Libro de History - V

Middle Ages
Stephen Pow & Han Chae
Volume 2
Publisher Project Director
Patrick Hwang Casey Kim
Editorial Manager Editors Scholarly Review
Jayne Lee Lewis Thompson Dr. M.Mark Stolarik

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2 Middle Ages
Authors’ Note
Thank you for joining us on this adventure through world history. We intend to take you on a
wild ride from the dawn of civilization to the modern age. The ride is sometimes frightening,
as we see empires fall, tyrants rise, and brutal wars of conquest. Yet we also see, in the story
of civilization, how humans create masterpieces of art, how their dreams of freedom become
reality, and breathtaking achievements in the world of science and technology.
It is an unfortunate fact that sometimes history lectures can remove all the magic and wonder
from the stories of the past. When we wrote Hands on History, we wanted history to be easily
accessible and relevant to readers. We wanted them to see and feel how our history has shaped
our present day. Moreover, we kept in mind that history consists of the stories of the past, and
the explanation of history should really be the telling of stories. And, if a story is told well, who
doesn’t like to hear it?
With Hands-on History, we did our very best to avoid complications and generalizations.
We show history flowing with each passing lesson closer to the present. We don’t divide the
series along geographical or thematic lines, instead we recognized and focused on where
and when the world changed. We use simple language, and we explain not just which events
are important, but also WHY they are important. Most of all, we remember that a good story
needs good character development. We deal with the motivations and traits of historical
figures, so that they come alive on the pages. Readers will get a sense that they
actually know the people of the past.
We would like to express our gratitude to M. Mark Stolarik for reviewing our
work, as well as to the many editors and illustators involved in this project. Our
goal is not that readers memorize every historical event. Understanding what
went on is more important. We hope this series might kindle a passion for
history in students. As well, for those who already enjoy history, we want
to provide a basis so that it can be pondered even more. Hopefully readers
use these books mostly for their own enjoyment. We are confident this is
possible with Hands on History.
Stephen Pow & Han Chae

Authors
3
Contents
Authors’ Note .............................................................................................................. 3
Unit Breakdown ...................................................................................................... 6
Professor’s Review ................................................................................................... 9
Unit 1 The Roman Empire
Lesson 1 From Republic to Empire .................................. 10 CD Track 1
MAP The End of the Roman Republic 31 BC 13

Lesson 2 Julius Caesar .......................................................... 17 CD Track 2
Unit 2 The Spread of Christianity
Lesson 1 Christianity in the Roman Empire ................... 20 CD Track 3
MAP The Spread of Christianity 30 AD – 400 AD 23

Lesson 2 Disciples and Missionaries ................................. 27 CD Track 4
Unit 3 The Fall of the Roman Empire
Lesson 1 Barbarian Invasion ............................................. 30 CD Track 5
MAP The Roman Empire in the 400s AD 33

Lesson 2 Nomadic Peoples ................................................... 37 CD Track 6
Unit 4 An Empire of Faith
Lesson 1 Islam ....................................................................... 40 CD Track 7
MAP The Start of the Islamic Empire 43

Lesson 2 The Determined Muslims ................................... 47 CD Track 8
Unit 5 The Islamic Golden Age
Lesson 1 The Civilization of Baghdad ............................... 50 CD Track 9
MAP The Islamic Empire 750 53

Lesson 2 Islamic Culture ...................................................... 57 CD Track 10
4 Middle Ages
Unit 6 The Early Middle Ages
Lesson 1 Western Europe and Feudalism ........................ 60 CD Track 11
MAP Empire of Charlemagne 814 63

Lesson 2 The Sword and the Cross .................................... 67 CD Track 12
Unit 7 Religious Conflict
Lesson 1 The Crusades ........................................................ 70 CD Track 13
MAP The Third Crusade 1189 – 1192 73

Lesson 2 Holy War ................................................................ 77 CD Track 14
Unit 8 The Mongol Empire
Lesson 1 Genghis Khan ........................................................ 80 CD Track 15
MAP The Mongol Empire of Kublai Khan 1280 83

Lesson 2 Horsemen from the East .................................... 87 CD Track 16
Unit 9 The Joseon Dynasty of Korea
Lesson 1 King Sejong ........................................................... 90 CD Track 17
MAP The Joseon Dynasty of Korea and the Ming Dynasty of China 1400s 93
Lesson 2 A Great Writing System ...................................... 97 CD Track 18
Unit 10 The End of the Middle Ages
Lesson 1 Joan of Arc .......................................................... 100 CD Track 19
MAP The Hundred Years War at the time of John of Arc 103
Lesson 2 The Black Death ................................................. 107 CD Track 20
5
Unit Breakdown
General overview
The textbook is divided into ten units. Each unit has two lessons. The first lesson gives the readers
basic knowledge of a historical topic. The second lesson is a topic journal that will help the readers
reflect and express opinions on the topic.
Make Connections
Each unit has a question that helps readers to form an
opinion about a subject that is related to the unit’s topic.
Timeline Key Vocabulary

The timeline shows the period when the events in the Each unit introduces a new set of vocabulary terms.
unit took place. It also includes events of previous The newly introduced words will constantly appear
and subsequent units, helping the readers to better in both later units and subsequent volumes of the
understand this unit’s place in world history. Hands on History series.
6 Middle Ages
Lesson 1
Each lesson passage is divided into three sections.
The first section provides background material. It also informs readers about previous events which
acted as a catalyst to the major events of that time.
The second section introduces the major events or people of that time. This section provides an
engaging storyline about events that profoundly influenced the course of world history.
The third section shows the effects and consequences of those events. It also hints at what is to come
in the next unit.
Unit Map
Each unit map provides
vital information about
where the described
events took place as well
as improves the reader’s
geographical knowledge.
Comprehension Check Facts to Remember

