCKHe 6yKBbl B o603Hat:IeHHHX OTHOCHTCH K OTBepc-
THHM, MaJible - K eaJiaM. Hat:IaJibHhle 6yKBhI JiaTHHCKoro amf>aBHTa
(A, B, C, ... , H H cooTBeTCTey10w.ue cTpOIIHbie) o6o3Hat:IaIOT
OTKJIOHCHHH, yeeJIHt:IHB8IOill.HC pa3Mep OTBepCTHH HJIH yMeHblll8IOill.HC
pa3Mep BaJia npoTHB HOMHH8JlbHOro pa3Mepa. 0603Hat:IeHHbie 3THMH
6yKB8MH DOJIH )l.onycKOB HCDOJih3YIOTCH B OCHOBHOM )l.JIH o6pa30B8HHH
noca)l.OK c 3a3opoM. ByKBhl /, K, M, N ucnoJib3YIOTCH JI.JIH o6o3Hat:IeHHH
pa3JIHIIHhIX nepexo)l.HhIX noca)l.OK. ByKBhI P, R, S, T H JI.pyrne
o603Hat:IaIOT DOJIH )l.OnycKOB, yMeHbll!aIOm.He pa3Mepb1 OTBepCTHH HJIH
yeeJIHIIHBaIOm.He pa3Mep eaJia. TaKHe noJIH )l.onycKoB 11cnoJib3YIOTCH
B OCHOBHOM .ll.JIH o6pa3oBaHHH noca)l.OK c HaTHrOM •
.llJIH onpe)l.eJieHHH noJieH )l.onycKOB B MHKpOMeTpax HCDOJib3YIOT
Ta6JIHU.hl (CT C3B 145-75), npHBe)l.eHHble e cneu,HaJibHOH H cnpa-
eoqHoii JIHTepaType. l.JaCTb T8KHX Ta6JIHIJ, )l.aHa B npHJIO>KeHHHX •

• 85
 38A8HHR. 1. Ha qepTeJKe ,a.eTaJIH, . KOTopy10 upe,llCTOHT BblTO'IHTb Ha TOKap-
·HOM CTaHKe, KOHCTpyKTop nocTaBHJI pa3Mep eaJia 0 60,+&J~;. Heo6xO.llHMO onpe,lleJIHT&
HOMHHaJI&HblH pa3Mep, npe,lleJibHble pa3Mepbl, OTKJIOHeHH!I (eepxHee, HHJKHee, cpe,llHee)
H ,llonycK (e MM H MKM). 2 2
2. 3a,ll3Hbl ,llH3MeTpb1 OTBepCTH!I 35 +o.o 5 H B3JI3 35=g:g3g MM. Heo6XO,llHMO
onpe,lleJIHTb, c 3330pOM HJIH c H3TflrOM 6y,lleT IlOC3,llK3 eaJia B OTeepCTHe H
'leMy paBHbl M3KCHM3JlbHblH H MHHHM3JlbHblii H3T!lrH (3330pb1) e· T3KOM coe,llHHeHHH.
3. 1'fao6pa3HTe nOJie ,llOilYCKOB H OTKJIOHeHH!I H onpe,lleJIHTe rpa<j>H'leCKH 3Ha-
'leHHe 3a3opa (HaT11ra), ecJIH eaJI HMeeT pa3Mep 0 35 0 •025, oTeepcTHe 035 =~'.~i MM.
+
)l(eJiaTeJI&HO BblilOJIHHTb rpa<j>H'leCKOe H306palKeHHe B MacwTa6e (HanpHMep, Ha
MHJIJIHMeTpOBKe, npHH!IB 10 MKM 33 10 MM). .
c
4. IIOMOW.b!O Ta6JIH~ IlOCTpoiiTe IlOJl!I ,llOilYCKOB H onpe.zi.eJIHTe M3KCHMaJI&HblH
H MHHHMaJI&HblH 3a30pb1 (H3T!lrH) npH IlOC3,llKe OTBepCTH!I Ha BaJI, o603H3'1eHHblH
Ha qep'feJKe o6Ta'IHeaeMblX corrp11raeMblX ,lleTaJieii KaK 023 H1-e8.

18. WEPOXOBATOCTb
06PA6ATblBAEMblX DOBEPXHOCTEA

Ka>K.naH noeepxuocTb xapaKTep113yeTcH rnepoxoeaTOCTbIO, T. e.

COBOI{ynHOCTbIO HepOBHOCTeii:. DOJlbllIYIO rnepoxoeaTOCTb HMeIOT OT-
JIHBKH H noJiyt:1eHHble ropHt:1eii: oooeMHoii: rnTaMnOBKoii: noKOBKH, 38-
MeTHbie CJie.D.bI OCT8IOTCH Ha noeepxHOCTH nocne <Ppe3epOB8HHH. llle-
poxoeaTOCTb noeepxHOCTH yMeHblll8IOT t:IHCTOBbIM TOt:IeHHeM, llIJIH-
ct>oeaHHeM, IlOJIHpOB8HHeM.
HepoBHOCTH, C03.D.8IOW.He rnepoxoeaTOCTb noeepxHoCTH, HMeIOT
BbICTYilbI H 808.D.HHi?I (pHC. 32).
, lllepOXOB8TOCTb IlOBep:XHOCTeii: OU.eHHB8IOT fJI88HbIM oopa30M
O.D.HHM HJIH HeCKOJibKHMH napaMeTpaMH Ra, Rz. R
max• 3Hat:IeHHH
KOTOpbIX npuee.neHbl e CT C3B 638-77.
Cpe.nuee apH<l>MeTHt:IecKoe OTKJIOHeHHe npo<l>HJIH 9TO cpe.n.HeeRa -
apH<i>MeTHt:IeCKOe 80COJIIOTHbIX 3Hat:IeHHH OTKJIOHeHHH npo<i>HJIH OT
cpe.nueii: JIHHHH Yi e npe.neJiax oa3oeoii .D.JIHHbl npu n H3MepeHHHX,
T. e. npHOJIH>KeHHO

i=l

RuHJJ!I fibtcrn no6

CpeaHRR
OF'-~-.--1--~-r-+--1~-1-~1-L-\--lr~l--~-\--t-~~\-~n=uN~U=H.:.._~

hlmin

Pac. 32. CxeMa AJIH o~eHKH wepoxoeaTOCTH noaepxHocTH.

86
 napa11nenb- nepneH8l1KIJ- nepeKpel.ll.tJ- npou38ollb- Kf!.yeo- PofJuaAb-

f I Dii ~,oie i9
PHc. 33. HanpasJ1eHHe uepoeuocTeil npH o6pa6oTKe H nx ycJIOBHble 0603ua-
'leHHH Ha qepTelKaX.

BbicOTa HepoBHOCTeii npoctrnJifl no .11.ecf!TH TO'IKaM 3TO cyMMa Rz -

~peJJ.HHX a6coJIIOTHb!X OTKJIOHeHHH TO'leK IlHTH HaHOOJlbIIIHX MHHH-
MYMOB Himln H Ilf!TH H3HOOJibllIHX M3KCHMYMOB Himax npocf>HJISI
B npe.11.eJiax 6a30BOH JJ.JIHHbl • .lJ.Jifl cpe.11.HeH JIHHHH, HMeIOI.l.\e.ii cf>opMy
oTpe3Ka npHMOH, noJiyqaeM
5 5

Rz=-{-(~ himax-~ h;miJ•

i=l i=l

f JJ.e h imax H h •min - paCCTOflHHfl JJ.O YK333HHblX TO'leK IlpOc}>HJifl

OT npHMOH, napaJIJieJibHOH cpe.11.HeH JIHHHH H He nepeceK3IOI.l.\eH
npocf>uJib.
Hau60JibIIIafl Bb!COTa HepOBHOCTeii npocf>HJifl R
max- paCCTOflHHe
Me}l{JJ.Y JIHHHflMH BblCTYilOB H Bil3JJ.HH npocf>HJifl B npe.11.eJiax 6a30BOH
)J.JIHHbl.
lfaHOC, repMeTH'IHOCTb, xapaKTep Il0C3JJ.KH H .11.pyrue napaMeTpbl
coe.11.uHeHHfl 33BHCflT OT HanpaBJieHHfl HepOBHOCTeii, o6pa30BaHHb!X Ha
IlOBepXHOCTH pe)Kyll\HMH 3JieMeHT3MH HHCTpyMeHTa B npou.ecce o6pa-
OOTKH . .lJ.JIH OCHOBHblX THilOB HanpaBJieHHfl HepOBHOCTeH fQCT 2789-
73 ycTaf!aBJiHBaeT H3HMeHOBaHHfl, ycJIOBHbie 0003H3 1J:eHHfl Ha qep-
Te)KaX u cxeMaTutiecKoe u3oopa)KeHue (puc. 33).
KoHTpoJib IIIepoxoaaTOCTH ocyll\eCTBJiflIOT cpaBHeHueM o6pa6a-
TblBaeMhIX IlOBepXHOCTeH c o6pa3U,3MH KOHTaKTHblM MeTO,ll.OM c no-
MOI.l.\b!O ll\YIIOBblX rrpu6opoB ( rrpocf>HJIOMetpOB H npoqrnJiorpacf>oB) HJIH
6eCKOHTaKTHblM MeTO,ll.OM c IIOMOI.l.\b!O OilTH'leCKHX npu6opoB
(MHKpOCKOilbl, Jia3epHble yctpOHCTBa).
· Ooo3ua11enHH wepoxoeaTOCTH noeepxuocTH ila 11epTelKax. 3HaK,
0003HatiaIOI.l.\HH IIIepoxoBaTOCTb noaepxHOCTH, a TaK)Ke MeCTOpacnoJio-
}l{eHHe 3HatieHHfl napaMeTpa IIIepoxoBaTOCTH H .11.aHHblX, co.11.ep}l{all\HX
JJ.OilOJIHHTeJibHble Tpe6oBaHHfl, noKa3aH Ha puc. 34. EcJIH B o6o3Ha-
tieHHH co.11.ep)KHTCH TOJibKO 3Ha'leHHe napaMeTpa, TO 3HaK He HMeeT
noJIKH. EcJIH BHJJ. o6pa6oTKH noBepxHOCTH KOHCTPYKTopoM He ycTaHaB-
JIHBaeTcfl, TO CT3BHTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOI.l.\HH 3HaK. TaKOH )Ke 3H"aK
CT3BHTCH B npaBOM BepxHeM yrny qepTe)Ka )J.eTaJIH, eCJIH ace IlOBepx-
HOCTH HJIH tiaCTb HX (T. e. Ha KOTOpble He HaHeceHbl .11.pyrue
0003HatieHHfl IIIepoxoBaTOCTH) JJ.OJI)l{Hbl HMeTb OJJ.HHaKOBYIO IIIepoxo-
B3TOCTb.
napaMeTp IIIepoxoBaTOCTH yKa3blB3IOT B 0003HatieHHH 6e3 CHMBO-
Jia, eCJIH HCil0Jlb3yeTCfl cpe)J.Hee apucf>MeTH'leCKOe OTKJIOHeHHe npo-
c}>HJifl Ra, HarrpuMep 0,63; )J.Jlfl 0003HatieHHfl Rz, R max napaMeTp
87
 I8118 oopaoorm<u no11Ka 3HaHa

!5a3o8a.R 011uHa
o5o3Ha'leHue
Hanpa9neHtiJI
He o8Hocmetl

v
But} oopaoom1<11
He ycmaHa811u.Baemcfl
v
OopaoomKa co
C/fflmtJeM C/lOJI
Mamepua11a
-v
OtJJJaoom1<a oe3
!fUMelitJR CllOJI
Mamepu.a11a
PHc. 34. 3HaKH, o6o3Ha'lalOll.lHe wepo"oeaTOCTb noeepxHOCTH Ha 11epTei1<ax.

PHc. 35. npHMepbl o603Ha11eHHR wepoxoeaTOCTH noeepxHOCTH Ha 11epTeJKax.

yKa3blsaeTcsi: nocJie cooTBeTCTsy10mero CHMBOJia, HanpHMep R,.40,

R maxBO (pHC. 35).
lllepoxoeaToCTb noeepxHOCTeH nocne o6pa6oTKH pa3nHqH~x en-
.zs.oe • .Um1 npaKTH4eCKHX ueJieH Heo6X0)1.HMO npe.n.cTaBJieHHe 0 )1.0CTHra-
eMblX pa3JIHtIHOH o6pa6oTKOH wepoxosaTOCTHX nonepxHocTeH. He-
poBHOCTH, OCT310lll.Hecsi:, HanpHMep, nocJie qepHOBOro TOtieHHSI, JierKO
pa3JIHllHMbl Hesoopy)l{eHHbIM rJia30M; pHCKH noCJie llHCTOBOfO TOlle-
HHSI H rpy6oro llJJIH<f>oBaHHSI 11JIOXO BH)l.Hbl, HO xopowo OlUYTHMbl,
eCJIH no o6pa60T3HHOH nosepxHOCTH nposeCTH HOrTeM; OT)l.eJIOtIHOe
TOtieHHe, pacTatIHBaHHe, TOHKOe llJJIH<f>OBaHHe He OCTaBJISIIOT Hepos-
HOCTeH, onpe.n.eJisi:eMbIX HeBoopy)l{eHHblM rJia30M HJIH Ha omynh.
,UJJSI npHMepa MO)l{HO yKa38Tb, tITO nosepXHOCTb o6bltIHOH )1.0Jiro-
Hrpa10rn.eH nJiaCTHHKH HMeeT wepoxosaTOCTb Ra OT 2,0 .n.o 1,25 MKM.

19. lfEPTE)I( KAK OCHOBA

KOHCTPYKTOPCKOA JJ.OKYMEHTAU.HH

lJepTe* H3.ll.eJIHH (3aroTOBKH) npe.n.cTaBJIHeT co6oi'.i ero rpa<f>Htie-

cKoe H306pa)l{eHHe, BbIIlOJIHeHHOe B onpe.n.eJieHHOM M8CllJTa6e, c
88
yKa3ami:eM pa3Mepos H TeXHHtieCKHX yCJioBHH, co6JIIoJI.eHHe KOTO-
pbIX JI.OJDKHO 6h1Th 06ecnet1eHO npH H3fOTOBJieHJrn H3JI.emrn.
4epTe}KH Bh!IlOJIHHIOT no npaBHJiaM, ycTaHOBJieHHhIM CTaHJI.apTaMH
EJI.HHOH CHCTeMhI KOHCTpyKrnpcKoH JI.OKyMeHTaU.HH (ECK!l).
C HeKOTOphlMH Tpe6osaHHHMH ECK.LI. Bbl Y*e 3HaKOMhl HJIH
3HaKOMHTeCb npH H3ytieHHH Mall!HHOCTpOHTeJibHOro qeptieHHH, B
TPYJI.OBOM 06yt1eHHH. K TaKHM Tpe6osaHHHM OTHOCHTCH: pa3Mepw
<t>opMaTOB, npaBHJia pa3MemeHHSI npoeKU,HH, TOJllll.HHa JIHHHH,
BhlnOJIHeHHe qepTe}KeH JI.eTaJieii: c npHMeHeHHeM pa3pe30B, CelleHHH,
JI.OnOJIHHTeJibHblX H MeCTHblX BHJI.OB, BhlHOCHhlX 3JieMeHTOB, paU.HOHaJib-
HblH Bb16op KOJIHlleCTB.a H306pa}l{eHHH Ha qepTe}Ke, ycJIOBHhie 0603-
HatieHHSI pc3b60BblX, ll!nOHOl!HhlX, llITH<!>TOBbIX H JI.PYrHX coeJI.HHeHHH,
H306pa}KeHHSI Ha c6opotIHhlX qepTe)l{aX THnOBblX ycTpOHCTB - BHHTO-
BhlX, xpanOBhlX H npOtIHX MexaHH3MOB, 3y6t1aTbIX nepeJI.atI, npy}l{HH,
nOJI.ll!HnHHKOB, ynJIOTHHTeJibHhIX H CMa30l!HbIX ycTpOHCTB.
Pa3pellleHHhie ycJIOBHOCTH H ynpoUI.eHHH, npHMeHHeMh!e Ha JI.eTa-
JIHposotIHhIX H c6opotIHhlX qepTe)l{aX, o6JiertiaIOT H ycKopHIOT HX
Bh!IlOJIHeHHe, l!TO COKpaUI.aeT npoeKTHhIH 3Tan •
.ll.JIH BhlnOJIHHIOUI.HX TOKapHble H <t>pe3epHble pa60Tbl Ba}l{Ha
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ra6apHTHbie pa3Mepb1 JI.eTaJIH H no HHM opHeHTHpOBOl!Hbie pa3Mepb1
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HMeiomHe naH60JihWHH H naHMeHbWHH npeJI.eJibHble pa3Mephl. Ka-
JIH6pb1 HMeIOT JI.Be H3MepHTeJihHble IlOBepXHOCTH - npOXOJI.HYIO H ue-
npOXOJJ.HyIO CTOpOHbl. ,UJISI npoBepKH OTBepCTHH HCilOJlb3YIOTCSI Ka-
JIH6pb1-npo6KH, a JJ.JISI BaJIOB - KaJIH6pb1-CK06bl.
94
 -.,.
PHc. 39. MHKpoMeTpH'leCKHe HHCTPyMeHTbl:
a - MHKpoMeTp (1 - CTe6eA•; 2 - 6apa6aH); 6 - HYTPOM•P (/ - CTe6eA•; 2 - MHKpoMeTpHqeCKHll
IHHT; 3 - (iapa6aH); 8 - rnyfiHHOMep.

PHc. 40. YHHBepca.JlbHblii yrJJoMep H ero npHMeHeHHe JI.Jill H3MepeHHll yrnos pe-
JKyw.ero HHCTpyMeHTa:
a - rnaeHoro yrna a nnaHe; 6 - ac:noMoraTtJlbHOro yrJ1a a n.11aHe; B - nepe.u,Hero yrna; t - 38,ll.He-
ro yrna.
 fila6JtOHbt HCTIOJib3YIOT }J.JISI npoeepKH CJIO:>KHbIX npo<t>HJieH }J.eTa-
JieH. Hx H3roTaBJIHBaIOT H3 BbICOKoyrnepoJJ.HCTOH JIHCTOBOH HJIH no-
Jiocoeoii cTaJIH.
Jlm1 npoeepKH H H3MepeHHH yrnoB npeJJ.Ha3Ha11eHbI yz1t0Mepbt.
npHHI.J.HTI pa60Tbl YHHBepcaJibHblM . yrnoMepoM noKa3aH Ha pHC. 40.
KoHTpOJib wepoxoaaTOCTH o6pa6oTaHHblX noaepxHocTeii. HaH6o-
Jiee pacnpocTpaHeHHblM cnoco6oM 011.eHKH Ka11ecTBa o6pa6oTaHHblX
noeepxHOCTeH HBJIHeTCSI BH3yaJibHOe HX cpaBHeHHe c noeepxHOCTHMH
pa60'IHX o6pa3I.J.OB.
CTaHJJ.apTH30BaHHbie pa6011tte o6pa3I.J.bI BhmycKaIOTCH c pa3JIH'.J:-
HbIMH rnepoxoBaTOCTHMH noeepXHOCTeH, noJiy11eHHbIX To11em1eM, cppe-
3epoBaHHeM, CTporaHHeM, lIIJIHcpoeaHHeM, pacTa'IHBaHHeM, pa3BCp-
Tb!BaHHeM, npOTSlfHBaHHeM, TIOJIHpoBaHHeM H JJ.OBOJJ.KOH.
no BH}J.aM o6pa60TKH o6pa3I.J.bl KOMnJieKTYIOTCH B onpaBaX,
- ·H COCTaBJieHHbie Ha6opb1 noMern.aIOTCH B pa3JIH'IHbie cpyTJIHpbl B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT MaTepHaJia.
npH cpaBHeHHH noeepXHOCTeH c rnepoxoBaTOCTbIO OT Ra2,5 peKo-
MeHJJ.yeTCH TIOJib30BaTbCH Jiynoii •
.[(JISI 6oJiee TO'IHOH 011.eHKH rnepoxoBaTOCTH noeepxHOCTeii npHMe-
HSllOT MHKpOCKOilbl cpaBHeHHSI, a }I.Jiff onpcJJ.eJieHHSI 3Ha'leHHSI rncpo-
XOBaTOCTH B MHKpOMeTpax - pa3JIH'IHbie MHKpOCKOilbl H KOHT8KTHbie
Ill.YilOBbie npH60pb1 (npocpHJIOMeTpbl H npOcpHJIOrpacpbl). npocpHJIOMeT-
pbI OTpa:>KaIOT cpeJJ.Hee apttcpMeTH'leCKOe ,OTKJIOHeHHe npocpHJIH no-
eepxHOCTH Ra, a npocpttJiorpacpbl - npocpHJib noeepxHOCTH B BHJJ.e
npocpttJiorpaMMbI.

KoHTpOJibHble sonpocbl
I. ,llJ1S1 l!ero npeJJ.Ha3Ha'leHbI H3Mep11TCJJbHble 1111cTpyMeHTb1?
2. C1<0JJbKO JJ,eJJeH11ii llMCeT HOHllYC WTa11reH1.\llPKYJHI c norpeWHOCTblO Jl.0 0,05 MM?
lleMy paaeH llHTepaaJJ 011.Horo JJ.eJJeHllH HOH11yca?
3. KaK npol!11TaTb noKa3aHllH 11ott11yca Ha WTattreHUllPKYJJHX lll.U-1 11 lllU-11?
4. KaK ycTaHOBllTb Ha· 111Ta11re11u11pKyJJe lllU-11 pa3Mepb1 25,88; 76,55; 100,05 MM?
5. llcMy paaeH war BHHTa MllKpOMCTpa?
g, KaK ycra11oa11Tb Ha Ml1KpoMcTpe pa:rnepbl 5,35; 18,75; 22,95 MM?
7. llJJH l!ero 11p11MeHflCTCH 11yTpOMep?
8*. B l!eM oco6eHHocT11 Tex1111'1ecK11x 113MepeH11il a MaccoaoM npo113aoJJ,crnc?
KaK11M o6pa3oM MO)l{HO aaT0MaT11311poaaTb TexH11'1ecK11e H3Mepe1111H?
9. KaKoao 11aJHa'le1111e npoxoJJ,11oil 11 11enpoxoJJ.HOii CTopo11 npeJJ.eJJbHblX KaJJ116pos?
10. KaK 11 KOrJJ.a np11MeHH10T H3Mep11TeJJbHble cKo6b1?
11 *. KaK11c cj>aKTOpbl OK33b1Ba10T BJJHHHl!e Ha TO<lllOCTb TexHH 11ecK11x 113Mcpe1111il?
12. KaKOBbI npaa11JJa noJJb3oaaH11H H3Mep11TeJJbHblMH np116opaM11, B •iacTHOCTH
MHKpOMeTplll!eCKllMll?

Jla6opaTOpHo-npaKTH11ecKasi pa6oTa .Ni! 6.

Uo,11,c11eT 3ua11eHHH npeJJ.eJibHblX pa3Mepoa no ,11,aHHblM 11epTe.>Ka
H onpe)l.eJieHHe r0,11,HOCTH 4>aKTH'leCKHX pa3MepoB

ll.eJtb: 03HaKOMJieHHe c npaKTHKOH onpe}J.eJiemrn 'IHCJieHHblX 3Ha-

qeHHH npe}J.eJibHblX pa3MepoB no ycJIOBHblM o603Ha'leHHSIM Ha
11epTe)l{aX.

96
 OcHaw,eHue: qepTe>KH H3JJ.eJIHH-· c . ycnoBHblMH o6o3HaqeHHHMH
npeJJ.eJibHblX pa3Mepoe; o6pa3Ubl )l.eTaJieH, .. BblnOJIHeHHblX no 3THM
qepTe}KaM; H3MepHTeJlblfblH HHCTpyMeHT; Ta6JIHU,bl AOnycKOB, OCl:IOB-
HblX OTKJJOHeHHH H nocaJJ.OK (no CT C3B 145-75).
fl opROOIC BbtnOAHeHUJl pa6ombt:
1. no yCJIOBHOMY 0603HaqeHHIO OTKJIOHeHHH OT HOMHHaJibHOfO
pa3Mepa onpe.n.eJIHTb HaH60JiblllHH H H3HMeHblllHH npeJJ.eJibHble pa3~
Mepbl H JJ.onycK pa3Mepa. Pe3yJibTaTbl eblqHCJieHHH 3anHcaTb e
T36JIHUy:

npC.lle.llbHble pa3Mepb1
YcnoeHoe o6o3HaqeHKe
JlonycK pa3Mepa
pa3Mepa
H8H60JlbWHA H8HMeHbWHll

2. no YCJIOBHOMY o603HaqeHHIO nocaJJ.KH onpeJJ.eJIHTb: a) npe-

JJ.eJibHbie pa3Mepb1 OTBepcTHSJ H Ba.na; 6) JJ.OnycKH pa3MepOB OTBep-
CTHH H BaJia; B) HaH60JiblllHH H HaHMeHblllHH 3330pb1 HJIH H3THru;
r) xapaKTep noca)l.KH (nOJJ.BH}KH3H, HeilOJJ.BH}Kil3H, nepeXOJJ.HaH) H
CHCTeMy (oTeepCTHH HJIH BaJia), K KOTOpOH OHa OTHOCHTCH. Pe3yJib-
T3Tbl ~anucaTh B Ta6nuuy:

npe.lleJlbHble pa3Mepb1
YCJIOB·
JlonycK 3a•op
aoe 0603-
paaMepa HJIH H8Tftr
H8H60JlbWHA HBHMeHbWHH XapaK·
H8'1CHHe
nocan.KH OTBep-
CTHR
,.,,. OTBep-
CTHR
eana
oTeep-
CTHR
eana H8H60,l'lb-
WHii.
H8HMeHb-
WHA
Tep no-
C3Jl.KH

3. l13MepHTb Ha o6pa3ue H3JJ.eJIHH )l.eHCTBHTeJibHble pa3Mepb1 H

cpaBHHTb HX c COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.HMH pa3MepaMH, yKa3aHHblMH Ha qepTe-
:n<e. CJJ.eJI.aTb BblBOJJ.bl o roJJ.HOCTH <t>aKTuqecKHX pa3Mepoe.

JlaoopaTopuo-npaKTHqecKaH paooTa .Ni 7.

11Teuae qepTelKeii c 0003aaqeaaeM AODYCTHMYX norpewaocTeii ct>opMY,
pacnOJIOlKCHHSI noeepxHOCTeii, HX wepoxoBaTOCTH

ll.eJtb: 03HaKOMJieHife c npaKTHKOH qTeHHH Ha. qepTe}KaX yCJIOB-

HblX o603HaqeHHH, JJ.OnycTHMblX norpewHOCTeH <t>opMbl, pacnoJIO>KeHHH
H IIIepoxoBaTOCTH noeepxHOCTeH.
OcHaw,eHue: pa6oque qepTe>Ku JJ.eTaJieH c ycnoBHbIMH ooo3Ha11eHH-
HMH; TaOJIHUbl ycJIOBHbIX o603Hal!eHHH, TaOJIHUbl 33BHCHMOCTH IIIepo-
xoeaTOCTH noeepxuocTeH OT BHJJ.a o6pa6oTKH; o6pa3Ubl JJ.JIH onpeJJ.e-
JieHHH IIIepoxoBaTOCTH.
4 3aK33 231 97
 llopRaotc BbtnoAHeHUR pa6ombt:
1. no YCJIOBHblM 0603HaqeHHffM npe.D.eJJbHblX OTKJIOHeHHH OT reo-
MeTpHqeCKOH <t>opMbl H pacnoJJo>KeHHH nosepxHo~Teii, YKa3aHHblM
Ha qepTe>Ke, onpe.D.eJIHTb BH.D. H npe.D.eJJbHOe 3HaqeuHe 3THX OTKJIOHe-
HHH • .Uauuble 3anHcaTb e Ta6JIHu,y:

YcJIOBHE:ile oC5oauaqeHHR BHA H 3HaqeuHe AOnycTHMoro

OTKJIOHeHHH

2. no yCJJOBHblM 0603HaqeHHffM UiepOXOBaTOCTK DOBepXHOCTeii,

yKa3aHHblM Ha qepTe>Ke, onpe.D.eJJHTb ( c noMOW.bIO cnpasoqublx
Ta6JJHU.) BH.D. o6pa60TKH H pa3Mep wepoxoeaTOCTH. .UaHHble aanH-
caTb B Ta6JIHU,y:
YcnOBHble oC5o3H811eHHR
wepoxoeaTOCTH noeepxuoc:TH
B•it o6pa6oTK• Pa3Mep wepoxoeaToCTH, 11K11

3. ConocTaBHTb wepoxoeaTOCTb .D.aHHbIX o6pa6oTaHHbIX noeepx-

HOCTeH: (Ha6JII0,1J.aeMyIO BH3yaJibHO) c pa3MepoM wepoxoeaTOCTH,
ycJIOBHO o6o3HaqeHHbIM Ha qepTe>Ke. C.D.eJJaTb BbIBO.IJ.bI.

JlaoopaTOpuo-npaKTaqecKaH paooTa 16 8.
8111oop cpe.u.cTB H3MepeHHH B 38BHCHMOCTH OT TOlfHOCTH
H3rOTOBJleHHH AeTaJieii.
H3Mepeaae wTaarea~apKyJleM H MHKPOMeTpoM

lleAb: 03HaKOMJieHHC c npaKTHKOii BbI6opa H3MepHTeJJbHOrO

HHCTpyMeHTa .II.Jiff KOHTPOJISI pa3Mepoe, noJiy11eHHbIX TOKapHoii H <t>pe-
3epHOH o6pa60TKOH; <t>opMHpOBaHHe HaBbIK06 H3MepeHHff WTaHreH-
U.HpKyJieM H MHKpoMeTpOM.
OcHaw,eHue: pa6011He qepTe>KH .D.eTaJieii:, no,1J.Jie>KaW.HX TOKapHoii
H <t>pe3epHOH o6pa6oTKe; WTaHreHU.HPKYJib, MHKpoMeTpbI, o6pa3U,bl
.II.Jiff H3MepeHHH.
ll OpRaotc BbtnOAHeHUJl pa6ombt:
1. no pa6oqeMy qepTe>Ky onpe.D.eJIHTb OCHOBHhle TOKapHble H
<t>pe3epHble onepau,HH, a TaK.>Ke nepeqHCJJHTb KOHTpOJibHble onepau,HH,
BblOOJIHffeMhle H3MepHTeJJbHblM HHCTpyMeHTOM.
2. Bb16paTb H3MepHTeJJbHblH HHCTpyMeHT, Heo6xo.D.HMblH .IJ.Jlff npo-
eepKH npaBHJlbHOCTH BblDOJIHeHHff onepau,uii: TOKapHOH H <t>pe3epHoit
o6pa6oTKH. 06ocHoBaTb MOTHBbl' Bhl6opa Toro HJJH HHoro HHCTpyMeH·
Ta. Onpe.D.eJJHTb, KaKoea norpewHOCTb npu H3MepeHHH npe.IJ.JIO>KeB
HblM HHCTpyMeHTOM.
98
 3. 1-faytIHTb ycTpoikTBO WTaHreHU.HPKYJiff.
4. H3MepHTb (TPH1K.!l.b1) yKa3aHHble y11nTeJieM Hapy)f{Hblii H eHyt-
peHHHii JJ.HaMeTpbI o6pa3u.a; COCTaBHTb Ta6JIHU.Y H3MepeHHH, onpeJJ.e-
JIHTb cpeJJ.Hee apn<f>MeTH11ecKoe 3Ha11eHHe pa3Mepa.
5. J1.3y11HTb ycTpoiiCTBO MHKpOMeTpa.
6. H3MepHTb (TpH)KJJ.bI) yKa3aHHble y11HTeJieM pa3Mepb1 o6pa3u.a;
COCT8BHTb T80JIHU.Y H3MepeHnii; onpeJJ.eJIHTb cpeJJ.Hee apH<f>MeTH-
11ecKoe 3Ha11eHHe H3MepeHHoro pa3Mepa.
7. CJJ.eJiaTb BblBOJJ.bl o npnMeHHMOCTH WTaHreHU.HPKYJiff H MHKpo-
MeTpa JI.Jiff npoeepKH npaBHJlbHOCTH BblDOJIHeHHff pa3JIHqHblX TOKap-
HblX H <f>pe3epHb1X onepau.nii.

na6opaTOpHO-npaKTH'lecK8JI pa60Ta .M 9,
CoCTaeneeae 9CKH30B no o6p83QaM .U.eTa.llei

l.(eAb: <f>opMnpoeaune uaeblKOB rpa<f>n11ecKoro H3o6pa)KeHHH JJ.e-

Taneii.
OcHaU{eHue: o6pa31.lbl JJ.eTaneA, H3MepHTeJibHhle HHCTpyMeHTbl
(wTaHreHU.HPKYJIH, H3MepHTeJibHhle JIHHeHKH)' 6yMara, KapaHJJ.aWH.
fl OpRa01c BbtnOAHeHUJl pa6ombl:
1. OcMoTpeTb 06pa3eu JJ.eTaJIH H onpeJJ.eJIHTb ee HaHMeHoeaune
(eaJIHK, naneu, BTYJIKa .H JJ.p.), MaTepnaJI, ocHOBHble noeepxHOCTH,
06pa3y10w.ne <f>opMy JJ.eTaJIH.
2. OnpeJJ.eJIHTb rnaeHoe H3o6pa)KeHHe H JJ.OCTaToqHoe KoJinqecT-
eo JJ.pyrnx BHJl.08 (pa3pe30B, ceqeHHH), HeOOXOJJ.HMblX JI.Jiff DOJIHOro
OT06pa:>1CeHHff <f>opMbl JJ.eTaJIH.
3. Bb16paTb MacwTa6 H3o6pa)KeHHff JJ.eTaJIH Ha 3CKH3e, onpette-
JIHTb Ha rJia3 ee OCHOBHble nponopl.lHH.
4. BbinOJIHHTb see npoeKl.lHH JJ.eTann, Heo6xoJ1.HM1>1e pa3pesbl
H ceqeHHff c co6JIIOJJ.eHHeM Tpe6oeaHHH K o<f>opMJieHHIO qepTe:>1Ceil.
5. OnpeJJ.eJIHTh, KaKne pa3Mepb1 CJieJJ.yeT yKa3aTh; HauecTH BblHoc-
Hble H pasMepHble JIHHHH.
6. 11.sMepHTb 3JieMeHTbl Jl.eT8JIH H DOCT8BHTb pa3Mepbl Ha 3CKH3e.
HaHeCTH o6osHaqeHHff H pasMepbl CTaHJJ.apTnsoeaeHhlX 3JieMeHTOB
JJ.eTaJIH: pe3bO, KOHYCHOCTeii, <f>aCOK H JJ.p. floCT3BHTb Ha 3CKH3e
yCJioBHble 06osHa11eunS1 JJ.onycTHMblX norpewHOCTeii <f>opMbl, pacno-
JI0:>1CeHHS1 noeepXHOCTeH H HX wepoxoeaTOCTH.
7. flpoeepHTb npaBHJibHOCTb BblDOJIHeHHSI 3CKH33 (B TOM quCJle
cpaeHeHHeM o<f>opMJieHHSI qepTe)Ka, 3CKH30B TOBapHllleii).

na60paTOpHO-DpaKTH'leCKWI pa60Ta J'6 10.

CocTaBJJeeae Texua11ecKoro onHcauaa AeTa.llH

l.(eAb: nsyqeune reoMeT_pnqecKHX <f>opM .neTaJieti n TexuuqecKHX

. Tpe6oBaHHH K ux- H3fOTOBJieHHIO no llepTe>KaM; <f>opMHpoeaHHe
HaBhlKOB qTeHIDI 11epTe)f{eH.
OcHaU{eHue: pa6oque llepTe>KH JJ.eTa.r1eli, c6opo11Hhle qepTe:>ICH;
T30JIHl.lbl JJ.ODYCKOB H DOCa)l.oK; K8p3H.Ll8UJH, K8JlbK3.
4* 99
 flop11.a01c BbtnOAHenu11. pa6ombt:
1. BHHMaTeJibHO H3YllHTb 11epTe:>K )l.eTaJIH, C)l.eJiaTb 3CKH3bl reo-
MeTpHlleCKHX <f>opM ee OCHOBHblX 3JieMeHTOB.
2. OxapaKTepH30BaTb Tpe6oeaHHH K TOllHOCTH BblDOJIHeHHH pa3-
Mepoe (onpeJ:t.eJIHTb npeJ:t.eJibHble pa3Mepb1 u J:t.onycKH pa3Mepoe).
3. OnucaTb Tpe6oeaHHH K wepoxoeaTOCTH noeepxHocTeu Jl.eTaJIH.
4.
OxapaKTepH30BaTb J:t.pyrue TeXHHlleCKHe Tpe6oeaHHH (TepMo-
o6pa60TKa, noKpblTHe H Jl.p.).
5. Ha c6opot1HOM 11epTe:>Ke BblJl.eJIHTb JI.Be conpHraeMble Jl.eTaJIH;
onpe)l.eJIHTb npeJ:t.eJibHble pa3Mepb1 OTBepCTHH H BaJia, 3HalleHHH
3a30pOB HJIH HaTHrOB.
6. c
DOMOW.blO KaJibKH BblilOJIHHTb KOilHpOBKY Jl.BYX conpHraeMblX
)l.eTaJieH co c6opo11ttoro 11epTe:>Ka.
7. noJiyt1eHHble KaJibKH HCDOJlb30BaTb JI.Jiff pa3pa60TKH 3CKH30B
Jl.BYX conpHraeMblX Jl.eTaJieH.
8. CJ:t.enaTb BblBOJl.bl 06 oco6eHHOCTHX c6opKH 3CKH3HpoeaHHblX
)l.eTaJieu.

fJIABA 6. BblnOJIHEHHE OCHOBHblX

TEXHOJIOfHllECKHX OOEPAU.HR
TOKAPHOR 06PA60TKH

21. 06PA60TKA HAPY.>KHblX 1..1.HJIHHJ].PHllECKHX

H TOPU.OBblX DOBEPXHOCTEA,
OTPEJAHHE

06pa60TKa Hapy:>KHblX UHJIHHJl.PHlleCKHX H TOpUOBblX noeepXHOC·

TeH BKJllOllaeT onepaUHH o6TallHBaHHH, IlO)l.pe3aHHH, npope3aHHH
KaHaBOK H OTpe3aHHH 3aroTOBOK.
06TallHBaHHeM MO:>l<HO noJiyllHTb rJia)l.KHe H CTyneHllaTble UH·
JIHHJl.PHlleCKHe, a TaKH<e KOHHlleCKHe H <f>aCOHHble Hapy:>KHble
noeepXHOCTH.
npu o6pa60TKe UHJIHHJl.pHlleCKHX DOBepXHOCTeH 3aroTOBKa Kpe-
DHTCH JIH6o e naTpoHe (puc. 41, a), JIH6o e ueHTpax (puc. 41, 6)
H noJiy11aeT epaw.aTeJibHOe .ll.BH:>KeHne. Ha JJ.eTaJib, ycTaHOBJieHHYIO e
ueHTpax, HaJ:t.eeaeTCH xoMyTHK, epaw.aeMbIH noeoJ:t.Koeou nJiaHwau-
(fou. lfro6bl 3arOTOBKa 60JibWOH Jl.JIHHbl He nporu6aJiaCb IlOJl. JJ.eH-
CTBHeM CHJI pe3aHHH, npHMeHHIOTCH JllOHeTbl: IlOJl.BH:>KHbIH, ycTaHaB-
JIHBaeMblH Ha KapeTKe cynnopTa H Jl.BH:>KYW.HHCH BMeCTe c Hen,
H HeilOJl.BH)l{HblH, KpenHW.HHCH Ha HanpaBJIHIOW.HX CTaHHHbl CTaHKa.
B TeXHOJIOrHH MaWHHOCTpoeHHH npHHHTbl cJieJ1.y10w.ue ycJIOBHble
rpa<f>HlleCKHe H3o6pa)l{eHHH onop, 3a:>KHMOB H ycTaHOBOllHblX yc-
TpOHCTB:
100
 Heno)l.BH:>KH8H onopa;

U.HJIHHJJ.pHlleCK8SI
onpasKa;
naTpoH u u.aHrosaH
onpasKa.
noJJ.pe3aHHeM o6pa6aTbl88IOT
Topu.osb1e nosepxHoCTH saJios u
BTYJIOK, nJIOCKOCTH s KopnycHblX
JJ.eTaJIHX. 0Ho BblnOJIHHeTCH noJJ.-
pe3HblMH pe3IJ.aMH, noJiyllaIOIIJ.H-
MH nonepe11Hy10 no.na11y. npope-
3aHue K8H8BOK H OTpe3aHHe 3a-
roTOBOK (HJIH roTOBblX H3,lleJIHH)
OT npyTKa, Tpy6bl npOH380,llHTCH Pnc. 4 L Cnoco6"' 3aKpen.neHHll 3aroTOBOK
Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe.
TaK)Ke TOJibKO npu nonepel!HOH
no.na11e.
Pe3U.bl JI.JUI o6pa6oTKH uapylKHblX H Topu.oBblX noaepxuocTeii.
Ka11ecTso o6pa6oTKH .neTaJieH cyIIJ.ecTBeHHO 3asucuT OT npaBHJib-
HOCTH Bb16opa pe3U.OB, KOHCTPYKU.HH KOTOpbIX onpeJJ.eJieHbl Ha3Haqe-
HHeM. KsaJimtmuuposaHHbIH TOKapb, yen.nee KOH<tmrypauu10 .neTaJIH,
MO)KeT onpe.ne.nHTb, KaKHe pe3U.bl noHa.no6HTCH JJ.JIH ee o6pa60TKH.
Bb16op pe3uos - sa*HaH 3aJJ.a11a npu TOKapHoH o6pa6oTKe.
PeKOMeH.nyeM BCnOMHHTb reoMeTpHlleCKHe napaMeTpbi TOKapHblX
pe3uos, o6IIJ.ne cse.neHHH 06 ux KOHCTPYKU.HHX, cpaKTOpbI, BJIHHIOIIJ.He
Ha CTOHKOCTb H H3HOC HHCTpyMeHTa. ,llJIH 3TOro CJie.nyeT noBTOpHTb
§ 14.
no cpopMe fOJIOBKH pe3IJ.bl JJ.JIH 06TOllKH pa3,lleJIHIOTCH Ha npH-
Mble - c npHMOJIHHeHHblM CTep)KHeM (puc. 42, a) H OTOrHYTbie -
co CTep)KHeM, OTOrHyTbIM snpaso HJIH BJieBO.
no pacnOJIO)KeHHIO pe)KyIIJ.eH KpOMKH pa3JIHll8IOT npaBble
(puc. 42, z) u JieBbie (puc. 42, 8) pe3IJ.bI. npasb1e npu o6pa6oTKe
nepeMeIIJ.aIOTCH B npo.noJibHOM HanpasJieHHH OT 3aJJ.HeH 6a6KH K
nepeJJ.Heii:, Jiesble - OT nepe.nileH: 6a6Ku K 3a.nHeii:.
npoxo.nHbie pe3U.bI (puc. 42, a - 8) npe.nHa3Ha11eHbl .llJIH 06-
TOllKH, o6pa30BaHHH cpacoK, npOXO,llHble ynopHble pe3U.bl
(puc. 42, z) - .llJIH 06T011Ku u o6pa6oTKH 06pa3yeMoro Topua cTyneHu.
no.npe3Hble pe3U.bl (pHC. 42, 0) CJiy}KaT .LI.Jiff o6pa30BaHHH CTyne-
HH Ha Topue o6pa6aTbIBaeMOH 3aroTOBKH, ,llJIH o6pa60TKH nJIOCKOCTH
Topua.
KaHaBKH Ha Hapy*HOH u sHyTpeHHeii: nosepxHOCTHX JJ.eTaJIH
MoryT 6bITb noJiylleHbl c nOMOIIJ.blO KaHaBOllHblX pe3UOB (puc. 42, e, 3).
AHaJIOrHllHbie no KOHCTPYKU.HH pe3U.bI npuMeHHIOTCH JJ.JIH oTpe3KH
H Ha3bIBaJOTCH OTpe3HbIMH (puc. 42, ~>. <l>acOHHbie pe3Ubl (puc. 42, K)
3aTo4eHbI no cpopMe o6pa6aTbrnaeMOH .neTaJIH u, TaK *e KaK no.n-
pe3Hbie, KaHaBOllHbie H OTpe3Hbie, HMeIOT J!Hlllb nonepe4HYIO noJJ.atJy.
UpaeMbl pa6oTbl Ha TOKapHblX cTaHKax. ,llJIH npaBHJibHOH u 6e3-
onacHOH pa60Tbl Ha TOKapHbIX CT8HK8X npu o6pa60TKe Hapy)KHbIX
101
 a

§t e
3£\t iJ

,.
.·-..:·
.
•t
3
Pac. 42. OcHOBHwe BllJl.W TOKapHwx pe3l(OB.

u TOPU:OBblX noaepxHocTeii HeooxoAHMO BblDOJIHeHue cJie.11.y10w.ux

OCHOBHblX npneMOB paoOTbl:
3aroTOBKa npH ycTaHOBKe B naTpOHe HJIH B u:eHTpax He )lOJI:>KHa
HMeTL He)lonycTHMoro BbIJieTa H3 naTpoua, 6neHHH u nepeKocoe;
ycTaHOBKa pe3ua B peau:e.llep:>KaTene .llOJIX<Ha o6ecnequeaTL ux
Ha,lle:>KJIOe saKpenJieHne; He .nonycKaeTcH BblJieT peaua H3 pe3ne,llep:>Ka-
TeJiH, npeBbllllalOW.HH y.11.aoeHHYIO BbICOTY fOJIOBKH pe3u:a;
npoXO)lHOH pe3eu: ¥CTaHaBJIHBalOT TaK, qTOObl ero eepllIHHa COB-
na.naJia c aepllIHHoii u:eHTpa, 3aKpenJieHHoro a 3a)lHeii 6a6Ke
CTaHKa;
DO,llpe3HOH pe3eU: .II.Jiff oopaooTKH )leTaJieH )lHaMeTpOM OOJiee
15 MM ycTaHaBJIHBalOT TaK, llTOObl yrOJI MeX<Ay oopaoaTblBaeMbIM
TOPU:OM H rJiaBHOH pe>Kyw.eii KpOMKOH pe3u.a COCTaBJISIJI 3-5°;
npu y~TaHOBKe .pe3u:a noJib3YIOTCH JIHMOOM;
.ZI.JIH Toro qTOObl cy.llHTb o npaBHJibHOCTH npou.ecca pe3aHHH,
BbloupalOT TaKne opueHTHpbl, KaK, HanpnMep, KpHBH3Ha CTPY:>KKH,
1IIepoxoaaTOCTL 06Ta11uaaeMoii noaepxHOCTH, paeHoMepHocTb wyMa
OT.ZI.eJieHHH ·.CTpy:>KKH H wyMa B npueo)le CTaHKa, UBeT CTPY>KKH H .llp.
PaooTasi Ha ToKapHoM CTaHKe, CJie.nyeT BblDOJIHHTL ace Tpe6o-
eaHuH 6e3onacHOCTH Tpy.lla :IlpH ·06paC50TKe MeTa.JIJIOB pe3aHHeM
(noeTOpnTe § 16).
102
KoHTPOJJbHble aonpocbl

1. KaKHe onepaUHH eblnOJIHHIOT npH o6pa6oTKe HapylKHblX H TOpuoeblx noeepx-

HOCTeii?
2. KaK 3aKpenJIHIOT .u.eTaJIH npH o6Ta•rneaHHH?.
3. IlpH KaKHX onepauHHX o6pa60TKH npHMeHHIOT JIIOHeTbl?
4*. KaKHMH cnoco6aMH o6pa6aTblBaIOT KOHH'leCKHe HapylKHble noeepxHOCTH?
5. lieM o6oHCH!leTCH MHOroo6pa3He pe3UOB .D.JIH o6pa60TKH HapylKHblX H TOp-
UOBblX noeepXHOCTeii?
6*. B KaKHX CJiy11a11x npHMeHHIOT OTOrHYTble rOJIOBKH pe3uoe?
7*. B 11eM OTJIH'IHe npoxo.u.Horo ynopttoro pe3ua OT no.u.pe3Horo?
8. HcnoJib3yeTCH JIH npo.noJibHaH no.u.a11a <f>apTyKa cTaHKa npH TO'leHHH KaHaBoK?
9. KaK ebl6HpaIOT napaMeTpbl pe3aHHH npH o6pa6oTKe HapylKHblX noeepxttocTeil?
10*. KaK Bb16HpaIOT 11acTOTY epameHH!I 111nHH.D.eJIH cTaRKa? KaKHMH .u.aHHblMH
Heo6xo.D.HMO pacnOJiaraTb .D.JI!I :noro? .
11. KaKHe ycHJIH!I 6y.u.yT .u.eiiCTeoeaTb Ha npoxo.u.Hoii TOKapHblii pe3eU npa
HapylKHOM o6Ta'IHBaHHH?
12. MolKHO JIH Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe 3a.naTb aBTOMaTH11ecKoe npo.D.OJibHoe
nepeMeIUeHHe (no.u.a11y) npoxo.nttoro pe3ua npH HapylKHOM o6Ta'IHBaHHH?