The comprehension check provides the reader with The first lesson ends with a graphic
activities to review the unit topic. This section moves organizer in which readers must
from simple comprehension questions to organizing organize their newly acquired
statements in order to show the correct sequence of knowledge into different types of
events covered in the lesson. charts.
7
Lesson 2
The second lesson is presented as a student’s journal which is designed to help the readers personally
connect with the previous lesson. It also provides additional vital information which will expand the
reader’s understanding of the unit.
Comprehension Check
The compression check for the second lesson focuses on developing the reader’s
composition skills and critical thinking.
Vocabulary Review
Vocabulary Review provides exciting activities to help readers retain the unit vocabulary,
and it also provides an activity to reinforce the previous units’ vocabulary.
8 Middle Ages
Professor’s Review
The Hands on History series is a very good, chronological, summary of the rise of civilizations,
whether in the Middle East, Europe, India or Asia. The first volume covers the earliest
civilizations of the Sumerians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Indians
and Chinese and ends with the Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome (approximately the
3,000 years before Christ). Volume two covers the Roman Empire, the rise of Christianity,
the barbarian invasions of Europe, and the rise of Islam. It continues with the development of
feudalism in Europe, with the European Crusades against Islam, with the Mongol conquests,
including a section on Korea, and then returns to Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War in
Europe (approximately 1,300 years after Christ). Volume three details the rise of the Ottoman
Empire in the fifteenth century, the European Renaissance, the European discovery of North
America, the division of European Christianity with the Reformation of the 17th century,
the rise of Spain based upon wealth obtained from the New World, the challenge of England
to Spanish hegemony, the rise of Russia, and feudalism in Japan. It ends with the European
Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. Volume four continues the story with
the theory of the “divine right” of Kings and illustrates it with Louis XVI of France. It then
deals with the American Revolution, the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, American
slavery, the war against the North American natives, the British Empire in India, the European
colonization of Africa, the “opening up of Japan” by the United States and, the rise and decline
of China in the 19th century.
The Hands on History series contains very useful texts for students of English who are learning
world history for the first time. In forty concise units of the series, the authors tell the story
of human beings from the very first civilization to the early 19th century while taking the
readers on a lively and exciting journey across the centuries. The passages are written in clear,
understandable English and are very well illustrated with colorful pictures and maps to help the
student comprehend and remember certain events.
M. Mark Stolarik
Full Professor, Department of History
University of Ottawa
9
Unit
1 The Roman Empire
Lesson 1 From Republic to Empire CD Track 1
Lesson 2 Julius Caesar CD Track 2
Make Connections
What is a dictator? Do you think a dictator could be a good ruler?
Timeline
27 BC
Augustus becomes the first
emperor of Rome.
50 BC 40 BC 30 BC 20 BC 30 AD
59 BC 44 BC 31 BC 30 AD
Caesar starts the Caesar is The Battle of Jesus is executed on a
conquest of Gaul. assassinated. Actium cross by the Romans.
10 Middle Ages
Choose and write the word next to its definition.
assassinate dictator elect nephew prevent

reign revenge stretch support unchallenged
1 to extend very far
2 to choose by voting
3 the time when a king or queen rules
4 to kill an important person
5 to stop something from happening
6 a very powerful leader who completely

controls a country
7 being the strongest; the most powerful
8 the act of harming someone who has

harmed you
9 the son of one’s brother or sister
10 to help; to agree with someone’s ideas
Describe the pictures below and fill in the dates from the timeline.
BC BC BC BC
11
LESSON 1 From Republic to Empire
Julius Caesar
In the 140s BC, Rome ruled over the
Mediterranean Sea. The Romans had a type of
government called a republic, and the citizens
chose their leaders by vote. These leaders were
In the Roman Republic, senators
tried to influence the citizens called senators, and every year, two consuls were
by giving speeches. Some
senators were good at leading elected from them. The consuls were the highest
people only because they were
skillful at speaking to crowds.
leaders, and they could cancel each other’s plans.
Having two consuls prevented anyone from
becoming a dictator.
In 59 BC, a young Roman general, named Julius

Caesar, started to conquer all of Gaul, which is
France today. This greatly expanded Roman land,
and made Caesar very popular with the Romans.
Afterwards, he wanted to become the only leader
Caesar finished conquering Gaul of Rome. In 49 BC, he marched his soldiers back
in 52 BC. The last Gallic leader
to surrender to Julius Caesar to Rome and started a civil war. A civil war is a
was named Vercingetorix. Today,
he is considered a hero to the
people of France. war between people within one country. He took
the city of Rome by force and became a dictator.
More Civil Wars

Julius Caesar was a fair ruler, and he changed
In 49 BC, Julius Caesar crossed
the Rubicon River in northern
Italy, and took his soldiers to many things to help the ordinary people of
Rome. Before Caesar, Roman
armies did not enter the city. Rome. However, there were other powerful
12 Middle Ages
senators who thought that he was becoming too strong. They were not happy with the
dictator. In 44 BC, a group of senators assassinated Caesar. Though they said that the
Republic was saved from a dictator, most Romans were angry and wanted revenge. Two
men promised to get revenge for Caesar. One was a very brave, strong general, named Mark
Antony. The other was Caesar’s shy, young nephew, Octavian.
Octavian and Antony defeated the senators who were responsible for Caesar’s death. They
became rulers and decided to share the lands of Rome. Octavian took the West, and Antony
took the East. For years, Octavian and Mark Antony were good friends. Then, problems
started when Antony married Cleopatra, the beautiful queen of Egypt. Octavian believed
that Cleopatra and Antony wanted Rome for themselves. Another civil war began.
13
LESSON 1 From Republic to Empire
The End of the Republic

In 31 BC, Octavian defeated Antony and
Cleopatra in the sea battle of Actium. The two
lovers went back to Egypt and killed themselves.
After that, Octavian was the only ruler of Rome.
Julius Caesar was assassinated
by senators in 44 BC. They
didn’t want Caesar to be the
That was the end of the Roman Republic.
dictator of Rome any longer.
This started wars that ended Octavian became the first emperor of the Roman
the Roman Republic.
Empire in 27 BC. He ruled all lands of Rome,
which stretched from Spain to Egypt.
The senators gave Octavian a new name—

Augustus. It means “respected one.” During the
reign of Augustus, Rome became a much greater
Cleopatra was the queen of city. He started a peaceful period called the
Egypt, famous for her beauty.
Mark Antony was married
to her. A story says that she
Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. For the next 200
killed herself with the bite of
a poisonous snake after the years, Rome was a wealthy and powerful state.
Battle of Actium.
However, a new religion was coming to change
the ancient world forever.
Augustus became the first

emperor of Rome. For the next
500 years, the Roman Empire
ruled the Mediterranean Sea.
14 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
A Read and choose the answer.
1. Which statement is NOT true about Julius Caesar?

a) He was a Roman general.
b) He became the first emperor of Rome.
c) He wanted to become the only leader of Rome.
2. Why was Julius Caesar assassinated?

a) Some senators thought that he was becoming too powerful.
b) He changed many things to help the ordinary people of Rome.
c) All Romans hated him.
3. Why did Augustus and Mark Antony fight each other at the Battle of Actium?
a) Octavian wanted to marry Cleopatra, but Antony was married to her.
b) Antony said that Octavian assassinated Julius Caesar.
c) Octavian thought that Cleopatra and Antony wanted Rome for themselves.
4. During the Pax Romana , Rome .

a) had many civil wars
b) was peaceful and strong
c) tried to conquer the whole world
B Number the sentences from 1 to 5 to show the correct order of events.
Julius Caesar conquered the land of Gaul.

Julius Caesar was assassinated.
Antony and Octavian ruled Rome together.
Octavian became Augustus – the first emperor of Rome.
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium.
15
C Read the sentence and write true (T) or false (F).
Rome was an empire before it became a republic.

Julius Caesar was the first emperor of Rome.
A group of senators assassinated Caesar.
The Pax Romana lasted for 100 years.
The senators gave Octavian a new name, Augustus.
Facts to Remember
Write the letters (ⓐ~ⓘ) in the correct place in the chart.
Julius Caesar Octavian (Augustus) Mark Antony
ⓐ He became ruler of the West of Rome after Caesar died.

ⓑ He defeated Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium.
ⓒ He married Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt.
ⓓ He became a dictator of Rome.
ⓔ He became ruler of the East of Rome after Caesar died.
ⓕ He made many reforms to help the people in Rome.
ⓖ He became the first emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BC.
ⓗ He began a peaceful period called the Pax Romana .
ⓘ He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 BC.
16 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 Julius Caesar
“I came, I saw, I conquered.”
- Julius Caesar (100 BC ~ 44 BC)
Fill in the blanks with the correct words as you read.
assassinated dictator prevent supported unchallenged
Today our teacher said, “Rome was not built in a day.” He explained that it
means it takes a long time to create something special. Before becoming a great
empire, Rome had many serious problems. Because it conquered many new lands
and became wealthy, Rome was ______________. However, it was only few
politicians who became powerful and rich. These men always fought each other and started civil
wars, and poor people suffered because of them.
When Julius Caesar saw this, he thought that the republic government was damaging his country.
He also thought that having two leaders in the government was not a good system. Caesar believed
that if he ruled Rome alone, he could make it a better place. So, he became a ______________,
and he made many reforms. He gave land to his soldiers, and food to poor people in the city. He
also let people from conquered countries like Greece and Spain become citizens of Rome. The
people of Rome ______________ him, and he became very popular. However, many senators were
afraid that he was becoming like a king.
To ______________ Caesar from ruling for a long time, some senators made a plan to kill him.
This group of senators, led by a man named Brutus, ______________ Caesar. The dictator was
gone, but he changed Rome forever. Because he was a very successful “king,” Rome couldn‛t go
back to being a republic again. During Caesar‛s life, Rome was already becoming an empire. About
15 years after his death, his nephew, Augustus became the first emperor of the Roman Empire
and finished the work that Caesar started.
17
LESSON 2 Julius Caesar
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
What do the three words in bold in the passage refer to?
1. it
2. he
3. his
Critical Thinking
A Think about the following questions and write the answers.
1. What reforms did Caesar make after he became a dictator?
2. Why do you think Caesar was popular with many people?
3. Why did the senators assassinate Caesar?
4. How did Rome change after Caesar died?
B Share your answers with the class.
Journal Writing
Write a paragraph in your journal about one of the topics below.
1. What did you learn about Julius Caesar and the Roman Empire?
2. What is a dictator? Do you think a dictator could be a good ruler?
18 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct words.
8 9
10
elect
prevent
1 dictator
assassinate
revenge
6 7
nephew
2 stretch
5
reign
3 unchallenged
4 support
Across 1 Don’t you t-shirt, It will get ripped.