33,11.aHHH

1. Onpe.D.eJIHTe, KaKHe pe3Ubl n0Ha-

.u.0611TC11 AJIH o6pa60TKH H306palKeHHblX
3.D.ecb .u.eTaneii:
2. IlpH 06T011Ke UHJIHHAPH'leCKOii .D.eTaJIH .D.HaMeTpOM 125· MM 'laCTOTa apa-
meHH!I lllnHH.D.eJIH n =300 MHH- 1; CHJia pe3aHH!I 300 H; K03cpcpHUHeHT noJie3HOfO
.u.eiicTBHH MexaHH3MOB rnaeHoro .D.BHlKeHHH CTaHKa 0,85 . .UocTaTO'IHa JIH 6y.D.eT MOlU-
HOCTb 3JieKTPO.D.BHraTeJIH 8 KBT AJIH BblnOJIHeHHH Ha CTaHKe npouecca pe3aHHH?
3*. Onpe.u.eJIHTe, eo CKOJibKO pa3 H3MeHHTCH 11acT0Ta epameHHH 111nHH.D.eJIH, pac-
C'IHTaHHaH Ha o6pa60TKY .u.eT8JIH .D.H8MeTpOM 150 MM H3 CT8JIH 20, ecJIH .D.eTaJib
c.u.e.naTb H3 CT8JIH 65r.
4*. Onpe.D.eJIHTe epeM11, Heo6xo.u.H-
Moe Ha o6TO'IKY Hapy11rnoii noeepXHOCTH
.D.eTaJIH H3 CT8JIH 40X, H306palKeHHOH Ha
pHCYHKe, 3a O.D.HH npoxo.u.. CocTaBbTe
aJirOpHTM pe111eHHH :noii TeXHH'leCKOii
3a.na11H.

22. DPAKTH'IECKASI PA60TA

DPH 06TA'IHBAHHH, DOJl.PE3AHHH
H OTPE3AHHH 3Af0TOBOK

06Ta'IHB3HHe rJla,11.KHX HapylKHblX U.HJIHH.11.PH'ICCKHX noaepxHOCTeii.

CTepe.ZJ. Hal!aJIOM 06Tal!HBaHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH H3yl!eHHH qepTe)l{a
H o6Mepa 3aroTOBKH onpe.ZJ.eJIHIOT, KaKOH TOJIW.HHbl CJIOH MeTaJIJia He-
OOXO.ZJ.HMO cpeaaTb H 3a CKOJibKO pa60l!HX XO.ZJ.08 (npoxo.rr.os) MOiKHO
3TO C.ZJ.eJiaTb. 06bll!HO U.HJIHH.ZJ.pHlleCKHe nosepXHOCTH o6Tal!HBaIOT 3a
JI.Ba npoxo,ll.a: CHal!aJia CHHMaIOT Hal!epHO 60JibllIYIO l!aCTb npHnycKa
(3-7 MM Ha .ZJ.HaMeTp), a 3aTeM OCTaBllIYIOCH ,llaCTb (l-2 MM1 Ha
.ZJ.HaMeTp).
CTpH o6Tal!HBaHHH ,ll.eTaJIH .ll.O 3a.ZJ.aHHoro ,ll.HaMeTpa peseu. ycra-
HaBJIHBaIOT Ha Tpe6yeMyIO r.n'y6HHY peaaHHH CJie.ZJ.yIOW.HM o6pa30M:
coo6w.a10T ,ll.eTaJIH spaw.aTeJibHoe .ZJ.BHiKeHHe;
103
 Bpaw:eHHeM MaXOBHlli<a npo-
.llOJlbHOH no.zr.aqu H pyKoHTKH BHH-
Ta nonepetIHOH no.zr.aqu epytIHyio
no.zr.eo.zr.HT pe3eu K npasoMy Top-
uy .zr.eTaJIH TaK, llT06b1 ero eep-
WHHa KOCHyJiaCb noeepxHOCTH
.lleTaJIH;
epytIHYIO OTBO.ll.HT pe3eu enpa-
eo OT .zr.eTaJIH H Bpaw:eHHeM py-
KOHTKH BHHTa nonepetIHOH no.zr.a-
llH ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT ero Ha HY:H<-
HYIO rJiy6nHy pe3aHHH.
IlOCJie 3TOro JJ.eTaJib 06TallH-
PHc. 43. JIHM6 nonepeqHoii no.11.aqH TOKap- BaIOT c PYllHOH no.naqeii Ha JJ.JIHHe
Horo CTaHKa: 3-5 MM, OTBO.ll.HT pe3eu,· OCTa-
a - cxeMa n•M6a; tS - •P&lll<HHe pyKoATKH AAA HaBJIHBaIOT CTaHOK H H3MepHIOT
JCTpaHeHHA 31l30pa; 8 - YCT8HOBK8 pa>Mepa. .nnaMeTp o6TOlleHHOH nosepXHO-
CTH lllTaHreHunpKyJieM. Ecnu .nn-
aMeTp npeeblrnaeT Tpe6yeMblH pa3Mep, pe3eU ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT Ha He-
CKOJibKO 6oJiblllYIO rJiy6nHy, CHOBa npOH3BOJJ.HT o6TallHBaHHe H H3-
MepeHHe. TaKHM o6pa3oM .neTaJib o6pa6aTb1BaIOT .no Tex nop, noKa
He 6y.neT nonytieH 3a.naHHblH pa3Mep .
.llJIH ycTaHOBKH pe3ua Ha rJiy6nHy pe3aHHSI y TOKapHbIX CTaHKOB
HMeeTCH cneuuaJibHoe npHcnoco6JieHne - JIHM6.
JlHM6 nonepetIHOH no.naqu pacnonomeH oKono pyKOHTKH BHHTa no-
nepetIHoii no.11.atIH. Ou npe.ncTaBJISieT co6oii BTYJIKY HJIH KO.'IbUO, Ha oK-
pymHocrn KOToporo HaHeceHbl .neneHHH (puc. 43). CTpncTynaH K
pa6oTe, HY:H<HO onpe.11.eJIHTb eeJIHllHHY nepeMew:eHHSI, COOTBeTCTByIO-
JIJ:YIO Ha .naHHOM CTaHKe 0.11.HOMY .neJieHHIO JIHM6a. 00Jib3YHCb JIHM-
6oM, cne.zr.yeT noMHHTb, tITO npu nepeMew:eHHH pe3ua enepe.n s none-
petIHOM HanpaBJieHHH Ha KaKyIO-JIH60 BeJIHllHHY pa.nnyc .neTaJIH noCJie
npoxo.11.a yMeHblllHTCSI Ha TaKyIO me eeJIHllHHy, a JJ.HaMeTp .neTaJIH -
Ha y.neoeHHyIO . .llJIH Toro llT06hI yMeHblllHTb .LI.HaMeTp .11.eTaJIH, Ha-
npHMep, c 30,2 .no 28,4 MM, T. e. Ha 1,8 MM, Heo6X0.11.HMO nepe-
MeCTHTb pe3eU enepe.11. Ha 0,9 MM. IlpH ueHe .11.eJieHHH JIHM6a 0,05 MM
Ha .zr.naMeTp JIHM6 CJie.zr.yer noeepH)'Tb Ha 18 .neneHHH (0,9:0,05= 18).
YcTaHaBJIHBaSI pe3eu Ha rJiy6nHy pe3aHHH c noMOW:bIO JIHM6a
nonepetIHoii no.natIH, Heo6xo.11.nMo YllHThIBaTb, llTO 3a3op Mem.11.y BHH-
TOM H raHKOH C03.naeT TaK Ha3blBaeMblH MepTBblH xo.n.
JlnM6 npo.D.OJibHOH no.naqu npe.ncTaBJISieT co6oii epaw:aiow:niicSI
.ll.HCK 60JibllIOI'O .D.HaMeTpa, pacnOJIO:H<eHHblH Ha nepe.nHeii CTeHKe
<t>apTyKa 3a MaxoBHllKOM npo.zr.oJibHOH no.11.atIH. Ha oKpy>KHOCTH .nncKa
uaueceHbl paBHble .zr.eneHHH ( uetta Ka:>K.noro .neJieHHH 0, 1-1 MM).
IlpH BpameHHH MaXOBHllKa noeopatIHBaeTCSI H JIHM6, CBH3aHHblH
3y()qaTOA nepe.naqeA c KOJiecoM npo.zr.oJibHOH no.zr.aqa. TaKHM o6pa·
30M, eCJIH B uaqaJie pe3aHHSI JIHM6 ycTaHOBHTb Ha HyJieeoe
.D.eJieHne, TO onpe.zr.eneHHoMy npo.11.oJibHOMY nepeMew:eHHIO cynnop:r~ c
104
pe3U.OM 6y.u.eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nosopoT JIHM6a Ha onpe.u.eJieHHOe
lJ:HCJIO .u.eJieHHH OTHOCHTeJibHO Heno.u.sm1rnoii pHCKH.
00CJie ycTaHOBKH rny6HHbl pe3aHHH BbI6HpaIOT IlO.LJ.ally, KOTOpaH
3aBHCHT rJiaBHbIM o6pa30M OT .u.onycKaeMOH wepoxoBaTOCTH o6pa-
6oTaHHOH nosepxHOCTH . .UJIH qepHOBblX pa60lJ:HX XO.LI.OB no.u.aqy npH-
HMMaIOT paBHOH 0,5-1,2 MM/06, .LI.JIH lJ:HCTOBbIX - 0,2-0,4 MM/06 .
.UaJiee onpe.u.eJIHIOT .u.onycTHMYIO cKopocTh pe3aHHH. Ona 3aBHCHT
B OCHOBHOM OT CTOHKOCTH pe3u.a. Cpe.u.uue 3HalJ:eHHH .u.onycTHMOH
CKOpOCTH pe3aHHH .LJ.JIH Hapy:>KHOrO TOlJ:eHHH npHBe,U:eHbl B Ta6JIHU.e 2.

T a 6 JI H u. a 2. CpeJJ.HHe 3Ha'leHHH cKopocTH pe3aHHH )l.JIH HapylKHOro TO'ICHHH, M/MHH

-.. 06pa6ani1eaeM1::i1il
BHA o6pa6oTKH
Ma1epHaJ1 pe3ua
Marepuan
ttepHOB3R LIHCTOB3R

EbICTpope}f{yw.aH CTaJib
P6M5 CrnJib 20-30 30-45
Tsep.LI.b!ii cnJiaB BK8 '4yryu 60-80 80-100
TsepJJ.b!ii cnJJas Tl 5K6 CTaJJb 100-140 150-220

3HaH CKOpOCTb pe3aHHH H )l.HaMeTp 3aroTOBKH, MOMHO onpe.u.eJIHTb

qacTOTY Bparn.eHHH lllilHH.LJ.e.TIH CTaHKa. <l>aKTHlJ:eCKYIO l!aCTOTY Bpa-
rn.eHHH, 6JIH:>KaiiwyIO K paclJ:eTHOH (He npeBbilllaIOW.YIO ee)' BbI6HpaIOT
H3 pH.LI.a qacTOT sparn.eHHH wnHHJI.eJIH, KOTOpbre o6ecnellHBaeT KO-
po6Ka CKOpoCTeH CTaHKa.

06pa6oTKa nnocKux Topu.oe1>1x noeepxHocTeii H yCTynoe. ~ nJioc-

KHM Topu.osbIM noBepxuocTHM H ycTynaM npeJI.bHBJIHIOTCH cJie.LI.yIO-
ruue OCHOBHhie Tpe6oBaHHH: IlJIOCKOCTHOCTb, T. e. OTCYTCTBHe Bbl-
nyKJIOCTH HJIH BOrttyTOCTH; nepneH.LI.HKYJIHpHOCTb om; napaJIJie.Tlb-
HOCTb IlJIOCKOCTeH yCTynoB HJIH TOPU.OB MeM.LJ.Y co6oiL
HeBbICOKHe yCTynhr no.u.pe3aIOT npoxo.LI.HbIM ynopHbIM pe3u.0M,
06bilJ:HO COBMeruaH 3TY onepaU.HIO c o6TalJ:HBaHHeM ttapyMHOH IlOBepx-
HOCTH. PeMyIUaH KpOMKa pe3u.a B TaKOM cJiyqae .LI.OJI:>KHa pacno-
JiaraTbCH nepneH.LJ.HKYJIHpHo ocH 3aroTOBKH. OoJioMeHHe pe:>Kyrn.eii
KpOMKH KOHTpOJIHPYIOT yroJibHHKOM.
Opu 3aKpenJieHHH 3aroTOBKH B naTpoue BhIJieT ee .LI.OJIMeH 6bITh
no B03MO:>KHOCTH MHHHM3JlbHbIM. Topeu. MOMHO no.u.pe3aTb ynopHbIM
pe3U.OM, ttcnoJib3YH nonepellHYIO no)l.alJ:y. Optt 3TOM rnaBHYIO pe:>Ky-
IUYIO KpoMKY ycrnuaBJIHBaIOT noJI. ue6oJiblllHM yrnoM (5-10°) K Top-
u.osoii noBepxHOCTH.
0JIOCKOCTHOCTb Topu.a nocJie no.u.pe3aHHH nposepHIOT, npHKJia.LJ.bl-
BaH K HeMy pe6po JIHHeHKH HJIH yroJibHHKa; nepneH.LI.HKYJIHpHOCTb
Topu.a K Hapy:>KHOH noBepXHOCTH onpe.u.eJIHIOT yroJibHHKOM.
CTpH no.u.pe3aHHH Topu.os H ycTynos peKoMeu.u.yeTCH npHM,eHHTh
CJieJI.yIOIUHe nonepel.Hlble IlO)l.alJ:H: )l.JIH qepHOBOH o6pa60TKH OT 0,3 Jl.0
105
0,7 MM/06 npu rny6uHe pe33HHH OT 2 Jl.0 5 MM; JI.Jiff qncTOBOH - OT 0 Jl.0
0,3 MM/06 npu rny6nHe pe33HHH 0,7-1,0 MM.
OcHOBHhle npuqnHhl 6paKa npu o6TaqueaHHH UHJIHHJJ.pnqecKHX no-
sepxeocTeii H noJJ.pe3aHHH Topuoe npneeJJ.eHhl B Ta6JI. 3.

T a CS JI H u a 3. OcHOBHwe BHAW, npaqaaw H Mepw npeA)'npeJK.Q.eHHB Gpu:a np•

oGTaqaaaHHH H&P)'lKHWX Q.HJIHHAPH'lecKHX noaepXHOCTeii H DOApe3aHHH TOpQ.08

Mephl np~ynpeJKAeRRR

C/acmb noeepxHocmu ocmaAacb Heo6pa6omaHHOtl

He.!lOCTaTO'IHblii npHnycK Ha o6pa- KoHTponHpoaaT& pa3Mepb1 3arOT0BoK,
60TKY conocTaBJl!l!I HX c pa3MepaMH Ha qepTe.lKe
HenpaBHJlbHO BblDOJIHeHHOe UeHTpO- npoBep!!Tb B COMHHTeJihHblX cnyqa!IX
B3HHe: ueHTpOBble OTBepCTH!I CMell.leHbl paccTO!IHHe OT OCH ueHTpOBoro OTBepCTH!I
OT OCli 38roTOBKH JJ.O nepmpepHH Topua 33rOTOBKH
3aKpenJieHHe 38rOTOBKH B naTpOHe npH 38KpenneHHH ,1106HB8TbC!I MHHH-
C He.11onycTHMblM 6HeHHeM HJIH nepeKO- M8JlbHOro 6HeHH!I 3aroTOBKH no Hapy.lK-
COM HOH DOBepxHOCTH H no Topuy

He Bblaep"'aHbl paaMepbl autzMempoB 06mo11eHHblX noeepxHocmetl

0wH6Ka H3MepeHH!I npH CHHTHH TmaTeJibHO H3Mep11T& 3arOTOBJ<Y npH
npo6Hoii cTpy>KKH npo6HblX npoxo.11ax
HeycTpaHeHHblii 3a3op nep'e.11 ycTa- YcTpaHHTh 3a3op npH nOJib30B3HHH
HOBKoA pa3Mepa no JIHM6y JIHM60M

He Bblaep"'aHbl AUHetlHble paaMepbl 06mo11eHHblX noeepxHocmetl

HeHa,11e>1<eoe 3aKpenneHHe ynopoB Ha.11e>1<Ho saKpen1111T& BHHTbl ynopoB
PasHoe nonolKeHHe 3aroTOBOK B naT- YcTaHaenHBaTb wnHH.lle_JibHblii ynop H
poHe Ha,!le>KHO 38KpenJlllTb 33r0TOBJ<Y, He .110-
nycKall ee cMemeHHll
HeceoeBpeMeHHOe BblKJIIO'leHHe aB- 8blKJllO'l8Tb 8BTOM8TH'leCJ<YIO no,11aqy 3a
TOMaTH'lecKoii n0,118'1H 2-3 MHH .110 Toro, KaK peseu .11oii.11eT .110
KOHTPOJlhHOii pHCKH, H .11anee AOBO,llHTb
era .110 pHCKH pyqeoA no,11aqeii cynnopTa
Heo.!lHHaKOBble JIHHeiiHble pa3Mepb1 npHMeHl!Tb «nJl&BalOU\Hii> nepeAHHH
cTyneHeii- B napTHH ,11eTaneii ueHTP

KoHyCHocmr.
CMell.\eHHe OCH ueHTpa 6a6KH OTHO- CBoeBpeMeHHO ycTpaHJITb CMemeeae OCH
CHTeJlbHO OCH WDHH.!leJibHOrO ueHTpa ueHTpa 3a,11eeii CSaCSKH
HeycTpaHeHHblii 3a3op a nonepeq- He .11onycKaT& 3asopa B nonepe'IHblX
HblX C8Jl83K8X cynnopTa (OTlKHM cana- caJl83K3X
30K)
HeHa.lle>KHoe 38KpenneHHe pe3ua B Ha,11e.lKHO 3aKpennllTh. pe3eu npH yc-
pesue.!lep>KaTene (oT>KHM pesua) T&HOBKe

HenepneHauKyARpHoCmb mopt{oeotl noeepxnocmu K ocu aemaAu

OT.lKHM pesua Ha-3a JIIO<j>Toe B no.11TllrHaaT& KJIHH&ll nanepe'IHblX ca-
HanpaenRIOIUHX nonepe'IHblX canaaoK naaoK cynnopTa
cynnopTa
0TlKHM pesua BcnucTeHe 6onbworo He ,llonycKaT& CSon&woro BblJieTa pesua
BblJleTa

106
 fl poiJO.llXeHue.

Mephl npeAynpell!JleHHR

OT*HM ynopHoro pe3ua BCJJeACT- CHHMaT& npHnycK cHa'laJJa npH 11epuo-

BHe l50JJ&111oro npHnycKa BOM, 3aTeM npH 'IHCTOBOM npoxo)J.ax;
'IHCTOBOH npoxo)J. BblDOJIHllTb DO)J.a'leH
OT ueuTpa

BottK006pa3nocmb
Tiporn15 3arOTOBKH DOA )J.eHCTBHeM He npeBw111aT& HeooxoJI.HMYIO rny15HHy
OT)ICHMa10m.ero ycHJJHll pe3ua pe33HHll H 00)1.a'ly; HCDOJJb30BaTb npo-
XO,ll,HOH ynopHblH peseu
Pacnono*eHHe pesua HH*e ueuTpa CBoeBpeMeHHO peMOHTHpoeaTb CTaHOK
cpeJI.HeH '13CTH HanpaBJJllIOUJ.HX CT3HH- (111a6pHTb uanpaBJJllIOUJ.He CTaHHHbl)
Hbl

CeQ.11006pa3HOCmb (60.111>wot1 iJuaMemp co cmoponw saiJHel1. 6a6Ku)

HeHaJI.e)ICHOe 33KpenneHHe pe3ua B 3aTHrnBaTb 15oJJTbl pe3ueAep*aTeJJ11 .ll.Jlll
pe3ueJI.ep)!CaTene Ha,ll,e)l(Horo 3aKpenneHHll pe3ua
OT)ICHM 3aroTOBKH pe3UOM He npeBw111aTb Heooxo,ll,HMYIO rnyl5HHY
pe33HHll H DOJI.3'1H; npH 33KpenJJeHHH
3aroTOBKH B ueHTpax He ,ll,OnycKaTb CJIHlll-
KOM 150JJblllOro BblJJeTa DHHOJJH 33)1.HeH
6a6KH; Ha,ll,e)ICHO 33KpenJJllTb DHHOJ!b

floBbtUleHH<lR wepoxoeamocm1> o6pa6omannot1 noeepxHocmu

TIJJoxa11 3aT011Ka pe3ua TipH 3aT011Ke pe3ua TUJ.aTeJJbHO Bbl-
non HllTb ,ll,OBO.ll.KY pe)!Cym.eii KpOMKH
HH3Kall ol5pa6aT&IBaeMocTb (BH3Ka11 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe TexuOJJora H OTK
CT3Jlb, 3aKaJJeHH3ll CT3Jlb) Ha HeOOXO..ll.HMOCTb TepM006pa60TKH 33ro-
TOBOK B UeJJHX yny11111eHHll o6pa6aTbl-
eaeMOCTH
HenpaBHJJbHall ycTauoeKa pe3ua OT- YCTaHaBJJHB3Tb pe3eU TO'IHO no OCH
HOCHTeJJbHO OCH ueHTpOB CT8HKa ueHTpoe
HenpaBHJJbHblH Bbll5op pe)ICHMa pesa- BHHMaTeJJbHO ew6HpaTb pe*HM pe3a-
HHll HHll, 00Jlb3Yl1Cb cnpaeo 11HHKOM

8b1Ta11aeaeae eapylKHblX KaeaeoK a 0Tpe3aeae. CT pH BhITaqHBaHHH

KaHaBOK H OTpe3aHHH eeo6xOJI.HMO cooJIIOJI.aTb cJieJI.yIOill.He npaBHJia:
pe3eU. ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT KaK MO:>KHO TOqHee OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH
u.eHTpOB CTaHKa: eCJIH pe:>Kyw.a.R KpOMKa HH:>Ke OCH u.eHTpOB, TO
npH npHOJIH:>KeHHH pe3u.a K OCH Ha OTpe3aeMOH JI.eTaJIH 06pa3yeTC.R
CTep:>KeHeK; npH ycTaHOBKe Bblllle OCH u.eHTpOB pe3eU., npH6JimKaHCb
K OCH 38fOTOBKH, MO:>KeT ynepeTbCH 3aJI.HeH nosepXHOCTbIO B oc-
TaBlllHHCSI CTep:>KeHeK;
JI.ep:>KaBKY npsi:Moro oTpe3Horo pe3u.a ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT cTporo nep-
neHJI.HKYJIHpHo OCH 3aroTOBKH, 11ro6b1 6oKoBaH noBepxHOCTh roJIOBKH
pe3u.a He TepJiaCb 0 CTeHKH npope3aeMOH KaHaBKH;
OTpe3aHHe Bb!IlOJIHHIOT Ha pacCTOSIHHH 3-5 MM OT KyJialfKOB
naTpoHa;
npH oTpe3aHHH 3aroroBoK 6oJibmoro )1.HaMeTpa pe3eII. He AOBOJI.HT
JI.O OCH 3aroTOBKH Ha 2-3 MM H, OCTaHOBHB CTaHOK, OTJiaMb!BafOT
OTpe3aeMyIO qacTb.
107
 .ll.HaMeTp BbIToqeHHOH KaHaBKH MO>l<HO H3MepHTb mTaHreHUHPKY·
neM e TOM cnyqae, ecJrn KaHaBKa nrnpe ero HO>t<eK. lJacTo onpe.11.enHIOT
H:e .D.HaMeTp KaHaBKH, a ee rJiyt5HHy, nOJib3YHCb .D.JIH 3Toro waono-
HOM. ll1Hp1rny KaHaBKH H3MepHIOT JIHHeHKOH, lUTaHreHUHpKyJieM HJIH
wa6JIOHOM.

KoaTpOJibHble eonpocbl
1. K8KOB8 nocne.110B8TeJ1bHOCTb o6p860TKH rJJ8.llKffX H8py:>KHblX UHJJffH.llPff'lecKHx
nosepxHocTeii?
2. K8KffM o6p830M Bb16ffp8IOT HyJJb .llJIR ycT8HOBKff rny6ffHbl pe38HffR no JJffM6y?
3. no'leMy 06T8'1ffB8Hffe 06bl'IHO npOff3BO.llRT B .llB8 npOX0.118?
4. K8KYIO u.eHy .11e.neHffR ffMelOT JJffM6bl npo.llOJlbHoii ff nonepe'!Hoii no.118'1?
5. K8Kffe Tpe6oB8HffR, npe.llbRBJJReMble K U.ffJJffH.llPff'lecKHM nosepxHOCTRM, .llOJl:>KHbl
6b1Tb YAOBJleTBOpeHbl npff TOK8puoii o6p860TKe?
6. K8Kffe ff3MepffTeJJbHble ffHCTpyMeHTbl JJ.OJl)l(Hbl 6bltb npffMeHeffbl npff o6p860T-
Ke rJJ8AKffX H8py)i(HblX ll,ffJlffHAPll'leCKffX nosepXffOCTeii?
7. ()lJJR DOBTOpeHffR.) lleMy p8BH8 CKOpOCTb pe38HffR npff o6p860TKe ll,ffJlffHAPff·
'leCKOii nosepXHOCTff .llff8MeTpOM 100 MM npff '18CTOTe Bp8IUeHffR WDffHAeJIR
510 MffH- 1?
8. no'leMy CKOpOCTb pe38HffR npff 'lffCTOBOH o6p860TKe MO:>KeT 6b1Tb 60JlbWe,
'leM npff qepHosoii?
9. no'leMy pe3Ubl ff3 TBep.llbIX CDJl8BOB .ll0DYCK8IOT 6onee BblCOKffe CKOpOCTff
pe38HffR?
10. K K8KffM nocne.11crBffRM MO:>KeT npffsecrff Henp8BffJJbHblii Bbl6op cKopocTff
pe38HffR npff o6T8'1ffB8Hffff H8PY*Hb1X nosepxHOCTeii?
11. K8KffM o6p830M npoH3BOART BblT8'1ffB8Hffe H8PY*Hb1X K8H8BOK ff oTpe38Hffe
rOTOBOii AeT8Jlff OT npyTK8?
12. K8K8R no;J.8'18 npffMeHReTCR npff oTpe38Hffff?
13. K8K Y'lffTblB8eTCR WffpffH8 pe3U.8 npff orpe38Hffff?

23. CBEPnEHHE
H PACCBEPnHBAHHE OTBEPCTHA
HA TOKAPHOM CTAHKE

06paooTKY OTBepCTHH Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe npOH3BO.D.HT pa3JIH'l-

Hb!MH pe>t<ylll.HMH HHCTpyMeHTaMH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH,D,a 3arOTOBKH,
Tpe6yeMoif ToqHOCTH H mepoxoeaTOCTH noeepxHOCTH. Hau6oJiee pac-
npocTpaHeHHbIM MeTO,D,OM noJiyqeHHH OTBepCTHH B CUJIOlUHOM MaTe-
pHaJie HBJIHeTCH CBepAenue.
Huor.11.a ceepJieHHe npoH3BO.D.HT e HeCKOJibKO npHeMOB, T. e. OT-
eepcTHe pacceepnHeaIOT. PaccaepAuBaHue no3BOJIHeT nOJiyqnTb 6oJiee
TOqHbJe OTBepCTHH H yMeHblUHTb yeo.11. ceepJia OT OCH ,D,eTaJIH.
cn H p a JI b H 0 e c B e p JI 0 COCTOHT H3 pa6oqeif qacTH, meHKH H
XBOCTOBHKa (pHC. 44). Topeu pa6oqeu qaCTH, Ha KOTOpOM paCIJOJIO>t<e-
Hbl ,D,Be pe>l{ylll.He KpOMKH, Ha3bIBaeTCH pe>t<ym.eif qaCTblO ceepna.
Yron Me*.D.Y pe*Ylll.HMH KpOMKaMH: 2<p (yron npH eepmH:He) npu
o6pa60TKe CTaJIH H qyryHa .D.OJI>t<eH COCTaBJIHTb 118-120°.
Ha pa6oqeif qacTH ceepna HMeeTCH .D.Ba cnupaJibHbIX nepa, CBH-
3aHHbIX nepeMblqKoii. no Hapy>l{HOH noeepxHoCTH nepbee npomJiu<t>o-
eaHbl y3Kue HanpaBJIHIOlll.He neHTO'IKH. Me*.D.Y nepbHMH pacnono-
>l{eHbl .D.Be cnupaJibHble KaHaBKH: O,LlHa H3 CTeHOK KaHaBKH 06pa3yeT
nepe.D.HIOIO noeepxHOCTb pe*ym.ero KJIHHa ceepna. no KaHaeKaM ox-
108
Jia>1<.u.a10w.asi: >KH.ll.KOCTb no.u.aeT-
WeuKa llanKa
csi: K pe>Kylll.HM KpOMKaM, a crpy>K-
Ka Bb!BO,ll.HTCH H3 OTBepcTHH.
XBOCTOBHK CBepJia CJIY>KHT
X8acmoBuK
.ll.JIH 3aKpenJieHHH ~ro B nHHOJIH
3a.u.Heli 6a6KH HJIH B cneuHaJib- flonepe'IHa{I ,Kpo11Ka
HOH .u.ep>KaBKe cynnopTa. Xao-
CTOBHK MO>KeT HMeTb KOHHqecKyIO
HJIH UHJIHH.ll.pHqecKy10:cpopMy. Ko-
H;aqecKHe XBOCTOBHKH BblnOJIHH-
IOTCH no CTaH.U.apTy (KoHyc Mop-
3e N!! 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c yrnoM
KoHyca 1°26'). KoHyc XBOCTOBH-
Ka o6ecneqHaaeT Ha.u.e>KHoe
UeHTpHpOBaHHe CBepJia H y.u.ep- PHC. 44. llacTH H s.neMeHTY CDHpaJJbHOrO
>KHBaeT era OT .npoaopaqHBaHHH. ceepJJa:
EcJIH KOHYC XBOCTOBHKa CBepJia 2qi - yro~ npH eepwH•e; ., - yron •a.no•a •HHTo-
BOA KaHaBKH; 'I> - yroJI HaKJIOHa nonepe 11Hoii KpOM•
OTJinqaeTcH no pa3Mepy ( HOMe- ""·
py) OT KOHYCHoro OTBepCTHH
nHHOJIH 3a,ll.HeH 6a6KH HJIH .u.ep>KaBKH, TO npHMeHHIOT n e p ex 0 .u.-
H bl e B T y JI K H. CaepJia c UHJIHH,ll.pttqeCKHMH XBOCTOBHKaMH 3a-
KpenJIHIOT B TIHHOJIH npn noMOlll.H CBepJIHJibHOro naTpOHa.
CnHpaJibHhie caepna 3aTaqnaa10T Ha cneunaJibHhIX 3aT04HhIX cTaH-
Kax. 0.u.HaKo TOKap10 llaCTO npnxo.u.nTCH 3aTa4HBaTh caepna apy4HYIO
Ha 06b1qHoM 3aToqHoM cTaHKe. CTpH 3aTa11HBaHHH cne.u.yeT noMHHTh,
llTO pe>Kyrn.ne KpOMKH CBepJia ,ll.OJl>KHhl 6bITh CHMMeTpH4Hhl (T. e. pac-
nOJIO>KeHbl no.u. onpe.u.eJieHHhIMH paBHhIMH yrnaMH K OCH CBepJia
H HMeTb 0,ll.HHaKOBYIO ,ll.JIHHY)' nonepe11HaH KpOMKa (nepeMbl11-
Ka) .ll.OJI>KHa 6bITh pacnono>KeHa no.u. yrnoM 55° K pe>Kyrn.eli
KpOMKe.
3a.U.HHM noaepxHOCTHM CBepJia npH,ll.aIOT KpHBOJIHHeHHYIO cpopMy,
1ITO 06ecne111rnaeT noJiy11eHHe 33,ll.HHX yrJIOB Ha pe)!{ylll.HX KJIHHhHX .
.ll.JIH 3Toro 3aTa1IHBaeMoe CBepJio npmKHMaIOT K llIJIHcpOBaJihHOMY
Kpyry H o.u.HoapeMeHHO aparn.a10T. CTpH O.ll.HHaKOBOH .ll.JIHHe pe)!{yrn.nx
KpOMOK ,ll.HaMeTp OTBepCTHH 6y.u.eT paBeH ,ll.HaMeTpy CBepJia; eCJIH >Ke
O,ll.Ha KpOMKa ,ll.JIHHHee .u.pyroli, TO ,ll.HaMeTp OTBepCTHH noJiyIIHTCH
60Jibllle ,ll.HaMeTpa CBepna, 1ITO MO)!{eT npHBeCTH K 6paKy H BhIXO.ll.Y
H3 CTpOH CBepJia BBH.ll.Y HepaBHOMepHOH irnrpy3KH Ha pe)!{yrn.ne
KpOMKH. B npouecce 3aTaIIHBaHHH KOHTpoJIIO no.u.ne)!{HT yroJI 2qi,
yroJI 60° Ha pe)!{yrn.eM KJIHHe, yroJI HaKJIOHa nonepe11HOH KpOMKH
55° H .ll.JIHHa pe)!{ylll.HX KpOMOK.
0pH CBepJieHHH Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe CBepJIO, ycTaHOBJieHHOe B
nHHOJIH 38,ll.HeH 6a6KH, no.u.a10T K .u.eTaJIH Bpy11Hy10 - Bparn.eJ:ineM
MaxosHqKa (pHc. 45). OpHMeHeHne KaKHX-JIH6o .u.onoJIHHTeJihHblX
pb111aroe He .u.onycKaeTCH. 06pa6aThrnaeMaH .u.eTaJib .U.OJI>KHa 6h1Th
npoqHo 3aKpenJieHa B naTpoHe, HHa11e npH caepJieHHH oHa 6y.u.eT
BH6pnpoBaTb HJIH CMern.aTbCH, qTQ MO>KeT nOBJieqb 3a co6oli noJIOMKY
caepJia.

109
 .........,.,.....~.....,::-f-Ht--1f--~-~~~- ~ttt-HH~
saaHRR Oa5Ka

0 0

Pac. 45. CeepJ1eHHe Ha TOKapHOM cTaHKe DOJJ.aqeil epyqHyKI.

MaKCHMaJihHhlH JJ.HaMeTp OTBepcTHii, noJiy11aeMhlX Ha cTaHKax

IK62 H 16K20,- 25 MM JJ.JIH JJ.eTaJieii H3 CTaJIH H 28 MM JJ.JIH JJ.eTaJieii
H3 11yryHa.
CBepJieHHe c noJJ,a11eii cBepJia Bpy1rny10 MaJionpoH3BOJJ.HTeJihHO H
YTOMHTeJibHO JJ.JIH TOKapH ( OCOOeHHO OTBepCTHH 60JibllIOfO JJ,HaMeTpa
H rJiyooKnx). HeKoTopble ToKapHhle cTaHKH (HanpaMep, I K62) HMeIOT
ycTpOHCTBO JJ.JIH nOJJ.COeJJ,HHeHHH 3aJJ,HeH 6a6KH K KapeTKe cynnopTa,
c nOMOW.bIO KOToporo ceepJieHHe BhlnOJIHHeTCH MexaHHlleCKOH no-
JJ,a11eii •
.[lJIH ceepJieHHH rnyxax OTBepcTHH 3aJJ.aHHOH JJ.JIHHhl yJJ.ooHo noJib-
30BaTbCH pacKaMH c JJ.eJieHHHMH Ha nHHOJIH 3aJJ.Heii 6a6KH. Bpaw.e-
HHeM M axoBHl!Ka ceepJIO BblTSlfHBaIOT JJ.O Tex nap, noKa OHO He KOC-
HeTCSI eepUIHHOH Topu.a JJ,eTaJIH, H 3aMetiaIOT COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.YIO pac-
KY Ha nHHOJIH. 3aTeM, Bpaw.aH Maxoea110K 3aJJ.Heii 6aoKH 1 nepeMew.a-
IOT nHHOJib JJ.O Tex nap, noKa OHa He BblHJJ.eT H3 KOpnyca Ha HY>KHOe
llHCJIO JJ,eJieHHH.
Ilpe:>KJJ.e 11eM noJJ.BeCTH ceepJio K 06pa6aTb1BaeMoii JJ.eTaJIH, Heo6-
XOJJ.HMO BKJIIOllHTb CTaHOK. IlOJJ.BOJJ.HTb ceepJIO CJie.nyeT nJiaBHO,
6e3 yJJ.apa, HHaqe era pe>Kyw.ae KpOMKH MoryT 3aTynHTbCSI H JJ,a>Ke
BbIKpOUIHTbCH •
.[lJIH Toro llT06bl ceepJIO He CMeCTHJIOCb OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH OT-
BepCTHH, B HaqaJie ceepJieHHH npoH3BOJJ.HT ueHTpOBKY 3aroTOBKH
KOpOTKHM cnapaJibHblM ceepJIOM 60JibUIOrO JJ,HaMeTpa HJIH cneuaaJib-
HblM ueHTpoeo11HhIM ceepJIOM. Ba:>KHO, 11To6bl nepeJJ. ceepJieHHeM Topeu
3arOTOBKH 6blJI· IlOJJ.pe3aH JJ.JIH 06ecne11eHHH ero nepneHJJ,HKYJIHpHOCTH
OCH.
HHorJJ.a npa ceepJieHHH CJiblUIHTCH xapaKTepHhlH MeTaJIJIH11ecKHA
BH3r. 06b!llHO 3TO SIBJISleTCH npH3HaKOM nepeKoca OTBepCTHSI HJIH 3a-
1 l0
TynJieHHH ceepJia. B TaKOM ~yqae HaAO HeMeJVIeHHO npeKpaTHTb
DOAaqy, BbIBeCTH ceepJIO, OCT8HOBHTb CT8HOK H BbIHCHHTb npHqHHY
uapyweHHH pe>KHMa. 0cTaHaBJIHB8Tb CTaHOK B TO epeMH, KOrJJ.8
ceepJIO H8XOAHTCH B OTBepcTHH, HeJib3H - 3TO MO>KeT npHBeCTH K
saeAaHHIO ceepJia H ero DOJIOMKe.
UHJIHHApHqecKHe oTeepcTHH MoryT 6bITb r JiaAKHe, cTyneuqaTble
HJIH c KauaeKon, CKB03Hble HJIH rJiyxHe. K OTBepcTHHM npeA'bHBJIHIOT-
CH pa3JIHqHble Tpe60B8HHH no ToquoCTH, npHMOJIHHeHHOCTH OCH, npa-
BHJlbHOCTH reoMeTpHqecKOH 4>opMbI, wepoxoBaTOCTH noeepXHOCTH.
Jl.HaMeTpbl OTBepcTHH KOHTpOJIHPYIOT llITaHreHUHpKyJieM.
Ocuoeuble BHAbl 6paKa npH ceepJieHHH OTBepcTHH, HX npHqHHbl
H cnoco6bl ycTpaueHHH npHBeAeHbI B Ta6JI. 4.

T a 6 n H u a 4. OcHOBHwe BHAW 6paKa npa ceepneHHH OTeepcTHA, ax npH'IHHhl

H cnoco6w yCTpaHeHHR

npnHB8 6paK8 Cnoco6 ycTpaaeHHR

Omtc11onenue ocu omeepcmUJ1 om saaannozo nanpae11eHUJ1

HenpaeHJJ&HaR 3aTO'IKa ceepna nepeTO'IHTb ceepJJo, KOHTponHpyR 3a-
TO'IK}' no wa6JJOHY
HenepneHAHKYJJRpHOCTb OCH Topuo- C>6ecne'IHTb nepneHAHKYJIRpHOCTb TOp-
eoA noeepxuocTH aarOToeKJi ua K QCH no.u;pe3aHHeM
Pa60Ta AJIHHHhlM ceepJJOM IlpOH3BeCTH npe.u;eapHTeJlbHOe UeHTpH-
pOB8HHe KOpOTKHM ceepJJOM
HaJJH'IHe e 3arOTOBKe paKOBHH HJIH BecTH ceepnettHe c noHHlKeHttoA no.u;a-
TBepAblX BKJllO'leHHA 'leA

«Pa36UBKU» auCJMempa omeepcmu11

HenpaeMbHaJI 38TO'IKa ceepna: nepeTO'IHTb ceepno, KOHTpMapyR aa-
o.u;ua peJKyiuaR KpOMKa 6M&we .u;py- TO'IKY no wa6notty
roi, qeo.u;HHaKoeble yrnbl 2cp
BHeHHe WDHHAeJIR CT8HK8 C>TperynHpOB8Tb nO.LUIIHDHHKH WDHHAe-
JIR
YcTattoeKa ceepna c nepeKocoM no
OTHOWeHHIO K OCH OTBepcTHR:
a) OCb nHHOJIH 38,D;Heil 6a6KH He .Uo6HTbCR COOCHOCTH nHHOJIH aa.u;Heil
COBn8A8eT C OChlO lllnHHAeJ!fl; tial'iKH H mnHH.LleJIR
6) nOC8.Ll0'1HblH KOHYC nHHOJIH HJIH IlpOTepeth KOBYC DHH<Jn1! H XBOCTO·
XBOCTOBHK ceepJJa aarpR3HeHbl BHK ceepna

C>wH6Ka
ceepJJeHHR
npH KOHTpone rny6HHbl I
OmtcAOHenue z11y6uHbl omeepcmu11 om aooannoa
'TiuBTe.n&eo KOHTpOJrnpoeaTb rny6al{y
ceepJJeHHR; npH ceepJJeHHH c 8BTOM8TH-
'leCKOii no.u;aqeft ceepna ycTaHOBHTb ynop

llpeBblutenue aonycmUMOU utepoxoeamocmu

o6pa6omannoti. noeepxnocmu
3aTynneHHe ceepna 3aTO'IHTh ceepno
nona.u;aHHe CTPY*KH Ha JJeHTO'IKH IlepHOAH'leCKH BblBOAHTb ceepJJO )13
ceepna oreepCTHR H O'IH!U8Tb ero lUeTKOii
He.u;ocTaTO'IHoe oxna*AeHHe Yee.nH'IHTb HHTeHCHBHOCTb oXJJa)l{.u;eHHR
3aBblWeHa DOA8'18 YMeH&WHTb no.u;a<1y

111
 8blOOp pelKHMa pe3aHHSI npH CBepJJeHHH. rJiy08Ha pe3aH8ff npH
CBepneH88 cquTaeTCff paBHOH UOJIOB8He .D.HaMeTpa csepJia, npH
paccBepJIHBaHHH - DOJiypa3HOCTH .D.HaMeTpOB .ll.0 H UOCJie oopaOOTKH
(MM):

I cscp11= D /2; I paccsepJJ = (D-tf)/2.

0o.D.aqa npH CBepJieH8H - 3TO pacCTOffHHe, npOHJI.eHHOe CBepJIOM
3a O.D.HH OOOpOT 3afOTOBK8 (S, MM/oo).
CT pH pe3aHHH CBepJIOM JI.8aMeTpOM OT 6 .ll.0 25 MM C · MeXaHH-
qeCKOH UO.D.aqeif ee 3HaqeH8e npHH8MaIOT paBHblM: JI.Jiff yrJiepOJI.HC-
TOH CTaJI8 cpe.D.HeH TBep.D.OCTH - OT 0,1.ll.00,35 MM/oo; JI.Jiff qyryHa -
OT 0,15 .D.0~0.50 MM/oo.
CKopoCTb pe3aH8ff np8 csepneH8H yrJiepo.D.8CTOH cTaJI8 cpe.D.HeA
TBep.D.OCTH, ceporo qyryHa 8 6poH3bl csepJiaM8 83 oblcTpope:>1<yru.eA
CTaJI8 MO:>l<HO np8HHMaTb B npe.D.eJiax OT 20 .ll.0 40 M/M8H, a npH
CBepJieHH8 CBepJiaM8, OCHam.eHHblM8 UJiaCT8HKaM8 TBep.D.OfO .CDJia-
Ba,- OT 60 .ll.0 80 M/M8H.

KoaTpOJJbHhle nonpoc111

I. B- KaKHX CJJ)"la!lx npoH3BOJlHTC!I ceepneHHe?

2. KaKHe THDbl ceepn HCDOJ!b3YIOT npH pa6oTe Ha TOKapHblX CT3HKax?
3. Jfa K3KHX OCHOBHblX qacTeil H 3JleMeHTOB COCTOHT cnHp3JlbHOe ceepno?
4. KaK onpeJleJJHTb cKopoCTb pe3aHH!I npH ceepneHHH?
5. B
KaKHX cnyqa11x npoH3BOJlHTC!I pacceepJJHBaHHe?
6.
KaK 3aKpenn11eTc11 ceepno e oTeepcTHH nHHOJJH 33JlHeil 6a6KH, ecJJH pa3Mep
KOHHqecKoro XBOCTOBHKa ceepna MeHbWe pa3Mepa OTBepCTH!I?
7. KaK nonyqHTb 3aJlaHHy10 rny6HHY ceepJleHH11?
8. KaKHe BHJlbl KOHTpOJJbHO-H3MepHTeJJbHoro HHCTpyMeHTa npHMeH!IIOT JlJl!I H3-
MepeHH!I OTeepCTHil?
9. KaKHe BHJlbl 6paKa B03MO>KHbl npH ceepneHHH? KaK ycTpaHHTb npHqHHbl
6paKa?

24. 3EHKEPOBAHHE, PA3BEPTblBAHHE

H PACTA'IHBAHHE OTBEPCTHR

3eHKepoBaHue npou3BO.ll.8TCff JI.Jiff yseJI8qeH8ff J1.8aMeTpa OTBep-

CT8ff, UOJiyqeHHOfO CBepJieH8eM HJIH oopa30BaHHOf0 B Jl8TblX 8JIH
wTaMnosaHHblX 3aroTOBKax npu 8X H3rOTOBJieH88. B CBff38 c oonee
oJiaronp8ffTHblM8 ycJIOB8ffMH pe3aH8ff 8 ooJibweii :>1<eCTKOCTbIO pe-
:>1<yru.ero 8HCTpyMeHTa 3eHKepoBaH8eM noJiyqaIOT OTBepCT8ff c Toq-
HOCTblO .ll.O 10-ro KBaJI8TeTa H wepoxosaTOCTbIO Rz
2,5.
3 e H K e p bl OTJI8qaIOTCff OT cnupaJibHblX CBepJI TeM, qTo 8MeIOT He
.D.Be, a Tp8 8JIH qeTblpe pe:>1<yII1.8e KpoMK8, pacnoJI0:>1<eHHble Ha 3aoop-
HOM KOHyce, H He 8MeIOT nepeMblqK8 (p8C. 46). 3eHKep, DOJl.OOHO
CBepJiy, 3aKpeDJiffIOT B KOHHqeCKOM OTBepCT88 D8HOJl8 3a.D.HeH oaOKH
8 DO.D.aIOT K 3afOTOBKe BpyqHyIO, Bpam.aff MaXOB8qOK 3a.D.Hen 6a6KH.
CTpunycK 00.ll. 3eHKepoBaH8e COCTaBJiffeT 0,5-2 MM Ha CTOpOHY
B 3aB8CHMOCTH OT .D.8aMeTpa OTBepCTHff.
00.D.aqa np8 pa6oTe 3eHKepaM8 83 6blCTpope:>1<yII1.eH CTaJIH COC·
112
T8BJIHeT 0,3-1,2 MM/06, TBep-
JJ.OCDJJ88HblMH 3eHKepaMH-0,4- A
-~-~~~
l,5 MM/06; CKOpOCTb pe3a- Pewg-~"""'...;;s;;il'P-?~.rr--.:.--....-;;­
HHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 20-30' H "'aR
11acm1>
60-180 M/MHH.
Pa3BepmbuJanue - 3TO TO'l-
H8H 'IHCTOB8fl o6p860TK8 OTBep-
CTHH. P83eepTbIBaHue 06ecnet1e-
eaeT nonyt1eHHe OTBepCTHH c TO'l-
HOCTbJO JJ.O 7-ro KB8JIHTeTa H me-
poxoeaTOCTbJO Ra
0,25, :o6pa- 'a. . ~---??-
6oTKa DOCJJeJJ.OBaTeJJbHO ··JleyMH 8
pa3eepTK8MH D03BOJJSleT nOJiyqHTb
mepoxoeaTOCTb noeepXHOCTH
Ra 0,080. Pa3eepTbIB8HHeM HeJib-
3ff ycTpaHHTb 6HeHHe HJIH nepe-
KOC OTBepCTHH, ecJJH OHH OCTa-
JIHCb nocne npeJJ.bIJJ.ymeu o6pa-
6oTKH.
Onep8UHH pa3eepTbIBaHHH
BbIDOJIHffeTCH MHOroJJe3BHHHbIM
HHCTpyMeHTOM - p a 3 B e p T -
K o u. Pa3JJH'laJOT pa3eepTKH:
pyt1Hble u MamHHHble (puc. 47), e
XBOCTOBble H HaCa}J.Hble, ueJibHble
PHc. 46. 3enKepb1:
H c6opHbie (co BCTaBHblMH HO)l{a-
a - ycTpoAcTBOi 6 - qeywpexnepwA qe..qbHWA Gw-
MH). OpuMeHHJOT TaK*e perynu- upope•yU..111; • - Hep,1118CILtalllwil; e - llllCll,lllHOI
pyeMble (ycTaHOBO'IHbie) pa3- 6wcTpope•ylll.HA; a - H3C8AHOA TaepJ(ocn.na•Hwl;
e- H&C&AHOI CO BCT88HWMH HOJK&Mll.
eepTKH, p83Mep KOTOpblX MO)l{HO
H3MeHHTb B He60JiblllHX npeJJ.enax.
Pa3eepTKa cocTOHT H3 p860-
Ko.HycHop3e
\.
t1eu '18CTH, meHKH H XBOCTOBHK8.
XsocTOBHK MamHHHbIX pa3Bep- ---E:-~
TOK - KOHH'leCKHH (KO Hye Mop- a
3e)' pyt1HbIX - UHJJHHJJ.PHlleCKHH
C KB8JJ.p8TOM DOJJ. BOpOTOK. l<OHyc Mop3e
OepeJJ. p83BepTbIB8HHeM OT-
BepCTHe H HHCTpyMeHT 0'1Hlll8JOT
'
------+---33-
OT rpH3H, CTPY*KH H npoTHp8JOT. 0
EcJIH XBOCTOBHK p83BepTKH 38-
KpenJieH HenocpeJJ.CTBeHHO B DH- A-A

~ir
HOJIH 38)1.HeH 686KH, TO JJ.8)Ke
He3H8'1HTeJibH8SI HeCOOCHOCTb 10°

'

PHc. 47. MawHHHble pa3eepT1m:

a- XBOCTODaR peryaHpyeMBR co BCT&BHWMH HOlK.8 ..
Mii: 6 - XBOC'l:oaaa TBCPAOCDJl88H&R; • - HSCBAHaJI
TBepAOCDJl&BHaA. 8
113
 t.C6epneHue XBOCTOBHKa H pa()oqeH: qaCTH pa3-
eepTKH, nepeKOC DHHOJIH . HJIH
3arpH3HeHue noca.n.ot1Horo KOHy-
ca Bbl30BYT HepaeHoMepHoe cpe-
3aHHe npunycKa: oTeepcTue 6y-
.n,eT HMeTb 60JibIIIHH .n,HaMeTp
y Topu.oe H MeHbIIIHH - B cepe-
2.Pacc6epnu6aHue 3. PacmaYu6aHue AHHe .n.eTaJIH. IlpunycK Ha pa3-

a;fi; eepTb1BaHHe 3aBHCHT OT .n.naMeT-

p'a OTBepCTHH H OT o6pa6aTbl~a­
eMoro MaTepHaJia H COCTaBJIHeT
0,08-0,20 MM Ha CTopoHy.
Ilo.n,aqa npH pa3BepTb1BaHHH
npHHHMaeTCH B 2-3 pa3a 6oJib-
PHC. 48. TexnOJ1ora11ecKaii npo~ecc o6pa- 11Ieii, tleM npu ceepnemrn OTeep-
6oTKH OTBepCTHR ;0 50H8. CTHH TaKoro >Ke .n,HaMeTpa, a
CKOpOCTb pe3aHHH B 2-3 pa3a
MeHbIIIe. 3Hat1eHHe no.n.a~H He BJIHHeT Ha 11IepoxoeaTOCTh o6pa6o-
TaHHoro OTeepCTHst, TaK KaK OHa 3aBHCHT TOJibKO OT COCTOHHHH
KpOMKH Ha KaJIH6py10meii ·tlaCTH HHCTpyMeHTa. HH3KaH CKOpOCTb
pe3aHHH npH pa3eepTbIB8HHH o6'bHCHHeTCH TeM, llTO B .3TOM cnyqae
Ha pe>KymeH: KPOMKe He o()pa3yeTCH .HapOCT (HaJIHDaHHe MeTaJIJia).
Pa3eepTb1BaHHe npoeseo.n,HTCH c npuMeHeHneM CO)I( (MHHepaJib-
HOe M8CJIO npH o6pa60TKe CTaJIH, KepC>CHH npH o6pa6oTKe qyryHa).
PacmattueaHue npou3eo.n,HTCH e U.eJIHX yeeJIHt1eHHH .n.uaMeTpa, a
T8K>Ke .ll.JIH 06ecnet1eHHH BblCOKOH TOllHOCTH H Kat1eCTB8 noeepxuoc-
TH OTBepCTHH, nonyqeHHblX ceepneHHeM JIH60 o6pa30B8HHblX B JIHTblX
HJIH IIITaMnoeaHHbIX 3aroTOBKax. PacTat1ueaHHe 06ecrret1ueaeT nony-
t1eHHe OTBepCTHH c TOllHOCTbIO .n.o 7-ro KBaJIHTeTa 11IepoxoeaTOCTb~
R 2 2,5. PacTat1ueauueM MO>KHO HcnpaBHTb nOJio>Keuue OCH OTeepcTHH.
IlpH IIOBblIIIeHHblX Tpe6oeaHHHX K TOllHOCTH OTBepCTHe. IIOCJie
npe.n.eapuTeJibHoro ceepneHHH pacceepnueaIOT, a 3aTeM pacTat1H-
ea10T (pHc. 48). PacTat1ueauue HBJIHeTCH uau6onee yuueepcaJibHblM
cnoco6oM o6pa6oTKH oTeepcTHH, He Tpe6y10muM cneu.uaJibHblX
HHCTpyMeHTOB.
fny6HHY paCTallHBaeMoro OTBepcTHH H3MepHIOT JIHHeHKOH, IIITaH-
reHr ny6oMepoM, rrpoeepHIOT 11Ia6JIOHOM HJIH c IIOMOW.bIO JIHM6a
npo.n,oJibHOH rro.n.at1H. Pa3Mep .n.naMerpa KOHTponepyIOr nITaHreuu.Hp-
KyJieM, c IIOMOII.J,bIO JIHM6a rrorrepet1Hoii no.n.at1H H .n.pyrHMH cnoco6aM:H.
BuyTpeHHHe TOPU.hl H ycTym>1 rro.n.pe3aIOT pacrot1HblM ynopHbIM
pe3U.OM npH rrorrepet1HOH no.n,aqe K.ocH sarOTOBKH.
PaccMorpHM H3yqeHHble onepau.uu o6pa6oTKH MeTaJJJIOB ua TOKap-
HOM CT8HKe Ha rrpHMepe TeXHOJIOfHlleCKOro rrpou.ecca H3fOTOBJieHHH
BTYJIKH (CM. cxeMy). \

Jl4
CxeMa TexnoJ1orH11ecKoro npou.ecca H3rOTOBJieHHH BTYJIKH H3 npyTKa
B eAHHH'IHOM npOH3BOACTBe

62,S
nepexofJII
nepexolJ I

~. . . _ _ . . . ., ., ., . . -~m~i!:iv
nepexoaIII. flepexolJ 1Y

nepexoiJ m
nepexoiJRI

KonTpOJ1bH1>1e aonpoc1>1
I. qeM npHHU.HIIHaJibHO OTJIH'laIOTCH seHKepoeaHHe H paseep.raeaHHe cneepCTHI
OT ceepne11Hs?
2. KaKHe neT011uocTH OTeepcTHH HMeIOT MeCTO rrpH ceepneHHH?
3*. flo'leMy npH 3eHKepOB8HHH y.D.aeTCH .lJ.OCTH'lb 60JibWeii: TO'IHOCTH o6pa60TKR,
11eM rrpH ceepneHHH OTBepCTHii:?
4. qeM rrpHHU.HnHaJibHO OTJIH'l8eTCH no KOHCTpyKU.HH 3eHKep OT ceepna?
5*. qeM npHHU.HnHaJJbHO OTJIH'l8eTC!I 110 KOHCTPYKU.HH paseepTKa OT 3eHKepa?
. 6*. Ilo'leMy 3eHKep HMeeT 60JJbWYIO JKeCTKOCTb no cpaeHeHHIO co ceep.110M
Toro JKe .D.HaMeTpa?
7. KaKHe OTeepcTHll pacTa11HeaIOT Ha TOKapublx (H pacTO'IHbIX) CTaHKax?
8*. Ceepna K3KHX pa3Mepoe MOfYT 6b1Tb HCnOJJb30B3Hbl Ha TOKapHbIX CT8HKax?
9. LleM npHHUHnHaJJbHO OTJIH'l3IOTCH pacTO'IHble pesu.bl OT npOXO.ll.HblX?
I 0. KaK ycTanaenueaIOT peseu. npu pacrn11HBaHHH oTeepcrnH?
11*. B '!eM npHHUHnHaJJbHOe OTJJH'IHe cxeM paCT3'1HBaHHll Ha paCTO'IHOM CT3HKe
H Ha TOKapHOM CT3HKe?

115
 25. HAPE3AHHE PE3b6bl
HA TOKAPHOM CTAHKE

06w,ue cee.u.eHHH o pea&6ax. Pe3boy urnpoKo npuMeilSIIOT e coepe-

MeuuoM MaWHHOCTpOeHHH, npuoopocTpoeHHH H .npyrux OTpaCJISI~
npoMbIWJ1euuocTH. Pe3hoa cJiy>KHT )l)ISI coe.nuuennR .neTaJ1eii: Me>K.ny
coooii: (Kpene>KHaSI) H AJISI nepe.nallH .ll.BH>KeHHSI. HanpHMep,
pe3boa ea Kouu.e wnuu.neJ1S1 TOKapuoro cTaHKa npe.nuaauat1eua )l)lsl
KpenJ1eHHS1 naTpoua, a pe3boa xo.noeoro BHHTa cJ1y>KHT ,nJ1S1 nepe.nat1H
ABH>KeHHSI MaTOllHOH raii:Ke cpapTyKa.
ilpou.ecc IlOJlylleHHSI pe3b0bl MO>KHO npe,nCTaBHTb TaK: eCJIH OCT-
pyIO eepwuuy pe3u.a no.neeCTH K U.HJIHHAPHlleCKOMY BaJIHKY H 3aTeM
o.u.uoepeMeuuo npu.naTb epaw.euue eaJIHKY H paeHoMepuoe npo.noJ1h-
uoe nepeMew.euue pe3u.y, TO ea noeepxuocTH eaJIHKa oopa3yeTCS1
BHHTOBaSI JIHHHSI, a npu ueo,nHOKpaTHOM IlOBTOpeHHH 9TOH one-
pau.uu - BHHTOBaSI KaHaBKa, Ha3bIBaeMaSI pe3b00H. ilpocpHJlb IlOJly-
lleHHOH pe3b0bl oy.ll.eT COOTBeTCTBOeaTb cpopMe pe>Kyw.eii: llaCTH
HHCTpyMeHTa.
llpo</JwteM pe3b6bt Ha3bleaeTCSI ceqeuue ee BHTKa IlJIOCKOCTbIO,
npoxo.nSiw.eii: t1epe3 OCb U.HJIHH.npa (HJIH KOHyca), Ha KOTOpOM
BbIIlOJIHeHa pe3bOa.
Ill a r p e 3 h 6 bl P - 9TO paccTOSIHHe Me>K.ny .neyMSI O.U.HOHMeH-
HbIMH TOllKaMH coce.nuux BHTKOB, H3Mepeuuoe napaJ1J1eJ1bHO OCH.
c p e .n H H ii: .n H a M e T p dcp - pacCTOSIHHe Me>K.ny .U.BYMSI npo-
THBOJie>KaW.HMH napaJIJleJibHbIMH OOKOBbIMH CTopouaMH npocpHJISI
pe3bObl, H3Mepeuuoe nepneu.nuKyJIS1puo K ee ocu (puc. 49).
y r 0 JI n p 0 cp H JI SI 8 - 9TO yroJI Me>K.U.Y ABYMSI OOKOBbIMH
CTOpouaMH npocpHJISI, H3MepeHHbIH B oceBOM cetieHHH.
f JI y 0 H H a Il p 0 cp H JI SI t Onpe,neJISleTCSI KaK IlOJIOBHHa pa3-
HOCTH Hapy>KHOro H BHyTpeuuero .nnaMeTpoe: t=(d-d1)/2.
B 3aeHCHMOCTH OT cpopMbI npocpHJ1S1 pe3bObl pa3,neJISIIOTCSI ea Tpe-
yroJihHbie (MeTput1ecKaS1, .n10ii:MoeaS1 u TpyouaS1), Tpaneu.eu.naJibHhle,
npS1MoyroJibHble, ynopuble, Kpyrnhle; no uanpaeJieHHIO BHTKOB - ea
npaeble u J1eeble (puc. 50).
OcuoeHbIM THnoM pe3hObl, npuMeHS1eMoii: e CCCP AJISI pe3boo-
BbIX coe.u.uueuuii:, S1BJIS1eTCS1 MemputtecKaR pe3b6a. Ona HMeeT
TpeyroJibHblH npocpHJib c IlJIOCKO cpe3aHHblMH eepwHH8MH; yroJI
npocpHJISI paeeu 60°, .ll.H8MeTp H war HCllHCJISIIOTCSI B MHJIJIHMeTpax.
KpoMe Toro, e MamuuocTpoeuuu npu H3roTOBJieuuu t1epeS1t1HblX BHHTOB
yJJ.oouo Bblpa>KaTb war e MHJIJIHMeTpax KpaTHO llHCJIY n (MOJJ.YJib-
Hbiii: war), uanpuMep, war t1epeS1t1Horo BHHTa MO>KeT OblTb 3,14,
6,28 MM HT. JI..
B 3aeucuMOCTH OT ua3uat1eHHS1 pe3booeoro coe.nuueuuS1 ucnoJ1b-
3y10T 6 BHJI.OB MeTpHlleCKHX pe3bO: OCHOBHYIO H MeJIIme (OT
nepeoii: .no nS1Toii:), KOTOpbie OTJ1Ht1aIOTCS1 Me>K.ll.Y coooA pa3MepaMH
wara u .npyrnx 9JieMeHTOB. Ha t1epTe>Kax MeTpnt1ecKaS1 pesboa
0003HatiaeTCSI oyKBOH M (MeTpH'leCKaSI) H u.ucppaMH (paaMep
.nnaMeTpa pe3b0bl), 3aTeM npHBOAHTCSI KJiacc TOllHOCTH pe3b0bl (ua-
116
 a

Puc. 49. 3neMCUTbl pe3b6bl.

Puc. 50. Knaccucl>uKaQuH pe3b6 (uapC3ae-

MblX u cl>pC3epyeMb1X):
no npotHmo: a - TpeyronbH&R; 6 - Tpane1'eHA&nb·
-
H&R; B - np:AMoyro.llbH&R (.neHTO'IHBR); t - ynop- I I
Haa; 8 - Kpyr.naa; RO Hftp&BJleHHIO 8HTK08i I
e - npaaaa; • - .111eaaa. e )({

npHMep, M36-8h); ecJIH pe3b6a JieBaH, TO pH.II.OM c KJiaccoM

TOl!HOCTH yKa3blBaeTcH: «JieBaH» (JI) . .[l.JIH OCHOBHOH pe3b6bl war
qacTo He npocTaBJIHIOT (HanpHMep, M36).
J(IOUMOBaJl pe3b6a HMeeT TpeyrOJibHblH npo<t>HJib c yrnoM 55°,
,!J.H8MeTp ee H3MepHeTCSI B • .11.0JISIX ,!J.IOHM8 (1 ,!J.IOHM=25,4 MM), a
BMeCTO rnara yKa3hlB8eTCSI l!HCJIO HHTOK Ha ,!J.JIHHe B 1 ,!J.IOH-M • .LI.108-
MOBYIO pe3b6y B CCCP npHMeHHIOT TOJibKO npH peMOHTe HMnopTHhlX
M8lllHH c COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHMH pe3b60BblMH coe,!J.HHeHHSIMH.
Tpy6HaR pe3b6a, KaK H ,!J.IOHMOBaH, HMeeT npo<t>HJib c yr JIOM
55°. OH a npHMeHSleTCSI r JiaBHblM o6pa30M B ra30BblX H 80,!J.Onpo-
BO.II.HbIX Tpy6ax, a TaK)Ke B MY<t>Tax, cJiy)KalllHX .II.JIH nJIOTHoro
coe,!J.HHeHHSI 9THX Tpy6.
;-t>a3Mep rnara pe3b6bl MO)KHO onpe.II.eJIHTb c noMOlllblO MaCrnTa6-
..... u
HOH JIHHeHKH, H3MepHB ,!J.JIHHY onpe.u.eJieHHOro yqacTKa. H pa3.II.eJIHB
noJiyl!eHHOe 3Ha4eHHe Ha KOJIHl!eCTBO BHTKOB Ha 9TOM yqacTKe •
.[l.JIH KOHTpOJISI rnara H yr Jia npo<t>HJISI pe3b6bl Il0Jlb3YIOTCSI ua6o-
poM rn a 6 JI o H o B - p e 3 b 6 o M e p o B. Ha Ka}!{,!J.OM rna6Jione HMe-
eTcH rpe6eHKa onpe.11.eJienuoro wara H yr JI a npo<t>HJIH H cooTBeT-
CTBy10mee o603Ha4eHHe (uanpuMep, 60°, 2 MM HJIH 55°, 11 BHTKOB).
fpe6enKy npuKJia,!J.blBaIOT K nposepHeMoH: pe3b6e napaJIJieJibHO
ee OCH H onpe,!1.eJISl"IOT Ha npocBeT, COBna.u.aIOT JIH ouu: l
Cp~.II.HHA .u.uaMeTp MeTpHl!eCKHX H .II.IOHMOBbIX pe3h'6 H3MepHIOT
p e 3 b 6 0 B bl M M H K p 0 M e T p 0 M. OH OTJIHl!aeTCSI OT MHKpOMeTpa
.II.JIH r Jia.II.KHX .u.eTaJieH: TOJibKO 'feM, l!TO BMecTo nocTOHHHbIX
H3MepHTeJibHbIX noaepxHOCTeH HMeeT oco6bre CMeHHble H3MepHTeJibHble
HaKoHel!HHKH. CTpH KOHTpoJie pe3b6oaoH: MHKpoMeTp ycTattaBJIHBaIOT

117
TOK, qTOObl KOHYC BXO,ll.HJI B KaHaBKY pe3b0bl, a rrpH3MaTuqeCKHH
HaKOHeqHHK c Bblpe30M OXBaTblBaJI BblCTYII pe3b0bl. 0TcqeT -IIO
WK~!!!e MHKpOMeTpa IIOKa3blBaeT pa3Mep cpe,ll.Hero ,ll.HaMeTpa pe3b(5hI.
JlJISI rrpoeepKH pe3b0 B MaCCOBOM rrpOH380,ll.CTBe HCIIOJib3YioT
e
D p .ll. e JI b H bl e K a JI H 6 p bl: Hapy>I<HYIO pe3b6y KOHTpOJIHpy-
IOT pe3bOOBblMH KOJibU.aMH, a BHyTpeHHIOIO - pe3bOOBblMH npoo-
KaM1i'; '· '"'
lfapesauae uapyll(uoii peaL6bl nJiallQ<aMa.@nsi Hape3aHHSI Hapy>K-
uoA Kpenexrnoii pe3bobl TpeyroJILuoro np0<f>HJISI c waroM .n.o 2 MM
npHMeHSIIOT DJiaWKH. 11HOr,ll.a DJiaWKH HCDOJib3YIOT JJ.JISI KaJIHOpOBaHHH
pe3bObl Kpynuoro wara, npe,ll.BapHTeJibHO Hape3aHHOH pe3U.OM.'i-
nnawKa (pHC. 51) HMeeT Ha BHYTpeHHeH CTOpoil:e pe3bQY OD·
pe,ll.eJieHHoro npo<f>HJISI. B nnawKe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ee pa3MepoB
npocBepneHo 3-8 OTBepcTHH, nepeceKarow.ux pe3Loy. Ha nepece-
qeuuu DOBepXHOCTeH OTBepCTHH H pe3b0bl oopa3yIOTCSI rpeoe1uo1,
pe>Kyw.eA t1aCTbIO KOTOpblx u BblIIOJIHSieTcH pa6oTa pe3aHHSI. -Ha
UHJIHH,ll.pHlleCKOM yqacTKe pe3b0bl oopa3yeTCSI KaJIHopyIOW.aSI t1aC.Tb
DJiaWKH (5-6 BHTKOB) - OHa KaJIHopyeT pe3boy no pa3Mepy H
ooecrret1ueaeT TpeoyeMyro wepoxoaaTocTb rroeepxHoCTH pe3hObl.
Pe3LooHape3Hbie nJiallIKH H3rOTOBJISIIOTCH H3 HHCTpyMeHTaJihHOH
CTaJIH. Ha Topu.e DJiallIKH CTaBHTCSI MapKHpOBKa B COOTBeTCTBHH
c pa3MepoM Hape3aeMoA pe3bObl.

G0° Paoo'laR
11acm& X9ocmo8uK
KBaapam

Pe11<gw,1111 Kanu5pg/OD.(11lf Pellf.!Jf#OR

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Buo6 Bua A ,
KaHauKa
cepa"e6uHa
Pelf<yw.ee nepo
6 U,eHmpo8oe om6epcmue •
Pac. 51. Pe3&6oaapeaaa11 nnawKa: B-8 1J;:J1
n.11aae; 6 -
(Ce'lettue no - (Ce'leHue no Kanuopy-
• - BHA B SJl.eMeHTY pe3b6111 DJl3WKH.
peH<y/l/etl a; 10w.eu '!acmu)
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flep_eOHRR

Pac. 52. 'lacTa a sneMeHTbl MCT'IHKa:

2tp - yro.1 npa aepwaHe;
uepeAHHil yro.t.
-
a - 38JJ.HHH yro.11; y -
~"5ii;::pj@~~ HOCmb
no8epx-

PeJK!f/40R
kpOMKO
118
 nJiaIIIKa KpenHTCH B pytIHOM nJiaIIIKOJJ.ep:>KaTeJie - BOpOTKe. npu
Hape3aHHH pe3b6bl nJiaIIIKY nOJJ.BOJJ.HT K 3aroTOBKe, nO)l.:>KHMaH
nJiaIIIKOJJ.ep:>KaTeJib TopuoM nHHOJIH 3a)J.Heii: 6a6KH; pyKOHTKa nJiaIIIKO-
JJ.ep:>KaTeJIH ynHpaeTCH B cynnopT. npH pa6oTe PYIIHbIM nJiaIIIKOJJ.ep-
:>KaTeJieM Hy:>KHO co6JIIOJJ.aTb OCTOpO:>KHOCTb, CJieJl.flTb, llT06bI pyKa
He nonaJia Me:>K.II.Y pyKOHTKOH nJiaIIIKO.II.ep:>KaTeJIH H onopoii:. j
.lI.HaMeTp cTep}l{HH noJJ. Hape3aHHe pe3b6bI npHHHMaIOT no cnpaaoq-
HHKy. nepeJJ. Hape3aHHeM pe3b6bi Ha TOpue 3arOTOBKH npoTatIHBaIOT
!J>acKy JJ.JIH o6JiertieHHH aaxo.II.a nJiaIIIKH. CKopocTb pe3aHHH npe
Hape3aHHH Ha )l.eTaJIHX H3 CTaJII:I H qyryHa - 2-4 M/MHH, H3
uaeTHbIX MeTaJIJIOB JJ.O 10 M/MHH. B KatieCTBe CO)I( HcnoJihay-
IOTCH 3MYJibCHH, MHHepaJibHOe MaCJIO HJIH cyJib!J>o!J>pe30JI JI.JUI CTaJIH,
Kepoc1rn - )l.JIH qyryHa.
Hape3auee snyTpeuneif pe3&0bl MeTqHKaMH. · BHyTpeHHHe pe3b6bl
JJ.HaMeTpOM )l.0 20 MM HapeaaIOT Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe MeTIIHKaMH.i
MeTIIHK (pHc. 52) npeJJ.cTaBJIHCT co6oii: BHHT c pe3b6oH: onpe.II.eJieH:
Hora npo$HJIH H npOJJ.OJihHhlMH cTpy:>KetIHhlMH KaHaBKaMH. Ha nepe-
cetieHHHX KaHaBOK c BHTKaMH pe3h6hl o6paayIOTCH pe3b60Bble
rpe6eHKH. Pa6orn pe3aHHH BbrnoJIHHeTCH peJK:ymeH: (aa6opHoH:)
qaCTbIO MeTqHKa, Bb!COTa pe.:lKyIII.HX ay6beB KOTOpoii: noCTeneHHO
YBeJIHqHBaeTCH. no Mepe BBHHllHBaHHH MeTIIHKa B OTBepCTHe
pe.:lKyIII.aH qacTb npopeaaeT peah60Bb1e KaHaBKH: KaJK:)l.bIH ay6 cpe-
aaeT He6oJibIIIYIO qacTb npHnycKa, a nocJie npoxoJJ.a aceii: peJK:ymeu
qacTH noJiyqaeTCH peab6a noJIHoro npo!J>HJIH. 3a pe.:lKymeii: qacTbIO
MeTqHKa pacnOJIOJK:eHa KaJIH6pyIOIII.aH qaCTb, KOTOpaH CJIY.:lKHT )l.JIH
HanpaBJieHHH MeTqHKa no pe3b6e H )l.JIH 3atIHCTKH (KaJIH6poBaHHH)
npOIJ>HJIH pe3b6bI. nocJie 3aTynJieHHH MeTIIHK 3aTaqHBaIOT no nepe)l.-
HHM noaepxHOCTHM peJK:yIII.HX rpe6eHOK, T. e. no Jl.HY CTpy.:lKetIHOH
KaHaBKH. TaK KaK Ha KaJIH6pyIOIII.eii: qacTH He HMeeTCH 3a.II.Hero
yrna, TO nocJie nepeToIIeK )l.HaMeTp peab6hl MeTIIHKa He H3MeHH-
eTCH .
.M.eTqHKH H3fOTaBJIHBaIOT H3 HHCTpyMeHTaJibHOH CTaJIH.
:JlpH Hape3anm1 pe3b6bI MeTllHKOM nOJib3YIOTCH CJiecapHblM BOpOT-
KOM, KOTOpb!H HaCaJK:HBaIOT Ha KBa)l.paTHblH XBOCTOBHK MeTIIHKa.
1\1.eTIIHK no)l.:>KHMaIOT ueHTpOM, ycTaHOBJieHHbIM 8 nHHOJIH aa.n.HeH:
6a6KH; pyKOHTKa aopoTKa ynHpaeTCH B cynnopT. TaKoii: cnoco6
no.n.aqff MeTqHKa )l.onycKaeTCH TOJibKO )l.JIH HapeaaHHH pe3b6 He60Jib-
IIIOro JJ.HaMeTpa (.n.o 8 MM). B JJ.pyrnx cJiyIIaHX HCnOJib3YIOT
)l.OnOJIHHTeJibHbIH JJ.ep.:lKaTeJib c ueHTpOM H ynopHyIO nJiaHKy: MeTIIHK
no)l.:>KHMaeTCH ueHTpoM, a sopoToK ynHpaeTCH a nJiaHKy. TaK KaK
MeTIIHK H nJiaHKa nepe.n.BBraIOTCH BMeCTe, TO nepeKoca He
803HHKaeT H TaKHM o6pa30M npe.n.oTBpamaeTCH onaCHOCTb 6paKa
pe3h6bI H noJIOMKH MeTqHKa. npH Hape3aHHH rnyxoii: pe3b6bI HY.:lKHO
CJieJI.HTb aa TeM, qT-06bI He npOH30IIIJIO ynopa MeTqHKa B JI.HO
OTBepCTHH: 3TO HeH36eJK:HO npHBe.n.eT K noJIOMKe MeT4HKa H CpbIBY
pe3~6b1~:1
,' npH pa6oTe MeTqffK Bbl)l.aBJIHBaeT HeKOTOpbIH CJIOH MeTaJIJia H3
Bna)l.HHbl pe3b6bl H yMeHbIIIaeT JI.HaMeTp OTBepcTHH, qTo 3aTpy.ll.HHeT
119
Hape3aHHe. Ilo3TOMY JJ.HaMeTp OTBepCTHSI JJ.OJDKeH 6bITb HeCKOJlbKO
60Jibllle BHyTpeHHero JJ.HaMeTpa pe3b6bl. .ll.naMeTp OTBepCTHSI noJJ.
pe3b6y npHHHMaeTCH no cnpaeoqHnKy'7"\
CKopoCTb pe3aHHH npH Hape3aHHll pe3b6bl MeTqHKaMH cocTaBJIH-
eT 5-15 M/MHH. OpuMeHeHHe CO)I( o6H3aTeJibHO.
B Ta6JIHU.e 5 npHBeJJ.eHbl OCHOBHble BHJJ.bl 6pa-xa npu Hape3aHHH
pe3h6bI nJialllKaMH H MeTqHKaMH, HX npnqHHbl H Mepbl npeJJ.ynpeJK-
JJ.eHHSI.
T a 6 JI H ll a 5. OcHOBHble BH.11.bl 6paKa npu aapC3aHHH pe3&6bl nnawKaMH
H MC1'1HKaMH, HX npH'IHHbl H Mepbl npe.11.ynpClK)l.CHHH

Mepbl npe.11ynpe>1<.11eHHH

HenpaeHJibHblii ebl6op saroTOBKH:

38HHlKeH JlH8MeTp CTeplKHH HJIH 38Bbl-
I
Heno11naJ1 Bblcoma pesb6bl
PasMepbl cTeplKHH HJIH oTeepcTHH no.ll
pe3&6y npHHHM8Tb no cnpaBO''IHHKY H Tlll.8-
weH )l.H8MeTp OTBepCTHH TeJibHO KOHTponHpOB8Tb

HeoiJunaKOBaJI BblCOma pesb6bt no aceu a11une

KoHycHOCTb cTeplKHH HJIH OTeepcTHH Tm.aTeJibHO KOHTponupoeaTb sarOTOBKy;
no.ll pesh6y KpenHTb HHCTpyMeHT B K8'18IOlll.eHCH on·pae-
Ke
IlepeKOC nJI8lllKH HJIH MeT'IHK8 B KoHTponupoeaTb nono:>KeHHe nnarnKH
npouecce HapesaHHH HJIH MeT'IHK8 B MOMeHT epe3aHHH

Hettucma11 ( «paana11») noaepxnocmb pesb6bt

Pa6oTa saTynneHHblM HHCTpyMeHTOM 11cnOJib3088Tb 38TO'leHHblH HllCTpyMeHT
3aBblllleHHe CKOpOCTH pesaHHH KoppeKTHpoeaTb cKopocTb pe3a11HH
no nepsoii .lleTaJIH
HenpaBHJibllblH Bb160p CM330'1HOro Ilo.ll6HpaTb CM330llHbIH M8Tepuan no
MaTepuana cnpaBOllHHKY

HapeaaHHe pe3bObl peau.aMH. IlpH BblCOKHX Tpe6osaHHHX K co-

octtocTH c JJ.pyrHMH noeepxHOCTHMH H K TOqHOCTH lllara pe3b6y
Hape3aIOT pe3h60BblMH pe3U.8MH Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe, HaCTpoeHHOM Ha
noJJ.aqy, COOTBeTCTBYIOW.YIO mary pe3h6bl.
Opu npeJJ.8apuTeJibHOM o6TaqueaHHH 3aroTOBKH cJieJJ.yeT yquTbl-
eaTb, qTo B npou.ecce Hape3aHHSI pe3h6bl npoHCXOJJ.HT BbIJJ.aBJIHBaHHe
MeTaJIJia H3 enaJJ.HH. Oo3TOMY JJ.HaMeTp eaJia noJJ. pe3b6y JJ.OmKeH 6bITb
HeCKOJlbKO MeHbllle Hapy>KHOro JJ.HaMeTpa pe3b6bI, a JJ.HaMeTp OTBepc-
THSI - 60Jibllle BHyTpeHHero. Bb16op JJ.HaMeTpa BaJia H OTBepCTHSI nOJJ.
pe3b6y 3aBHCHT OT o6pa6aTbIBaeMoro MaTepuaJia u lllara pe3b6b1.
Heo6xoJJ.HMhle JJ.HaMeTpb1 eaJia H oTeepcTHH onpeJJ.eJIHIOT no cnpaeoq-
HHKaM.
B KOHU.e pe3b6osoro yqacTKa npoTaqHeaIOT KaHaBKY (npoToqKy)
JJ.JISI Bb!XOJJ.a pe3u.a. lllHpnHa KaHaBKH JJ.OJI>KHa 6b!Tb He Mettee lllara
pe3b6bl (npH CKOpOCTHOM Hape3aHHH pe3b6b! TBepJJ.OCnJiaBHblMH pe3-
u.aMH - 2-3 mara), rny6uHa KaHaBKH - 6oJibllle rny6HHbl pe3h6hl
Ha 0,1-0,2 MM. 11HorJJ.a Ha qepTeJKe JJ.eTaJIH yKa3bIBaeTcH He Ka-
HaBKa B KOHU.e pe3h6hl, a JJ.JIHHa «c6era», T. e. yqacTKa, Ha
120
KOTOpOM 8bl80,!lMTCSI pe3eu, (pe3b(5a ea 3TOM yqacTKe noJiyqaeTCSI ee-
noJIHOH).
Pe3b0080H pe3eu, ycTaHa8JIH8aIOT Toquo no ueeTpy 3aroT08KH:
ycTaH08Ka HH>Ke ueuTpa npH80.ZJ.HT K HCKa>KeHHIO npo<J>HJISI, 8blllle
ueuTpa - K «33THpaHHIO» pe3u,a. )lJIH noJiyqeHHSI npa8HJibeoro
npo<J>HJISI pe3b0bl pe3elJ, yCTaH3BJIH83IOT no W30JIOey: npHKJia,ll.b183IOT
W30JIOH K 3afOT08Ke (,n.eTaJIH) ea ypo8ee OCH H 880,ll.SIT pe3elJ,
8 npo<J>HJibHblH 8blpe3, npo8epHIOT npa8HJlbHOCTb noJIO>KeeHSI pelKy-
IUHX KpOMOK pe3u,a Ha npoc8eT; 33KpenJIHIOT pe3elJ, H youpaIOT
waoJIOH.
Pe3bOY Hape3a10T 3a HecKOJibKO paooqux xo.n.08. Hx quCJio H
rny9nHa 8pe3aHHH npu KalK,n.OM paooqeM xo.n.e 3a8HCHT OT wara
pe3bobl H MaTepuaJia pe3u,a. lfacJio pa6o,rnx xo,n.08 onpe.n.eJIHIOT no
cnpa80'leHKy.
Pe3b6y oOJibworo wara (2 MM H 6oJiee) Hape3aIOT He c none-
petIHhIM, a c 60K08blM 8pe3aHHeM pe3u,a, npH KOTOpOM pa60TaeT
TOJibKO o.n.Ha pe>1<ymaH KpOMKa. IlpH 3TOM o6JierqaeTcH npouecc
pe3aHHSI H n08blWaeTCSI KatieCT80 pe3b6bl. IlpH 60K080M 8pe3aeHH
8epxuue caJia3KH cynnopTa pa38opaqu9a10T no.n. onpe.n.eJieHHhIM yrJioM
(,n.JISI MeTpHtieCKOH pe3b6bl no.n. yrnoM 30°) OTeOCHTeJibeO uop-
M3JlbHOro noJio>KeHHH. Bpe3aHue ocymecT8JIHIOT pyKoHTKoH: 8epxHHX
CaJia30K cynnOpTa. IlocJie)J.eHe 1-2 qHCT08blX paooqux XO,ll.a 8blnOJI-
HSllOT c nonepeqeoH: no.u.aqeH:.
CKopoCTb pe3aHHH 3a8HCHT OT MaTepuaJia o6pa6aTbl8aeMoH: 3aro-
T08KH u pe3b008oro p,e3u,a: npu o6pa6oTKe cTaJIH ObICTpope>Ky-
IUHMH pe3U,aMH OHa COCTa8JISleT 20-35 M/MHH, npH o6pa6oTKe qyryHa
6hICTpope>KyIUHMH pe3U,aMH - 10-15 M/MHe, npH eape3aHHH pe3b0bl
T8ep.u.ocnJia8HbIMH pe3U,aMH. COOT8eTCT8eHHO 100-150 H 40-60
M/MHH. )lJIH qucT08blX pa6o'IHX xo,n.08 cKopocTb pe3aHHH Y8eJIH-
'IH8aIOT 8 1,5-2 pa3a, npH Hape3aHHH 8HyTpeHHHX pe3b0 - CHH>KaIOT
Ha 20-30%.