2 The fence will anyone from coming into my garden.
3 The president won’t listen to anybody. He is like a .
4 Last week, my was born. I’m an uncle now.
Down 5 During the of the evil king, people were not happy.
6 My parents me completely.
7 won’t make you happy. Forgive your enemy.
8 I can’t believe that someone wanted to the president.
9 We have to a new school president.
10 The great soccer team was for ten years.
19
Unit
2 The Spread of Christianity
Lesson 1 Christianity in the Roman Empire CD Track 3
Lesson 2 Disciples and Missionaries CD Track 4
Make Connections
What religions are there in your community?
Timeline
27 BC 49 AD 380 AD
Augustus becomes the Rome starts to Christianity becomes the official
first emperor of Rome. persecute Christians. religion of the Roman Empire.
20 BC 30 AD 40 AD 300 AD 350 AD 400 AD
30 AD 313 AD 395 AD
Jesus is executed on a Constantine ends the persecution of The Roman Empire is
cross by the Romans. Christians with the Edict of Milan. divided into East and West.
20 Middle Ages
convert disciple execute organize persecute

province symbol tolerate traitor vision
1 something seen in the mind
2 to arrange; to plan something so that it can

work well
3 a follower who helps spread a religion
4 to change from one belief to another
5 to allow someone to do something; to accept
6 a person who betrays one’s friend or country
7 a certain area inside a country or empire
8 to kill someone according to law
9 something that represents something else
10 to treat cruelly because of beliefs or race
AD AD AD AD
21
LESSON 1 Christianity in the Roman Empire
Jesus of Nazareth
When Augustus was emperor, a boy named
Jesus was born in Judea. Judea was a small
province on the eastern Mediterranean, which
was under the rule of the Roman Empire. It was
the homeland of the Jews, who were also called
the Israelites. They had their own kingdom in the
Christianity spread quickly after
Jesus was executed by the
Romans. He was killed on a
past, but now they were ruled by the Romans.
cross, which became a symbol
for his followers.
In about 30 AD, Jesus became a wandering

teacher and healer. He had many disciples, or
followers, and he taught them many new ideas
about God and religion. However, many Jews
thought that Jesus’s teachings were against
their beliefs. The Romans also saw Jesus as a
troublemaker because he challenged their
Jesus was a religious teacher.
However, he became famous in
Judea for healing sick people.
beliefs. Jesus was arrested and executed on a
cross a few years after he started teaching.
Early Christians in Rome

After the execution of Jesus, his disciples started
spreading his teachings among the Jews across
After Jesus was executed, his
disciples continued to worship the empire. This was the start of Christianity,
him. Because Christians were
persecuted in the Roman a religion which is based on the life and the
Empire, they often met in
secret.
22 Middle Ages
teachings of Jesus. The followers of Christianity are called Christians. They believe that
Jesus is the son of the Jewish god, and he will return to earth in the future.
At first, Christianity was popular with slaves and poor people. As it spread in Rome, some
Roman leaders thought that Christians were traitors to the Roman Empire. To prevent
Christianity from spreading, some emperors persecuted Christians and closed their
churches. In the 60s AD, Emperor Nero killed many Christians. Sometimes they were killed
by wild animals in the Coliseum. Even though Christians were not tolerated, Christianity
continued to spread.
23
LESSON 1 Christianity in the Roman Empire
The Dark Ages

Constantine
In 312 AD, there was another civil war in Rome.
Two generals were fighting to become emperor.
Before the Battle of the Milivian Bridge, one
of the generals, Constantine, had a vision in
which he saw a cross. The cross is the symbol of
Christianity. Hoping it would help him win the
battle, Constantine told his men to paint the
Jerusalem is a holy city to
followers of Judaism, Islam and
Christianity. The city also had
cross on their shields. He won the battle, and he
the main temple of the Jews.
became a Christian. In that same year, he was
made emperor of Rome.
Constantine helped reform the Roman Empire.

He made a new capital city called Constantinople.
He was the first emperor to support Christianity.
In 313 AD, he made a new law called the Edict
Constantine had a vision of of Milan. The law said that Christians were free
a cross before the Battle of
the Milvian Bridge in 312 AD.
After he became the emperor to follow their religion. Constantine also gave
of Rome, he stopped the
persecution of Christians. money and land to Christians, and they built
many churches across the empire. Christianity
spread more quickly. In 380 AD, Christianity
became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Christians were sometimes

persecuted in the Roman
Empire. Many Christians were
executed in Rome’s Coliseum.
24 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. Why was Jesus executed by the Romans?

a) He was trying to conquer the city of Rome
b) He was causing trouble for the Roman Empire
c) He was persecuting the Romans.
2. What happened to early Christians in Rome?

a) They were tolerated by the Roman Empire.
b) They were sometimes persecuted or killed.
c) They became high officials in the Roman Empire.
3. Constantine’s soldiers painted the cross on their shields .

a) after Constantine became a Christian
b) after Constantine persecuted the Christians
c) after Constantine had a vision of the cross
4. Which statement is NOT true?

a) Christianity became the religion of the Roman Empire.
b) Emperor Constantine was the first Christian in the Roman Empire.
c) Christianity is the belief in the teachings of Jesus.
Constantine made a new law, the Edict of Milan.