KoHTpOJlbHble eonpocbl
I. KaK o6pa3yeTc11 BHHTOBll.,H JJHHHH npH aape3aHHH pe3b6bl Ha TOKapaoM
CTaHKe?
2. KaKHe OCHOBHble MeMeHTbl pe3b6bl Bbl 3HaeTe?
3. qTO H83blB8eTC!I 111aroM pe3b6b1?
4. KaKHe cyIUeCTByIOT BH.llbl pe3b6bl H 'leM OHH OTJJH'laIOTC!I .npyr OT .npyra?
5. KaKHMH HHCTpyMeHTaMH MO)KHO Hape38Tb pe3b6y?
6. I-fa K8KHX '18CTeli COCTOHT MeT'IHK?
7. KaK Hape3aTb pe3b6y nna111Koli?
8. KaKHe H3Me.pHTeJJbHble HHcrpyMeHTbl npuMeHHJOT .nn11 KOHTpon11 sneMeHTOB
pe3b6b1?
9. qeM onpe.neJIHIOTCH pe)KHMbl pe38HHH npH H8pe38HHH pe3b6bl DJl8111K8MH
H MeT'IHK3MH?
10. KaKHe cyIUeCTBYIOT cnoco6bl Hape38HHH pe3UOM TpeyrOJJbHOli pe3b6b1?

121
 26. 06PA60TKA KOHH'IECKHX
H Cl>ACOHHblX noBEPXHOCTEA
HA TOKAPHOM CTAHKE

B TeXHHKe qacTo HCl10Jih3YJOTCH .ZI.eTaJIH c Hapy:>KHhlMH H BHYTpeH-

HHMH KOHHqecKHMH 110BepXHOCTSIMH, Ha11pHMep KOHHqeeKHe 3y6qaThle
KOJieca H BTYJIKH, poJIHKH KOHuqecKHX 110.ZI.lllHl1HHKOB. MHorue HHCTpy-
MeHThl ( CBepJia, 3eHKephl, pa3BepTKH) HMelOT KOHHqecKHe XBOCTO-
BHKH,, a llll1HH.ZI.eJIH CTaHKOB - KOHHqecKHe a.eHTpaJibHble OTBepCTHSI
00)1. 3TH XBOCTOBHKH H np.
KoHHqecKHe nosepxHOCTH xapaKTepH3YIOTCH cJie.ZI.y!Olll.HMH 3JieMeH-
TaMH (pHC. 53): yrnoM KOHyca 2a - Me:>K.ZI.Y .ZI.BYMSI o6pa3y!Olll.HMH,
Jie:>Kall.J.HMH B 0)1.HOH IlJIOCKOCTH, npoXO.ZI.Slll.J.eH qepe3· oc~; yrnoM
yKJ10Ha KoHyca a - Me:>K,n:y OChlO H 06pa3y10meii KoHyca; yKJio-
HOM Y-TaHreHcoM yrna yKJioHa (Y=tga=(D-d)/21); KoHyc-
HOCThlO, HJIH y.ZI.BOeHHhlM YKJIOHOM (K=(D-d)/l).
Jl;rn noJiyqeHHSI KOHHqecKOH IlOBepXHOCTH Heo6XO.ZI.HMO, qTo6bl npH
spameHHH 3aroTOBKH sepurnHa pe3a.a nepeMemanacb He napan-
JieJihHO, a 110.ZI. HeKOTOpbIM yrnoM K OCH a.eHTpOB. 3TOT yroJI
.ZI.OJI:>KeH 6h!Th paBeH yrny YKJIOHa KOHyca a. nepeMemeHHe
eeplllHHbl pe3a.a 110.ZI. yrnoM K OCH 33fOTOBKH MO:>KHO ocymecTBHTh
O.ZI.HHM H3 cJie.ZI.y!OIU.HX cnoco6os: npHMeHeHHeM urnpoKoro pe3a.a;
DOBOpOTOM BepxHeii qaCTH cy11nopTa; CMemeHHeM 33)1.Heii 6a6KH;
c noMOIU.hlO KoHycHoii JIHHeHKH.
Hapy:>KHhie H BHyTpeHHHe KOHHqecKHe nosepxHOCTH .ZI.JIHHOH .ZI.O
20 MM o6pa6aTbIB3IOT lllHpOKHM pe3II.OM, y KOTOporo rnaBHhlH
yroJI B nJiaHe paseH yrny yKJIOHa KOHHqecKoii nosepxHOCTH.
J{JISI ycTaHOBKH pe3ll,a npHMeHHIOT ycTaHOBO'IHh!H llla6JIOH.
YHHBepcaJihHhlH c11oco6 noJiytieHHH KOHH'leCKHX nosepxHocTeii -
o6pa6oTKa npH nosepHyThIX sepxHHX cana3Kax cy11nopTa (pHc. 54).
nosopOTHYIO IlJIHTY cy1111opTa BMeCTe C BepXHHMH C3JI33K3MH 11epeMe-
lll,3IOT OTHOCl1TeJibHO no11epe"!Hh!X caJia30K, OCJia6HB raHKH BHHTOB
KpenJieHHH 11JIHThl. YroJI nosopoTa KOHTponHpy10T 110 ,n:eJieHHHM Ha
DJIHTe;
npH o6pa60TKe COilpSiraeMblX KOHHl!eCKliX IlOBepXHOCTeH BaJia H
BTYJIKH npHMeHHIOT pacTO'IHOH pe3ea. c.roJIOBKoii,. OToruy:roii snpaso
OT CTep}l{HSI, a lllilHH;lI.eJIIO'C006IU.310T o6paTHOe Bpall.J.eHHe. noJIO:>KeHHe
DOBOpOTHOH 11JIHThl B 3TOM CJiyqae He H3MeHHeTCH.
J{JIHHHble Hapy:>KHble KOHHl!eCKHe noeepXHOCTH (c y,r.JIOM yKJioHa
ue 6oJiee 10°) o6pa6aTblBalOT cnoco6oM CMelll.eHHfl, Kopnyca 33.ZI.Heii
6a6KH OTHOCHTeJihHO ee IlJIHThl (pHC. 55). 3aroTOBKa, ycTaHOBJieHHaSI
B a.eHTphl, BpamaeTCSI c IlOMOIU.hlO IlOBO.ZI.KOBOH nJiaHrnaii6hl H XOMY-
THKa, Kop11yc 33.ZI.Heii 6a6KH <:Mema10T B no11epe"!HOM HanpasJieHHH
TaK, qTo6bI OCb 33fOTOBKH pac110JiaraJiaCb IlO.ZI. yrJIOM a K OCH
a.eHTpoe. CTpH BKJIIO'lemm no.ZI.a'IH KapeTKH cy11nopTa pe3ea., nepeMe-
maHCh 11apaJIJieJibHO OCH llll1HH.ZI.eJIH, 6y.ZI.eT o6Ta'IHB3Th KOHH"!e-
CKYIO nosepxHOCTh. CMemeHue Kop11yca 33.ZI.Heii 6a6KH H onpe.ZI.e-

122
 J
a

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a

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PHC. 53 •. 3JJeMeHTW KOHH'leCKOii noaepx-
HOCTH (a),'yCJIOBHWe o603Ha'leHHSI KOHyc-
HOCTH Ha 'lepTelKax (6).
PHc. 54. 06pa6oTKa KOHH'lecKoii noaep-
xaocTH npa noaepHyYWX aepxHHX caJJas-
Kax cynnopTa:
a - o6T8'1HBaHHe aapy>KHOI noaepxeocTH; I -
paCT8'1H88HHe BHyTpeHHeA noaepxHOCTH.

Pac. 55. 06pa6oTKa aapylKHOii KOHH'le-

CKOii noaepxHOCTH cnoco6oM CMeW,eHHR
Kopnyca 3a.u,aeii 6a6KH.

JIHeTCSI KaK H = L sin a. (CM. 3awTpuxosaHHhlii TpeyroJibHHK ua

puc. 55).
l13BeCTHO, llTO )J.JISI MaJiblX yrnoB (.ll.0 10°) cuuyc npaKTHtieCKH
paseu TaHreucy. HanpuMep, JJ.JIH yrna 7° cuHyc paseu 0, 120, a TaH-
reHc - 0,123. Cnoco6oM cMern.euusi Kopnyca aa)J.ueii 6a6KH o6pa6a-
TbIBaIOT, -KaK npasuno, aaroTOBKH c MaJibIMH yrnaMH yKJJoHa, no-
3TOMY MO)KHO CtIHT8Tb, tITO sin a. = t g a., TOf )J.a

H =L tg-a.=L. D-d=.£. D-d

21 l 2 .

.UonycKaeTcsr cMern.euue Kopnyca aa)J.ueii 6a6KH ua + 15 MM.

Be.nu11uuy CMern.euusi Kopnyca aa)J.ueii 6a6Ku OTHOCHTeJihHO OJIHTbl
KOHTpOJIHpylOT no )J.eJieHHHM Ha Topu.e nJIHTbl HJIH npu nOMOll.J.H
JIHM6a nonepe11uoii no)J.aqu.
0CHOBHhle BH)J.bl 6paKa npH o6pa60TKe KOHuqecKHX nosepxHOCTeH,
HX npHtIHHbl H Mepbl npeJJ.ynpe)K)J.eHHSI OTpa)KeHbl B Ta6JI. 6.
cI>acouaoihrnahlBaeTcH nosepxuocTb, nonyqeHHaH sparn.eHHeM KpH-
BOJJHHeiiuoii 06paay10meii soKpyr ocu. Ha paaJiuqHbIX )J.eTaJIHX
M3IIIHH BCTpetialOTCSI paJJ.HYCHE>Ie nepeXO)J.bl (raJITeJIH). paJJ.HYCHble
KaHaBKB, .COtieTaHHe "BhlilYKJlblX H eoruyThlX ¢acOHHblX noeepxHOCTeH
EnanpHMep, y pyKoHTOK), c¢epuqecKue noeepxuocrn (uanpHMep, I1Ia-
posble. onopbI) H T. ;:i:.
123
T a (i JI
H u a 6. Ocaoeawe .BRAY 6p&Ka npa o6pa6oTKe KOHH11ecK11x noeepxaoc...eA,
HX npH'IHHW H Mepw npeAynpeQeHH8

BHJJ. ISpaKa npa~HH8 ISpaKa Mepbl npeJJ.ynpe>KJJ.eHHH

YrOJJ KoHyca npaeHJJbHblii, HeTO'IHOCTb ycTaHoe- TmaTeJJbHO ycTaHae-

HO HeTO'IHbl pa3Mepb1 60JJb- KH pe3ua no JJHM6y no- JJH·BaTb pa3Mep no JIHM6y
woro H M8JJOro OCHOB8HHii nepel!Hoii no,ll.a'IH npH OKOH'l8TeJJbHOM npo-
XO,ll.e pe3UOM
HeTO'IHOCTb npo.D.OJJb- <l>HKCHpOB8Tb pHCKY
Horo nepeMemeHHll KO- Ha JJHM6e npO.D.OllbHOii no-
HH'lecKoii pa3eepTKH HJJH ,ll.8'1H npH o6pa6oTKe nep-
.D.Byxneporo 3eHKepa eoii ,ll.eT8JJH H He CMe-
maTb ee e npouecce o6-
pa60TKH eceii napTHH
0TKJJOHeHHe ,ll.JIHHbl 38- TmaTeJJbHo KOHTpoJJu-
roTOBKH OT 38,ll.8HHOH poeaTb 3arOTOBKY no ,ll.JJH-
He
YroJJ KOHyca He COOTBeT- 0TKJJOHeHHe yrna no- TmaTeJJbHO ycTaHae-
CTBYeT yKa3aHHOMY e 'lepTe- eopoTa nJJHTbl eepXHHX JJHBaTb yrOJJ noeopoTa
lKe caJJa30K OT 38,ll.8HHOro nJJllTbl
OTlKHM nJJHTbl e npo- Ha.D.elKHO 3aKpenJJllTb
uecce o6pa6oTKH nJJHTY
0TKJJOHeHHe CMeme- TmaTeJJbHO ycTaHae-
HHll Kopnyca 38,ll.Heii 6a6- JJHBaTb CMemeHHe KOpny-
KH OT pac'leTHOro 3Ha'leHHll ca 38.D.Heii· 6a6KH ·
HeTO'IHOCTb ycTaHOBKH TmaTeJJbHO ycrnHae-
KOHYCHOH JJHHeiiKH JJHBaTb KOHYCHYIO JJH-
HeiiKy
norpeWHOCTb yrJJa 38- To'IHO Bbl.D.epJKueaTb
TO'IKH pe3ua HJJH yrna yroJJ 38TO'IKH HHCTpy-
KOHH'leCKOH pa3eepTKH MeHTa
06pa3y10ma11 KOHyca KpH- YcTaHOBKa pe3ua Bbl- YcTaHaBJJHBaTb peseu
eoJJHHeiiHa we HJJH H-HlKe OCH L\eHTpOB TO'IHO no OCH ueHTpOB

KouTpOJib $acouu&1x noeepJ(-

uocTeii: ocymecTBJUIIOT ma6Jiona-
MH. KouTyp H3MepHTeJibHOii: no-
eepxuocTH ma6JIOH8 COOTBeTCT-
eyeT KOHTpOJIHpyeMOMY npoqm-
JIIO. llla6JIOH npHKJI8)1.bIB8IOT K
.n.eTaJIH TaK, l!T06bl ero DJIOCKOCTb
coena.n.ana c nnocKOCThIO, npo-
xo.n.Hmeii: qepe3 ocb JJ.eTaJIH, n,
ee.n.yT KOHTpOJih «Ha npoceeT»
(pHC. 56).
J1106y10 $acouuy10 noeepx-
HOCTh TeJia BpameHHH MO:>l<HO no-..
Puc. 56. KoHTpOJJb ct>acoHHOii noeepxHo- JIYllHTh col!eTaHHeM pyl!HblX
CTH wa6JJOH8MH: npo.n.onbHOii H nonepequoii: no.n.aq
W l - p,JHI KOHTPOJIR BYnyKnoii noaepxaocTH; W2 -
,A.RR kOHTpOnR BOfHYTOii noaepXHOCTH; W3 - kOMD•
(pHC. 57). IlpH onpe.n.eJieHHOM
neKcHwH wa6.110H; KW - KOHTpwatinoH. H8Bb1Ke, nepHO)l.Hl!eCKH KOHTpo-
124
PHc. 57. 06pa60TKa ljlacoHHlilX noeepxHo- PHc. 58. 06pa6oTKa ljlacoHHoli noeepxHo-
cTeli cnoco6oM CO'ICTaHHH JJ.BYX UO)l,a'I: CTH npH DOMOW.H KOnHpOB&nbHOfO npHCUO-
co6.11eHHH:
a - KOHTpG.llb no qepTelKYi 6- KOHTpo.lb no
8T8.110HHOI Jl,eTUH. I - aonap; 2 - po.nHKi 3 - T•ra.

JIHPYH o6pa6aThIBaeMyIO .n.eTaJih ma6JIOHOM, TOKaph .D.OBOJlbHO TOIJ-

HO MO:>KeT BbITO'IHTb cf>acOHHYIO pyKOSITKy, map H .n.pyrue cf>acoH-
Hble .n.eTaJIH. CTpe.n.sapHTeJihHO 3arOTOBKY o6pa6aTbIBaIOT npoxo.n.-
HhIM pe3U.OM, npu.n.asaSI en cf>opMy, 6JIH3KYIO K 3a.D.aHHOH. Cnoco6
o6pa6oTKH COIJeTaHHeM .n.syx py11HblX no.n.a11 HenpOH3BO.D.HTeJieH
H npHMeHSieTCH npH e.n.HHH'IHOM H3fOTOBJieHHH .n.eTaJieH.
Opu cepuH:HoM H3fOTOBJieHHH .n.eTaJieH: .D.JIH o6pa6oTKH cf>acoHHhlX
nosepxHOCTen npuMeHHIOT KonuposaJihHOe npucnoco6JieHHe (aHaJio-
rHIJHoe Kouycuou JIHHenKe). Ha nJIHTe npucnoco6JieHHH 3aKpenJIHIOT
KOnHp 1 c cf>acOHHbIM na30M, B KOTOpOM HaXO.D.HTCH poJIHK 2, CBH3aH-
HhIH c THroH: 3 cynnopTa (pHc. 58). KaK H npu o6pa6oTKe Kouycos,
raH:Ky nonepe11uoro cynnopTa OTcoe.n.HHHIOT OT BHHTa. Opu npo.n.oJih-
HOH no.n.a11e KapeTKH nonepe11HaS1 no.n.atrn cynnopTa 6y.n.eT no.n.11uHeHa
.D.BH:>KeHHIO poJIHKa no na3y Konupa H pe3eIJ. aocnpou3se.n.eT Ha 3aro-
TOBKe npocf>HJib ycTaHOBJieHHOfO Ha JIHHenKe Konupa. .
KopoTKHe cf>acoHHble nosepxHOCTH .D.JIHHOH .n.o 60 MM e cepHHHOM
H MaCCOBOM npOH3BO.D.CTBe o6pa6aTbIBaIOT cf>acOHHbIMH pe3IJ.aMH.
CTpocf>HJih pe:>t<yIIJ.eH: KpoMKH cf>acoHHoro pe3u.a cooTBeTcTByeT npocf>u-
JIIO o6pa6aThIBaeMOH nosepXHOCTH.
<l>aCQHHblH peseu. nO.D.BO.D.SIT K 3afOTOBKe nJiaBHO c no.n.a11eu 0,02-
0, l MM/06, npHIJeM K KOHU.Y npoxo.n.a no.n.a11y yMeHblllaIOT. .ll.JIH
nOJiy11eHHH MaJioH: mepoxosaToCTH nosepxuocTH cKopocTh pe3aHHH
npH TOIJeHHH cf>acOHHblMH pe3IJ.aMH He .D.OJI:>KHa npeBbllllaTb 30 M/MHH.
CospeMeHHhle TOKapHhle cTaHKH ocHaIIJ.aIOTCH ru.n.pasJ1u11ecKHM Ko-
nuposaJihHhlM cynnopTOM, KOTOpblH U.eJiecoo6pa3HO npHMeHSITb npH
o6pa6oTKe napTHH 6oJiee 30 .n.eTaJieH:.

125
KoHTPo.J11»Hwe aonpocw
1. KaKne Bbl suae-re KOHH'lecKHe noeepxuocTH?
2. KaK onpeAeJJHIOT Koaycaocrb?
3. KaKHe cnoco6bl npHMeHHIOT ll.JIH o6pa60TKH KOHH'lecKHX noeepxaocrei aa ro-
KapHhlx CT3HKax?
4. B KaKHX cnyqaHx peKoMeaii.yerCH noeopa11aear1:t eepxa1010 11acrb cynnopra?
5. KaKOBbl npenMymecrea H aeii.ocrarKH cnoco6oe o6pa6oTKH Koaycoe npH
noeepayrblx eepxaux caJJa3Kax cynnopra H npa cMemeHHH Kopnyca saii.aei 6a6KH?
6*. KaK pacC'IHT3Tb CMemeaue Kopnyca saii.aei 6a6KH AJJH 06ra1111.eaHHH aapyxc-
HOI KOHn11ecKoi noeepxaocra?
7. KaK KOHTpOJJHPYIOT KOHH'leCKMe noeepxHOCTH?
s•. KaKHMH cnoco6aMH MOX<HO o6pa6orarb cj>acoHHble noeepxHOCTH ea TOKap-
HblX CT3HKax?
9. KaKne THnbl pe3uoe npHMeHHIOT npu cf>acOHHOM 06ra11ueaHHH ii.e-raJJa?
I 0. no11eMy cj>acoHHblMH pesuaMH 06pa6arblea10r TOJJbKO cj>acoHHble noeepxHOCTH
He60JJbllIOi ll.JIHHbl?
*.
11 B 11eM 3aKJJ1011aercH cnoco!S 06ra11ueaHHH cf>acoaaoi noeepxaocru no Konupy?
12. KaK 06pa6arblea10r cf>acoHHble noeepxaocru co11e-raHHeM ii.eyx no)l.a11?
13. KaKHe cymecreyIOT cnoco6bl o6pa6orKH ccj>epu11ecKHx (lllapoeblX) no1Jepx-
aocrell?

27. OT)l.EJIKA nOBEPXHOCTER

HA TOKAPHOM CTAHKE

ll0Aupoea11.ue D03BOJISleT DOJlytlHTb MaJiyIO wepoxoBaTOCTb no-

BepxHOCTH. ~:)Ty onepaU.HIO BblDOJIHSllOT Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe WJIH-
<l>oBaJibHOH WKypKOH •. lllKypKy aaKpenJISllOT Me)KJI.Y :>KHMKaMH - JI.By-
MSI wapHHpHo CBH3aHHblMH .11.epeBHHHblMH KOJIOJI.KaMH. Ilpa BHYTpeH-
HeM noJiuposaHHH WKYPKY HaMaTblBaIOT Ha .11.epessrnHyIO onpaBKy H 3a-
KpenJIHIOT ee KOHeu. e npopesu onpaBKH. KaK npu eHewHeM, TaK
H npu BHYTpeHHeM noJiuposaHHH He .11.onycKaeTCH npH}l{HMaTb WKYPKY
K .11.e-raJIH epyqHyIO. 0Kpy}l{HaH cKopocTb npu noJiupoBaHHH WKYPKOH
60-70 M/MHH.
llpumuptca - OKOHqaTMbHaSI qucTOB3SI o6pa6oTKa (OTJI.eJIKa)
DOBepXHOCTeH: JI.JISI nOJiyqeHHSI BblCOKOH TOqHOCTH H M3JIOH wepoxoea-
TOCTH. flpunycKH DO.II. npHTHPKY npHHHMaIOT 0,01-0,03 MM Ha CTO-
poHy. HHcTpyMeHTOM JI.JIH BblDOJIHeHHH 3Toii onepau.uu CJIY}l{HT qyryH-
HblH HJIH MeJI.HbIH npHTHp, npe.11.cTaBJIHIOW.HH co6oH: BTYJIKY c OJI.HOH
HJIH HeCKOJlbKHMH npope3SIMH. npa o6pa60TKe Hapy}l{HOH DOBepXHOCTH
.11.e-raJIH pa6oqeu qacTbIO npuTupa S1BJ1HeTcS1 ero BHYTpeHHHH noeepx-
HOCTh, a npH o6pa60TKe BHyTpeHHeii nosepxHOCTH .neTaJIH - ero Ha-
PY}l{HaSI nosepxHoCTb. Pa6oqy10 nosepxHOCTb npHTHpa noKpblBaIOT
naCTOH, COCTOSIW.eH H3 MeJIK03epHHCTOro a6pa3HBHOro nopowKa H
MaCJia.
Ha puc. 59 noKa3aHa npHTHpKa uapy}l{HOH U.HJIHHJI.puqecKoif no-
eepxHOCTH. B npou.ecce o6pa6oTKH npHTHp nepuo.11.uqecKH C}l{HMaIOT
c IlOMOlll.blO BHHTa, KOTOpblH CTSlrHBaeT XOMYT.
HeKOTOpble .11.eTaJIH (pyKoHTKH, roJIOBKH BHHTOB, KaJiuopos H
T. .11..) HMeIOT Hapy}l{HYIO pu<1>J1eHy10 noeepxHOCTb c pa3JIHqHbJM
y3opoM: JIHHeifqaTblM (npHMbIM HJIH KOCbIM). eJioqHbJM, ceTqaTbIM,
ToqeqHblM H .11.p. Pu<1>J1eHHe noJiyqaIOT 11.a1cambtBaHtWM noeepxHOCTH
126
 a
PHC. 59. npHTHpKa Hapyxrnoii U.H.llHHJl.PH-
'leCKOii noeepxHOCTH Ha TOKapHOM CT&HKe:
I - paapeaHoA npH•Hp; :l - xoMyT; 3 - peryJ1Hpo-
1oqe1:.1A BHHT.

PHc. 60. HaK&TblB&HHe pHcjl.11eHHii:

a- npoll,ecc Hak&TWB8RMRi 6 - .n.ayxpOJIHKOBYI Ha-
K&THHK: J - Aep>K&BK8i 2- pOJIHKi 3 - OCb pOJJHKB.

poJIHKaMH H3 3aKaJieHHOH HHCTpyMeHTaJlbHOH CTaJIH c COOTBeTCTBy-

IOIUHM y3opoM (puc. 60). B .n.ep:>KaBKe 3aKpenJIHIOT o,n.HH HJIH .n.sa
(,n.JIH IlOJIYlJ.eHHH CeTllaTblX ,PHcl>JieHHH) HaKaTHblX pOJIHKa. npu
HaKaThlBaHHh ceTllaTblX puct>JieHHH o60HMa c pOJIHKaMH cso6o,n.HO
KpenHTCSI B .n.ep:>KaBKe H caMoycTaHaBJJHBaeTCSI Ha HaKaTbIBaeMOH
nosepxHOCTH. POJIHKH .n.oJI:>KHhl pacnoJiaraTbCH CTporo napaJIJieJibHO
o6pa6aTb1BaeMoH nosepxHOCTH.
HaKaTbIBaHue ocymecTBJIHIOT 3a 2-3 pa6ol!HX xo.n.a. He:>KecTKHe
,n.eTaJIH MoryT OT:>KHMaTbCSI no.n. ,n.eHCTBHeM 60JiblllOrO pa.n.uaJibHOrO
ycHJIHSI. no3TOMY ,ll.JlH IlOJiyl!eHHH Ha HHX pHcl>JieHHH BblilOJIHHIOT 5-10
pa6ol!HX xo.n.oe (e 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Illar a pHcl>JieHHH). HaKaTblBaHHe
se,n.yT c no,n.al!eH e o6e cTopoHbl. nonepel!HyIO no,n.aqy poJIHKOB
(s,n.aBJIHBaHHe B noaepXHOCTb) npoH380,ll.HT B KOHU.e Ka:>K,n.oro pa6ol!e-
ro xo.n.a 6e3 Bblxo.n.a poJIHKOB 3a npe,n.eJibl .n.eTaJIH.
0.n.HHM H3 cnoco6oe ynpOl!HeHHSI nosepxHOCTHOro CJIOH ,n.eTaJIH,
npe.n.sapHTeJibHO o6pa6oTaHHOH pe3aHHeM, HanpHMep l(HCTOBblM TO-
l!eHHeM, SIBJIHeTCH o6KambtBUHUe pOJIHKOM. npHCilOC06JieHHe .Il.JlSI
06KaTblBaHlrn OTJIHl!aeTCH OT npucnoco6JieHHSI .Il.JIH HaKaTblBaHHSI
TeM, l(TQ B .n.epmaBKe B3aMeH pOJIHKa c HaCel!eHHblMH 3y6l!HKaMH
ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT rna.n.KHH, 3aKaJieHHbIH pOJIHK c IlOJIHpOBaHHOH no-
sepxHOCTbIO.
06KaTbIBaHHe pOJIHKOM Bbl3hlBaeT IlJ18CTHl!eCKOe .n.ect>opMHposaHHe
HepOBHOCTeli, KOTOpbie er Jia:>KHBaIOTCSl HJIH BMHHaIOTCH B MHKpOCKO-
IlHl!eCKHe ena,n.HHbl nosepxHOCTH, e pe3yJihTaTe qero o6ecnel!H-
eaeTCH BblCOKOe Kal!eCTBO nosepXHOCTHOro CJIOH .n.eTaJIH. 06KaTbl88-
HHe ee.n.yT c He60JiblllHM H8:>KHMOM pOJIHKa Ha nosepxHOCTb 38
2-3 npoxo.n.a pOJIHKa • .[lJIH yMeHbllleHHSI H3HOCa pOJIHKa npHMeHHIOT
~. 127
ooHJibHYIO cMa3KY noeepxHocTen poJIHKa H .11.eTaJIH eepeTeHHblM
HJIH MallIHHHbIM MaCJIOM, CMelllaHHblM B paBHbIX KOJIHqecTBaX c Kepo-
CHHOM.

KoaTpOJlbHble eonpoc111
I.KaKHMH cnoco6aMH npoH3BOllSIT OTlleJIKy noeepxHOCTH Ha TOKapHblX cTaHKax?
2.KaK BblnoJJHSIIOT nonHpoeaHHe, npHTHpKy? ·
3.KaK ocymecTBJJSIIOT HaKaTblBaHHe Ha lleTansix? KaKoti ..11acrpyMeHT HCnOJJb-
3YIOT npH HaKaTblBaHHH?
4 . .Llnsi 'lero npHMeHSllOT o6KaTblBaHHe noeepXHOCTH pOJIHKOM?
5. KaK npOH3BOllSIT o6KaTblBaHHe pOJJHKOM?

Jla6opaTOpao-npaKTH11ecKaH pa6oTa .Nt 11.

Paapa6oTKa TexaonorH11ecKoro npoQecca
H3fOTOBJieHHH .11.eTaJIH TOKapHOH o6pa60TKOH
UeAb: 03HaKOMJieHHe c 3Tanar.rn pa3paooTKH npouecca H3fOTOBJie-
HHH .n.eTaJIH; <J>opMHpoaam1e H8Bb!KOB no.n.roTOBKH npOH3BOJJ.CTBa.
Hcxoonbte oaHHbte: paooqHH: qepTe:>K .n.eTaJIH, pa3Mep napTHH,
HaJIHqHe ooopy,n.oBaHHH, HHCTpyMeHTOB H npHCOOCOOJieHHH.
OcHaUfieHue: <J>opMbI onepauHoHHblX KapT, HOpMaTHBHble H cnpa-
eoqHbie .n.aHHble, Cl!eTHbie ycTpOHCTBa (MHKpOKaJibKYJIHTOpbI, Jiora-
pH<J>MHqecKHe JIHHeHKH).
flopROOK BbtnOAHeHUR pa6ombt:
1. J.fayqHTb paOOllHH qepTe:>K .n.eTaJIH H TeXHHqeCKHe TpeooeaHHSI
K ee H3fOTOBJieHHIO.
2. Onpe.11.eJIHTb npwnycKH Ha oopaooTKY H BbIOpaTb 3arOTOBKy.
3. Bb16paTb TexHoJiornqecKHe 6a3bl H onpe.n.eJIHTb Heooxo.n.HMble
TeXHOJIOfHqecKHe onepaUHH H HX nocJie.n.oeaTeJibHOCTb.
4. Bb16paTb ooopy.n.oaaHHe (TOKapHbIH CT8HOK) H npucnocooJie-
HHSI JJ.JISI Ka:>K)J.OH onepaUHH.
5. npoH3BeCTH HeOOXOJJ.HMbie pacqeTbl )I.Jiff onpe,n.eJieHHSI pe:>KHMOB
pe3aHHSI Ha Ka:>K.n.oti onepauHH.
6. BbiopaTb pa6oqHH: pe:>KymuH: HHCTpyMeHT JJ.JIH BblnOJIHeHHSI
Ka:>K.n.oii onepaQHH c yqeTOM ero CTOHKOCTH.
7. Bb16paTb H3MepuTeJibHblH HHCTpyMeHT H onpe.n.eJIHTb nepeqeHb
KOHTpOJibHblX onepauuH:.
8. BbiopaTb cMa3oqHo-oxJia:>K.n.a10my10 :>KHJJ.KOCTb.
9. lfayqHTb co.11.ep>KaHHe <J>opMbl onepaUHOHHOH KapTbl, 3anoJIHHTb
KapTy noJiyqeHHblMH B xo.n.e BblUOJIHeHHSI paOOTbl HeOOXOJJ.HMblMH .n.aH-
HblMH.
10. 11.aTb peKOMeH.n.aUHH no coeeprneHCTBOBaHHIO pa3pa6oTalIHOrO
TexHoJiornqecKoro npouecca e UeJIHX yMeHbllleHHSI pacxo.n.a MaTepua-
Jia, OOBblllleHHSI npOH3BOJJ.HTeJibHOCTH (HanpHMep, HCOOJlb30BaTb npor-
pecCHBHYIO 38fOTOBKy, npHMeHHTb MHorope3UOBYIO fOJIOBKy, HHTeHCH-
<J>HUHPOB8Tb pe>KHMbl pe3aHHSI H .11.p.). O<J>opMHTb npe.n.Jio>KeHHe
OHCbMeHHO.

128
fJIABA 7. BblOOJIHEHHE OCHOBHblX
TEXHOJIOfHqECKHX OriEPAU.HA
4>PE3EPHOA 06PA60TKH

28. OCHOBl;:lblE CBE,ll.EHHSI 0 4»PE3EPOBAHHH

.[leTaJIH MaWHH qacTo HMeIOT CJIO:>l<Hble noeepxHOCTH, npe)lCTaBJISl-

IOll.l,He co6oii KOM6HHaU:HH IlJIOCKHX H <J>acoHHbIX. <l>pe3epoBaHHe npH-
MeHSleTCH JlJIH noJiyqeHHH noeepxHOCTeH TaKHX )leTaJieH, KaK rpaeiopbl
WTaMilOB H npecc-<J>opM (JlJIH JIHTbH IlOJl )laBJieHHeM, H3rOTOBJieHHH
H3)leJiHH H3 nJiaCTMacc), KpenJieHHH THna «JiaCTOqKHH XBOCT»,
CJIO:>l<Hble HanpaBJIHIOll.l,He, WilOHQqffble na3bl, pe3b6bl H 3y()qaTble
KOJieca. c
IlOMOll.l,bIO <J>pe3epoBaHHH npOH3BOJlHT TaK:>I<e pa3pe3aHHe
MeTaJIJia. Ha pHc. 61 noKa3aHbl npuMepbI noeepxttocTeii, noJiyqaeMblX
<J>pe3epoBaHHeM.
IllnHH)leJib <J>pe3epHoro CTaHKa BMeCTe c ycTaHOBJieHHOH Ha HeM
<J>pe3oH no.tiyqaeT epaw.aTeJibHoe (rJiaBttoe) JlBH}KeHHe. 3aroTOBKa
KpenHTCH Ha CTOJie CTaHKa H noJiyqaeT npHMOJIHHeHHOe nepeMe-
w.eHHe - .ll.BH:>I<eHHe IlOJJ.aqH.
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sansi:Toii. B pa6oTe O.ll.HOBpeMeHirn yqacTByeT OJJ.HH HJIH HeCKOJibKO
sy6beB, OCTaJibHble 3y6bH ·B,3TO BpeMH ycneBaIOT HeCKOJibKO .OXJia)lHTb-
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OT HenpepbIBHOrO pe3aHHH npH ToqeHHH H CBepJieHHH TeM, 'l!TQ
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z
Pee. 61. noaepXHOCTH, o6pa6aTYB&eMYe clipe3ep0BaHHeM:
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XBOCT•; 2- noaepxHOCT• CJIOlKHOro npotHnR; a- noaepxHOCTH ay611a1111x KOJlec, 11ep8RkOB, pe3b6.

5 3aK83 231 129

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8.
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0
=
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II.
PHc. 62. KoHCTP)'KTHBHllR 1t11acca4JaKaU.H.R tjlpe:1.

ct>pea: ea.nuque y ct>pe3bl OOJlblllOro KOJIHqecTBa 3YObeB ooecnequea-

eT Bb!COKYIO npOH3BOJJ.HTeJibHOCTb oopaoOTKH.
CpeJJ.H ecex BHJJ.OB Jie3euiieoro uecTpyMeHTa cl>peaw oTJiuqaIOTCH
eau6oJiblllHM p.a3eoo6pa3HeM u HMeIOT MHoro KOHCTPYKTHBHblX eapu-
aeToe (puc. 62).
C6opewe cl>pe3bl H3roTOBJIHIOTCH H3 pa3HblX MaTepnaJioe. MaTe-
puaJI HO)l{eH - obICTpope*ylll.aH cTaJib MapoK P6M5, P6M5K5,
Pl4<1>4 u JJ.p., TeepJJ.bie cnJiaBbI T5Kl0, Tl4K8, BK6, BK8, Ma-
Tepua.n Kopnyca <l>pe3 - ooblqeo CTaJih 40X, npollleJJ.lllaH TepMooopa-
ooTKy.
Ilo 3H3JIOrHH C pe3U.3MH noeepXHOCTH H pe)l{ylll.He KpOMKH
ay6beB cl>pe3 HMeIOT CJieJJ.yIOlll.He H3383HHH: nepeJJ.HHSI noeepxHOCTb
3y6a (no KOTOpOH CXOJJ.HT CTpy)l{Ka)' 33JJ.HSISI noeepxHOCTb 3yoa,
CnHHKa ayoa, TOPU.OB3SI nJIOCKOCTb, OCeB3SI nJIOCKOCTb, pe*Ylll.3SI
KpOMK3 (JIHHHH, o6p33083HH3SI nepeceqeeueM nepeJI.HeH H 33JJ,HeH
noeepxeocTeii 3y63).
B 33BHCHMOCTH OT noeepxeocTH, no KOTopoii npoH3BOJJ.HTCH 33-
T8que3eue cl>pe3bI, p33,nuqa10T 3yobH JI.Byx KOHCTPYKU.HH: ocTpoKoeeq-
ewe, 33T3que3eMbie no 33JI.Heii noeepxeocTH ayoa, u 33TblJioeae-
Hble, 33Taque3eMbie no nepeJJ.eeii noeepxeocTH.
<l>pe3bl (K3K H 3yoq8Tble Ko.neca) xapaKTepu3)'IOTCH OKPY*HhlM
lllarOM ayobeB - p3CCTOSIHHeM Me}l{JJ.Y OJJ.HOHMeHHbIMH TOqK3MH pe-
130
11<yw.Hx KpoMoK .11.syx cMe>KHbIX 3y6&es, H3MepeHHhlM no .11.yre oKpy>K-
uocTH c ueuTpOM Ha OCH <f>pe3bl. 0Kpy>KHOH war 3y6&eB <f>pe3bl
MO>KeT 6b1Tb paBHOMepHbIM H uepaBHOMepHbIM •
.llJrn oTso.11.a cTpy>KKH cJiy>KHT KauasKa, T. e. BbleMKa, orpa-
uHqeuuaH nepe.11.ueii nosepxuocT&IO 0.11.uoro 3y6a H 3a.11.uee nosepx-
HOCTbIO H cnHHKoii coce.LJ.Hero 3y6a. KauaBKH ObIBaIOT np.RM&Ie H BHH-
TOBble.
<l>pe3eposauHe ocyw.ecTBJIHIOT B BepTHKaJibHOH IlJIOCKOCTH (Kor.11.a
oc& <f>pe3bl nepneH.11.HK)'JIHpua ropH30HTaJibHO pacnoJio>KeuuoA o6pa-
6aTbIBaeMoii nosepxHOCTH), B ropH30HTaJibHOH IlJIOCKOCTH (Kor.11.a
OCb <f>pe3bl napaJIJieJibHa ropH30HTaJlbHO pacnOJIO>KeHHOH o6pa6aTbl-
BaeMOH nosepxuoCTH) H B HaKJIOHHOH. 3TH paSJIHqHff H MHOro-
oopa3He <f>pe3 onpe.11.eJIHIOT 06JiaCTH npHMeHeHHH ropH30HTaJibHO-
<f>pe3epHbIX, BepTHKaJibHO-<f>pe3epHbIX H npo.11.om.uo-<f>pe3epHblX
CTaHKOB .
.llJIH <f>pe3epoBaHHH CJIO>KHbIX <f>aCOHHblX noeepxHOCTeii (uanpH-
Mep, rpaBIOpbl npecc-<f>opMbl .II.Jiff H3fOTOBJieHHH Kbpnyca .11.eTCKOro
aJiaCTMaccoeoro aeTOMOOHJIH; c<f>epHqecKHx nosepxuocTeii H np.)
HeOOXO,ll.HMO C03,ll.aTb, OOMHMO rJIBBHOfO Bp8W.8TeJibHOf0 .LJ.BH>KeHHH
<f>pe3bl, CJIO>KHOe nepeMew.euHe CTOJia HJIH lllilHHJl.eJibHOH rOJIOBKH
CTBHKa. Pyquoii HBJIB.11.KOH CTaHKa TaKoe nepeMew.euHe noJiyqHTb
Tpy.11.uo, no3TOMY <f>pe3epoeauHe npoH3BOJlHTCH no KonHpy (pHc. 63).
KonHp B 3TOM cJiyqae cJJy>KHT npocTeiimHM nporpaMMOHOCHTeJieM.
EoJiee cospeMeuuble cppe3epuble CTaHKH MoryT «3anoMHHaTb» npo-

3Yl:J

c/Jpe3a naneu,

cmon cmaHKa
'

~an• t
PHc. 63. llpHHQHnHaJtbHaR cxeMa cjJpe3epoeaHHR no KonHpy c noMOUJ.blO
3JICKTJ>H'ICCKoro ycHJIHTeJibHoro yCTpoiicTea (3YY).
5* 131
 ~= ~IJ
5 ~8&!;
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3

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K
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PHc. 64. OcHOBHble onepauHH, e1o1nOJ1HReM1o1e Ha t)pesepH1o1x C'taiiKax.

rpaMMY H BblilOJIHHTb ee KOM8H,ZJ.bl c IlOMOlll.blO BCTpoeHHblX 3BM

H MHKponpou.eccopoe, cucTeM quCJioeoro nporpaMMHoro ynpaeJieHHH
(11IlY). ooJiee Toro, Ha HeKOTOphlx cTaHKax no nporpaMMe aeTo-
MaTuqecKH npouaeo.zr.uTcH cMeHa pe:>t<ymero HHCTpyMeHTa. TaKHe
CT8HKH H83bl88IOTCH oopaoaTb188IOW.HMH U.eHTpaM~.
OcHOBHhle onepau.uu, BhlnOJIHHeMble Ha <J>peaepHbIX cTaHKax,
noKa3aHbl Ha puc. 64. <l>peaepHble paoOThl, BKJI10qa10mue 3TH onepa-
U.HH, MO:>KHO npOH3BO.QHTb Ha pa3JI1fqffbIX CT8HK8X <J>pe38MH
pa3Hb)X KOHCTPYKU.HH (TaoJI. 7).