Jesus was executed on a cross.
Nero persecuted the Christians.
Jesus became a wandering teacher and healer.
Constantine won the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.
25
Jesus was born in Judea.

Jesus was executed by his disciples.
The emperor Nero tolerated Christians.
Constantine persecuted the Christians when he became emperor.
The law that allowed Christianity was called the Edict of Milan
Facts to Remember
Complete the graphic organizer by filling in the blanks.
Christianity
• It is a religion based on the life and teachings of .

• The followers of the religion are called .
Write the letters (ⓐ~ⓕ) in the correct place in the chart.
Christianity in the Roman Empire

Before Constantine During and After Constantine
(In the 30s AD ~ 312 AD) (In the 300s AD)
ⓐ Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

ⓑ Christianity was popular among slaves and poor people.
ⓒ Many churches were built across the Roman Empire.
ⓓ Christians were believed to be traitors to the Roman Empire.
ⓔ Christians were persecuted, and their churches were closed.
ⓕ Christians were free to follow their religion after the Edict of Milan was passed.
26 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 Disciples and Missionaries
“My kingdom is not of this world.”
- Jesus (4 BC ~ 33 AD)
disciples persecuted traitors organize converted
In class today, we learned about how Christianity started in the Roman Empire
and spread to other places. My teacher said that the ___________ of Jesus
were missionaries. So, after Jesus was executed, they went to different
countries and spread this new religion.
A famous early Christian was a man named Paul of Tarsus. He was a Jew who ___________ to
Christianity and then became the leader of the church. He wrote letters to Christians to tell them
how they should act and how they should ___________ their places of worship. Those letters are
now part of the Christian Bible.
The life of the early Christians in Rome was not easy. Romans believed in many gods and religions,
and some emperors were even worshiped as gods. The Christians refused to worship the emperors,
so they were ___________ by them. They were seen as ___________ to Rome for hundreds of
years. However, Christianity still spread quickly for a number of reasons. One reason was that the
religion said everyone was equal and there was no difference between the rich and the poor.
Most of the people of Judea did not become Christians and remained Jewish. They too had
trouble living in the Roman Empire. In 66 AD, they started a rebellion against the Romans. The
Roman army marched into Judea and attacked the city of Jerusalem. The temple of the Jews was
destroyed. In the 100s AD, the Romans even forced the Jews to leave Judea. They lived in many
different parts of the world after that. Even though early Christians and Jews suffered in the
Roman Empire, both religions are still practiced today all over the world.
27
LESSON 2 Disciples and Missionaries
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
1. He
2. They
3. They
Critical Thinking
1. What did the disciples of Jesus do?
2. Why was Paul of Tarsus important for the early Christian church?
3. Why do you think Roman leaders were not able to stop Christianity from spreading?
4. Why were the Christians seen as traitors by Roman emperors?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about Christianity?

2. What religions are there in your community?
28 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
A Fill in the blank with the correct word. Words from Unit 2
1. He was a because he betrayed his country.

provinces
2. My dream last night was like a . I remember it clearly.
tolerate
3. Christians were in the past because of their religion. disciples
4. A flag is a of a country. execute
5. Some people to a different religion or belief. traitor
6. Famous teachers usually have loyal . persecuted
7. I can’t your behavior. Please stop it. vision
8. My desk is so messy. I need to it. symbol
9. I come from a big country that has lots of . convert

organize
10. Do you think we should bad criminals?
B Write true (T) or false (F). Words from Unit 1
1. You can support poor people by giving donations.

2. Usually an unimportant person gets assassinated.
3. We can prevent earthquakes by working hard.
4. The leader of a country is called the dictator.
5. If a sports team is called unchallenged, it is a very weak team.
6. Any student can be elected as a student president.
7. The Roman Empire stretched from Spain to the Middle East.
8. The reign of a king or queen lasts forever.
9. Your nephew is the daughter of your uncle.
10. Getting revenge on someone means giving someone a gift.
29
Unit
3 The Fall of the Roman Empire
Lesson 1 Barbarian Invasion CD Track 5
Lesson 2 Nomadic Peoples CD Track 6
Make Connections
Why do people move from one country to another?
Timeline
380 AD 570
Christianity becomes the official Mohammad
religion of the Roman Empire. is born.
300 AD 400 AD 500 AD 600 AD
285 AD 395 AD 451 AD 476 AD

Diocletian gives the Roman The Roman Empire is The Romans ally with the Germanic The Western Roman
Empire two emperors. divided into East and West. barbarians to fight against Attila the Hun. Empire ends.
30 Middle Ages
advanced ally barbarian barren border

herd migrate sack terrifying valuable
1 worth a lot of money
2 being far ahead in progress or development
3 a large group of one kind of animal
4 very scary
5 to invade and steal valuable things
6 to move from one country or place to another
7 not being able to grow crops and fruit
8 a line separating two countries
9 an uncivilized or wild person
10 to unite for a common goal; to become friends
AD AD AD AD
31
LESSON 1 Barbarian Invasion
Barbarian Invasions
The time of Roman Peace, or Pax Romana, ended
in 180 AD. For the next century, rebellions broke
out across the Roman Empire. Barbarians were
attacking Rome’s borders. The Roman emperors
fought against the rebels and barbarians, but
Emperor Diocletian helped
the Roman Empire last for they were unsuccessful. Rome could no longer
a long time. He decided to
give Rome two emperors.
Sometimes, there were even
control its huge empire. In 285 AD, Emperor
more than two emperors ruling
at the same time. Diocletian decided that it needed two leaders
instead of one. Soon, the empire was divided
into East and West, and each was ruled by an
emperor. In 395, East and West were officially
divided, and they became different countries.
In the late 300s, Germanic tribes began to invade

The Huns came from Asia. They
were skillful warriors who used
the Western Roman Empire. These tribes were
a bow and arrow. Attila’s Huns
helped bring an end to the called the Goths, Vandals and Franks. The Romans
Roman Empire in the 400s.
thought they were barbarians because they were
not skilled farmers and they did not live in cities.
They migrated into the Roman Empire because
their homelands were conquered by a people
from central Asia, called the Huns.
Huge numbers of Germanic

people escaped from their
homeland and entered Roman
lands. They crossed the Rhine
and Danube rivers, hoping
to escape from the Huns.
Germanic tribes later attacked
Rome and other cities.
32 Middle Ages
Attila the Hun

The Huns were the most terrifying tribe to invade Europe. They were brave horsemen
from the plains north of China. In the 400s, they migrated to Europe. A leader named
Attila ruled the tribe from 434 to 453.
Attila had conquered many weaker barbarian tribes, so his army had grown very big. It
moved through Roman territory, sacking the cities and taking slaves. Finally the Romans
did something very surprising. They allied with Germanic barbarian tribes to fight Attila.
In 451, they fought a great battle at Chalons in Gaul. Thousands of men were killed in the
day-long battle, but Attila was finally stopped. He left Roman lands and went back to his
homeland, where he died two years later.
33
LESSON 1 Barbarian Invasions
The Dark Ages

The Western Roman Empire became very weak
after its battle against the Huns. It only lasted
a short time longer. In 476, a Germanic chief
The Western Roman Empire
ended in 476 when a Germanic named Odoacer forced the last emperor of Rome
general named Odoacer took
over Rome. He forced the last
emperor to leave the city. This to leave the city. It was the start of the Dark Ages.
event started the Dark Ages in
Europe For hundreds of years, Western Europe became
a much poorer place than during Roman times.
The people were now ruled by Germanic kings.
The Eastern Roman Empire, however, survived

for another thousand years. It became known
as the Byzantine Empire. Its capital city of
Constantinople had very strong walls, so no
barbarian army could conquer it. The people
spoke Greek, and they kept the texts of ancient
Attila was a fearless warrior.
The Romans gave him tribute
to keep peace. When Attila
Greece and Rome. Unlike the people in Western
invaded the Western Roman
Empire, the Romans and Europe, they continued to have an advanced
Germanic barbarians defeated
him in a two day battle at culture. The Byzantine Empire was the strongest
Chalons.
state in the Middle East until the 600s. That was
when a new empire was expanding from the
desert of Arabia.
Constantinople became the

new capital city of the Eastern
Roman Empire in the 300s.
The city was close to Greece
and the people there were
influenced by Greek culture.
34 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. Why did Diocletian believe Rome needed two emperors?

a) The land was too large for one man to rule.
b) The barbarians wanted two emperors to rule Rome.
c) He had a son who wanted to be emperor.
2. Why did Germanic people migrate to the Roman Empire?

a) They were ruled by a king named Attila.
b) They wanted to be Roman citizens.
c) They were running away from the Huns.
3. Which statement is NOT true about the Huns?

a) The Huns were a tribe of barbarians from Germany.
b) They were led by a king called Attila.
c) The Huns were not able to conquer Rome.
4. Why was the Eastern Roman Empire safe from the barbarians?
a) The people had an advanced society.
b) Their capital city had strong walls.
c) They allied with Attila.
The Huns were defeated at Chalons.

Emperor Diocletian decided that two emperors should rule Rome.
Germanic tribes invaded the Roman Empire.
Odoacer ended the Western Roman Empire.
Attila became the king of the Huns.
35
The Pax Romana was a long period of peace.

Diocletian wanted only one man to rule Rome.
A king named Attila led the Vandal tribe.
The Western Roman Empire ended in 180 AD when barbarians attacked Rome.
The Eastern Roman Empire did not have an advanced society.
Facts to Remember
Complete the graphic organizer by checking the correct place.
The Roman Empire

(In 395, the empire was divided into two countries.)
The Eastern The Western

Roman Empire Roman Empire
1 It was invaded by Germanic tribes in the late 300s.