Ta 6 n Hu a 7. Pa60T1o1, e1o1nOJ1HHeM1o1e Ha cjlpe3epH1o1x cTaHKax

HHcTpyMeHT H cnocoCi e1:i1nOJ1HeHHJ1 pa6oT

BH.ll paC5oT
Ha ropH30HT8JlbHO· HS eepTHKanbHO-
lj>pesepHOM CT8HKe lj>pcsepHOM CTaHKC

<l>pe3epoeaHHe ropH- UHJ1HH.ZlpH11ecKHMH cjJpe- TopuoebIMH lj>pe3aMH,

30HTaJlbHblX DJIOCKOCTeH 3aMH Ha onpaeKe (pHc. 64, a) cjJpe3epHb1MH rDJIOBKaMH
(pHC. 64, 6)
<l>pesepoeaHHe eepTH- TopuoeblMH cjJpesaMH, ye- KoHueeblMH (pHC. 64,
KaJlbHblX DJIOCKOCTeH TaHOBJleHHblMH Ha KOHUeBOH z) H TopuoeblMH <t>pe3a-
onpaeKe, JIH60 ,ZlHCKOBblMH MH
.llBYX- H TpexcTOpOHHHMH
cjJpe3aMH Ha ueHTpOBOH
onpaeKe (pHc. 64, a)
<l>pesepoeaHHe Ha- 0.llHOyrJIOBbllllH H .llByyr- TopuoeblMH H KOH1-1e-
KJIOHHblX DJIOCKOCTeH JJOBblMH <t>pesaMH, ycTaHoe- BblMH cjJpe3aMH c noeo-
JieHHblMH Ha onpaeKe poTOM WDHH,ZleJlbHOH ro-

132
 fl poiJo.A.31CeHUe :
HHcTpyMeHT H citocol! BblnonHeHHR pal!oT
BHJl pa6oT
H8 ropH30HT8JlbHO- Ha eepTHK3JlbHO-
cj>pe3epHOM CT3HKe cj>pe3epHOM CT8HKe

JIOBKH (puc. 64, o)' OA-

uoyrJIOBblMH H AByyrJIOBbl-
MH <jlpe3aMH (pHC. 64, e)
cl>pe3epoeauHe na3oe TipHMoyrOJibHble na3bl - TipH~IOyrOJibHble na-
H KaHaBOK AHCKOBblMH TpeXCTOpOHHHMH 3bl - KOHl.leBblMH <jlpe3a-
<jlpe3aMH (pHc. 64, :NC), na3bl MH (pHc. 64 s), T-o6pa3-
c HaKJIOHHblMll DJIOCKOCT!l- Hble na3bl - na30BblMH
MH - yrJIOBblMH <jlpe3aMH T-o6pa3HblMH <jlpe3aMu
(pHC. 64, U)
cl>pe3eposau11e <jlacou- cl>acounblMH <jlpe3aMH HJIH KpueonuHeiiHble Ka-
HblX nosepxHOCTeH Ha6opoM <jlpe3 ua UHJIHH- uaeKH H .zteTaJIH KpH-
.npw1ecKoii onpaeKe BOJIHHeiiHoro o'lepTa-
(pHC. 64, K) HH!l - naJibl.leBblMH <jlpe-
3aMH; .zteTaJib ycTaHaBJIH-
eaeTCH Ha noeopOTHOM
CTOJle

Pa3HOBHJJ.HOCTbIO <t>pe3eposaunH MO}KHO cq.nTaTb o6pa6oTKY npo-

mRzuaaHueM. HncTpyMeHTOM .D.JIH npoTHrHBaHHH CJIY}KHT n p o T H *-
K a. Ee MO>KHO npe.11.cTaBHTb ce6e KaK nJiocKy10 pa3sepTKY
)J.HCKOBOH <t>pe3bl, K8}K)J.blH CJ1e.11.y10w.n"ii sy6 KOTopoH: Ha onpe.n.e.neu-
HYIO ee.nnqnuy (.D.OJIH MHJIJIHMeTpa) Bhlwe npe.D.bIJJ.YW.ero.
RpoTHrHBanneM o6pa6aTbIBaIOT KaK uapy>Knble, TaK H enyTpeu-
une noeepxuocTH. HanpHMep, npoTHrneauHeM MO>KHO H3MeHHTb
Kon<t>nrypal(HIO KpyrJioro oTeepcTHH, npeo6pa3oeae ero e oTeepcTne
CJIO}KHOfO npo<l>HJIH (weCTHrpaHHOfO, HeCHMMeTpHqffQfO H JJ.p.). Rpo-
tff}KKH coeepruaIOT nocTynaTeJibHoe (pa6oqee) .D.BH}Keune.

KoHTPOJibubie eonpoc1i1
1. KaKoe ABH>KeHHe np11 <jlpe3epoeaHHH RBJI!leTCR rnaBHhlM?
2. KaKoe ,a:e11>KenHe HMeeT lj>pe3a npH lj>pe3epoeaH11u?
3. KaKHe nepeMemeu1111 HMeeT CTOJI cTanKa np11 <jlpe3epoeaHHH?
4*. lleM OTJIH'laIOTCSI npouecCbl o6pa6oTKH IlJIOCKOCTll Ha <jlpe3epHOM H Ha
TOKapHOM CTaHKax?
5. KaKoii HHCTpyMeHT npHMeH11eTcS1 np11 <jlpe3epoeamrn?
6. 4eM npHHUHnHaJlbHO OTJIH'laeTC!l <jlpe3a OT ceepna?
7*. KaKoii HHcTpyMeHT Heooxo,a:HM .a:n11 o6paoOTKH T-o6pa3Horo na3a (uanp11Mep,
CTOJia ceepJIHJihHoro cTanKa)?
8. KaKue OCHOBHble rnnw <jlpe3 npHMeHHIOTCH .ztJIH <jlpe3eposau11S1?
9. cKaKoii UeJibIO H 8 KaKHX CJiy'laSIX npHMeHHIOTCSI c6opHble lj>pe3b1?
·IO*. TI011eMy 8. uanaiiHblX <jlpe3ax KOpnyc BblilOJIH!leTCSI H3 KOHCTPYKUHOHHOii
CTaJIH, a B COOpHbIX - H3 JierHpOBaHHOii?
11. KaKHe noeepxHoCTH oopaoaTblBaIOT <jlpe3epoeaHHeM?
12. KaKosa nocne.nosaTeJibHOCTb o6pa6oTKH T-o6pa3Horo na3a <jlpe3epoeauHeM?
13*. KaKHe orpatt1111eHHS1 .noJI>KeH y'lecTb KOHCTPYKTop npH KOHCTpyHpoeaHHH
na;ms c HaKJIOHHblMH IlJIOCKOCT!IMH, nOJ1y11aeMblMH <f>pe3epoeaH11eM?
14*. KaKy10 <jlopMy JI.OJI>Keu HMeTb 3y6 <jlpe3bl, npHMeHSieMoii .a:,q11 lf>pe3eposa-
HHH 3YObeB 3y611aToro KOJieca?

133
33,D.&HHH

1. OxapaKTepH3yATe XHMHqecKHH COCTaB CTaJieA H TBep,ll.blX CilJI3BOB, npHMe-

HHeMblX ,ll.Jl!I H3t'.OTOBJieHHH <!>pe3, no HX MapKaM.
2. CocTaBhTe Ta6JIHL\Y «0CHOBHb1e THilbl <!>pe3» no cJie.ll.yIOmeii <!>opMe:

THn cl>pe3,. OcHOBHbie oco6eHHOCTH Ha3uaqenHe

(H8388HHe) (onucaHne, 3CKH3b1) (onucauue 1 3CKH3bl, cxeMbl)

29. CHJibl H MOW.HOCTb

DPH cllPE3EPOBAHHH

CHJibl npH !ppe3epOB8HHH JJ,elkTByIOT KaK Ha $pe3y ( OHH onpe.11.e-

nsnOT ee npo•rn'oCTb H CTOHKOCTb), TaK H Ha o6pa6aTblBaeMyIO
3aroTOBKY ( OHH onpe.11.eJIHIOT He06XOJJ.HMOCTb 3aKpenJieHHH 3arOTOBKH
B npHcnoco6neHHHx). OpH'IHHOH nosi:sJieHHH CHJI conpoTHBJieHHH npH
<J>pe3epOB8HHH HBJIHeTCH conpoTHBJieHHe MaTepHaJia 3arOTOBKH pe-
38HHIO, a· T8K}Ke TpeHHe.
OpH $pe3epoeaHHH I.I.HJIHHJJ.pH11eCKHMH H JJ.HCKOBblMH $pe3aMH
pa3JIH'laIOT BcTpe11Hoe (npoTHB noJJ,a11H) H nonyTttoe (no noJJ,a11e)
$pe3epoaaHHe. Bcmpeimoe </Jpe3epoeanue ocymecTBJIHeTCH npH npo-
THBonoJio}l{HblX HanpaBJieHHHX JJ.BH}KeHHH $pe3bl H o6pa6aTblBaeMOH
38fOTOBKH B MeCTe HX KOHTaKTa (pHC. 65, a). flonymnoe </Jpe-
sepoeanue npoH3BOJJ.HTCH npH coenaJJ,aIOII.I.HX HanpaeJieHHHX JJ.BH-
}KeHHH $pe3bl " o6pa6aTbIBaeMOH 3aroTOBKH B MeCTe HX KOHTaKTa
(pHC. 65, 6).
OpH BCTpe11HoM $pe3epoeaHHH TOJIII.I.HHa cpe3aeMoro CJIOH H3Me-
HHeTcH OT HYJIH (npH BXOJJ.e 3y6a B MaTepHaJI 3arOTOBKH) JJ.O
M8KCHM8JlbHOro 3Ha11eHHH (npH BbiXOJJ,e 3y6a H3 KOHTaKTa c o6-
pa6aTbIBaeMbIM MaTepHaJioM); npH nonyTHOM $pe3epoeaHHH Hao6o-
poT: OT M8KCHM8JlbHOro 3Ha11eHHH B MOMeHT BXOJJ,a 3y6a B Ma-
TepHaJI JJ.O HYJIH npH BblXOJJ,e 3y6a H3 KOHTaKTa c o6pa6aTblBaeMOH
3aroTOBKOH. TaKHM o6pa30M, npH ecTpe11HOM $pe3epoeaHHH npo-
u.ecc pe3aHHH npoHCXOJJ.HT cnOKOHHee, H, CJieJJ.OBaTeJibHO, Harpy3KH
Ha CTaHOK, Ha 3y6 cppe3bl B03pacTaIOT nocTeneHHO.
OpH nonyTHOM cppe3epoBaHHH B MO.MeHT BXOJJ.a 3y6a B KOHTaKT
c o6pa6aTblBaeMOH 3aroTOBKOH Harpy3KH B03pacTaIOT pe3KO, Ha6JIIO-
.naeTCH HBJieHHe y.napa. 003TOMY nonyTHOe cppe3epoBaHHe MO:>KHO
npOH3BOJJ.HTb Ha CTaHKaX, o6JiaJJ.aIOII.I.HX JJ.OCTaTO'IHOH }KeCTKOCTbIO
H BH6poycTOH'IHBOCTbIO. Bonee Toro, He Bee HHCTpyMeHTaJibHbie Ma-
TepHaJibl H KOHCTPYKI.I.HH cppe3 pacc11HTaHbl Ha BbIJJ.ep}KHBaHHe
yJJ.apHbIX Harpy30K. 0.11.HaKO npH nonyTHOM .cppe3epoBaHHH 3arOTOBKa
.neHCTBYIOII.I.HMH CHJiaMH IlpH}KHMaeTCH K CTOJIY CTaHKa, a CTOJI - K
HanpaBJIHIOII.I.HM, '!TO 06ecne11HBaeT JIY'llllee Ka'leCTBO o6pa6oTaH-
HOH nosepxttoCTH. OpH nonyTHOM cppe3eposaHHH Heo6xoJJ.HMO, 11To6bl
e pa6oTe HaXOJJ.HJIOCb He Mettee .neyx 3y6heB cppe3bl.

134
 a

Puc. 66. Cum.i conpoTuBJ1enu11 pe3auu10

npH BCTpe'IHOM cJipe3epoeaHHU.

-+-
Puc. 65. CxeMbl ecTpe'Iuoro (a) H
nonyrnoro (6) cJipe3epoeauu11 •

.llm1 ocylll.eCTBJiemrn npou.ecca ¢pe3epoaamrn: Heo6xo.nHMa MOlll.-

HOCTb N n. 3aTpa•rnBaeMaH Ha Bpall.l,eHHe ¢pe3bl (Ha npeo.noJieHHe
CHJI COIIpOTHBJieHHH pe3aHHIO H IIOTepb B npHBO)l.e rJiaBHoro ,ZJ.BH:>Ke-
HHH cTaHKa), H N. - Ha nepeMell.l,eHHe 3aroTOBKH co CTOJIOM. CyM-
MapHaH MOll.l,HOCTb 6y.neT paBHa (KBT):

N=Nn+N •.
.llJIH Bpall.l,eHHH cJ>pe3bl He06XO)l.HMa MOll.l,HOCTb (KBT):

Nn=Mn/975 l],
r.ne M - KpyTHlll.HH MOMeHT OT CHJI conpoTHBJieHHH pe3aHHJO npH
cJ>pe3epoBaHHH;
n- qacToTa apalll.emrn ¢pe3bI;
l] - K03cpcf>HU.HeHT IIOJie3HOro .neHCTBHH npHBO)l.a Bpall.l,eHHH
¢pe3bl.
.llJIH HaXO:>K)l.eHHH KpyTHll.l,ero MOMeHTa paCCMOTpHM CHJibl conpo-
THBJieHHH ¢pe3epoBaHIIIO U.HJIHH.11.pHtieCKOH ¢pe30H IIpH BCTpetIHOM
¢pe3epoaaHHH (pHc. 66). CHJIY conpornBJieHHH pe3aHHJO, ycJIOBHO
IIpHJIO:>KeHHYIO B 0)1.HOH TOtIKe KOHTaKTa pe:>Kyll.l,ero Jie3BHH H 3aro-
TOBKH, MO:>KHO pa3JIO:>KHTb Ha TpH B3aHMHO nepneH)l.HKyJIHpHbie co-
CTaBJIHIOll.l,He: pa.nHaJibHYJO Py, 0Kpy:>KHy10 Pz H oceay10 Px (nocJie.n-
HHH B ,ZJ.aHHOM IIpHMepe paBHa HYJIIO, OTJIH'IHa OT HYJIH OHa 6y.neT
B CJiyqae IIpHMeHeHirn cJ>pe3 c HaKJIOHHbIM HJIH CIIHpaJibHbIM 3y60M).
KpyTHlll.HH MOMeHT OTHOCHTeJibHO ocH cJ>pe3hI 6y.neT

M=PzDq,p/2.
BeKTopHoe cJio:>KeHHe CHJI noKa3aHo Ha pm~yHKe. BeKTOpHy10
cyMMY pa.nHaJibHOH H OKpy:>KHOH COCTaBJIHIOll.l,HX p MO:>KHO pa3JI0-

135
>KHTb Ha BepTHKaJibHYJO P,, H ropH30HTaJibHYJO Ps cocTaBJIHIOlll.He.
QqeeHJJ.HO, lJTO P,, cTpeMHTCH oTopeaTb 3aroTOBKY OT cToJia. Co-
cTaBJIS110I11.aS1 Ps onpeJJ.eJIHeT MOlll.HOCTb Ns, Heo6xoJJ.HMYJO JJ.JIH ne-
peMemeHHH 3arOTOBKH co CTOJIOM CTaHKa.
DpH cppe3epoeaHHH npHMoay6oH: cppeaoH: oceeasi CHJia Px He
B03HHKaeT. Hpu HaKJIOHHOM HJIH cnupaJibHOM 3y6e nosieJIHeTCH
oceeaSI COCT8BJISllOI11.aS1 ycHJIHSI peaaHHSI, KOTOpaSI CTpeMHTCSI CJl.BH-
HYTb cppe3y BJJ.OJlb OCH H Harpy>KaeT oceBOH CHJIOH DOJJ.WHDHHKH
WDHHJJ.eJISI CTOJia. 3TO YllHTblBaeTCSI npH HCDOJib30BaHHH Jieeo- H
npaeope>Kylll.HX cppe3 c npaBOH H JieBOH BHHTOBOH JIHHHe~. B CJiy-
qae 3HalJHTeJibHblX oceBblX CHJI HX ypaeHOBeWHBaJOT, npHMeHHH
KOMDJieKT H3 Jl.BYX cppe3 c npaeoH: H JieBOH BHHTOBOH JIHHHeH ( cpae-
H.HTe c weBpOHHblMH ay6lJaTblMH KOJieCaMH).
KaK H npu TOKapHoii o6pa6oTKe, JJ.JIH onpeJJ.eJieHHH cocTaBJIHJO-
lll.HX CHJibI pe3aHHH R (noJIHaH eeKTOpHaH cyMMa) ucnoJib3YJOT e Ka-
qecTee Mepbl 0Kpy)t<Hy10 CHJIY P z. a Bee JJ.pyrue cocTaBJIS110I11.He
onpeJJ.eJIHJOT B ee JJ.OJIHX. B ceo10 OllepeJJ.b cuJJa Pz 3aBHCHT OT
rJJy6HHbl pe3aHHH, Il0Jl.8lJH Ha 3y6, JJ.HaMeTpa cppe3bl H qacTOTbl ee
BpameHHSI H, KOHelJHO, OT MexaHHlJeCKHX CBOHCTB o6pa6aTblBaeMoro
MaTepuaJia.
DpH paClleTaX pe:H<HMOB pe3aHHH HCDOJlb3YIOTCH 3MDHpHlleCKHe
H aHaJIHTHlJeCKHe cpopMyJihl (eKJI10lJa10mHe noKa3aTeJibHble if .llpyrue
MaTeMaTHlJeCKHe cpyHKUHH), cnpaBOlJHble JJ.aHHbie H cneu.HaJlbl:lble
HOMorpaMMbl (T. e. CHCTeMa rpacpHKOB).
AJJropHTM (6JJoK-cxeMa) pacqeTa pe:H<HMOB pe3aHHH npu cppeae-
poeaHHH HMeeT MHOro o6mero c aJJropHTMOM, npHBe}leHHblM Ha
puc. 25, npHMeHHTeJibHO K TOKapHOH o6pa60TKe, T. e. B KOHelJHOM
ClJeTe 38Jl.8lJa CBOJJ.HTCSI K cpaBHeHHIO Il0Tpe6HOH MOlll.HOCTH pe3a-
HHSI c MOlll.HOCTblO, pa3BHBaeMOH 3JleKTPHlleCKHM JJ.BHraTeJieM cppe-
aepHoro cTaHKa.

KoaTpOJI&Hble eonpocbl
1.,Ll.JJH 11ero H KaK onpe.neJJHIOTCH CHJJbl npH cppesepOB8HHH?
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K CTOJIY CT8HK8.

136
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137
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138
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139
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<t>opMbl H pacnOJIO:>KeHHH noeepXHOCTeH o6pa6aTblBaeMblX .zr.eTaJieH.
B npocTeifweM cJiyqae 3aroTOBKY 3aKpenJIHIOT Henocpe.zr.cTeeHHO
Ha CTOJie CTaHKa c DOMOuihIO pa3JIHl!HblX npucnocooJieHHH. 3-ro
B03MO:>KHO e TOM cJiyqae, ecJIH oHa HMeeT xopowyIO onopHyIO no-
·eepxHoCTb. Ilpu npaBHJihHOM 3aKpenJieHHH onopHaSI noeepxHOCTh
3arOTOBKH .ll.OJl:>KHa DJIOTHO conpHKacaTbCH c DJIOCKOCTbIO CTOJia.
YHueepcaJI&Hhle npucnocooJieHHH .U.JIH 3aKpenJieHHH 3aroT0BoK
(npHXBaTbl, yrJIOBble DJIHTbl, npH3Mbl, MaWHHHble THCKH H .zr.p.) npH-
MeHHIOT rJiaBHblM o6pa30M B e.zr.HHHl!HOM H MeJIKOcepHHHOM nppH3-
B0.11.CTBax. I
flpuxeambt HCDOJib3YIOT .11.Jlff 3aKpe_DJieHHH Henocpe.zr.cTBeHHO Ha
CTOJie CTaHKa 3aroTOBOK CJIO:>KHOH <t>opMbl HJIH OOJlblllHX pa3Mrpoe.
Ha puc. 68 noKa3aHbl npHxBaTbl pa3JIHl!HblX THnoe. (Bee n_puxeaTbl
HMeIOT OBaJibHble OTBepCTHH HJIH BbleMKH .ll.JIH nep~emeHHH OT-
HOCHTeJibHO Kpene:>KHOro 3JieMeHTa H o6pa6aTbIBaeMOH 3artjTOBKH.
Ha pHc. 68,a noKa3aHo 3aKpenJieHHe o6pa6aTbIBaeMOH 3ar~TOBKH
Ha CTOJie CTaHKa DJIHTOl!HblM \npHxBaTOM, KOTOpbIH 0.ll.HHM .~OHi.I.OM
onHpaeTCH Ha 3aroTOBKy, a .zr.py'ruM - Ha no.zr.cTaBKy. f oJIOBK3., 60JITa
BBO.ll.HTCH B T-o6pa3HbIH na3 CTOJia qepe3 OTBepCTHe npHXBaTa.
Hpu 3aeepTbIBaHHH KJIIOl!OM raHKH npHxeaT npH:>KHMaeTCH K 3ar0Toe-
Ke, 3aKpenJIHH ee. B Kal!eCTBe no.iJ.KJia.U.KH no.zr. npHxBaTbl HcnoJI&3y10T
CTyneHl!8Tble no.zr.cTaBKH (pHC. 68, 6, 8), 6pycKH pa3JIHl!HOH BblCOTbl
HJIH cnea.HaJibHble . onopbl. 3aroTOBKH He60JiblllOH BblCOTbl MoryT

141
 3aeomo6Ka 0
·a

8
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~ J

e
PHc. 68. flpHcnoco611te11HH p,JIH saKpenJietiHH saf'OTOBOK aa CTOJle ctipesepaoro
CTaHKa:
a - 3aKpenJreHHe D;llHTO'IHHM npHXBaTOM c HCDOJlb30B8HHeM DOAIUl8AKH; 6, B, - CTyneH'l&Tble no.u, ..
CTaBKH; 6 - BIWIK006paaltYA npHXB&T;a- YHH&ept8JHtHWA RpKXB81'; e - S8KpenJ1.eHHe KOpt.rroo6pa.38111MH
npHX,aTaMH lies DOAKAB.)l.OK. .

OblTb saKpernieHbI npHxBaTaMH ttenocpeJJ.CTBeHHO Ha CTOJie cTaHKa

(pHC. 68, 2, O, e).
YeA08bte nA·umbt IlJYHMeHHIOT JJ.JIH ycTaHOBKH H KpenJieHHH saro-
TOBOK, HMeIOID;HX )J.Be IlJIOCKOCTH, pacnOJIO:>KeHHble no.11. yrnoM 90°
(pac. 69). YrJJOBaS1 nJIHTa HMeeT OJJ.HO HJIH .nsa pe6pa :>KeCTKOCTH
H ~e noJIKH (pasttoooKHe HJIH ttepastto6oKHe, urnpoKHe HJIH ysKHe),
pacnoJio:>KeHHble noJJ. yrnoM 90°. Ha pHc. 70 noKasaHbI pasJIHitHbie

PHc. 70. Yrnoeble DJIHTbl.

PHc. 69. 3aKpenJieaae sarOToeoK aa yrno-

eoli nJIHTe npH ctipesepoeaHHH.
142
Pac. 71. MawaHHble TacKa AJJR tlJpeaepHwx cTaHKOB.

Pac. 72. Ci.eMHble ry6Ka K Maw·aHHblM

II
THCKaM.
. %.
;

yrJIOBble nJIHTbl, B. TOM QHCJie

nosopoTHaH, noJIKY KOTOpou

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MO>KHO nosopaqHBaTb BOKpyr
OCH nocJie OCB060>K.U.eHHH raHKH
H ycTaHaBJIHBaTb Ha Tpe6yeMblM

~
yroJI no IllKaJie. TaKHe nJIHT·bI
npHMeHHIOT npu o6pa6oTKe ua-
KJIOHHhIX nJIOCKOCTeH.
Ilpe>K.u.e qeM aaKpenJlfITb aaroToBKy Ha yrJIOBOH 'llJIHTe~ Ha)l.0
Till,aTeJibHO BblBepHTb npaBHJibHOCTb ycTaHOB.KH caMOH 'fIJI'HThl Ha
CTOJie CTaHKa peH:cMycoM HJIH HH.ll.HKaTopoM.
B npu3.11tax ycTaliaBJIHBaK>T H aaKpenJIHIOT xp-yrJlble 11.aro:roBKH.
HpH3MhI KpenHT K CTOJIY CTaHKa 60.liTaMH.
Mautwuttte mucK:u no.u.paa.neJIHIOT Ha np.ocTble,. noaop.oTHbie H
yHHBep.caJihHbie. Ha pHc. 71 noKaaaHbl Mall.IHWible THCK!d c py1.1HblM
3a>KHMQM.
HpHMeHeHHe cneu.HaJibHhlX coeMHblX ry6.c».c H DOJJ.KJiaJJ.OK (p.Hc.
72) npHBO.ll.HT K auaqHTeJihHOH 9KOHOMHH speMeH-ld aa ycTaHOBKY
aarOTOB'oK .
.Ll.JIH npHBO.ll.a Mall.IHHHbIX THCKOB qaCTO HCIJ.OJlb3yeTCH r:IHeBMO-
tH.u.ponpeo6pa30BaTeJih, pa6oTaIOill,HH OT 3aBO.U.CKOH nHeBMOCeTH.
fH.u.paBJIHqeCKHe THCKH o6ecneqHBaIOT 6oJiee CWlbHblH 3.ruKHM,
1 1eM THCKH c nHeBMaTHqecKHM npHBO.ll.OM. Hx oco6eHHOCTbIO HBJIHeTCH

o.u.HospeMeHHoe nepeMern.eHHe o6eHx ry601<. o6ecneqHsaIOmee

ueHTPfIPOB8HHe .u.eTaJIH. 3aKpenJieHHe aaroTOBOK ocyrn.ecTBJIHeTCH
no.u. .u.asJieHHeM MacJia 5 MHa (50 Krc/cM 2), nocTynaIOrn.ero H3
rH.u.paBJIHqe(lKOH CHCTeMbl CTaHKa HJIH OT OT,ll.eJibHOro HaCOCHoro
arperaTa.
B nocJie.u.Hee speMH HaqaJIH npHMeHHTb npHcnoco6JieHHH c OKCH.ll.-
Ho-6apHeBbIMH M;irHHTaMH )I.Jiff 3aKpenJieHHH CTaJibHblX H qyryHHblX
aaroTOBOK c nJiocKofi onopHou nosepxHOCTbIO. HpHcnoco6JieHHH c OK-
CH.U.Ho-6apHeBblMH MarttHTaMH HMeIOT pH.ll. npeHMyi.u.eCTB no cpas-
HeHHIO c paHee npHMeI:IHBll.IHMHCH ycTpOHCTBaMH, a HMeHHO: B
143
 3aKpenJJeHHbIX 3aroTOBKaX OT-
cyTCTByeT OCTaTOl{HbIH MarHe-
TH3M, MeTaJJJiope*Ylll.HH HHCTpy-
MeHT He HaMarHnqueaeTcH, .l(JJH
H3fOTOBJJeHHH TaKHX npucnoco6-
JJeHHH HCDOJJh3YIOTCH He.n.eqrna.HT-
Hble MaTepuaJJbI.
B npoa.ecce 3aKpenJJeHHH o6-
pa6aTh!BaeMoii 3arOTOBKH B THC-
Kax npoeepHIOT npaBHJJhHOCTh ee
TIOJJmKeHHH H HCnpaBJJHIOT no-
rpeIIIHOCTH ycTaHOBKH. IlpaBHJJb-
HOCTb UOJJO)l(eHHH 3aroTOBKH B
THCKax no OTHOIIIeHHIO K CTOJJY
CTaHKa KOHTpoJJnpy10T peiicMy-
coM; .Zl.JIH 6oJJee TOl{HOH ycTa-
HOBKH HCTIOJJb3YIOT HH.l(HKaTop
Pac. 73. 81.iaepKa 3arOTOBKH npa ee co cToiiKoii (puc. 73).
ycTaHoaKe a THCKax nepeA 4>pe3epoaa-
Ilepe,n 3aKpenJJeHHeM B THC-
HHeM.
KaX 3aroToeoK c Y*e o6pa6oTaH-
HhIMH noeepxHOCTHMH Ha.n.o o6H-
3aTeJJbHO CHHTb 3ayceHl.l,bI, oopa30BaBIIIHeCH BO BpeMH npe,Zl.hl.Zl.Y-
lll.ero nepexo.na, eCJJH ·OHH MoryT DOMeIIIaTb npaBHJJbHOH ycTaHOBKe
HJJH 3aKpenJJeHHIO 3aroTOBKH. Ha ry6KH THCKOB CJJe.n.yeT Ha,Zl.eTb Ha-
KJJa,Zl.KH H3 JJHCTOBOH Me.l(H, JJaTyHH HJJH aJJIOMHHHH .Zl.JIH npe.n.oxpaHe-
HHH o6pa6oTaHHhlX noeepxHOCTeii OT BMHTHH. KpoMe Toro, nepe.n.
ycTaHOBKOH aaroTOBKH Hee o6pa60TKOH Heo6XO.ll.HMO CMeTaTb CTpym-
Ky co CTOJJa, onopHbIX noeepXHOCTeii 3aroTOBKH, 3a}l{HMHbIX npncno-
co6JJeHHH, THCKOB, TIO,Zl.KJJa,Zl.OK.
Cnel{UaJtbHbte npucnoco611.ettuR .l(JJH ycTaHOBKH H 3aKpenJJeHHH
onpe,neJJeHHOH .n.eTaJJH IIIHpOKO HCTIOJJb3YIOTCH B KpynHocepHHHOM
H MaCCOBOM npOH3BO.l(CTBe. 3aKpenJJeHne 3aroTOBOK B cnea.naJJbHbIX
npucnoco6JJeHHHX n03BOJIHeT He TOJJbKO COKpaTHTb epeMH Ha HX ycTa-
HOBKY H Bb!BepKy, HO H o6ecnequsaeT 6oJJee Bb!COKYIO TOl{HOCTb
o6pa6oTKH.
CmoAbt OAR ycmaHOBKU u 3a1Cpen11.eHUR iJemaJteu 6blea10T Heno-
eopoTHhIMH H TIOBOpOTHblMH, c pyqHblM, nHeBMaTnqecKHM, rn.n.pa-
BJJHqecKHM H 3JJeKTpnqeCKHM np1rno.n.aMH.
IlosopOTHhie CTOJJbl HCTIOJJb3YIOTCH npH o6pa60TKe <f>aCOHHblX TIO-
sepXHOCTeH .n.eTaJJeii, a TaKme npn Henpepb!BHOM <f>pe3eposaHHH
(Kor.na BO BpeMH o6pa60TKH O,Zl.HOH .n.eTaJJH .n.pyrue, fOTOBble, CHH-
MaIOTCR H Ha HX. MeCTO ycTaHaBJIIfBaIOTCH HOBble 3aroTOBKH).
HenpepblsHoe spameHne MO}l{eT coo6maTbCR CToJJy OT OT.D.eJJbHOro
npueo.na HJJH OT npuso.n.a CTaHKa.
Ilpn o6pa60TKe <t>acOHHbIX nosepxHOCTeii Ha <f>pe3epHb!X CTaHKaX
qacTO npnMeHRIOT KpyrJJble nosopOTHble CTOJJbl. 3arOTOBKa, 3a-
KpenJJeHHaH Ha CTOJJe, HenpepbIBHO HJIH nepno.n.nqeCKH. BpamaeTCH,
noJJyqaR .n.enmeHue OT pyquoro, MexauuqecKoro, rn.n.pasJJuqecKoro,

144
nHeBMaTuqecKoro HJIH 3JieKTpH-
qecKoro npueo.a.a. 1-iHor.a.a CTOJI
CHa6>Ka~T BCTpoeHHblM nHeBMa-
THqecKHM HJIH rn.a.paBJIHqecKHM
ycTpoikTBOM JJ.JISI 3a}KHMa 3aro-
TOBKH.
Ha <}>pe3epHbIX CTaHKax .D.JIH
38KpenJieHHSI 3a:roTOBOK, HMeIO-
W.HX U.HJIHH.D.pHqecKHe noeepXHO-
CTH, qacTO HCilOJib3YIOT Ky.11.ait-
ICOBbte H noBoaKoBbte nampoHbt,
r l. Ws«4
~:i
a T8K}Ke l{llHZOBbte 3ll3/CUACbt.
Tpex1cyJiaqKOBhlii caMOU:eHTpH- 8
py10w.uii naTpOH noKa3aH Ha
puc. 7 4, a. B Kopnyce 2 naTpoHa
CMOHTHpOB8Hbl KyJiaqKH 1 H .a.ea
KOHHqecKHX 3y6qaTblX KOJieca 3
H 4. 3y6qaTOe KOJieco 4 HMeeT
Ha Topu:e cnupaJibHYIO pe3b6y,
KOTOpaH BXO.D.HT CBOHMH BblCTY- PHc. 74. nupoHY AJIH 3aKpenJJeHHH saro-
TOBOK:
naMH B COOTBeTCTBYIOW.He ena.a.H-
Hbl KyJiaqKoe. Opu epaw.eHHH II - Ky.na•KOBld (I - Ky.na•oK; 2 - kOpnyc; 3, 4-
3yCJqaT111e KO.neca); 6 - DOllOAKOBYA (I - XOMYTHK;
Topu:oebIM KJIIOqoM 3y6qaToro 2, s - BHHTbl; a - DOBOAOK; 4 - IUDHHA.enb; 6 -
3aroToaKa); s - u,aHroawe.
KOJieca. 3 .D.BH}KeHue nepe.a.aeTCH
3y6qaTOMY KOJiecy 4, KOTOpoe
ceoeii Topu:oeoii pe3h6oii nepeMew.aeT O.D.HoepeMeHHO see TpH KyJiaq-
Ka B pa.a.HaJibHblX na3aX Kopnyca, 38)f{HMaSI HJIH OCB060:ll<.D.aSI 3a-
rOTOBKy.
KpenJieHHe 3aroTOBKH B u:eHTpax c ucnoJih30BaHHeM noeo.n.Ko-
eoro naTpoHa noKa3aHo Ha puc. 74, 6.· Ha wmrn.n.eJib 4, HanpHMep,
.D.eJIHTeJibHOH roJIOBKJ:I Ha.n.eeaIOT DOBO.D.OK 3, B na3 KOToporo BCTaB-
JISIIOT H 38KpenJIHIOT BHHTaMH 2 OTOrHyThlH KOHeu: XOMYTHKa 1. Xo-
MYTHK Ha.n.eT Ha KOHeu: 3aroTOBKH 6 H 3aKpenJieH BHHTOM 5. TaKHM
o6pa30M, npH Bpaw.eHHH WDHH.lI.eJISI .zI.BH:ll<eHHe nepe.zI.aeTCSI qepe3
DOBOJI.OK H XOMYTHK 3aroTOBKe.
3HaquTeJibHOe COKpaw.eHHe BCDOMOraTeJibHOro epeMeHH H DOBbl-
lllemie npOH3BO.D.HTeJibHOCTH Tpy.zI.a npu <f>pe3epoeaHHH .zI.OCTHraIOT
npHMeHeHHeM MeXaHH3HpOB8HHblX H 8BTOM8TH3HpoeaHHblX 38>KHM-
HblX npucnoco6JieHHii.
Opucnoco6JieHHH .D.JIH 3ai<penJieHHH c1Jpe3. <l>pe3bl 3aKpenJIHIOT Ha
onpaeKax H B naTpOHax, KOTOpble, B CBOIO oqepe.n.b, pa3JIHqHblMH cno-
co6aMH Kpensi:T Ha wnHH.D.eJie CTaHKa. Ha puc. 75 noKa3aHa ycTa~
HOBKa U:HJIHH.zI.pHqecKoii Haca.a.Hoii <f>pe3hl Ha onpaeKe. OoJIO}KeHHe
<f>pe3bl 6 Ha onpaBKe 3 peryJiupyeTCSI npocTaHoeoqHblMH KOJlbU:aMH
5. <l>pe3a H onpaeKa cesi:3aHbl rnnoHKoii 7. KoHuqecKHH XBOOTOBHK
onpaBKH, HMeIOW.HH BHyTpeHHIOIO pe3b6y, BCT8BJISIIOT B OTBepCTHe
lllUHHJl.eJISI 2 CT8HK3 H 38THrHB8IOT lllOMDOJIOM 1. lITOOhl onpaBKa
He noeopaqueaJiacb, B rnnHH.D.eJib ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT cyxapu 4, KOTOpb1e
145
PHc. 75. Ycr.attOBKa llHJIHH.11.PH'leciroi 9pe3Y Ha -0npaaKe:
I - UIOMBOJI.; z - IDRHHAe.11• CT&HKa; 3 - onpaaKa; 4 - eyxap..; 5 - .npOCT&HOBO'IHGe KO.. bJlO; 6 - 41.pe3a;
7 - wnoHKA; 8 - nop;aeua.

BXOJI.HT B Il8'3hl wnnH)I.eJIH u ct>naHu.a onpaBKH. Ecnu onpasKa JI.JIHH-

HaH, TO .zr..pyroli ee KOHeu. nOJUJ.ep>KHBaeTCSI 00)1.BeCKOH 8, ycTaHOB-
JieHHOH Ha xo6oTe CTBHKa. .
Topu.oable . Haca)I.Hble ct>pe3bI MO>KHO ycrnHOBHTb Ha onpaaKax
HJIH HeDOC'.pe)I.CTBeHHO Ha IIIJIHH)I.eJie CTaHKa '(puc. 76). CT pH ycTa-
HOBKe Ha onpaBKe noca)I.OllHoe OTBepcTue ct>pe3bl MO>KeT 6b!Tb U.H-
JIHHJI.PHlleCKHM, TOr)I.a <J>pe3y 1 KpemIT Ha onpaBKe 5 WDOHKOH 3
H BHHTOM 2 (pHC. 76, a) HJIH oepeXO)I.HblM cl>JiaHU.eM 8 H BHHTOM 2
(puc. 76, 6); KOHHlleCKHM, TOl',lla )I.Jiff KpenJieHHSI HCilOJib3YIOT BKJia-
)1.bllII 9 u BHHT 2 (puc. 76, e). OnpaBKY 3aKpenJIHIOT s IIIDHH)I.eJie
6 cTaHKa woMnoJioM 7. HenocpeJI.CTBeHHaH ycTaHOBKa Topu.osoii
<J>pe3bl Ha WilHH)I.eJib IlOKa3aHa Ha puc. 76, 2. ct>pe3y U.HJIHH)I.J>H-
lleCKHM IlOSICKOM Ha)I.eBaIOT Ha IIIIlHH)I.eJib 6 CTaHKa H npHTSlrHBaIOT
BHHTaMu JO. KpyTHW.HH MOMeHT OT wnHHJI.eJIH K <J>pe3e nepeJI.aeTCH
TOPU.OBOH WDOHKOH 4.
Kmmeable <J>pe3bI BblnycKaIOT c KOHHt1ecKHM u U.HJIHHJI.pnt1ecKHM
XBOCTOBHKaMH. ct>pe3bl c KOHHlleCKHM XBOCTOBHKOM ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT B

5
4

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z 111'1/-li'lllUS~
1

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PHc. 76. YcTaHOBKa TopuoeYx Haca,u.HYX c1Jpe3:
a, 6 - c QHJIHHAPHlleCKHM ROC&AOlllHWM OTaepCTHeM; B - c KOHH'leCKHM nocau,O"tHblM OTaepCTHeM;
2- aeoocpeACTBeHHO Ha WDHHAe.Db; I - tpe3a; 2, 10 - IHHTbl; 3, 4 - WDOHKH; 5 - onpaaKa;
6- IDDHHAe.llt CT&HK&; 1- WOMDO.n; 8 - t.11aHe1u 9 - BK.118AYUI.

146
wnHH.LJ.eJlb CTaHKa (puc. 77)' I HC-
noJih3YH nepexo.LJ.Hble BTYJIKH, euyT-
[]m'
,
dm ,
peHHHH Konye KOTOpbIX COOTBeTCT-
eyeT KOHycy XBOCTOBHKa <J>pe3bl, a
uapy>KHblH KOHYC - KOHycy WnHH-
.LJ.eJIH.
i )l.eJrHTeJlbHlile fOJtOBKB. .n:en H-
ifuibHbie roJIOBKH npe.LJ.H83HaqeHbl
.LJ.JIH pa3.rteneuust oKpy»<HOCTH sa-
roTOBKH Ha paBHble H HepaBHbfe
qaCTH, Hape3aHHH BHHTOBbIX no-
eepxHOCTeu pa3JIHqHou KPYTH3Hhl u
oopaoOTKH KyJiaqKOB HeKOTOpbIX e
Tnnoe. Kpenneuue 3aroTOBKH ocy-
w.ecTBJIHeTcH e naTpoHe, u.aHre
HJIH u.euTpax • .[(enuTeJibHble ronos- PHc. 77. YcTauoeKa KOHl{eewt i!Jpea.
KH ObIBaIOT OJI.HO- H MHOfOlUilHH-
.LJ.eJibHbie, MexauuqecKue u onTuqecKue/
MexaHUtteCKUe oeAumeAbHbte 20AOBKU no KOHC'I;pyKilHH p83.LJ.e-
JIHIOT Ha JIHMOOBbie H 6e3JIHMOOBble, a no npHHU.Hny .LJ.eikTBHH -
Ha rOJIOBKH Henocpe.LJ.CTBeHHOrO, npocToro H .LJ.H<l>$epeHu.HaJlbHOro
.LJ.eJieHHH.
foJIOBKH H e n 0 c p e JI. c T 8_ e H H 0 r 0 JI. e JI e H H fl HMeIOT Ha
OJI.HOM wnHH.LJ.eJie naTpOH HJIH u.eHTp .LJ.JIH 3aKpenJieHHH 3arOTOBKH
H JJ;eJIHTeJibHbIH .LJ.HCK c Hy>KH'hIM qffCJIOM na30B HJIH O'fBepcTHH, B KO-
TOpbre exo.LJ.HT <f>Hi<caTop (aarn.eJIKa). Bee norpewHOCTH .LJ.eJIHTeJib-
Horo .LJ.HCKa (no yrJiy) nepe.LJ.aIOTCH <J>peaepyeMbIM noeepxHOCTHM,
n03ToMy fOJIOBKH 3Toro DH.LI.a npHMeHHIOT npH WHpOKOM noJie .LJ.OnycKa
Ha ~roJI. ·
I YHnsepcaJibHbie .LJ.eJIHTeJibHble roJIOBKH · noaBOJIHIOT ocyw.ecTBHTb
HauooJiee CJIO>KHhie <J>peaepHbie onepau.uu, BKJI10qaf! oopaooTKY Ky-
JiaqKoB. 0HH ooecneqHeaIOT nosopoT aaroTOBKH . Ha JIIOOOH yroJI;
wnHH.LJ.eJib TaKOH roJIOBKH MO>KeT 3aHHMaTb noJIO>KeHHH OT ropu-
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(na3bl, 3YObfl, WJIHU.bI) KaK Ha U.HJIHH.LJ.pHqecKOH, TaK H Ha KOHH-
qeCKOH H Topu.osoH: noeepxHOCTHX.,/
n p 0 c T 0 e JI. e JI e H H e Ha YHHBepcaJibHOH .LJ.eJIHTeJibHOH ro-
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}l.aqa .LJ.BH>KeHHH Me>K.LJ.Y 38fOTOBKOH H .LJ.eJIHTeJibHbIM .LJ.HCKOM ocy-
lll.eCTBJIHeTCH qepe3 qepBH'lHYIO napy, T. e. qepe3 qepBHK ck 3aXO.LJ.8MH
u qepeHqHoe KOJieco c z •. K3yohHMH. qepeHqHoe KOJieco pacnoJio-
>KeHo Ha wnHH.LJ.eJie roJIOBKH, a qepBHK - Ha eaJiy c pyKoHTKou,
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147
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148
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149
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naqKQBOM naTpOHe JJ.eJIHTeJibHOH fOJIOBKH;
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B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3Mepa H KOHCTPYKU.HH 3aroTOBKH Moryr
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pyKoHTKY noeepHYTb Ha OJlHH o6opoT?
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12*. c
KaKoA ueJiblO JleJillTeJibHYIO fOJIOBKY KHHeMaTH'leCKH COeJlHHHIOT c npH-
BOJlOM IlOJla'IH CTOJla cppe3epHoro CTaHKa?

150
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151
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152
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163
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154
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155
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156
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QJIOCKOCTH H napaJIJieJihHOMY eif OTBepCTHIO.

157
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158
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OcHOBHhlMH npHtIHHaMH, BJIHH!Olll.HMH Ha TOtIHOCTb o6pa6oTKH
npH <J>pe3epoBaHHH, HBJIHIOTCH:
1. CTorpelllHOCTH, Bbl3BaHHble HeTOtIHOH ycTaHOBKOH o6pa6aTbl-
BaeMOH 3afOTOBKH Ha CTaHKe; norpelllHOCTH o6pa60TKH: a) B03HH-
Ka!Olll.He B pe3yJibTaTe ynpyroii JI.e<J>opMaUHH B CHCTeMe «CT3HOK -
npHcnoco6JieHHe - HHCTpyMeHT - JI.eTaJib» (COH.ll) nOJI. JI.ettCTBH-
eM CHJI pe33HHH; 6) Bbl3BaHHbie pa3MepHbIM H3HOCOM HHCTpyMeHTa;
B) CBH3aHHbie c TeMnepaTypHbIMH JI.e<J>opMaUHHMH COH.ll; r) BbI-
3BaHHbie norpernHOCTHMH HaJiaJI.KH CT3HKa.
2. OorpeIIIHOCTH, o6yCJIOBJieHHble HeTOtIHOCTbIO CT3HK3 ( 6HeHHe
rnnHHJI.eJIH, norperuHOCTH nepeMemeHHH croJia, norperuHOCTH no-
aopoTa 3arOTOBKH H T. JI..); norpelllHOCTH, CBH3aHHhle c JI.ettCTBHeM
OCTaTO"llHhlX HanpH:>KeHHH B MaTepHaJie 3afOTOBOK H roTOBbIX H3-
JI.eJIHii.
B ycJIOBHHX eJI.HHHtIHoro npoH3BOJl.CTBa TOtIHOCTb o6pa6onrn
o6ecnetIHBaeTCH HHJI.HBHJl.Y3JibHOii BbIBepKoii ycTaHaBJIHBaeMblX Ha
cTaHOK 3aroTOBOK H nocJieJI.oBaTeJibHblM CHHTHeM cTpy:>KKH npo6-
HbIMH pa6otIHMH XOJl.3MH, KOTOpbie conpOBO:>KJI.alOTCH npo6Hb!MH npo-
MepaMH. 3aJI.aHHhlH pa3Mep Jl.OCTHraeTCH MeTOJl.OM nocJie,D.oBaTeJib-
HbIX npn6JIH:>KeHHH. TotIHOCTb o6pa6oTKH B 3TOM cJiyqae s 3HatIH-
TeJibHOii Mepe 3aBHCHT OT KBaJIH<l>HKaUHH pa6oqero.
B ycJIOBHHX cepniiHoro H Maccoaoro npoH3BOJI.CTBa TOtIHOCTb
o6ecnetIHBaeTCH MeTOJI.OM aBTOMaTHtieCKOro noJiytieHHH pa3MepoB Ha
npeJI.BapHTeJibHO HacTpoeHHOM cTaHKe. YcTaHOBKY npoH3BOJI.HT B
cneuHaJibHOM npHcnoco6JieHHH Ha 3apaHee Bb16paHHble 6a30Bbie no-
BepxHOCTH (6e3 BhlBepKH). TotIHOCTb o6pa6oTKH B 3TOM cJiyqae B
3HatIHTeJibHOii Mepe 3aBHCHT OT KBaJIH<J>HKaUHH HaJiaJI.tIHKa H TO"ll-
HOCTH HCXOJI.HOH 3afOTOBKH.
OcHOBbl HaJiaJJ.KH 4Jpe3epHoro cTaHKa. HaJiaJI.Ka - 3TO noJI.ro-
TOBKa CTaHKa H OCHaCTKH K BhlnOJIHeHHIO onpeJI.eJieHHOii TeXHOJIO-
rnqecKoii onepaunn. B HaJiaJI.KY BXOJI.stT: ycTaHOBKa npHcnoco6Jie-
mrn; ycTaHOBKa <J>pe3w; npoaepKa 6HeHHH <J>pe3bI; BbIBepKa 3aro-
TOBKH OTHOCHTeJibHO HHCTpyMeHTa; paccTaHOBKa ynopoB, orpaHH"llH-
BaIOill.HX XOJI. CTOJia H o6ecnetIHB310lll.HX aBTOM3THtieCKHH pe:>KHM
pa6oThl; nepeKJIIOtieHHe qacToT apameHHff rnnHHJ1.eJIS1 H MHHYTHbIX
noJI.atI; ycTaHOBK~ rny6HHbl. <J>pe3epoBaHHff H JI.p.
00JI.H3Jl3J1.K3 - 3TO JI.OnOJIHHTeJibH3ff peryJIHpOBKa TeXHOJIOrli-
l[eCKOro o6opyJI.OB3HHH H (HJIH) OCH3CTKH B npouecce pa6oTbl JI.Jiff
BOCCTaHOBJieHHff JI.OCTHrHYThlX npH H3JI3,D.Ke 3HatieHHH TeXHOJIOfH-
qecKHX napaMeTpOB o6pa60TKH.
/cl>pe3epoeaHHe DJIOCKHX DOB~pXHOCTeii. <l>pe3epOB3HHe nJIOCKO-
deii ocymecTBJiffeTCH UHJIHHJI.PHtieCKHMH, TOpUOBbIMH <J>pe33MH H
Ha6opoM <J>pe3.
OpH <J>pe3epoeaHHH u,u1tuH8pui-tecKUMU cppe3aMu (o6bitIHo Ha ro-
pH30HT3JibHo-<J>pe3epHbIX CT3HKax) npaBHJlbHOCTb ycTaHOBKH 3a-
fOTOBKH B THCKaX no OTHOllleHHIO K CTOJIY CT3HKa nposepsieTCH

159
peifcMycoM HJIH npu 6oJiee ToquoH: ycTaHOBKe HH)J.HKaTopoM co CTOH-
KOH (CM. pee. 73) .
.ll.JIH Bbl6opa ODTHM8JlbHOro pa3Mepa UeJibHblX UHJIHHJJ.pnqecKHX
<t>pe3 c MeJIKHMH H KpynHbIMH ay6MIMH MO>KHO BOCilOJib30B8TbCff
HOMOrpaMMOH (pee. 85). fl pH 3TOM yqHTbIB8IOTCff OC06eHHOCTH
o6pa6aTblBaeMoro MaTepuaJia: TPYJJ.HOo6pa6aTbIBaeMbie - T, Ma-
TepuaJibI cpe.II.HeH TPY.LJ.HOCTH o6pa6oTKH - C, nernoo6pa6aThlBae-
Mbie MaTepuaJibl - JI, qepHOBaH (I) HJIH qecTOBaH (II) o6pa60TKa.
CHaqaJia no urnpuHe <t>peaepoeaHHH onpe)J.eJrneTCH JJ.JIHHa <t>pe-
3hl L, 3aTeM JJ.HaMeTp noca.II.oqHoro oTBepcTHH <t>peabl d, JJ.HaMeTp
<t>pe3bl D u qeCJio 3y6beB <t>peabl z. ·
flpH <t>peaepoBaHHH H8KJIOHHblX IlJIOCKOCTeH H CKOCOB (HaKJIOH-
HblX IlJIOCKOCTeH He60JiblllHX pa3Mepoe) UHJIHH.II.pnqeCKHMH <t>pe-
38MH 3arOTOBKH ycTaH8BJIHB8IOT DO)J. Tpe6yeMblM yrJIOM K OCH <t>pe-
3bl u aaKpenJIHIOT Jiu6o B yuueepcaJibHbIX THCKax, JIH6o ua yuueep-
caJibHOH noeopoTHOH nnuTe (pee. 86). flo.II.Jie>KamaH o6pa6oTKe
H8KJIOHH8H DJIOCKOCTb )J.OJl>KHa 6b1Tb pacnoJIO>KeHa ropH30HT8JlbHO,
T. e. napaJIJieJibHO DJIOCKOCTH CTOJia CTaHKa/

d,HH T-I
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DMl'!I 16 80 100 125 160l,MM

1so 12s 100 Bo 63 so "o 8 ;s·~~"s~"·~g"~J"~~·.w;~~0• 1;0 'isJB.,.,,.,

18
T-II z
PHc. 85. HoMorpaMMa ARR aw6opa pa3Mepoa l.leJlbHblx 1.1u.1Hn,11,pH11ecKHX $pe3.
160
 Top140BblMU t/JpesaMu «l>pese-
pyIOT nJIOCKHe nosepxHOCTH Ha
sepTHKaJibHO- H ropH30HTaJibHO-
«l>pesepHb1X cTaHKax. Topuosble
«Ppe3bl no cpasHeHHIO c UHJIHH)\-
pHlleCKHMH HMeIOT psi.u. npeHMY-
mecTB: 6oJiee .>KeCTKoe KpenJie-
HHe, 6oJiee nJiasHoe JJ.BH>KeHHe
60JibWOro tIHCJia O.!J.HOBpeMeHHO
pa60T810ll.l,HX 3Y6beB •
.LI.HaMeTp TOpUOBOH «Ppe3bl
Bbl6HpaeTCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
urnpHHhl «l>pe3eposaHHS1 B no
«PopMyJie D= (1,2 ... 1,6) B.
HaKJIOHHble nJIOCKOCTH H
PHc. 86. Cllpe3epoeaHHe HaKJIOHHOii nnoc-
CKOCbl MO.>KHO «l>pe3eposaTb TOp- KOCTH Ha YHHeepc8JlbHOii noeopOTHOi
UOBblMH «l>pe3aMH Ha sepTHKaJib- (yrnoeoi) nnHTe.
Ho-«1>pe3epHbIX cTaHKax, ycTaHas-
JIHBaH 3arOTOBKH no.u. Tpe6yeMblM
yrnoM c noMOlll.bIO YHHsepcaJib-
HhlX THCKOB, nosopOTHblX CTO-
JIOB H cneuHa~bHblX npHcnoco6-
JieHHH (pHc. 87) HJIH .>Ke nosopa-
lJHeasi wnHH.!J.eJib CTaHKa no OT-
HOWeHHIO K sepTHKaJibHOH OCH.
HaKJIOHHble nJIOCKOCTH MO.>K-
HO «1>pe3eposaTb TOpUOBblMH «l>pe-
3aMH C IlOMOLU.bIO HaKJia,Zl.HOH
sepTHKaJibHOH rOJIOBKH, KOTOpaSI
SIBJISleTCSI cneunaJibHOH npHHa,Zl.-
PHc. 87. Cllpe3epoeauHe uaKJIOHHOi nnoc-
Jie.>KHOCTbIO ropH30HT8JlbHO-«l>pe-
KOCTH Topuoeoii ljlpe3oli.
3epHoro CTaHKa.
B ueJISIX nos&1weHHS1 nponaBO.lf.HTeJibHOCTH H TOlJHOCTH «l>peae-
posaHHe nJIOCKHX nosepXHOCTeH npOH3BO.lf.SIT Ha6opOM :/Jpe3, ycTa-
HOBJieHHblX H aaKpenJieHHblX Ha O.U.HOH o6meu onpasKe ropH30H-
T8JlbHO-«l>peaepHoro CT3HK3 .ll.JISI O.lf.HOBpeMeHHOH o6pa60TKH O.lf.HOH
HJIH HeCKOJihKHX nosepxHOCTeH. Ha6opb1 COCT3BJISllOT H3 CTaH,Zl.apT-
HhlX, cneunaJJbHblX «l>pe3 H HX KOM6HH3UHH.
IlpH COCT3BJieHHH Haoopos «l>pea H peryJIHpOBKe paccTOSIHHH
Me}K.lf.y «l>pe33MH Ha onpasKe HCnOJib3YIOT .>KeCTKHe KOJibUa.
B npouecce «l>peaepoeaHHH onpasKa pa6oTaeT Ha pacTH.>KeHHe
H H3rH6. YcTaHaBJJHBaH Ha onpasKe O.lf.HY HJIH HecKOJJbKO «Ppe3,
JKeJJaTeJibHO pacnOJiaraTb HX 6JIH.>Ke K WnHH,Zl.eJIIO CTaHKa, TaK KaK B
pe3yJibTaTe yMeHbllleHHSI H3rH6a10mero MOMeHTa OT CHJibl pe3aHHH
npH TaKOM pacnOJIO>KCHHH nporn6 onpaBKH 6y.u.eT MHHHMaJibHblM.
EcnH HCB03MO.>KHO ycTaHOBHTb «Ppeay s6JIH3H wnHHJJ.eJJSI, peKo-
MeHJI.yeTcH npHMeHSITb .n.onOJIHHTeJibHYIO HOJI.BecHyIO cepbry (pHc. 88).
Ynpyrasi .n.e«PopMaUHSI onpaBKH H 3aroTOBKH npHBOJI.HT K nosin-
6 3aK33 231 161
 t
PHC. 89. y CT)'llbl (a), BblCTynw ( 6) H
na3bl (s).
~ ~ -+-- PHc. 88. YcTaHOBKa AOnOJJHHTeJl&Hoii
~ cepbrH Ha 4'pe3epHOM CT8HKe.

neHHIO OOJJ.pe3aHHSI H 00.ll.XB8Tb1B8HHH, ecJIH opHXOJJ.HTCSI BhlKJIIO-

qaTb 00.11.aqy, KOf.ll.8 pa6oqHii XO.ll. ew.e He 38KOHqeH.
«l>pe3eponaeHe ycTynon, BhlcTynoa H ml30B. YcTyooM H83hlBaIOT
BhleMKy, orpaHHqeHHYJO .ll.BYMH B38HMHO oepoeHJJ.HKYJIHpHbIMH OJIO-
CKOCTSIMH. BhICTyn - BhlcTyna10w.aH qacTh noeepxHOCTH, T8K>Ke 06-
pa3oeaHHaH .11.BYMH B38HMHO oepoeH.LI.HKYJIHpHblMH OJIOCKOCTHMH.
lna3 - 3TO BbieMKa B .LI.eTaJIH, orpaHnqeHHaH IlJIOCKHMH HJIH ¢acoH-
HblMH ooeepxHOCTHMH. B 38BHCHMOCTH OT <f>opMbI BhleMKH oa3bl
JJ.eJIHTCSI Ha opHMoyrOJibHble, T-o6pa3Hble H <f>acOHHble. na3bl JII0-
6oro opoqmnH MOfYT 6h1Tb CKB03HblMH, OTKpblTblMH ( c Bb!XOJI.OM)
H 3aKpb1ThlMH./ YCTynhl, ehlcTynhl H oa3bl noKa3aHbl Ha pnc. 89.
<l>pe3epoeaHne ycTynoe, BhlcTynoe H na3oe ocyw.ecTBJIHeTcH
JJ.HCKOBblMH H KOHUCBblMH <f>pe3aMH, a TaK:>Ke Ha6opoM JJ.HCKOBblX
<f>pe3. YcTyrrhl MO:>KHO <f>pe3epoeaTh H TOPUOBhIMH <f>pe3aMH.
/J.UCIWBbtMU ¢pe3a.MU (rnaBHbIM o6pa30M TpexcTOpOHHHMH).
HMeIOW.HMH 3y6hH ea UHJIHHJJ.pHqecKOii noeepxeOCTH H ea o60HX
TOpuax, o6pa6aTbIB3JOT ycrynhl H rny60KHe Il83bl. nnH ynyqllleeHH
ycnoeHii pe3aHHH JI.HCKOBhle TpexcTopoHHHe <J>pe3hl cea6:>KeHbl Ha-
KJIOHHhlMH 3y6hHMH c nepeMeHHO qepe.LI.yIOW.HMHCSI HanpaBJieHHSIMH
KaHaeoK, T. e. 0.11.He 3y6 HMeeT npaeoe eanpaeneeue, a .npyroA,
CMe:>Kehlii c HHM - neeoe, qTO o6ecneqHeaer ypaBHOBeWHBaHHe CHJI
pe33HHH. nHaMeTp <f>pe3bl CTpeMHTCSI Bhl6HpaTb MHHHMaJibHO 803-
MO:>KHblM - qeM MeHbllle .ll.H3MeTp <J>pe3hl, TeM Bblme ee )l{eCTKOCTb
H BH6poyeTOHlfH80CTb.
ToqHOCTb pa3Mepa yC'ryna no lllHpHue ue 3a8HCHT OT lllHpHHhl
<f>pe3bl. lllHpHHa <f>pe3hl JJ.OJI)l{Ha 6h1Tb Ha 3... 5 MM WHpe IlOJIKH ycTy-
na. npH <j>pe3epoaaeHH opHMOYfOJibHblX Oa308 WHpHHa JJ.HCK080ft
<f>pe3bl JJ.0Jl)KH8 6h1Tb pa8Ha WHpHee na3a (c TOqffOCTblO JJ.O 6He-
HHH T0pU08blX 3y6he8).
npH H3Jl8JJ.Ke CTaeKa ea o6pa60TKY oa308 Ba:>KHO npa8HJibeO
yCTaeOBHTb <1>ve3y OTHOCHTeJibHO 33f0T08KH.
y~~33bl MOfYT 6b1Tb o6pa60T3Hhl 1COH14eBbtMU ¢pe3aMU
Ha 8epTHKaJibHO- H ropH30HT8J1beo-<f>pe3epeblX CT8HKax.

162
 TO'IHOCTb 08308 no llIHpHHe npu o6p860TKe HX MepHblM HHCTpy-
MeHTOM, K8KHM Sl8JISllOTCSI KOHU.e8ble (u JJ.HCK08hle} <l>pe3hl, 8 3Ha-
lfHTeJihHOH creneuu 388HCHT OT TO'IHOCTH npHMem1eMhlX «t>pe~ OT
TO'IHOCTH u >KeCTKOCTH CCTH.ll/ 8 TaK>Ke OT 6neHHSI «t>pe3bl 8 llIDHH-
JJ.ene. HoMHH8JlbHblH pa3Mep MepHoro HHCTpyMeHTa MOlKeT H3Me-
HSITbCH H3-33 H3HOCa H nepeTO'IKH.
Tot1HhlH pa3Mep no urnpnHe na3a MO>KHO noJiy'IHTb npu o6pa-
6oTKe 8 JJ.88 nepexo.n.a - qepH080H H 'IHCT080H.
Pa60Ta11 KOHU.e8oe <J>pe3oe, CTPY>KKY Heooxo.n.HMO OT80JJ.HTh
88epx no BHHT080H K8H8BKe, 'IT06bl OHa He nopT11Jia o6pa60T8HHOH
noeepxHOCTH u ue 8bl3blBaJia noJIOMKH 3y6a <l>pe3hl. CTpH 3TOM 88:>1<-
HO np8BHJihHO 8hlopaTb uanpaeJieHne epameuesi «t>pe3b1/
«l>pe3epoeaaae wnoHO'IHblX na3oe ea a3Jlax. lllnoHO'IHhle na3hl
MOryT 6hITb p83JJ.eJieHl:>I H8 CKB03Hble, OTKpblTbie ( c Bb!XOJJ.OM) H
38KphlTbie. K HHM npeJJ.bHBJIHIOTCH 8hlCOKHe Tpe6osaunH B OTHOllle-
HHH TO'IHOCTH H 11IepoXOB8TOCTH nosepxHOCTH. BoKOBhle rpaHH wno-
HO'IHOrO na3a JJ.OJI>KHbl 6hlTb pacnOJIO>KeHbl CHMMeTpH'IHO OTHOCH-
TeJibHO DJIOCKOCTH, npOXO,ll.Hll.leH qepe3 OCb BaJia; rnepOXOB8TOCTb
nosepxHOCTH 60KOBblX nosepXHOCTeH JJ.OJl)!<Ha H8XO,ll.HTbCH B npe-
.n.eJiax 5 MKM H Bblllie.
3arOTOBKH B8JIOB .D.JISI «t>peaeposaHHSI B HHX llIDOHO'IHblX na30B H
JihICOK YJJ.06Ho aaKpen,nHTh B
npH3M8X (pHC. 90). CTpaBHJib-
HOCTb pacnoJIO}KeHHSI npH3Mbl Ha
CTOJie CT8HKa o6ecne'IHB8eTCSI c
DOMOll.lb!O llIHII8 B OCHOB8HHH
npH3Mhl, BXOJJ.Hll.lero B naa CTOJI8.
y .n.o6HO HCDOJib3088HHe Mar-
HHTHblX npH3M C IlOCTOHHHblM
MarHHTOM. CffJia 38}KHMa snoJrne
,ll.OCT8tO'IH8 )I.Jiff roro, lfTOObl
<1>pe3eposaTb ua saJIHKax rnno-
HO'IHble D83bl ff JlblCKH. 0,ll.HO- P11c. 90. 3aKpen.11et111e ea.aa e npHJMax
speMeHHO c 38KpenJleHffeM npH3- cllpeJepoBaHHH OaJa.
II.JUI
M8 npHTSlrHBaeTCH K onopHOH no-
sepXHOCTH CTOJI8 CT8HK8.
CKB03Hhle ff OTKphITble naahl
c BblXO,ll.OM K8H38KH no OKpy)K-
HOCTH, pa.n.uyc KOTOpoii paseu pa-
.n.Hycy <J>pe3bl, o6pa6aTblB8IOT JJ.H-
CK08blMH cf>peaaMH (pHC. 91).
3arOT08KY 38KpenJIHIOT 8 M8lllffH-
HblX THCKax c Me,ll.HblMH HJIH JI8-
T)'HHblMH H8KJI8,ll.K8MH ua ry6-
K8X.
cf>pe3y ycTauaeJiffBaTb cJie.11.y-
er TaK, t1ro6bl oua 6Wia pacnono- P11c. 91. 4>pe3epoea1111e CKB03Horo na:ia
>Kena CHMMeTpH'IHO OTHOCHTeJlb- ,11.HCKOBOI +pesol.
6* 163
 HO JlH3MeTpaJibHOH nJIOCKOCTH,
npoxoJlHw.eii t1epes ocb eaJia •
.llJIH TOllHOH H 6hlCTpoii ycTaHQB·
KH JlHCKOBOH «f>pesbl B )lHaMeT-
pa~bHOH nJIOCKOCTH HCnOJlb3ytOT
np1ucnoco6J1euue (pee. 92) . Cl>pe-
ay ycTauaeJIHBaIOT no ehlpeay
JlB1YCTOJ?OHHeii npH3Mhl, KOTOpaH
op:HeHTHpoeaua no UHJIHHJlPHlle-
cKoii noeepxuocTH o6pa6aThlBae-
Moro 83Jl3. IlpaBHJibHOCTb H3rO-
T.OBJieHHSI nasa npoeepHIOT no
wa6Jiouy.
3aKpb1Tble wnoHOllHhle na3bl
MO>ICHO «f>peaepoeaTb IWHtfeBbl.MU
Pac. 92. npacnoco6.neHHe A.RR YCT8HOBKH ( u.tnOHO'lHbtMU) </Jpesuu ua eep-
AHCKOBOli cjlpe3b1 npH cjlpe3epOB8HHH 0838
Ha aa.ny. THKaJI bHO- H ropH30HT3JlbHO-«f>pe-
3epub1X CT3HK3X • .llJIH 33KpenJie-
HJlH B3JIOB 00Jlb3YIOTCH npH3M3·
Mil. nocJie YCT3HOBKH, 33KpenJie-
HQSI u ehleepKH eaJia ycTauae-
JIQBaIO'_I' lf>pesy. YcTauosKa «f>pe-
3bl B JlH3MeTp3JibHOH nJIOCKOCTH
B3Jia npOH3BO)lHTCSI no JIHM6y
BQHTa nonepequoii no)laqu OT
nQJIO>l<eHHH, B KOTOpOM lf>pesa
lilllllillilillllllllllllllll/1111 KacaeTcH 06paay10w.eii saJia •
.llpyroii cnoco6 ycTaHOBKH
(«DO H6JIOllKY») COCTOHT B noJiy-
Pac. 93. cl>pe3epoaaHHe wnoHO'IHblX na3oa
qeuuu npo6aoro CJie)la «f>peshl
noA cerMeHTHble wnoHKH. ua noeepxuocTH BaJia. ECJIH 3TOT
CJle)l HMeeT «f>opMy noJiuoro Kpy-
ra (paeaoro JlHaMeTpy Koaneeoii
«f>pesbl)' TO 3TO 3H3llHT, llTO lf>peaa pacnOJI0>1<eaa B JlH3MeTp3Jib-
HOH. DJIOCKOCTH eaJia. ECJIH cJieJl HMeeT «f>opMy aenoJiaoro Kpyra, TO
aeo6X0.!1.HMO CMeCTHTb CTOJI.
CerMeHTHhle wnoaot1ahle na3bl lf>peaepy10T xeocmoebt.Mu ( Hacaa-
HbtMu) </JpesaMU 00.!J. cerMeHTHble WDOHKH . .llHaMeTp 3THX «f>pes )lOJl-
>1<eH 6h1Tb paeea YJlBOeHHOMY pa.!1.HYCY K3H3BKH. no.!l.aqa npOH380-
JlHTCSI DO)l'beMOM CTOJia (puc. 93).
«l>pesepoaaaHe c1Jacoaa111x KaaaaoK, T-0Gpasa111x H Apyrux nasoa.
K «f>acoHHhlM OTHOCHTCH KaaaeKH c aenpHMoyroJihHhlM npolf>HJieM:
noJiyKpyrmi1e, eorayThle, yrJIOehle, .TpeyroJihHhle, Tpanenee)laJibHhle,
CJIO>l<HOrO npo«f>HJISI H Jlp. .llJIH «f>pe3epoeaHHSI «f>acOHHblX K3H3BOK
npHMeHHIOT DOJiyKpyrJible (BhlDYKJible H BOrHYThle)' a T3K>l<e yrno-
Bble lf>peahl.
T-o6pa3Hhle na3bl «f>peaepy10T o6hlllHO aa TPH nepexo)la: cua-
qaJia Kouneeoii HJIH JlHCKOBOH lf>pe30H o6pa6aTblB3IOT nas npHMO·
164
PHc. 94. Doc.11e.u.oeaTeJ1bHOCTb 4Jpe3epo-
eaHHH T-o6p83HblX na3oe.

PHc. 95. Doc.11e.u.oeaTe.11bHOCTb lflpe3epo-

eaHHH na3a THna «J18CTOqKffH XBOCT>.

yroJibHoro npo«it>eJIH, 3aTeM ippe3oii JJ.JIH T-oopa3HhIX na3oe ¢pe3e-

py10T He:>KHIOIO qaeTb na3a, 3aTeM yrnoeoii KOHLl,eBOH ippe30H -
ipaeKe (pee. 94).
Tia3bl Tena «JiaeToqKeH xeoeT» ippe3epy10T KaK Ha ropH30HTaJib-
Ho-ippe3epHb1X, TaK e Ha eepTHKaJibHo-ippe3epHbIX eTaHKax. B oooex
eJiyqaHX 3aroTOBKa 3aKpenJIHeTeH B MaIIJeHHbIX TeeKax eJie Heno-
epe.n.eTBeHHO Ha eToJie ippe3epHoro eTaHKa e IlOMOlll.blO pa3JIHqHbIX
npHXBaTOB. TipaeeJibHOeTb yeTaHOBKe 3aroTOBKH BbIBepHeTeH yroJib-
HeKaMe, peiieMyeoM eJie HH.D.HKaTopoM. Cf>pe3epoeaHee na3a npoe3-
BO.D.HT 3a .n.ea nepexo.n.a: eHaqaJia ippe3epy10T npHMoyroJibHhIH na3
KOHLl,eBOH HJie )l.HeKOBOH ippe30H, 3aTeM oopaoaTblBaIOT ero KOHLl,e-
BOH o.n.HoyrJioeoii ippe3oH (pue. 95).
cl>pe3epoeaeae clJacoHHblX noeepxeoCTeii. B TeXHHKe Haxo.n.HT IIJH-
poKoe npHMeHeHHe )l.eTaJIH e «it>acOHHbIMH noeepXHOCTHMH - .n.oeTa-
TQqHo BCilOMHeTb TaKHe )l.eTaJIH, KaK IIJapOBbie naJibl.l,bl H eipepuqe-
CKHe onophl, KyJiaqKH pa3JIHqHoro npo«it>eJIH, IIJaTyHbl, KOJieHqaTble
eaJihl, peJibe«il>tthle noJiocTH IIJTaMnoe e npeec-ipopM. Bee MHorooopa-
3He ipaeoHHblX noeepxuoeTeii MO)l{HO pa3)1.eJIHTb Ha eJie.n.y10mue
THDhl:
1. <l>aeoHHble noeepXHOCTH epameHHH.
2. <l>aCOHHble noeepXHOeTH 3aMKHYTOfO KpHBOJIHHeHHOfO KOH-
Typa c npHMOJIHHeHHOH 06pa3y10men. 3TH noeepxHoeTH HBJIHIOTeH
Ll,HJIHH.D.pHqecKeMe H orpaHeqeHhl .D.BYMH DJIOCKOCTHMH ( OCHOBa-
HeHMe). Or U:HJieH.n.puqecKeX noeepxHoeTeii TeJI opameHHH OHH OT-
JIHllalOTCH TeM, qTo ex HanpaBJIHIOlll.eH HBJIHeTeH 3aMKHyTaH Kpe-
BaH, a He oKpy>KHOCTb. 3TH noeepxHoeTe eMeIOTeH Ha MHornx DJIOCKHX
KyJiaqKaX (HanpeMep, pacnpe.n.eJieTeJibHOfO BaJia aBTOMOOHJlbHOfO
.n.eeraTeJIH).
3. <l>aeOHHble noeepxHoeTH He3aMKHyToro KOHTypa e KpHBOJie-
HeHHOH HanpaBJIHIOlll.eH e npHMOJieHeHHOH oopa3yIOlll.eH HJie, Haooo-
poT, c npHMOJieHeHHOH HanpaBJIHIOlll.eH e KpHBOJIHHeHHOH 06pa-
3y10meii, HanpeMep ipacoHHhIH 3yo ippe3bl, 3yo IIJecTepHe u .n.p.
4. TipoeTpaHCTBeHHO-CJIO)l{Hble ipacOHHbie noeepXHOCTe, K KO-
TOpbIM MO)l{HO OTHeCTH, HanpnMep, noeepXHOCTH JionaTOK H .n.ecKOB
Typouu, rpe6HblX eaJioe, IIJTaMnoe JJ.JIH JIHCToeoii IIJTaMnOBKH KY30B-
Hb1X aBTOMOOHJlbHbIX .n.eTaJieH, npeee-ipopM H JIHTeHHblX ipopM, npo-
H3Be)l.eHHH npHKJia)l.HOfO HCKyeeTBa H .n.p.
BHympeHHUe u Hapy[}ICHbte c</Jepu'lectcue noBepxHocmu, KaK npa-
165
PHc. 96. CxeMbl 4Jpe3epoeaHHR eayrpeHHHX H eap)'JKHblX c4Jepe11ecux noeepxao-
CTeii.

BHJIO, o6pa6aTblBaIOT Ha ccj>epoTOKapHhlX H TOKapHblX CTaHKax c llnY.

0.n.uaKO B ycJIOBHHX e)1.HHH'IHOro H MeJIKOcepuiiuoro npoH3BOJJ.CTBa
TaKHe nosepxuocTH ueJiecoo6pa3HP o6pa6aTblBaTb <f>pe3eposauaeM,
y'IHTblBaH, 'ITO ceqeuue ccj>epbl DJIOCKOCThIO npe.n.cTaBJIHeT co6oii
Kpyr. <l>pe3eposauue ccj>epuqecKHX nosepxuocTeii qaw,e scero ocy-
w.ecTBJIHeTcH KOHUeBblMH <f>pesaMH (puc. 96).
c/>acoHHbte nosepxHocmu aaMltHymozo K.oHmypa MO.>KHO o6pa-
6aTblBaTb <f>peseposauueM ua sepTHKaJihHo-<j>pesepnhlx cTaHKax:
c pyqffb(M ynpaBJieHHeM no pa3MeTKe, c HCnOJib30BaHHeM KpyrJioro
nosopoTuoro CTOJia no pa3MeTKe, c noMOW.blO uaKJia.n.uoro Konupa.
<l>pe3eposauue <f>acouuoii nosepxuocTH 3aMKHYTOro KOHTypa no
pa3MeTKe ocyw.ecTBJIHeTCH KOHUefJOH <f>pe30H npH O.ZJ.HOBpeMeHHOM
nepeMeW,eHHH CTOJia B npO.ZJ.OJlbHOM H nonepequoM uanpaBJieHHHX
T8K, qTOObl CHHTb JIHIIIHHH MeTan1 B COOTBeTCTBHH c pa3MeqeHHblM
KOHTypoM. TaKoli MeT0.11. <f>pesepo~aHHH npuMeHHeTcH JJHIIIb B yCJio-
BHHX eJJ.HHHqnoro HJIH MeJJKOcepaiiuoro npOH3BO)J.CTBa H Tpe6yeT
BblCOKOH KBaJIH<f>HKaUHH pa6oqerQ. 06blquo npunycK CHHMaIOT no-
CJieJJ.OBaTeJlbHO qepHOBblM H qucro~M <f>pe3eposaHHeM.
npu <f>pe3epoBaHHH $aCOHHhlJ( DOBepXHOCTeH Ha BepTHKaJlbHO-
cj>pesepHblX CTaHKaX npHMeHHIOT HaKJiaJJ.Hble ICpyrJlhle DOBOpOTHble
CTOJibl, KOTOpble MOrYT HMeTb pyquoil npHBO.ll, npHB0.11. OT CT3HKa
HJIH OT HH.ZJ.HBH.ZJ.yaJJbHOro 3JieKTpOJJ.BHraTeJJH. Ha nosopoTHblX CTO-
JI8X saroTOBKH 3aKpenJIHIOT JIHOO !BpyqHyIO ( c DOMOlllblO npHXBaTOB
H .ap.)' JIH6o nueBMO- HJIH ru.n.ponpHXBaTaMH.
166
 IlpH cppe3epoeaHHH KpyroBhlX na30B ueo6XOJJ.HMO COBMeCTHTb
u.euTp OKpy.>KHOCTH Kpyroeoro na3a c neHTpOM noeopOTHOfO CTOJia.
npH Bpalll,eHHH (epy•rnyIO HJIH C DpHBO)J.OM OT CTaHKa) KpyrJIOfO
IlOBOpOTHoro CTOJia BOKpyr eepTHKaJlbHOH OCH Ka:H<J).aH ToqKa 3aro-
TOBKH 6yJI.eT nepeMeW.aT&CH no 01<,py*11ocTe paJJ.ayca, paeuoro pac-
CTOHHHIO 3TOH TO'llW OT neuTpa CTOJla. PacCTOHHHe Me:>KJJ.Y u.eu~­
poM noeopOTHOfO CTOJJa H u.euTpOl,'d ( OCblO) KOHU.eBOH cflpe3bl )J.OJl}l{-
HO OblTb paeuo paJJ.Hycy oKpy.>KHOCTH Kpyroeoro na3a.
IlpaBHJlbHOCTb ycTaHOBKH 38f0TOBKH MO}l(HO npoeepHTb JlefKHM
KacauHeM 3arOTOBKH Bpaw.a10w.eikH cppe30H B JJ.BYX JJ.HaMeTpaJJbHO
npOTHBODOJIO>KHblX DOJIO)l(eHHSIX, T. e. npH noeopoTe CTOJla Ha 180°.
<l>pe3epoeauee no HaKJiaAHhlM KonnpaM npaMeHHeTcH e ycno-
BHHX eAHHHqHoro H MeJIKOCepHHHQfO npOH3BOJJ.CTBa npH oopa60T-
Ke <PacOHHblX noeepXHOCTeii 38MKHyToro KpHBOJIHHeHHOfO KOHTypa
Ha eepTHKaJlbHO-cppe3epHb1X CT8HK8X c npHMeHeHHeM noeopOTHOfO
KpyrJlOl'O CTOJia (puc. 97).
06pa6oTKa no 3aMKHYTOMY KOHTYPY ocyw.ecTBnHeTCH Kouu.eeoH
cppe30H, HMeiow.eH: 3aaauuy10 TpaeKTopn10 JJ.BH>Keau11. B rnnHH.D.enh
CTaHKa COOCHO ycTaHaBJJHBaIOT poJIHK H KOHU.eByIO <f>pe3y. 0JI.HOBpe-
MeHHblM epaw.euaeM cTona H pyqnhlM ynpaeneuiieM npoJJ.OJlbHOH
H nonepe'IHOH llOAa'laMH CTOJla CT8HKa JJ.06HB8IOTCH IlOCTOHHHOfO
KOHTaKTa POJIHKa c KODHpOM, KOTOpbIH H8JIO}KeH Ha 38FOTOBKY H
HMeeT npocpHJJb 06paoani1eaeMoif noeepxHoCTH.
t/JacoHHbte noaepxHOcmu Hesa)CICHgmozo tcoHmypa. MoryT 6b1Tb
o6paooTaHbl !l>pe3epoeaHHeM !l>aCQHHblMH cppe3aMH HJIH U.HJIHHJJ.pH-
lJeCKHMH cppe3aMH c npHMeHeHHeM KODHpoeaJlbHblX npncnocooneHHH,
a TaK>Ke Ha KOilHpoBaJlbHO-cppe3epHbIX CT8HKax H Ha CT8HK8X c
nporpaMMHblM ynpaMeHHeM.
<l>aCOHHble 4>pe3bl npHMeHSIIOT npH o6pa60TKe CaMblX pa3H006-
pa3HblX cpaCOHHblX noeepxHOCTeH He3aMKHyToro KOHTypa c KpHBOJIH-

PHc. 97. Kpyr.11wi noaopOTHWA CTOJI H ero npHMeHeHKe np11 fltpeaepoaaHHH

no HaK.1111,1.HOMY KODHpy.
187
 ueiiHOH 06pa3y10w.eii H npSIMO-
JIHHCHHOH uanpaBJISllOIIJ,CH, a
T3K}l{C .nJISI o6pa3083HHSI BHHTO-
BblX KauaeoK. B pH.a:e cJiy11aee
<f>acoeuaH <f>pe3a HBJIHCTCSI e.a:ne-
CTeeuublM HHCTpyMeHTOM, c no-
MOW.bIO KOToporo MO}l{CT 6b1Tb
06pa3oeau CJIO}l{HhlH <f>acoHHhIH
npo<f>HJib .a:eTaJIH (pnc. 98).
<l>acouublA npo<f>HJib o6pa6o-
PHc. 98. «l>peaepoaaHHe ljlacoHHblX noaep- Taueou noeepxuocTn KOHTPOJIH-
XHOCTeH He38MKHyToro KOHtypa. PYIOT rna6JiouoM. ,UJIH npoeepKH
<f>pe3 CJIY>KHT KOHTprna6JIOH, H3-
roTOBJICHHhIA (KaK H wa6JIOH)
H3 JIHCTOBoro MCTaJIJia 8 COOT-
BCTCTBHH c qepTC}l{OM npo<f>HJISI
.a:eTaJIH.
<l>acOHHble noeepXHOCTH He-
33MKHyToro KOHrypa c npHMOJIH-
HCHHOH 06pa3y10w.eii H KpHBO-
JIHHCHHOH uanpaBJIHIOIIJ,CH (ua-
npHMep, pa3BCPHYThlH nJIOCl<HH
KyJia110K) MoryT 6h1Tb o6pa6oTa-
Hbl U.HJIHH.D:pHllCCKOH <f>pe30H. npu
3TOM rnupuea o6pa6aTblBaeMo8
.a:eTaJIH .ll:OJl>KHa nepeKpblBaTbCSI
.D:JIHHOH U.HJIHH.ll:pHllCCKOH <f>pe3bl,
a KpHBOJIHHCHHaH HanpaBJIHIO-
PHc. 99. CxeMa ljlpeaepoaaHHR ljlacoHHOA IIJ,3SI ( KOHTYP) e 3TOM cJiy11ae
noaepxHOCTH He38MKHytoro KOHTypa no .a:oJI>KHa 6h1Th 06pa3oeaea nJiae-
KORHPY· eou KpHBOH C .ll:OCTaTOllHO 60Jib-
lllHMH pa.a:uycaMH 3aKpyrJICHHSI.
<l>acOHHble .a:eTaJIH HC3aMKHyToro KOHTypa MO}l{HO BCCbMa npo-
H3BO.D:HTCJibHO o6pa6aTblBaTb ea ropH30HT3JlbHO·<f>pe3epHb1X CTaHKax
C noMOIIJ,blO KOnHpOBaJibHOrO DpHCDOC06JICHHH (pHC. 99). npu 3TOM
06ecne11ueaeTcS1 TpaeKTopnH U.HJIH1t.a:pu11ecK08 <f>pe3bl, coocuou c po-
JIHICOM. PoJIHK o6KaThIBaeT noeepxuocTb KOnHpa (wa6Jioua) e pe-
3YJihTaTe npOAOJibHOro H eepTHK3JlbHOro nepeMCIIJ,CHHH CTOJia
CTaHKa.
<l>pe3epoeauHe npocmpancmBeHHo-cAo~Hbtx </JacoHHbtX no-
Bepxnocmeu npoH3BOASIT ua KonupoeaJibHo-cl>pe3epuhlx_ CTaHKax HJIH
Ha CTaHKax c llHCJIOBblM nporpaMMHbIM ynpaBJICHHCM KOnHpHbIMH
(KOHUCBblMH) <f>pe3aMH.
0CHOBHblM BHAOM 6paKa npH o6pa6oTKe cl>acOHHblX noeepXHOCTCH
HBJISICTCSI HCCOOTBCTCTBHe npo<f>HJISI o6pa6oTaHHOH noeepxHOCTH npo-
cl>HJIIO, 33A3HHOMY llCpTC>KOM. norpelllHOCTH npocl>HJIH 803HHK3IOT
no CJie.D:yIOW.HM npHllHHaM: npu o6pa6oTKe KOHU.CBblMH cl>pe3aMH
no pa3MeTKe c py11Hb1M ynpaeJieuueM - H3-3a HH3Koii KBaJincl>nKa-
168
U.HH 'patfoqero, HeTO'IHOCTeH pa3MeTKH; npH o6pa6oTKe no Konupy -
H3-38 norpernHOCTH H3rOTOBJieHHH KOnHpa HJIH H3MeHeHHH pa3Mepa
cppe3hI nocJie ee nepeTOtJ:KH; npu o6pa6oTKe cpacoHHbIMH cppe3aMH -
H3-38 norpeillHOCTeH npocpHJIH cppe3b1 HJIH H3MeHeHHH ee reoMeTpH-
tJ:eCKHX napaMeTpoe nocJie nepeTOtJ:KH.
11cnpaeJieHne .D:ecpeKTOB npu cppe3epoBaHHH cpacoHHbIX noeepx-
uocTeH eecbMa Tpy.D:oeMKO H c.1tmKHO, so MHorux cJiyqasrx npaKTH-
qecKH HeB03MO>KHO, n03TOMy B npou.ecce cppe3epOB8HHH He CJie-
.D:yeT npeBbIIll8Tb BeJIH'IHHY no.D:81Ill Ha 3y6, yKa3aHHYIO B onepa-
U.HOHHbIX KapTax, .D:OnycKaTb 3HatJ:ffTeJibHOe 3aTynJieHHe cppe3b1, He
ocymecTBJIHTb o6pa6oTKY cpaCOHHhIMH cppe38MH Ha CTaHKaX nOHH-
>KeHHOH >KeCTKOCTH H BH6poyCTOH'If(BOCTH.
<l>pe3epHbie CT8HKH c qny npttMeHHIOT AJIH o6pa6oTKH cpe.D:HHX
H MeJIKHX OTJIHBOK (noKOBOK) AJIH TaKHX .D:eTaJieH, KaK pb11Iaru,
KpOHillTeHHbI, KpbIIllKH, Kopnyca IipH6opoB H AP· Ilpou.ecc o6pa-
6oTKH npoHCXOAHT no aBTOM8TH'Ie~KOMy U.HKJiy, CT8HO'IHHK TOJlbKO
ycTaHaBJIHBaeT 38rOTOBKy H CHHMaetr o6pa6oTaHHYIO .D:eT8Jlb, a T8K>Ke
npOH3BOAHT HaCTpOHKY nporpaMM(bI, Ha 'ITO 38Tp81IHBaeT 0,5-
2,0 q B 38BHCHMOCTH OT CJIO>KHOCTH npocpHJIH H Tpe6yeMOH TO'I-
HOCTH.