2 It was known as the Byzantine Empire.
3 It was invaded by the Huns from central Asia in the 400s.
4 It became weak and collapsed in 476.
5 Its capital city was Constantinople.
6 It allied with Germanic tribes to fight the Huns.
7 No barbarian army could conquer it.
8 It continued to have an advanced society.
9 The Dark Ages began after this empire ended.
10 It was the strongest power until the 600s.
36 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 Nomadic Peoples
“Attila’s guests ate meals on silver and golden plates. The king himself
only used a wooden plate.” - Priscus, a Roman writer
barren herds migrated sacking valuable
In history class, we have been learning a lot about many great civilizations and
their people. My teacher told us that in the 300s and 400s AD, a different kind
of people moved into Europe. They were nomads who moved around from place
to place with their ___________ of animals. They looked for grass for their
Attila the Hun animals to eat. They often attacked cities and stole ___________ things that
(406 ~ 453)
they did not have in their own land.
The nomads who moved into Europe were called the Huns. They came from the plains north of
China. My teacher said that their land was ___________, so it was not good for farming. It
was also very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter. Maybe that is why the Huns became
nomads. In ancient times, they attacked China many times. In 141 BC, the Huns tried to attack
the Han Dynasty of China. However, they were unsuccessful and were chased away from their
homeland. My teacher told me that they ___________ to Europe in the late 300s and lived in a
place that is now Hungary.
The Huns fought with many Germanic tribes in Europe. Even though the Germanic tribes were
powerful, they were no match for the Huns. The Huns were feared and many people moved into
the Roman Empire to escape from them. These barbarian tribes began ___________ Roman
cities. The Western Roman Empire became weak and collapsed. The Dark Ages began after the
fall of the Roman Empire. I was quite surprised with what I learned today. The Huns helped to
destroy a very powerful empire, which had lasted for hundreds of years.
37
LESSON 2 Nomadic Peoples
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
1. They
2. they
3. them
Critical Thinking
1. What was the land of the Huns like?
2. What happened to Europe because of the Huns?
3. Why do you think the time after the fall of the Western Roman Empire is called the
Dark Ages?
4. Do you think that the nomads enjoyed their way of life?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the fall of Rome?

2. Why do people move from one country to another?
38 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
1. My uncle has a of cows on his farm.

border
2. Other movies aren’t too scary, but this one is .
barbarians
3. The Europeans called the Huns because they were wild.
migrate
4. Nothing grows here because the land is .
sacked
5. civilizations have writing and reading.
terrifying
6. If you follow this road, you will cross the into Canada. barren
7. Many young people from the countryside to the city for advanced
work.
herd
8. A thief broke into my house. He completely my room.
valuable
9. These are very coins. They are 500 years old. allied
10. The two countries with each other to fight their enemies.
B Write T (true) or F (false). Words from Units 1 and 2
1. All criminals are executed.

2. It is not right to persecute others.
3. Missionaries try to convert people to their religion.
4. We can elect a leader by voting.
5. A war can be prevented if people choose to talk instead of fighting.
6. A disciple is a believer and follower of a religion.
7. A symbol of spring is a heavy snowfall.
8. A person’s nephew is always a girl.
9. Some countries are divided into provinces.
10. A dictator is a person with no power in a government.
39
Unit
4 An Empire of Faith
Lesson 1 Islam CD Track 7
Lesson 2 The Determined Muslims CD Track 8
Make Connections
Why do you think some religions are persecuted by others?
Timeline
570 622
Mohammad Hijra - Mohammad and his
is born. followers flee to Medina.
450 AD 550 600 650 700 750
476 AD 630 632 750

The Western Roman Mohammad Mohammad dies. The Abbasid
Empire ends. conquers Mecca. Dynasty starts.
40 Middle Ages
command (n) determined enthusiastic flee peninsula

practice represent route submit unstoppable
1 an order; a rule made by a leader
2 to give in to power; to surrender
3 to serve the role of someone else
4 a way or road
5 having a firm belief about what you want
6 having a lot of interest and excitement
7 a piece of land surrounded by water on

three sides
8 impossible to stop
9 to run away from danger
10 to follow a religion or idea
41
LESSON 1 Islam
Mohammad of Mecca
Arabia, also called the Arabian Peninsula, is an
area of deserts surrounded by Europe, Africa and
India. It’s an important place because many trade
In the deserts of the Arabian
Peninsula, camels are very routes pass through it. The Arab people lived
important for transportation
because they do not need there for centuries. Most of them were nomads
very much water to live.
who had herds of sheep and goats, but there
were also some wealthy traders. 1500 years ago,
two trading cities grew quickly on the Arabian
Peninsula. One was called Mecca and the other
was called Medina.
In about 570, a boy named Mohammad was

born in Mecca. Like many people of that city, he
became a successful trader. Traveling in caravans
Mohammad was meditating
by himself when he first had a
vision of the angel, Gabriel.
through the Middle East, he got to know about
the religions of the Christians and Jews. When
he was 40, he had a vision in which the angel,
Gabriel, spoke to him. The angel told Mohammad
that he was the prophet of Allah. Allah means
“God” in Arabic. Mohammad was told by the
angel to spread this message to the people of
Mecca is the holy city of Islam.
It is where Mohammad met his Mecca.
first disciples. Nowadays, all
Muslims try to visit Mecca at
least once in their lifetime. This
is known as a pilgrimage.
The Prophet of Islam
At first, Mohammad was scared of telling other
42 Middle Ages
people about his vision. However, his wife encouraged him to share the message. It was the
start of a religion called Islam. Over the years, he gained followers who were called Muslims.
Muslim means “one who submits to Allah.” As the number of Muslims grew, the leaders
of Mecca began to fear them. Mohammad and his followers were persecuted. In 622, they
were forced to flee from Mecca to the city of Medina. That event is known as the Hijrah.
In Medina, the number of Muslims grew even more. Mohammad returned to the city of
Mecca with his followers and conquered it in 630. His army was small, but the men were
very enthusiastic. After Mohammed’s conquest, most people of Mecca became Muslims.
Mohammad made Mecca the holy city of the new religion, Islam. Today, millions of Muslims
around the world visit Mecca on pilgrimage. A pilgrimage is a visit to a holy place.
43
LESSON 1 Islam
The Islamic Empire