Jla6opaTopao-npaKTHqecKu pa6oTa .Ni 12.

Paapa6oTKa TeXHOAOteqecKoro npoQecca
H3fOTOBAeHHH AeTa~H $pe3epaoA o6pa60TKOH
Il.eAb: 03H8KOMJieHHe c 3T8Il8MH pa3pa6oTKH npou.ecca H3roTOB-
JieHHH .D:eT8JIH; <1>opMHpOB8HHe HaBblKOB no.D:rOTOBKH npOH3BOACTBa.
Hcxoonbte oaHHbte: pa6oqnif q;epTe>K JI.eTaJIH, pa3Mep napTHH,
HaJIHtJ:He o6opy.D:OB8HHH, HHCTpyMeHTOB H npucnoco6JieHHii.
Ocnaw.enue: cpopMbl onepau.noH):lbIX KapT, uopMaTHBHble H cnpa-
BOtJ:Hble )l.aHHble, CtJ:eTHbie ycTpOHCTBa (MHKpOK8JlbKYJIHTOpbI, Jiora-
pHcpMH'IeCKHe JIHHeHKH).
flopROOIC BbtnOAHeHUJl pa6ombt:
l. l13ytJ:HTb pa6oqHii qepTe}I{ Jl.0T8JIH H TeXHH'IeCKHe Tpe60B8HHH
K ee H3rOTOBJieHHIO.
2. Onpe.D:eJIHTb npunycKH Ha o6pa6oTKY H Bb16paTb 3aroTOBKY.
3. Bb16paTb TexHoJioruqecKue 6a3bl H onpeJI.eJIHTb ueo6xo-
JI.HMble TeXHOJIOrHtJ:eCKHe onepau.uH H HX nocJie)l.OBaTeJibHOCTb.
4. Bb16paTh o6opyJI.oBaHHe ( cppe3epHbIH H JI.pyrue cTaHKH) H
npucnoco6JieHHH JI.JIH Ka>KAOH onepau.uu.
5. IlpoH3BeCTH Heo6XOAHMble pactJ:eTbI AJIH onpe.D:eJieHHH pe>KH-
MOB pe38HHH Ha K8>KJI.OH~onepau.HH: cppe3epHOH o6pa60TKH.
6. Bb16paTb pa60tJ:HH pe>KyIIJ.HH HHCTpyMeHT c ytJ:eTOM ero CTOH-
KOCTH AJIH BblnOJIHeHHH Ka>K.D:OH cppe3epHOH onepaU.HH.
7. Bb16paTb H3MepnTeJihHbIH HHCTpyMeHT H onpe.D:eJIHTb nepetJ:eHh
KOHTpoJibHhIX onepau.uH:.
8. Bb16paTb cMa30tJ:HO-OXJI8>K.D:atomyio >KHAKOCTb.
169
 9. H3yt1HTb cl>opMy onepau.eoHHbH KapTbl, aanOJIHHTb KapTy no-
Jiyt1eHHblMH B xo.11.e BblDOJIHeHHH p.60Tbl Heo6X0,11.HMblMH ,11.aHHblMH.
10. .lJ.aTh peKOMeH)lallHH DO CQBepweHCTBOB3HHIO pa3pa6oTaH-
HOl'O TexeonoreqecKoro npou.ecca e lle.llHX yMeHLWeHHH pacxo.11.a
MeT3JIJia, IlOBblWeHHH npoH380,11.HTeJI!>HOCTH. ( HanpeMep, HCDOJlb3083Tb
nporpeCCHBHYIO 3aroTOBKy, )lOilOJIHHTeJibHble npacnoco6JieHHH, HH-
TeHCHcl>HU.HpoBaTb pelKHNhl pe3aHHH H .11.p.). OcpopMHTb npe,11.JiolKeHHe
DHCbMeHHO.

KoHTIJC>.1lbHYe aonpocY
I. KaKHe .neii:creu11 ueo6xo.nHMO npou3~Tll npH BblDOJJHeHHH 4ipe3efJHblX pa6oT?
2. KaKue lf>aKTopbl .llOJUKHbl 6b1Tb y'ITeHbl np11 Bbl6ope pe>KuMoe c)>pe3epoeaHu11?
3*. KaKHMll RpeHMym;ecTB8M1'1 00.118Jli8eT cftpe3epoeaHHe ua6opoM '1Jpe3?
4. c KaKoii Ue.JlbJO llpH 3axpe!LlleHHH 3~rOTOBOlt B. M8UJHHllHX THCKaX Ha ry()KH
ycTaBaBRHBalOT H8Kn8.llK.11 H3 M!lfKHX MeTan4oe?
5. Kax cJ>pe3epyK>T na3bl THrra «.11acTO'IKHH xeocT>?
6. KaKa!I .neTanb 11en11eTc11 ceoeo6pa3Hl>IM rrporpaMMOHOCHTeneM npu c)>pe3epo·
B8HHH l}laCOHHblX rroeepXHOCTeii: saMKHyroro IKpHBORHHeimoro KOHTypa?
7*. KaK paSMeIU8JOT KODHp Ha KOIIHpDBl8JlhHo-4Jpe3epHYX CT3H"8X - BHWe HRH
HH>Ke 06pa6aT1>1BaeMoii: lf>pe3epos.aHHeM AeT8.llH?
8. no K&KHM rrpH'IHH8M B03HHK8IOT rrorpewHOCTH lf>pe3epyeMoro rrpolf>HR!I ctiacoH·
HblX rroeepXHOCTeii:?
9*. KaKue <l>YHKUHH orrepaTopa BblIIORH!llOT cucTeMbl yrrpaenenuH CTaHKOB c lJilY?
10. KaKoii H3MepuTeRbHblii: HHCTpyMeHT HCIIORb3YIOT .llR!I KOHTpOJJ!I TO'IHOCTH
H3rOTOBneHHH <t>pesepoBaRHblX .11.eTaneii? .
qaCTb TpeTbH.
3KOHOMHKa H opraHH38UHH
M8llIHHOCTpOHTeJibHOfO npOH3BO,ZJ.CTBa

rJIABA 8. OCHOBbl 3KOHOMHKH,

0PfAHH3AU.HH TPY.D.A
H DPOH3BO.D.CTBA

34. 3KOHOMH'IECKHE BODPOCbl

COBEPWEHCTBOBAHHJI DPOH3BOJJ.CTBA

llJUI npOH3BOACTBa Jll06oli .neTaJIH Heo6XO)l,HMhl MaTepH8Jlhl, 060-

py.noeaHHe, npoH3BO)l,CTBeHHble nJIOW.8.D.H, Tpy.n pa6oqHx. IloKa3a-
TeJieM TeKyllJ.HX 3aTpaT Ha npoH3BO.ll.CTBO npo.nyKUHH HBJIHeTCH ce6e-
CTOHMOCTb.
Ce6ecmou.AWCmb ecTb .neHe.>1rnoe Bhlpa>KeHHe 3aTpaT npe.n-
npHHTHH (oTpaCJIH) Ha npoH3BO.ll.CTBO H peaJIH3aUHIO npo.D.yKUHH.
B ce6ecTOHMOCTb BKJI10qa10TcH 3aTpaTbl Ha ucnoJib3yeMble e npou.ecce
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BOJJ.CTBOM HBJIHIOTCH: eJJ.HHCTBO nOJIHTHt.IeCKOro H X03HHCTBeHHOfO
pyKoBOJJ.CTBa, JJ.eMoKpaTHt.IeCKHH ueHTpaJIH3M, eJJ.HHOHat.IaJiue, MaTe-
pHaJibHaH H MopaJibHaH 3aHHTepecoaaHHOCTb TPYJJ.HW.HXCH B pa3-
BHTHH npoH3BOJJ.CTBa.
BbICl!JHH rocyJJ.apcTBeHHblH opraH no pyKOBOJJ.CTBY HapoJJ.HhIM
X03HHCTBOM B Harneii cTpaHe - CoBeT MHHHCTpoB CCCP. B He-
nocpeJJ.CTBeHHOM noJJ.t.IHHeHHH CoaeTy MHHHCTpoa CCCP Haxo;1.sncH
OOW.eCOI03Hble npOMblllIJieHHbie MHHHCTepCTBa, KOTOpbie ocyrn.e-
CTBJIHIOT nJiaHHposaHHe H pyKoBOJJ.CTBO npoH3BOJI.CTBOM, pernaIOT
Bonpocbl TeXHHt.IeCKOH IlOJIHTHKH, MaTepHaJibHO-TeXHHt.IeCI<OfO CHaO-
:>KeHHH, <f>HHaHCHpOBaHHH, TpyJJ.a H 3apa60THOH nJiaTbl.
B Ka:>KJI.OH COI03HOH pecnyOJIHKe oorn.ee PYKOBOJI.CTBO npOMbIIII-
JieHHOCTblO ocyrn.ecTBJIHeT CoBeT MHHHCTpoa pecnyoJIHKH t.1epe3 noJI.-
t.111HeHHble eMy pecny6JIHK3HCKHe MHHHCTepCTBa.
OpraHH33ll.HOHHaH cTpyKTYP8 ynp8BJieHHH npo!i3BOJI.CTBOM - 3TO
coaoKynHocTb pa3JIHt.IHblX B38HMOCBH38HHPJX ynp8BJieHl!ecKHX op-
raHoB H 3BeHbeB. K o6oeKT8M ynp8BJieHHH npoH3BOJI.CTBOM OTHo-
CHTCH paOOt.IHe MeCT8, 6pHf8.ll.bl, Yt.I8CTKH, uexH, npeJJ.npHHTHH, npo-
H3BOJJ.CTBeHHble o6ne.ll.HHeHHH (KoM6HHaTb1).
CoI.I.H8JIHCTHt.1ecKoe npoMbIIIIJieHHoe npeJJ.npHHTHe npeJI.CT8BJIHeT
coooii nepBHl!HOe ocHOBHoe 3BeHo npoMblIIIJieHHOCTH. Bo rJI8Be K8*-
JJ.oro COI.I.H8JIHCTHt.IeCKOfO npoMblIIIJieHHOro npe.u.npHHTHH CTOHT JJ.H-
peKTOp.
JiupeKmop OTBet.I8eT 38 npOH3BOJJ.CTBeHHO-X03HHCTBeRHYIO J].eH-
TeJibHOCTb npe.u.npHHTHH, 38 BhIIlOJIHeHHe p800THHK8MH JJ.OJI>KHOCTHbiX
o6H38HHOCTeii. OH onpeJJ.eJIHeT nyTH H MeTOJJ.bl perneHHH nocTaB-
JieHHbIX n8pTHeii H np8BHTeJibCTBOM 3aJJ.all, ooecnel!HBaeT csoespe-
MeHHoe BblnOJIHeHHe rocyJJ.8PCTBeHHoro nJiaH8, oprairn3yeT 6e3-
on8CHbIH TPYJJ. aa npOH3BOJJ.CTBe, IlOCTOHHHO 3300THTCH 0 BhlnycKe
Kat.IeCTBeHHOH npoJJ.yKI.I.HH B 38.ll.8HHOM 8CCOpTHMeHTe.
I'.AQBHbtU UH:J/CeHep HBJIHeTCH nepBbIM 3aMeCTHTeJieM JJ.HpeKTOpa
H pyKoBOJJ.HT TeXHHt.IecKoH H npoH3BOJJ.CTBeHHOH paooToii. HenocpeJJ.-
CTBeHHbIH ero IlOMOW.HHK B onep8THBHOH p800Te - Hal!aJibHHK npo-
H3BO.ll.CTB8 (38MeCTHTeJib JJ.HpeKTOp8 no npoH3BOJ].CTBy).
Ha~a.AbHUK ~exa OTBet.18eT 38 npoH3BOJJ.CTBeHHYIO H X03HHCTBeH-
HYIO JJ.eHTeJibHOCTb uex8. Uex cocToHT H3 HeCKOJihKHX yt.18CTKOB.
KpoMe Toro, B CTPYKTYPY u.ex8 BXO.ll.HT nJI8HOBO-p8cnopHJJ.HTeJihHOe,
IlJI8HOBO-.ll.HCneTt.1epcKoe, IlJI8HOB0-3KOHOMHt.IeCKOe H TeXHOJIOrHt.Ie-
CKOe 610po.
176
 IlpOH380}].CTBeHHblH yqacTOK 803rJiaBJIHeT Hatta/lbHUIC yttacm1Ca
( cTapurnH: MacTep HJIH MacTep). EcJIH Ha yqacTKe HeCKOJihKO MacTe-
poe, TO 3a yqacTOK OTeeqaeT CTapWHH MaCTep.

37. nJIAHHPOBAHHE H HOPMHPOBAHHE TPY,ll.A

nnanHpoBauae. IlJiaHupoeaHue ocyrn.ecTBJIHeTcH Ha ecex ypoBHHX

ynpaeJieHHH, HaquHaH OT rocnJiaHa CCCP H KOH'laH opraHaMH
ynpaeJieHHH u:exoM HJIH yqactKOM, a T8K}l{e Ha Ka:>K}l,OM palfot.IeM
MecTe.
OcHOBHOH <J>opM:oH: nnaHupoBaHHH SIBJIHeTCH nSITHJieTHHH nnaH.
IlHTb JieT - cpoK, JJ.OCTaTO'lHbIH }l,JISI CTpOHTeJibCTBa H OCBOeHHSI
npoeKTHblX MOIUHOCTeH npOMblWJieHHbIX npeJJ.npHSITHH, }l,JISI ocyme-
CTBJieHHH KpynHbIX Tex1rnqecKHX perneHHH no MexaHH3aU:HH H aBTO-
MaTH3aU:HH npOH3BOJJ.CTBa, no paapaoOTKe HOBbIX BHJJ.OB TeXHHKH H
peKOHCTPYKU:HH npeJJ.npHHTHH.
I'ocyaapcmBeHHblU nAaH - 3TO 3aKOH, pernaMeHTHpyIOlll.HH }l,eSl-
TeJibHOCTb Ka>K}l,OfO npeJJ.npHHTHH, OTpaCJIH npoMhlilIJieHHOCTH H Ha-
po.n:Horo X03HHCTBa 8 u:eJIOM, 3TO rocy.n:apCTBeHHOe 3a}l,aHHe, Bbl-
pa:>KeHHOe CHCTeMOH noKa3aTeJieH. 0 pHHU:Hn JJ.eMOKpaTH'leCKOro
u:eHTpaJIH3Ma 8 nJiaHHpoeaHHH npe.n:noJiaraeT He TOJibKO JJ.HpeKTHB-
HOCTb nJiaHa, Ho H aKTHBHoe yqacTue TPYJJ.HIUHXCH B ero paapa6oTKe.
OpoeKTbl rocyJJ.apcTBeHHhlX aaJJ.aHHH Ka}l{JI.OMY npeJJ.npHHTHio .no
HX YTBep}l{JJ.eHHH WHpOKO OOCY}l{JJ.aIOTCH paooqHMH, HH>KeHepaMH,
TeXHHKaMH. 11ayt.IaIOTCH npOH3BO.D:CTBeHHO-TeXHHqecKHe 803MO}l{HOCTH
yqaCTKOB H u:exoe npe.nnpHSITHH, BCKpbIBaIOTCH pe3epBb1 npOH380JI.-
CTBa, HaMeqaIOTCH HOBble nyTH 3KOHOMHH cpeJJ.CTB.
OJiaHupoeaHHe oxeaTblBaeT see cTopoHbl .neHTeJihHOCTH npe.n:npuH-
THH: npou3BOJJ.CTBO u coblT npo.n:yKU:HH, MaTepuaJihHo-TexHuqecKoe
o6ecneqeHue H ucnoJib30BaHue npoH3BOJJ.CTBeHHhlX <J>oH.n:oe, TPYJJ.
H 3apaOOTHYIO nJiaTy, .n:eSITeJibHOCTb BCnOMOraTeJibHbIX CJiy:>K6 H
noJJ.pa3}].eJieHHH, npOH380}],CTBO CTpOHTeJihHblX pa6oT, COU:HaJibHble
npou:eccbl B KOJIJieKTHBe H T. JJ.. OJiaHupoeaHHe Ka:>KJJ.oro H3 3THX
3JieMeHTOB HBJIHeTCH caMOCTOHTeJihHblM paa}l,eJIOM nJiaHa.
OcHOBHhlMH 3aJJ.aqaMH nJiaHupoeaHHH Ha npe.nnpHHTHH HBJIHIOT-
CH: o6ecneqeHHe ceoeepeMeHHoro, paeHoMepHoro H KoMnJieKTHoro
BblnycKa npOJI.YKU:HH B 3a)I.aHHOM accopTHMeHTe: onpe,n:eJieHHe MHHH-
M8JlbHO HeOOXOJI.HMhlX }l,JISI BhrnycKa npoJJ.yKU:HH cpe,n:CTB npOH3BOJI.CT-
Ba, pa()oqeH: CHJibl H }l,eHe:>KHblX pecypcoe c yqeTOM HX H8HOOJiee
3<J><J>eKTHBHOfO HCnOJib30BaHHH, CHCTeMaTuqecKoe BblHBJieHHe pe3ep-
BOB npOH380JI.CTB8, nocTOHHHOe coeepweHCTBOBaHHe TeXHOJIOfHH, op-
raHH38U:HH H ynpaBJieHHH npOH380Jl:CTBOM, COU:H8JlbHOe pa3BHTHe
npoH3BOJI.CTBeHHblX KOJIJieKTHBOB.
TexaaqecKoe uopMapoBaaae. HopMupoeauue TpyJJ.a Ha npeJJ.-
npHHTHH BKJIIOqaeT paapa60TKY H yTBep:>KJJ.eHHe pa3JIHqHbIX THnOB
TPYJJ.OBhlX uopM. J110ooii eu.n TpyJI.a npe.>K.n:e ecero MO}l{eT oblTh
H3MepeH ero npOJJ.OJI}l{HTeJihHOCThlO, T. e. paooqHM BpeMeHeM. 0o-
3TOMY ocuoBHhIM BHJJ.OM Tpy.noeoii HopMhl HBJIHeTcH ttopMa apeMettu,
177
T. e. ·KOJIH1leCTBO epeMeHH, ueo6xo.11.HMOe .II.JIB BhlDOJIHeHHH KaKOH-
JIH6o onepal\HH .II.Jiff H3fOTOBJieHHH e.11.HHHU.hl npoJJ.yKl\HH.
HopMa Mo>KeT 6blTb Bblpa.>.Keua B BHAe o&beMa pa6oTbI, KOTopy10
ny>KHO BblDOJIHHTb 3a onpe)l.eJieHHYIO emrnuu.y epeMeHH (11ac HJIH
cMeHy). TaKaH aopMa Ha3blBaeTCH HOpMoii. Bbtpa6omtcu. Ona ycTa-
ilaBJIHeaeTCH B HaTypaJibHblX BeJIH11HHaX (wTyKaX, MeTpax, KHJIO-
rpaMMax H T. JJ..).
Tpy.11.oehle HopMbI .11.oJI>KHbl 6b1Tb uay11uo o6ocaoeaHhl c y11eToM
KOHKpeTHblX opraua3au.Houuo-TexuH11ecKnx yc.noeei ex npeMeHeHHH.
J{JIH BCDOMOraTeJibHblX pa6011nx 38TpaTbl Tpy.11.a HaH60Jiee npa-
BHJibHO Bhlpa>KalOTCSI B BH.11.e HOpMbt o6CAY"'UBaHUR, DOK83hlB810UleH,
CKOJlbKO e.zr.HHHU 06opy.11.oeaHHH HJIH KaKyIO npoH3BOACTBeHHYIO DJIO-
lll8.ll.b .11.0JI>KeH o6c.ny>KHBaTb pa6oTHHK 3a onpe.zr.e.neuuoe BpeMH.
3a.11.a11aM cosepweHCTBOB8HHH opraHH38UHH Tpy.11.a COOTBeTCTBy-
eT wupoKoe npeMeHeHHe anaJIHTH11ecKHX MeTOAOB HopMepo&aHHH.
K HHM OTHOCSITCSI: MeTo.11 pac11eTa uopM no uopMaTHBaM; MeT0.11,
OCHOBaHHblH Ha H3y1leHHH 38TpaT pa6011ero epeMeHH Ha6JIIO)l.eHHeM;
pac11eTHO-cpaBHHTeJibHhlH MeTO)l..
HopMa epeMeHH, HJIH TaK ua3bleaeMoe wTyqHo-KaJibKyJISIIlHOHHoe
epeMSI, COCTOKT H3 no.11.roTOBHTeJlbH0-38KJII011HTeJlbHOro H WTy11aoro
epeMeHH, T. e. (MHH):

T wK= Tna+ TWT"

IloJU'OTOBHTeJibH0-3aKJII011HTeJibHoe epeMSI (T 0 , ) y11HThlBaeT 38T-
paTbl BpeMeHH pa6011ero Ha 03H8KOMJieHHe c 38.Zl3HHeM, 11epTelKOM H
onepaUHOHHOH KapTOH, no.11.roTOBKy pa6011ero Mecra, H8Jl8.ll.Ky CTaHKa
(BKJII0118SI ycTaHOBKY H C'beM npncnoco6neHHii H HHCTpyMeHTa)'
npo6HyIO o6paooTKy .zr.eTBJIH, HaCTpOHKY CKOpocreii H TI0.118'1, o<J>opM-
JieHHe H c,11.a11y roTOBOH npo.11.yKU.HH H .11.p. IlOAfOTOBHTeJibH0-38KJll0-
11HTeJibHOe B~MSI 3aTpa11neaeTCSI pa6011HM 0.11.HH pa3 .11.JISI BhlDOJIHe-
HHSI ecero npoH380)l.CTBeHHOro 38.!18HHSI, H npOAOJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb ero
He 38BHCHT OT pa3Mepoe napTHH (KOJIH1leCTBa AeTBJieH).
ll1Ty11uoe BpeMH COCTOHT H3 OCHOBHOro ( TeXHOJIOrH11ecKoro)'
BCTIOMoraTeJlbHOFO, epeMeHH o6cJiy>KHB8HHSI pa6o11ero MeCTa, epe-
MeHH nepepbIBOB Ha OT.ll.bIX H JIH11Hble Ha.1106HOCTH (MHH):

TWT= TOCA+ Tacn + T06CJI + rOTJl"

0CHOBHoe BpeMH npu BblDOJIHeHHH TOKapHhlX H <J>peaepHblX pa-
<Sar -3TO BpeMH, B TelleHHe KOToporo c .11.eTaJIH CHHMaeTCH crpy.>.KKa.
BcnoMoraTeJibHoe speMH aaTpa11eeaeTcH ea .11.eACTBHH no.11.coc>uo-
ro xapaKTepa (ycraHOBKa 3arOTOBKH H CHHTHe .ll.eT3JIH, H3Mepeuee,
DOABOA H OTBOA HHCTpyMelfl'a, nycK •ff OCT8HOBKa CTaHKa H .a.p.).
CyMMa OCHOBHOro H BCilOMoraTeJibHOro BpeMeHH COCTaBJJHeT one-
paTBBHoe epeMH ( MHH) :

Ton= Tecn+ Tacn•

BpeMH OOc.ny>KH&aHHB pacxo.nyeTcsi Ha yxo.n aa pa6011HM MecroM
u nQJIJlep:acauue ero B pafSo11eM cocTOHHHH. KpoMe Toro, ouo BKJII0-
178
qaeT 3aTpaThl BpeMeHH Ha CMeHy 33TYDHBlllerocR HHCTpyMeHTa, ero
peryJIHpOBaHHe H no)l.H8Jl3.llKY Ha CTaHKe B npou.ecce paOOThl, CMe-
T8HHe cTpy>KKH, CMa3Ky R lfHCTKy cTaHKa, pacKJ11a.llKY H y6opKy
HHCTpyMeHTa B HalfaJre H B KOHU,e paOOTbl.
BpeMH Ha o6CJlyJKHBaHHe COCT8BJl11eT OKOJIO 4%, a BpeMR Ha
OTJl.blX H JIHlfHble H8,ll.OOHOCTH - 24% OT onepaTHBHOro BpeMeHH.
npoH3Be)l.SI 8H8JIH3 TeXHHlfeCKOH HOpMbl epeMeHH Ha o6paOOT-
KY )l.eTaJIH HJU4 pacCM8TJ>HB8R K8>K.ll.YIO ee COCT8BJIHIOID.YJO B OT.lleJlb-
HOCTH, MO>KHO pa3pa6oTaTb DJiaH MeponpHHTHH no paU.HOH8JIH381.1,HH
npou.ecca o6pa6oTKH B u.eJIHX COKpaw.eHHH HpOJl.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH Ka>K-
.11.oii
COCT88JISIIOUJ.eH H TeM C8Mb1M o6w.ero epeMeHH o6pa6oTKH, T. e.
yeeJ1aqeuuS1 npoH3BO.ll.HTeJlbHOCTH TpyJI.a.
OcooeHHe ToKapHMH H cf>pe:reposmaKaMH -reopHH H npaKTHKH
TOKapHO-<f>pe3epHhlX pa6oT SIBJIS'feTCR rJ1aBHeihnt1M cpe)!.CTBOM .llJIH
noBblllieHHR npoH380.ll.KTeJlbHOCTH Tpy.11.a Ha OCHOBe coeepmeHCTBO-
B8HHH TeXHOJ1or11qec1roro npou.ecca H yJ1yqmeHHR opraHH380,HH
TPYJJ.3.

38. POnb H 410PMbl

COUHAnHCTH'IECKOro COPEBHOBAHH,Sl
Cou.aaJIHCTH11ecKOe copeeHoeaHue e1i1p.a:>KaeT KOMMYHHCTHlfecKoe
OTHOIIIeHHe pa60THHKOB K Tpy.11.y. B. 11. JleHHH noKa3aJI orpoMHYIO
ponb COU,H8JlHCTHlfecKOro copeBHOB8HIHI B npeo6pa30B811HH pa3JIH11-
HHX cropoH OOlllecTBeHHOH >KH3HR Hl!I CQUH8JIHCTHqecKHX HaqaJiaX.
IlpaKTHKa CTpOHTe.IIhCTBa COU.H8JIH3Ma H KOMMYHH3Ma TIOJIHOCTblO
DO.U.TBep,ll,HJla JieHHHCKoe ROJIO~euae 0 TOM, 11TO COH,HaJIHCTH-
qecKoe copeBHOB8HHe HBJIReTCR MoryqHM Cpe.11.CTBOM OOA"heM8
npoH3BO,IJ.HTeJtb'HhlX CHJI, cosepureHCTBOB3HR'R HpoH3BOJl.CTBeHHhlX
OTHOWeHHH, pa3BHTHH HapOJlHOH HHHllR8THBbl, ct>opMHpoeaHHH COU.Ha-
JIHCTHqecKoro KOJIJieKTHBH3.Ma H BOCDHTaHHH HOBOro lleJIOBeKa.
3aJJ.aqe copeaaoeaHHR a HOBblX yC.J10BHHx.xo3HiicreoeaeaR 3aKJIIO-
qa10TcH B TOM, qTo6hl HanpaBHTb Tpy.u.oey10 aKTHBHOCTb paooTHHKOB
Ha BhlDOJIHeHHe npoH3BOJJ.CTBeHHhlX DJl8HOB nOBblllleHHff npOH3BOJJ.H-
TeJibHOCTH Tpy.11.a, yJiy111I1eHHH KaqecTBa npo.11.yKU.HH, 3KOHOMHH CblpbH,
TODJIHBa R .npyrHx Tpy.11.oablx pecypcoa.
K llHCJIY eaxcueiimax 3a.Aaq copeenoeanHH Ha coepe.MeHHOM
3Tane OTHOCffTCff pa3HOCTOpoHHHe 3a)la11H CO~H8JlbHOro xapaKTepa
no pa3BHTHIO HHHU.HaTHBhl TPYJJ.HW.HXCH, no «PopMapoea11HI9 KoM-
MYHHCTHllecKoro OTHOIIIeHHH K Tpy.11.y, pocTy o6pa30B3HHH, KyJibTYPbl
H KBaJIH<f>HK8llHH pa60THHKOB.,lllHpOKO pacnpocTpaHHTb nepe.11.oeoi
ODblT, C)J.e.II8Tb ero .11.0CTOHHHeM BCeX, no.n:rsmyrb OTCT81Dlll.HX - OJU13
H3 ea>KHeiiIIIHX u;eneA copeeHoBaHHH, BblTeKa10w.asi H3 cymecTea
COllH8JIHCTHlleCKHX. npOH3BO)J.CTBeHHtiX OTHOBleHHH. neHcTBeHROcTb
copeBHOB8HHH o6ecnellHBaeTCH noece.11.neBHOH opraHH38TOpCKOH H
BOCRHTaTeJlbHoH pa6oroii D8JJTHHBblX, COBeTCKHX, npocflCOI03HblX,
KOMCOMO.lbCKHX opraHR38Q.HH R xo3ricTeeHHYX PYKOBO.llHTeJieit
no.11: PYKOBOJ1CTBOM npotcot03HblX H K<>MCOMOJibCKWX opraHH3a-
u.Hii npoBOJJ.HTCSI CMOTpH-KOHJCYPCH no DMecCHHM, KOTOpble RBJIHIOT-

119
CH MaCCOBblMH .zr.eMOHCTpaU.HHMH MaCTepcTBa pa6o11ax. B KOHlcyp-
cax na 3eauae ny11wero TOKapH, cf>pe3epoew.aKa u.exa, 3aeo.zr.a, ee-
.zr.oMCTBa, oTpacna npoMblwneuuocTH np1JHHMa10T yqacrae H Mnorae
BblnycKHHKH yqe6no-npOH3BO.D.CTBeHHblX KOM6HHaTOB.
K HaH6onee 3cf>cf>eKTHBHblM cf>opMaM cou.aanacTH11ecKoro copee-
uoeaHHH OTHOCHTCH HH.D.HBH.D.yanbHaH H 6para.zr.HaH cf>opMbl, nepe.zr.aqa
nepe.zr.oeblX MeTo.zr.oe no npocf>eccHHM, WKOnbl nporpeccHBHblX Tpy.zr.o-
BblX MeTO.D.OB KaK BHYTPH npe.zr.npHHTHH, TaK H B MaCWTaCSe OTpacnH,
a TalOKe o6MeH onblTOM Me:>K.zr.y po.zr.cTBeHHblMH H CMelKHblMH npe.zr.-
npHHTHHMH H opraHH3aU.HHMH.
Hu.zr.aea.zr.yanbuoe H 6para.zr.uoe copeeuoeaHHH eblcrynaJOT e BH-
.zr.e nnauoe-o6H3aTenbCTB nOBblWeHHH npOH3BO.D.HTMbHOCTH Tpy.zr.a Ha
Ka:>K.D.OM pa6011eM MeCTe, Ka11eCTBa, ua.zr.e:>KHOCTH H .zr.onroee11HOCTH
H3,D.enHH, 6opb6bl 3a BblCOKylO KynbTYPY npoH3BOJlCTBa, 3a 388-
HHe nyqwero no npocf>eccaa, 3a eblnonueuae na11eia nnauoe pa-
6011ax, HTP H .zr.p; Jleea3 copeeuoeaHHH e n1060M: ero 4>opMe ceif11ac
COCTOHT B TOM, 11TOCSb1 .zr.aTb npo.zr.yKU.HH ()onbwe, nyqwero KalleCTBa,
C MeHbWHMH 3aTpaTaMH.

KoaTpOJILHYe aonpocw
I. KaK BJIHHeT CMeHHOCTb pa60Thl H8 DOJIHOTY HCDOJ!b3088HHH OCHOBHhlX cf>OH·
.ll()B?
2*. no11eMy Ba>KHOH sa.na11ell coeepweHCTBOBaHHll npOH3BOACTB8 HBJIHeTCH no-
BblWeHHe o6opa11HeaeMocTH o6opoTHhlX cpoH.n.oe npouseo.ncTaa? K&K)'IO pOJib npn
3TOM Hrpaer DOBhlWeHHe npoH3BO.llHTeJibHOCTH Tpy.na?
3. KaKOBbl OCHOBHble HanpaeJieHHH CHH>KeHHH ce6eCTOHMOCTH npC>AYKllHH?
4. Kaxoehl OCHOBHhle HanpaeneHHH counaJibHoro pasBHTHH npoHSBOACTBa (Ha
npHMepe saeo.ita, uexa)?
5. Kaxoe111 OCHOBH1>1e npHHllHDbl ynpaeneHHH couuanncTn11ec1111M npoHSBO.llCTeoM?
6*. KaK 0¢y11lecTBJ111eTCH HopMHpoeaHHe Tpy.na e npoMWWJle&BOCTH?
7. Kaxue sHaHHH H yMeHHH Heolho.n.HMH .llJIH l'.l,e.rielianpaBJieBeoro CHH>KeHHH
wTy11Horo epeMeHH npH TOKapHoll H ctipesepHoll o6pa6oTKe?
8. Kaxoe111 ea>KHeAwue 38.llB'IH y11acTHH pa6o1iHx H HHlKeeepoe e counaJIHCTH·
11eCKOM copeBHOBBHHH?

fJIABA 9. HAYqHO-TEXHHqECKHA DPOfPECC

H DEPCDEKTHBbl PASBHTHH
MAWHHOCTPOEHHJI

39. ABTOMATH3AU.HJI H MEXAHH3AU.HI

TEXHOJIOfHqECKHX DPO~ECCOB
METAJIJI06PA60TKH

CoepeMeuaoe MawauocTpOHTMbHoe npouaao.D.CTBO xapaKTepu-

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180
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181
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182
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183
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184
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186
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187
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192
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7 3aKa3 231 193

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Часть четвертая.

Справочная информация

в процессе изучения теоретических сведений, выполне­

ния лабораторно-практических и учебных работ, связанных с про­
фессиями токаря и фрезеровщика, при технологической под­
готовке производительного труда возникает потребность в различ­
ного рода справочных данных. В пракtике при выполнении то­
карных и фрезерных работ приходится широко пользоваться таб­
лицами, номограммами и другими справочными данными, обычно
содержащимися в специальной литературе .
В настоящей части пособия приведены только самые необ­
ходимые справочные сведения, которые можно использовать в

практической работе, а также полезно рассмотреть для расши­

рения представлений о механических свойствах сталей разных
марок, режимах резания, принятых условных обозначениях на
чертежах и кинематических схемах. В приложении приведены
также заполненные операционные карты токарной и фрезерной
обработки .
В конце этой части книги приведен список литературы, с
помощью которого можно начать поиск книг по специальным

вопросам токарного и фрезерного дела, по актуальным пробле­

мам развития металлообработки в машиностроении и др.
 DPHJ10)1(EHHE1
MEXAHH'IECKHE CBORCTBA CTAJlER

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MapKa c1aJ1n
ue 6oJtee """at, Mna
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10 143 340
15 149 380
20 163 420
25 170 460
30 179 500
35 207 540
40 217 580
45 229 610
50 241 640
55 255 660
60 255 6911
C '
nOBbltueHHblM coaep'JfCaHUeM MapzaH'l{a
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65r 285 750
70f 285 800

Ta 6 .n Hu a 2. MexaHH'lecKHe caoillcTea KOHCTPYKllHOHHOill .nerapoaaHHoii cTa.nH

B COCTORHHH DOCTaBKH

Ilpuen npo•- Ilpe.11e.11 npo•-

Teep.11oc1b no HOCTH npH pac- Teep11oc1• no HOCTH npn pa-
MapKa cTanu MapKa c1aJ1n 6pnHeJ1J110 HB
5pHHOJIJllO HB TRlKeHHH a •• CTJIJKeHKH a,
Mna Mna

15X, 15XA 179 640 45XH, 50XH 207 750

15XP 187 670 13H2XA 207 750
20X 179 640 12XH2 207 750
30X 187 670 12XH3A 217 780
30XPA 241 870 12X2H4A 269 970
35X 197 710 20XH3A 241 870
38X 207 750 20X2H4A 269 970
40X 217 780 30HX3A 241 870
45X, 40XP 229 830 20XfC3A 207 750
SOX 229 830 25XfCA 217 780

198
T a 6 JI H u a 3. MexaHHqecKHe caoiicT11a HKCTpyMeHTaJlbHWX cTueii
TsepAOCT& no TeepAOCTb no TeepAOCTb no TeepAOCTb no
BpaHennIO HB PoKeenny HRC MapKa CTaJIH BpaHenmc1 HB PoKeenny HRC
MapKa cTanH
B COCTOHHHH nocJie 33K3JIKH B COCTOHHHH nocne 38K~JIKH
DOCT3BKH DOCT3BKH

Yu1epoiJucma11 cma.11b JT eeupoBa1tHaJ1 cma.11b

Y7, Y7A 6X6B3M<l>C 255. 60
Y8, Y8A 187 62 7X3 299 54
Y8f, 'Y8fA 8X3 241 55
Y9, Y9A 192 62 • 5XHM 241 56
YlO, YlOA 197 62 .5xH~· 255 56
Yll,YllA "5XH C 255 56
Yl2, Y12A 207 62 sxr 241 56
Yl3, Y13A 217 62 . , 4XM,kt>C 241 55
4X5B2<l>C 241 50
Jleeuposa1t1tQ:!I cma.11b 4X5M <l>C 241 50
7XCI) 229 58 .4X5M<l>lC 241 50
241 58 4X3BM <l> 241 52
8XCI>
9X<l> 241 6() 4X4BM<l>C 241 55
9XBf 241 62 • 3X3M.3<1> 241 47
XBr 255 62 3X2B8<1> 241 48
XBCI' 241 62
obtcmpope:J1Cyw,a11 cmaJ/.b
9X5B<l> 241 53
8X6H4>f 241 58 P6M:5 He !So.nee 63
8X483M3<1>2 255 61 255
X6Bll> 241 61
00
·~ P9K5 }
X12 255 Pl2$3 He·
. P6M5<1>3 6oJ1ee 63
P6M5K5. 239

T a 6 JI H u a 4. CpaaHeHHe caoiicTB HHCTpyMeHTllJlbHWX Marepauoa

Ko•~<lnruueeT
npe)leJI
Marepuan MHKpOTeep- TenJiocr0H- npOtlHOCTH R3
OTHOCHTeJl'bHOA
Jlf).CT.h, .Mfla KOCT,,, K clKar11e, MTia
CKD.pO.CTJI
pe331tHH

Taep;11.ble cnJlaBbl 27 500 1176 3900 4

6blcTpope1Kylfl.aJ1 CT8Jlb 13 200 888 3530 1

MIBJrepaJIOtrepaMHKa 22 500 14.73 1470 5-7

Yr.11epo.n:ucTaR CT3Jlb 12 800 493 2940 0,4

199
 nPHnO:>KEHHE2
PE)KHMbl 06PA60TKH METAnnoe PE3AHHEM

Ta 6 JI Hu a 5. CpeAHHe cKopOCTH (M/MHH) pesaaHR npH o6TaqaaaaHH pe3Q&MH

H3 6YCTpopelKyUleii CTaJIH 6es ox.nalK,11.eHHR

OCipaCiaThlBaeMhlil MaTepea.n
f.ny6HH8 noAaqa,
pe38HHR,
Cn.nb
MM/OCi
MM qyrye DpOH38
a= a= a=
450°Mna 650 8Mna 750°Mna

0,3 0,1 133 80 65 56 138

0,2 128 76 63 50 118
0,1 125 76 61 50 128
0,5 0,2 119 71 58 45 110
0,3 109 67 54 39 92
0,2 111 67 54 39 98
' 1,0 0,3
0,5
102
84
62
51
49
42
34
28
82
64
0,3 98 58 47 31 77
1,5 0,4 91 56 45 28 68
0,65 80 49 39 26 59
0,3 94 57 46 29 74
2,0 0,5 78 48 38 25 57
0,6 69 42 34 23 50

T a 6 JI H u a 6. CKopOCTH pesaaae (M/MHH) npH o6pa6oTKe pesuaMH c n.11acTHHK&MH

H3 TBepAOro cn.11aaa npH qepHOBOM o6TaqaaaHHH yr.11epo,11.HCTOA, xpOMHCTOii, xpOMO-
HHKe.lleaoA CTaneA H CTaJibHOro JIHTbR

f.ny6HH8 no,llaqa, MM/06

pe38HHJI,
MM 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,3
3 198 166 157 140 127 - -
4 190 160 150 134 122 117 -
6 178 150 141 126 113 112 98

npaMeqaaae. 3ua11eHHe cKOpocTeii pesaHHH .u.aubl AJIH cJ1e,11.y10IUHX ycJ1oeHii o6pa-

60TKH: CTOHKOCTb pesua - 60 MHH; pe3eu 6e3 AOilOJIHHTeJlbHOH pelKyIUeii KpoMKH
q>1 =0; 06pa6aTb1eaeMblii MaTepHaJI - cTaJlb c npe.u.enoM npo11uocTH a 8 =750 Mila;
MaTepHaJI pe3ua - Teep,11.blii cnnae Tl5K6; rJlaBHhlii yroJ1 e nJ1aHe cp=45.
200
 Ta 6 JI u u a 7. PelKHMbl pe3aHHR npH TO'ICHHH peau.aMH c n.11acTHHKaMH H3 cMaea TSKIO KOHCTpyKll.HOHllblX yrnepoJJ.HCTblX, xpo-
MHCTblX a xpoMOHHKe.11eeblx cTa.11eii, a 8 =650 Mna, HB 185

Ynopublii npoXOllHOH
npOXOllHOii npHMOii pe3ell ororuyrblii
"'"' pe•eu pe•eu
.:
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= --'°""''
0

30 45
f naBHhlA yron B n.naee <p, rpaJJ..

60 90 45
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0. .;
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., BcnoMora'feJJbHblii yron 1 nnaue q>1, rp8Jl.
=
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0
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'"'" v P, N, v P, N, v P, N, v P, N, v P, N,

0,15 230 34 1,2 203 31 1,0 186 29 0,9 164 28 0,7 186 32 1,0
0,20 217 41 1,4 190 38 1,2 177 35 1,0 154 33 0,8 177 39 1,3
0,30 198 58 1,9 175 34 1,5 161 50 1,3 141 47 1,1 161 55 1,4
1,0 0,40 180 73 2,1 158 68 1,8 146 63 1,5 128 60 1,2 146 69 1,7
0,50 167 88 2,4 147 81 2,0 136 76 1,7 119 72 1,4 136 83 1,9
0,70 148 115 2,8 131 106 2,3 120 100 2,0 106 95 1,7 120 108 2,2
0,15 216 51 1,0 190 47 1,5 175 44 1,3 153 ·42 1,1 175 49 1,4
0,20 204 64 2,1 179 59 1,7 165 55 1,5 145 '53 1,3 165 61 1,6
0,30 187 88 2,7 164 81 2,2 152 76 1,9 133 72 1,6 152 83 2,1
1,5 0,40 169 110 3,1 149 102 2,5 137 96 2,2 120 91 1,8 137 104 2,4
0,50 157 131 3,3 138 121 2,7 127 113 2,4 Ill 107 2,0 127 123 2,6
0,70 139 177 4,0 122 163 3,3 113 153 2,8 -99 144 2,4 113 166 3,I

V - CKOpOCTb pe33HHR, M/MHH;

P, - cuna, JJ.eiicTByJOW.3!1 B HanpaBJieHHH CHJibl pe3aHHH, H;
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-
~
~ Ta 6 JI H II, a 8. qaCTOTa epaw.eHHSI WDHH,11,eJISI (MHH- 1) B 33BHCHMOCTH OT .llH3MeTpa .neTaJIH H CKOpOCTH pe3aHHH npH TOlleHHH
toQ

.llH8MeTp o6pa6aTblB8eMoii )leTanH, MM

CKopocT&
pe3SHHR,
M/MHH 10 12 15 18 20 22 25 28 30 35 40 45 50 60 80 100

3 96 80 64 53 48 44 38 34 32 27 24 21 19 16 12 9,6
4 128 106 85 71 64 58 51 46 42 36 32 28 25 21 16 13
5 159 133 106 88 80 72 64 57 53 46 40 35 32 27 20 16
6 191 160 127 106 96 87 76 68 65 55 48 43 38 32 24 19
7 223 186 148 124 112 101 89 80 74, 64 56 50 44 37 28 22
8 255 213 170 141 128 116 102 91 85 73 64 57 . 51 42 32 26
9 287 239 191 159 143 130 114 103 96 82 72 64 58 48 36 29
10 318 265 213 . 177 159 145 127 114 106 91 80 71 64 53 40 32
12 382 318 255 212 191 174 153 136 127 109 96 85 76 64 52 38
18 478 400 318 265 239 217 191 170 159 136 120 106 96 80 60 48
15 574 478 382 318 287 260 229 205 191 164 143 128 115 95 72 57
20 636 530 425 354 318 290 254 227 212 182 160 142 127 106 80 64
25 796 665 531 442 399 362 318 285 265 227 199 177 159 133 100 80
30 955 797 636 530 478 434 382 340 318 272 239 212 191 159 120 96
35 1120 930 744 620 558 507 445 398 370 318 279 248 224 185 140 112
40 1275 1060 850 708 638 580 508 455 425 364 318 283 256 213 160 128
45 1435 1200 955 795 716 650 574 510 477 410 359 318 287 238 179 144
50 1590 1330 1060 883 795 723 635 570 530 454 398 354 318 265 199 159
55 1750 1460 1160 972 872 79? 700 625 583 500 438 390 350 292 219 175
60 1910 1590 1270 1060 955 870 763 680 636 545 478 424 382 318 239 191
65 2060 1730 1375 1150 1030 940 826 738 690 590 518 460 414 344 259 206
70 _.. 1860 1480 1240 1115 1015 890 795 743 635 558 495 446 370 279 223
80 - - 1700 1410 1280 1180 1020 910 850 730 640 570 510 420 318 255
100 - - - 1770 1590 1450 1270 1140 1060 910 793 710 633 530 393 318

DpHMep pa60Tbl c Ta6JIHU.eii: OT U.HCPpbI 55 (KpaiiHHH JieeaH KOJIOHKa - CKOpOCTb pe3aHHR) H OT U.Hcj>pbl 30 (eepXHHH CTpOKa -
.llHaMeTp .neTaJIH) npoB0,11,HM COOTBeTCTBeHHO ropH30HT3JlbHYIO H eepTHK3JlbHYIO JIHHHH, nepecel!eHHe KOTOpblX yKa)l(eT Ha llHCJIO,
o603H3ll310lll,ee ll3CTOTY epalll,eHHH WDHH.U.eJIH; B .ll3HHOM CJiyllae OHO fiy.ir.eT paBHO 583 MHH- 1•
T a 6 JI H u a 9. DoAa'la npH pa6o-re OTpe3HblMH pe311.aMH
noll8"8, MM/06
llnaMeTp
lllupuna
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He 60J1ee,
MM
....
pe3U8, CtaJtb

G8 <800 ·Mna
H cTaJJbHOe nHTbe

0 8 >800 Mna
'lyryn H Me)IH .. e CDJl8Bbl

20 3 0,08-0,10 0,06-0,08 0,11-0,14

30 3 0,10-0,12 0,08-0,10 0,13--0,16
40 3-4 0,12-0,14 0,10-0,12 0,16-0,19
60 4-5 0,15-0,18 0,13-0,16 0,20-0,22
80 5-6 0,18-0,20 0,16-0,18 0,22-0,25
100 6-7 0,20-0,25 0,18-0,20 0,25-0,30
125 7-8 0,25-0,30 0,20-0,22 0,30-0,35
150 8-10 0,30-0,35 0,22-0,25 0,35-0,40

DpHMe'laHHe. IlpH OTpe3aHHH CDJIOllIHOro MaTepHaJla (6e3 ueHTpaJlbHOro OTBepCTH!I

B o6pa6aTblBaeMoH saroTOBKe) nocJ1e yrJ1y6J1eHH!I pesua npu6JIH3HTeJibHO Ha noJ10-
BHHY paAHyca saroTOBKH cJ1e.11,yeT yMeHbllIHTb noAa'IY B.!l.BOe.

Ta 6 JI H u a 10. DoAa'la npa ateHTJ>OBaHHH MM/06

JlHaMeTp ueurpoaoro OTaepcTHJI, MM

XapaKTep pa6oTbl
1,0-1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0-8,0

CeepJ1eHue ueHTpoeoro 0,02 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12

OTBepCTH!I ueHTpoBO'I-
HblM ceepJIOM

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ro OTBepCTH!I ueHTpo-
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OTBepCTH!I ueHTpDBO'I-
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ceepJ10M

203
Ta 6 JI 11 11 a 11. no,o.aqH (pyqHwe) H cKopocTH pesaHHR npH caep.11eHHH caep.11aMH
H3 6wCTpopelKyW.eii CTaJIH

06pa6aTbleaeMblii MaTepHaJI

.nuunp CTan·&, a 9 =750 Mna 'lyryu cepblA, HB 190

<:Bepna,
MM CKopocT& CKopocT&
noJia••. pe33HHfl,
noAa•a, pe3aHHR,
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'
5-10 0,05-0,15 50-30 0,10-0,20 .45-30
10-15 0,10-0,20 40-25 0,15-0,35 35-25
15-20 0,15-0,30 35.--23 0,30-0,60 27-21

npHMeqaHHR: I. B Ta6JIHllC npHBC.llCHbl .ll3HHblC .llJlll CBCpJICHHSI OTBepCTHH rny-

Cil!HOH He 6onee Tpex .llHaMeTpOB. IlpH 6onee rny6oKOM CBepJieHHll no.11a'IH II CKOpOCTH
pe3aHHH cne.11yeT yMeHbWHTb.
2. 0TBepcTl!ll B CTaJIH CBepJillT c OX.lla)l(.llCHllCM 3MYJibCHeii, B qyryHe - 6e3 OXJlalK-
.llCHHSI. ,
3. IlpH pa6oTe CBepnaMH 113 llHCTpyMeHT3JlbHOH yrnepO.llHCTOH CTaJIH MO)l(HQ Bbl-
6npaTb no.11a'IH, yKa3aHHble B Ta6n1111e, a CKOpOCTH pe33HllSI - yMeHbWaTb npH6JIH-
31!TeJibHO B 2 pa3a.
4. c
yseJIH'leHHCM HJlll yMeHbWCHllCM TBep.llOCTH o6pa6aTblBaeMoro MaTepHaJia
CJle.llyeT YMCHbW3Tb !!Jiii yseJ111q11eaTb CKOpOCTb pe3aHHll, HO He 6oni;e qeM B.llBOe.

Ta 6 JI H 11 a 12. npanycKH Ha paaaepTWBaHHC H 3CHKepoaaHHe, MM

.UHaMeTp OTBepCTHft npH paaeepTb188HHH, MM'

BH.ll npunycKa
12-18 18-30 30-50 50-75 100

06w.11ii: Ha qepHOBOe II q11- 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,40

CTOBOe pa3eepTb1BaHHe
Ha qepHosoe pa3sepTb1Ba- 0,10-0,11 0,14 0,18 0,20-0,22 0;30
Hiie
Ha q11cTosoe pa3BCpTb1Ba- 0,04-0,05 0,06 O,Q7 0,08-0,10 0,10
Hiie

.U.HaMerp 3euKepa, MM

15-20 25-30 40-45 50-60 70-80

Ha O.llHY CTOpOHY npH 0,5 0,75 1,0 1,5 1,75-2,0

3CHKepoBaHHll

204
Ta 6 JI H n a 13. )J.HaMerpw araepCTHii npa uapesaHHH MeTpH'leCKHX pesh6 MeT'IHKOM, MM

Pe3b6a c Me.RKHM waroM

,ilH3MeTp Pe3b6a
,peab6hl, C KpyDHhlM
MM waroM
S=3 S=2 S=l,5 S=l,25 S=I S=0,75 S=0,5

l/yzyH, 6pOH3a
6 4,9 - - - -- - 5,2 5,5
7
8
5,9
6,6
-
-
-
-
-
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-6,8 6,2
7,1
6,1
7,4
9 7,6 - - - -8,8 7,8 8,1 8,4
10
11
8,3
9,3
-
-
-- -
- 9,8
9,1
10,l
9,4
10,4
9,6
10,6
12 10,0 - - 10,5 I0,8 11,2 11,5 11,5
14 11,7 - - . 12,3 12,8 13,2 13,5 13,5
16 13,7 - - 14,3 -- 14,8 15,2 15,5
18
20
15,1
17,1
-- 16,3
18,3
16,3
18,3 -
17,2
19,2
17,5
19,5
--
Cma.111>, .11amyH1>
6 5,0 - - - - - 5,2 5,5
7 6,0 - - - - - 6,2 6,2
8 6,7 - - - - 6,9 7,2 7,5
9 7,7 - - - - 7,9 8,2 8,5
10 8,4 - - - 8,9 9,2 9,5 9,6
11 9,4 - - - 9,9 10,2 10,5 10,6
12 10,l - - 10,6 10,9 11,2 11,5 11,5
14 11,8 - - 12,4 12,9 13,2 13,5 13,5
16 13,8 - - 14,4 - 14,9 15,2 15,5
18 15,3 - 16,4 16,4 - 17,2 17,5 -
20 17,3 - 18,4 18,4 - 19,2 19,5 -

Ta 6 JI H n a 14. Yrnw yuoaa HHCTP)'MeHTILllbHWX KOHycoa

Yron yKJJoua Yro.n YKJJOH8

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KOHyca Kouyca
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pac11eTHhlA
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Mopse 0 1°29'27" 1 112° . Mopae 4 I 0 29' l 5,5" 1 112°

«• 1 1°25'43" 1 •12• «. 5 l 0 30'26,5" 1 •120
«• 2 1°25'50,5" 1 •120 «.6 1°29'36" I •120
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205
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. . ... .. ·- .. .. ·-·
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pe3t>6hl, War, MM pe3b6bl, pe3&6hl,
MM AK>ii.Mbl AIOHMbl
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6 1,00 5,80 5,92 1/4 5,9 6,0 i;s 9,4 9,5

8 1,25 7,80 7,90 5 / 16 7,5 7,6 1/4 12,7 13,0
10 1,50 9,75 9,85 3/s 9,1 9,2 3/s 16,2 16,5
12 1,75 11,76 11,88 - - - 1/2 20,7 20,7
14 2,00 13,70 13,82 - - - - - -
16 2,00 15,70 15,82 1/2 12,1 12,2 5/s 22,4 22,7
18 2,25 17,70 16,82 - - - - - -
20 2,25 19,72 19,86 'fi/s 15,4 15,4 3/4 25,9 26,2
22 2,25 21,72 21,86 - - - - - -
24 3,00 23,65 23,79 3/4 18,4 18,5 7/s 29,9 30,0
27 3,00 26,65 26,79 - - - - - -
30 3,50 29,60 29,74 7/s 21,5 21,6 1 32,7 33,0
- - - - I 24,6 24,8 1 i/s 37,3 37,8
- - - - - - - 1 i/4 41,4 41,7
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - I 1/• 30,8 31,0 - - -
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90 8 180 40-00 3,0 51 183 61 46 163 97 41 147 136 37 131 162 33 115 193 - - -
5,0 44 157 44 40 140 84 36 128 118 32 113 140 28 99 167 - - -
8,0 39 137 39 34 121 73 32 111 103 28 122 24 26 92 146 - - -
..
110 IO 180 00--70 3,0 47 136 56 42 121 91 38 109 127 34 98 151 30 86 181 26 77 215
5,0 42 117 49 36 104 78 33 95 109 29 84 131 26 74 156 23 66 185
8;0 35 LOI 42 31 90 68 28 81 94 25 72 112 22 64 134 20 57 159
13,0 31 89 37 2.7 79 59 25 71 83 22 63 99 20 56 118 17 50 141
.. .,. .

tPpesbl c Me.AICUM sy6oM

40 12 120 30--40 1,8 43 346 172 39 312 275 35 272 383 - - - - -- - - - --..
3,0 37 294 146 33 261 236 30 238 330 - -- - ........ - ~
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5,0 32 254 126 29 227 202 26 204 284
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60 16 120 00--00 1,8 50 267 177 45 238 284 41 216 400 - - - - - - - - -
3,0
5,0
43
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230
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75 18 180 00--70 1,8 47 201 149 42 178 240 39 166 340 - - - - - - - - --
3,0 40 172 129 36 154 205 32 138 290 - - - - - - - -
5,0 35 148 112 31 132 178 28 120 250 - - - - - - - - -
8,0 30 129 95 27 114 154 25 104 216 - - - - - - - - -

v- CKOpOCTb peaaHHR1 M/MHH; n- qacrora spa~eHHR, MHH- 1; SM - MHHYTHaH Il0.Ll3'13, MM/MHH.

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5 25 835 128 24 745 170 22 703 219 - -
8 22 703 110 20 645 147 19 617 190 - -
12 19 617 97 18 565 128 17 530 165 - -
20 3-4 60 30 3 35 620 100 32 580 131 30 540 169 22 489 230
5 30 520 84 27 485 llO 25 450 141 23 418 195
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(npeJJ.H83118'1eHa )].Jill C8MOCTO!ITeJibHOro H36Hp8TeJibHOro H3y'leHHll H 03H8KOMJieHHll

B nopllJJ.Ke npocpeCCHOll8JlbllOii KOHCyJibT81.lHH, )].Jill no)J.rOTOBKH K KOHKypcaM no
npoct>eccHllM H OJIHMilH8)J.8M, )].Jill ct>aKyJibT8THBHblX 38HJITHii H pa60Tbl B Kpy:lK-
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H. K. KpyncKall o nOJIHTeXHH'leCKOM o6pa30B8HHH, TPYJJ.OBOM eocnHTSHHH H o6y-
'!eHHH I CocT. <I>. c. 03epcKall. M., npoceelll,eHHe, 1982.
AK c e H 0 B JJ., E. 0 TPYJJ.OBOM BOCilHTSHHH. XpeCTOMSTHJI. M., npoceelll,e-
HHe, 1982.
cax a p 0 B B. <I>., c
a 3 0 H 0 B A. Jl., npoct>ecCHOH8JlbH8ll op11eHT81.lHll WKOJlbHH-
KOB. M., npoceemeuHe, 1982. .

Upow.11oe, uacToaw.ee H 6y.JJ.yw.ee MeTa.11.11yprHH

Be K Ke p T M. M11p MeTaJIJia. M., MHp, 1980.

Be He l.l K H ii C. 11. PaccKa3bl o MeTaJIJiax. M., MaaJIJiyprnll, 1975.
r 0 p A 0 H Jl.:>K. KoHCTPYKl.lHH, HJIH no'!eMy He JIOMSIOTCll eeUJ,H. M., MHp, 1980.
Me 3 e H H H H. A. 3a1111MaTeJibHO o :lKeJie3e. M., MaaJIJiyprnll, 1977.
My c JI H H E. C. MeTaJI.11 MeHlleT ct>opMy. M., Maw1111ocTpoeu11e, 1968.
<I> e .JJ. op o e A. C. Teopubl 11ayK11 o MeTaJIJie. M., HayKa, 1980.
q e p H bl x E. H. MeTa.llJI - 'leJIOBeK - epeMll. M., HayKa, 1972.

0cHOBHWC cae.11.eHHR o6 SKOHOMHKe, opraHH381.lHH npOMWW.llCHHOro npOH3BO.JJ.CTBa,

0 TCXHO.llOfHH M8WHHOCTpoeHHR H KOHCTpYKl.lHOHHblX M8TCpH8.llax

A HT 0 H 0 B n. n., M y p a B be B E. M. 06pa60TKa KOHCTPYKl.lHOHHblX MaTe-

pH8JIOB. npaKTHKYM B yqe6HblX M8CTepCKHX. M., Ilpoceemeu11e, 1982.
A JI e Kc e e B r. n. Ilpoct>ecCHll - KOHCTPYKTOp. M., MOJI0Jl8ll reapJJ.Hll, 1973.
A Hy p b e e B. 11. CnpaeO'IHHK KOHCTPYKTopa-MaWHHOCTpOHTeJill. M., MawHHo-
crpoeHHe, T. I, 1978.
B e JI o e A. H., B e JI o e B. H., 3 a x a p 'I e H Ko B. n. Ocuoebl 3KOHOMHKH
COl.lH8JIHCTH'leCKOii npOMblWJleHHOCTH. M., npoceelll,eHHe, 1983.
By w M H 'I r. A., p 0 3 0 B B. K. 3KOHOMHK8 H opraHH381.lHll npOMblWJieHHOrO
npOH3BOJJ.CTB8 I no)J. pe.11.. E. K. CMHpHHl.lKOro. M., IlpoceeUJ,eHHe, 1982.
K o 3 JI o B c K H ii H. C., B H H or p a Jl o B A. H. OcHOBbl CTaHJJ.apTH381.lHH,
JlOnycKH, noc-aJJ.KH H Texu11qecKHe H3MepeHHll. M., MawHHOCTpoe11He, 1982.
Ky 3 b M H H B. A., C a M ox o u K 11 ii A. 11. MaaJIJIYPrHll, MeTaJIJioeeJJ.eHHe 11
KOHCTPYKl.lHOHHble MaTep11aJ1bl. M., 8blcWall WKOJia, 1984.
Ky K JI H H H. r., Ky K JI H Ha r. C. Jl.eT8JIH M8WHH. M., 8blCW8ll WKOJia, 1984.
n e p 0 B B. A. na6opaTOpHo-npaKTH'leCKHe pa60Tbl no TeXHH'leCKOMY TPYAY·
M., Ilpoceemeu11e, 1983.

06pa6arKa MeTa.llJIOB, HHCTpyMeHT H CT8HKH

rH Hep n. r. 0 '!eM MOJI'IST qepTe:lKH. M., MeTaJIJiyprHll, 1983.

f 0 p 6 y H 0 B 5. 11. 06pa60TK8 MeTSJIJIOB peaaHHeM, MeTaJIJIOpe:>KyUJ,Hii HHCTpy-
MCHT H craHKH. M., Maw11HocTpoe1111e, 1981.
ny p be r. B., K 0 B w 0 B A. H. Ha'!8JlbHble CBe)J.eHHll 06 o6pa60TKe Ha
craHKax c nporpaMMHblM ynpaeJieHHeM. M., MawHHOCTpoeHHe, 1978.
My pa B be B E. M. CJiecapHoe JleJIO. M., npoceeUJ,eHHe, 1984.
0 6 w a Jl Ko B. 11. MeTOJlHKa npeno)J.aeaHHll TOKap11oro JJ.eJia. M., 8blcwal!
WKOJia, 1970.
p 0 M a H 0 B c K H ii B. n. CnpaeO'IHHK no XOJIOJlHOii WTaMnOBKe. n., MaWHHO-
crpoeHHC, 1979.
XOJIOJlH8ll o6'beMHaR wTaMnoeKa. CnpaeO'IHHK. M., MawHHOCTpoeHHe, 1973.
X bl 6 e M ll r H A. 11. XOJIOJlHOe BblJl8BJIHBa1111e peJibecl>HblX nOJiocTeii TeXHOJIO-
rH'lecKoii OCHaCTKH. M., MawHHOCTpoe11He, 1981.

220
 TOKapHoe ,11.e.rio

B n IO M 6 e p r B. A., 3 a 3 e p c K H ii E. 11. CnpaBO'IHHK TOKap11. JI., MawH-

nocTpoeuHe, 1981. ·
c
.ll e H e >K H bl ii n. M., TH c K H Hr. M., T x 0 p 11. E. ToKapuoe ,11.eno. M.,
8&1cwa11 wKona, 1979.
3 a ii u e B B. r., Ille B 'I e HK 0 A. c. CnpaBO'IHHK Mono,11.oro TOKap11. M., B1i1c-
wa11 wKona, 1979.
Men bu HK o e H. ct>., B pH c Ton b B. H., .ll e Me u Tb e B B. 11. TexuonorHB
MawHnocTpoeuu11. M., MawHHOCTpoeuue, 1981.
0 r n o 6 u u A. H. OcnoBhl TOKapuoro ,11.ena. JI., MawHnocTpoenHe, 1974.
C n e n u u H u B. A. PyKoeo,11.creo ,11.n11 o6y'leHHH TOKapeii no MeTanny. M.,
B&1cwa11 wKona, 1983.

«l»peaepHoe ,11.e.no
B a p 6 a woe ct>. A. «l>pe3epuoe ,11.eno. M., Bb1cwa11 wKona, 1980.
B a p 6 aw o B ct>. A. Pe3b6o<flpe3epuble pa60Tbl. M., Bhlcwa11 wKona, 1977.
B a p 6 am o e ct>. A., CH n b Be c T po e B. H. <l>pe3epuble H 3y6ope3Hble pa-
60Tbl. M., 8blcwa11 wKona, 1983.
B n IO M 6 e pr B. A. Cnpaeo'IHHK cf>pe3epoBIUHKa. M., MawHHOCTpoenHe, 1972.
Ky B w Hu c K H ii B. B. <l>pe3epoeauue. M., MawHnocTpoenHe, 1977.
H H 'I K 0 B A. r. <l>pe3epuble CT3HKH. M., MawHHOCTpoeuue, 1977.

Hay11Ho-TexHH11ecKHii nporp.ecc e MawaeocTpOeHHH

B en II H H H n. H. IlpOMb!Wneuuble po60Tbl H HX npHMeneeue: Po60TOTeXHHKa
.AJIH MawHHOCTpoeuu11, M., MawunocTpoeuue, 1983.
.ll y w Koe B. A. Hn.u.ycTpHanbuo-ne.u.aroruqecKa11 ncuxonoru11. M., Ilpoceeme-
HHe, 1981.
11 Bau o B C. M. llenoeeK cpe.u.H aBTOMaTOB. M., 3uauHe, 1969.
JI H 6 e H c 0 H r. A. OcHOBbl nopOWKOBOii MeTannyprHH. M., MeTannyprHB,
1975.
JI H H u B. n. Teopubl uay'IHO-TeXHH'lecKoro nporpecca. 3Tanbl. M., 3uanHe,
1982.
M H u e p e H u r. B., My u H n o e B. M. 0 KpacOTe MawHn H eeiueii. M.,
IlpoceeiuenHe, 1981.
n 0 n 0 B E. n., Me .ZI. Be .ZI. e B B. c. Po60Tbl H 3BM. M., 3nanHe, 1985.
n 0 n 0 B E. n., IO lU e HK 0 A. c. Po60Tbl H 'lenOBeK. M., HayKa, 1984.
P y 6 u o B A. A., B o p o u H u IO. B. MexanH33UHH H aBTOM!ITH33UHll npo-
H3BO.Zl.CTBa. M.,.MawHnocTpoenHe, 1980.
Cnpaeo'IHHK no HH>Kenepuoii ncHxonornH / C. B. BopHCOB, B. A. ,llenHcoe,
B. A. .llywKOB H .u.p. M., MawHnocTpoenHe, 1982.
y H H c T 0 H n. HcK}'CCTBeHHblH HHTenneKT. M., MHp, 1980.
x H n n n. HayKa H HCK}'CCTBO npoeKTHpOB3HHll. M., MHp, 1973.
Xy.u.o>KeCTBenuoe npoeKTHpOB3HHe I B. B. HewyMOB, E. .u.
IUe.u.pHH, r. B. MH-
uepBHH H ii.p. M., npoceeiuenHe, 1979.
OfJIABJIEHHE

0r 3BTOpOB 3 I l. M3TepHaJibl .!I.Jiil H3rOToBJieHHH

Bse.ueHHe 5 pe>1<ymero HHCTpyMeHTa. 54
Jla6oparnpHo-npaKTH1Jeexa11 pa-
'IACTb flEPBASI. OCHOBHblE 6ara Nt 3. l1cnh1Tantte MeTaJI.nos
CBEJI.EHHSI 0 MAWHHOCTPO- Ha TBepAOCTb • 59
HTEJJ.bHQM flPE,llflPHSITHH Jl"a6opaTOpHo-npaKTH'lecKaa pa-
6oTa N2 4. l1cnhIT3HHe MeTaJinos
TEXHOJIOOtH MAWHHO- Ha paCTH>I<eHHe 60
CTPOEHHSI H 06PA6ATbl- Jla6oparnpHo-npaKTHlJecKall pa-
BAEMblX MATEPHAJIAX 60Ta N2 5. 3aKaJJKa H arnycK yrne-
po.D.HCToii CT3JIH
r.naaa t. OcHOBHble xapa1<TepHCTH-
KH coepeMeHHOro MaWHHOCTpOH- 'lACTb BTOPASI. OCHOBHblE
Te.llbHOfO npOH380)1.CTB3 10
CBEJI.ElfHSI, H·E06XO,fl.HMblE
1. IloHHTHe 0 npOH3BO.UCTBeHHOM H
TeXHOJ!OfH'!eCKOM npoueccax H HX Jl.JISI BblflOJIHEHH}I TOKAP-
~JleMeHTaX • HblX H CllPE3EPHblX PA60T
2. BH,!l.bl npott3so.ucrea 13
r.nasa 4. TexHOJIOrHR MeTa.n.noo6-
3. 3KOJ!OrHlJeCKHe sonpocbl M3WH- pa60'fKH Ha TOK3pHb1X H lj>pC3ep-
HOCTpOHTeJJbHOf0 npOH3BO.UCTB3.
HblX CT3HK3X 62
OxpaHa npi!pO.Ubl H 0Kpy>1<a10meii
cpe.uhl . 15 12. OcttOBHble cxeMbl H napaMeTpbl
4. Tpe6oaattHH coepeMettHoro npo- o6pa60TKH MeT3JIJIOB pe33HHeM •
H3BO.UcTBa K ypooHIO 3113HHii, yMe- 13. IloHHTHe o KOHCTPYKl.lHH pe-
HHii H H3Bb!KOB, K K3lJeCTB3M JIH'l- >1<ymero HHCTpyMeHTa. IlpaBHJl3
HOCTH MO.~OADrO pa601Jero • 18 11DJlb3083HffH HHCTpyMeHTOM • 68
5. XapaKTep coepeMeHHOii no.uro- 14. OcHOBHble cee.D.eHHll o MeTaJJ-
TOBKH npoH3BO.UCTBeHHblX Ka.upoe • 21 nope*YlllHX CT3HK3X • 71
r.naaa 2. OcHOBHblC BK.Ubl MCT3.ll- 15. 6e3onacHOCTb TpyAa npH CTa-
.noo6pa6oY.KH B M3WHHOCTPOCHHH. HO'IHoii o6pa6arKe MeTBJIJIOB pe-
MeTO.Ubl lj>opM006pa3osaHHH .ue- 3UH~ n
Ta.neii 23 r.naea 5. JoqHOCTb o6pa60TKJI H
6. IlpOH3BO,!l.CTBO 38f0TOBOK .UJIH TeXHHqecKHC H3MCPCllHH npH TO-
TOKapHoii H lj!pe3epHOH o6pa6arKH K3pHb1X H lj>pC3epHblX pa6orax 79
7. MexaHHlJecKall o6pa6oTKa Me-
16. BsaMM03aMen.fteMOCTb e Ma~
TBJJJJOB co CHHTHeM crpy>I<KH .• 33
lll11HOCTpoeH HH
Jla6oparnpHo-npaKTH'lecKall pa-
17. 0CHOBHblC OOHRTHll o6 o6ecne-
6oTa N2 I. Onpe.D.e.neHHe npHnyc-
'leHHH TO'IHOCTH o6poa6aTbl83eMblX
KOB H8 o6pa60TKY 36
AeT3JieH 82
Jla6opaTopHo-npaKTH'lecKall pa-
18 .. lllepoxoeaTocT& o6pa6aTblBa-
6oTa N2 2. 8bl6op pe>1<ymero HHC·
eMblX nol!epXHOCTeii 86
TpyMeHTa no BH.U3M TOKapHb!X H
37 19. llepTe>I< KBK OCH088 KOHCTpyK-
lj!pe3epHb!X pa60T
TOpCKOH AOKyMeHT81.lHH 88
r.nasa 3. MawHHOCTPOHTe.llbHl!IC 20. OcHOBHble HHCTpyMeHTbl H
KOHCTPYKl.lHOHHblC M3TCpHa.nbl 38 npH6opb1 AMI TeXHH'leCKHX H3Mepe-
8. MeTaJJJJbl H HX cnnaebl peHHH 91
9. MexaHH'leCKHe, lj!H3HKO·XHMH· Jla6oparnpHo-npaKTH'lecKaH pa-
lJeCKHe H TeXHOJ!OfHlJecKHe CBOHCT- 6oTa N2 6. no.ucqey 3HBlJeHHH npe-
83 MeTaJJJJOB H CDJl3BOB (TeOpeTH· .ll.MbHblX pa3Mepos no .UBHHblM
qecKHe cse.ueHHll, Heo6xo.UHMble 11epTe}KaM H onpe.ueneHHe ro.11.no-
.!I.Jiil BblnOJJHeHHll Jia6opaTOpHO- CTH lj!aKTHlJeCKHX pasMepoe • 96
npaKTHlJeCKHX pa6ar) 47 Jla6opaTopHo-npaKTH'lecKaH pa-
10. HeMeTaJIJIH'lecKHe MaUlHHO· 6oTa Nt 7. l!TeHHe 11epTe}Keii c 0603·
CTpOHTMbHble M3TepH3Jlbl 53 Ha'leHHeM .uonyCTHMblX norpelliHO·

222
cTeH <t>opMbl, pacnOJJo:>KeHHH no- 60Ta .N'2 12. Pa3pa60TKa TexHo-
eepxHocTeH, HX wepoxoeaTOCTH _ 97 JIOrHtJecKoro npou.ecca H3rOToene-
JlaoopaTopHo-npaKTH'lecKaR pa- HHH .lJ.eTaJJH <t>pe3epHOH o6pa60T-
ooTa .N'2 8. Bbloop cpe.ll.CTB H3Mepe- KOH. 169
HH!I B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOlJHOCTH H3-
fOTOBJieHHR .lleTaJJeH. 113MepeHHe
'IACTb TPETbjl. 3KOHOMHKA
WTaHreHUHpKyJJeM H MHKpo- H OPfAHH3AU.HR MAWHHO-
MeTpOM 98 CTPOilTEnbHOfO DPOH3-
JiaoopaTopHo-npaKTutJecKaH pa- BOJJ.CTBA
ooTa .N'2 9. CocraeJJeHH~ 3CKH30B
no o6pa3uaM .lJ.eTaJJeH _ f.naaa 8. OcHOBbl SKOHOMHKH, op-
99
JlaoopaTopHo-npaKTHtJecKaH pa-
raHH38UHH TJ>YA8 H npOH3BOACTBa 171
oOTa' .N'2 10. CocTaBJieHHe TeXHH- 34. 3KOHOMH'lecKHe eonpocbl co-
'!ecKoro onucaHHR .lleTaJJH • eepweHCTBOBaHHR npOH3BO.lJ.CTBa
fnaaa 6. 8blnOJJHeHHe OCHOBHblX 35. Hay..HaR opraHH3aU.HR TPY.lla
TeXHOJJOrH'lecKHX onepauHli TOKap- Ha npOH3BO.lJ.CTBe • 175
HOH o6pa60TKH 100 36. OpraHH3aU.HH H ynpaeneHHe
npOH3BO.llCTBOM 176
21. 06pa60TK3 Hapy:>KHblX UH- 37. TinaHHpoeaHHe H HOpMHpoea-
JJHH.llpH'leCKHX H TOpUOBbJX no- HHe Tpy.lla - 177
eepxHocreli, OTpe3aHHe 38. Ponb H <t>opMbl cou.HaJJHCTH-
22. TipaKTH'lecKaR paoOTa npu 06- '!ecKoro copeenoeaHHH 179
Ta'IHBaHHH, Il0.llpe3aHHH H OTpe-
3aHHH 3afOTOBOK • • • • • 103 f.naaa 9. Hay..Ho-TeXHH'lecKHii
23. CeepJJeHHe u pacceepnHeaHHe nporpecc H nepcneKTHBbl pasaH-
OTeepcruli Ha TOKapHOM CTaHKe • 108 THR M8WHHOCTJ>GeHHR 180
24. 3eHKepoeaHHe,pa3eepTb1BaHne 39. AeToMaTH33U.HH H MexaHH3a-
H pacra'IHBaHHe OTeepCTHH 112 U.HR TeXHOJIOrH'!eCKHX npou.eccoe
25. Hape3aHue pe3bObl Ha TOKap- MeT3JJJJOopa60TKH •
HOM CTaHKe • • • • • • 116 40. TIYTH CHH:>KeHHH ceoecTOHMo-
26. 06pa60TKa KOHH'leCKHX H <t>a- cTH npO.llYKU.HH M3WHHOCTpOeHH!I 184
COHHblX noeepxKOcreii Ha TOKap- 41. OporpeccneHble TeXHOJJOrH'le-
HOM CTaHKe • 122 cKue npou.eccbl MeTaJ1no6pa60T-
27. OT.lleJJKa noeepxHocreli Ha KH H MeT3JIJJOpe:>KylUHe CT3HKH 186
TOKapHOM CTaHKe 126 42. Ponb pau.noHanHsauHH H HSOO-
JlaoopaTOpHo-npaKTH'leCKaR pa- peTaTenbcTea e ycKopeHHH eHe.ll-
OOT8 .N'2 11. Pa3pa60TKa rexno- peHHR .lJ.OCTH:lKCHHH Hay'IHO-
norutJecKoro npouecca H3roToene- TeXHH'leCKOfO nporpecca ,e npo-
HHR .lJ.eTaJJH TOKapHOH oopaOOTKOH 128 H3BO.llCTeo • 188
fnaaa 7. 8blnOJJHeHHe OCHOBHblX 43. qeJJOBe'!ecKHii <t>aKTop e yCJJe-
TeXHOJJOfH'lecKHX onepauHli 4Jpe- BHHX H3Y'IHO-TeXHH'lecKOro npo-
3epHOH o6pafiOTKH 129 rpecca _ 189
Ha nYTH sbloopa npo<t>eccHH • 193
28. Oc110BHble cee.lleHHR o <l>pe3e-
poeaHHH 'IACTb 'IETBEPTAjl CilPA-
29. CHJJbl u MO!UHOCTb npu <1>pe3e- .BO'IHAjl HH4'0PMAU.HJI
poeanuu • • • • • 134 DpH.no)l(eHHe I. MexaHH'leCKHe
30. OcHOBHble cee.lleHHH o <1>pe3ep- CBOHCTBa CTaJJCH 198
HblX CTaHKaX 137 DpHJJO)l(eHHe 2. Pe)l(HMbl ofipafiOT-
31. TipucnocooneHHH .!I.Jiff <t>pe3ep- KH MeTa.R.1108 pcsauHeM • 200
Hblx CTaHKOB • • • • • • l41 DpH.nO)l(eHHe 3. HsOTopble yCJ1oa-
32. ct>pe3epoeaHHe pe3b6 H syoqa- uwe o603Ha'!eHHR ua 11eprelKa« 'H
Tblx KOJICC • 151 a~u. ~
33. TipHMepbl TeXHOJIOrH'lecKHX DpH.nO)l(eHHe 4. DpHMep_w onepa-
npou.eccoe <t>pe3epHoii o6pa60TKH UHOBHwx H TeXHOJJOrH'lecKHX
MaWHHOCTJ>OHTeJJbHblX .lleTaJJeii 156 KapT 214
JlaoopaTOpHo-npaKTHtJecKaH pa- JlHTepaTypa 220

223
naaen CeMeHOBHq nepHep, naae.n MHxaA.noaHq nyK&RHOB

TOKAPHOE H cl>PE3EPHOE .ll.EJIO

3aa. pe.u.aKuueii T. C. /!azaeBa
Pe.u.aKTop B. B. l/u6upeBa
M.na.u.nrne pe.u.aKTopbl T. H. K1110eBa, H . .4. Il.(y1euna
Xy.u.olKecTBeHHb!H pe.n:aKTop JI. <P. /3a1eyweBa
TexuuqecKHH, pe.n:aKTop E. H. 3e11J1nuna
KoppeKTop JI. C. BaamMan

HB .N'2 9120
C.ll3HO B Ha6op 01.08.85. no.n:nacaao K neqaTH 30.04.86. A08601. cI>opMaT 60X90 1/1s·
BYM. KH.-lKypH. OTeq, rapHHT. JIHTepaTypHaH. Ile'l3Tb Bb1COK3H. Yen. nett. JI. 14,0+0,25
cl>op3. Ycn. Kp.-orr. 14,69. Ytt.·H3.U.. n. 14,4 +0,34 .pop3. TupalK 402 000 3K3. 3aKa3 231.
Ueaa 30 Kon.
Op.u.eaa Tpy.n:oaoro Kpacaoro 3HaMeHH H3.Zl.3TeJJbCTBO «IlpocsemeaHe> rocy.11ap-
CTBeHHOro KOMHTeTa PC<l>CP no .u.enaM H3.11:3TeJJbCTB, OOJIHrpa<j>HH H KHH.lKHOH
ToprosnH. 129846. MocKsa, '3-ii npoe3.11: Map&HHOii pomu, 41.
CapaTOBCKHii op.11eaa Tpy.n:osoro Kpacaoro 3HaMeHH nOJIHrpa<j>H'leCKHii KOM6HHaT
PocrnasnOJrnrpa<j>npoMa rocy.n:apcTseaaoro KOMHTeTa PC<l>CP no .11enaM H3JJ:a-
TeJibCTB, OOJ!Hrpalf>HH H KHHlKHOH TOproBJJH.410004.CapaTOB, yn. qepHblWeBCKOro, 59.
fopH30HTaJlbHblH ceepJ1HJlbHO-ljlpe3epHo-pacTO'IHblH CTaHOK c 'lnY H

HHCTpyMeHTaJlbHblM Mara3HHOM ( o6pa6aTblBalOlll,HH ueHTP ).

MHOrOQeJleBOH CTaHOK C 'In Y, aBTOMaTM'lecKOH CMeHOH HHCTpyMeHTa

M o6pa6aTbleaeMblx 11.e-raneii.
BepTHKaJJbHblH KOHCOJJbHO-ljlpe3epHb1H CTaHOK c II n Y.

WHJ)OKoy11HKl'JH-11111.11hlil HttCTJ)yMettTaJJhtthlii «l>pe3ep111~il cTa ttOK nOKhl-

11u~111toA ICl'tHIK IH r 'I llY.