Mohammad died in 632, but his messages were
recorded in a book called the Koran, so that
Muslims could remember his commands. The
In 622, Mohammad and his
disciples had to flee from Muslim leaders selected a new leader called the
Mecca to Medina. This event is
called the Hijrah. caliph (ka-leef ). The caliph was like a king of all
Muslims. The first four caliphs led Muslims to
conquer new lands and spread Islam. They also
built beautiful Muslim temples called mosques.
The Islamic Empire grew quickly and conquered

land to the east and west. Only ten years after
Islam means “submission.” The Mohammad’s death, Muslims had conquered
first Muslims were Arabs. Later,
the Arabs converted other Syria, Egypt and Palestine. They conquered big
groups of people to Islam.
parts of the Byzantine Empire and the coast of
Africa. The spread of Islam was unstoppable.
The Koran is the holy book of

Islam. It is mostly a record of
things that Mohammad said to
his followers.
44 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. Mohammad met many Jews and Christians because .

a) he was a sailor who visited other lands
b) he was a trader who travelled in caravans
c) he was a Christian himself
2. Why did Mohammad and his followers flee to Medina?

a) The angel told them to go there.
b) They were persecuted in Mecca.
c) They wanted to be traders in Medina.
3. Why were Mohammad’s commands never forgotten?

a) They were written down in a book called the Koran.
b) They were spread by word of mouth.
c) They were written on the walls of everyone’s house.
4. Who was a caliph?

a) A Christian king on the Arabian Peninsula
b) A leader of the Muslims after Mohammad’s death
c) A writer who wrote the Koran
Mohammad saw the angel Gabriel, in a vision.

Mohammad’s followers moved to Medina.
Muslims conquered Syria, Egypt and Palestine.
Mohammad died in 632.
Mohammad’s wife encouraged him to share the message of Islam.
45
Mohammad was born in Medina.

Mohammad’s followers fled to the Byzantine Empire.
The leaders of Muslims were called Korans.
The city of Mecca was conquered by Mohammad.
Mohammad made Mecca the holy city of Islam.
Facts to Remember
1 1. The founder of Islam is

___________________.
3
4
2. The followers are called
___________________.
2 3. The ________ is a leader
of Muslim leaders.
4. Islam’s religious
5
book is called the
________________.
5. The temple of Islam is
6
called a _______________.
6. __________ means “one
god” in Arabic.
7
7. Islam’s holy city is
________________.
46 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 The Determined Muslims
“Oh Believers! When you meet an army, be firm, and think of Allah’s
name much. Then you will win.” - Mohammad (570 ~ 632)
commands determined peninsula practiced represented
Today at the start of the class, my teacher showed us a map of the world. On
the map, he drew trade routes called the Silk Road across Asia. They connected
Asia with Europe. He told us that during the 500s, it was dangerous for traders
to travel on the Silk Road. This was because the Byzantine Empire and the
A caliph
Persian Empire were at war. So, caravan traders went through the Arabian
______________ to find a safer route. Arabian cities became wealthy centers for trade.
By the 600s, Christianity was ______________ in Europe and North Africa. Hinduism was the
religion in India, and Jewish people practiced Judaism in Mesopotamia. On the Arabian Peninsula,
a wealthy caravan trader named Mohammad started a new religion called Islam. He conquered the
whole Arabian Peninsula with a small army. His army was made up of his followers called Muslims.
After the conquest, many Arabs became Muslims. My teacher said this is how Islam started to
spread all over the Arabian Peninsula.
After Mohammad died, a new religious leader was elected, called the caliph. The caliphs
______________ Mohammed. It was their job to carry out his ______________. Furthermore,
they wanted their Islamic Empire to grow. They were able to conquer the Persian Empire. It had
become weak after a long war with the Byzantine Empire. After conquering the Persian Empire,
Muslims were ______________ to expand their empire further. They even thought about
conquering the whole world.
I‛ve been wondering how Islam spread so quickly throughout the world. Now, I understand that it
was by conquering a lot of land that Islam spread faster than any other religion that came before it.
47
LESSON 2 The Determined Muslims
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
1. They
2. He
3. They
Critical Thinking
A Answer the following questions.
1. How did Arabian cities become wealthy centers of trade?
2. What other religions were practiced when Islam started?
3. Who were the caliphs? What was their job?
4. Why did Islam spread faster than any religion before it?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the Arab world?

2. Why do you think some religions are persecuted by others?
48 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
1. The students are very to learn English.

route
2. Joanna was about her birthday party.
peninsula
3. Jacob and I will our class at the school meeting.
submitted
4. In my country, people different religions.
flee
5. The king was so powerful that everyone to him.
enthusiastic
6. That soccer player is so fast that he is . commands
7. The king wants to to another country because he lost unstoppable
the war.
practice
8. Italy is a . It is surrounded by water on three sides.
determined
9. I always take the same to school. represent
10. The sailors followed the captain’s .
B Write T (true) or F (false). Words from Unit 1 ~ Unit 3
1. An advanced civilization is called a barbarian civilization.

2. People should not tolerate other religious groups.
3. If two countries ally with each other, they are weak.
4. A shepherd takes care of a herd of sheep.
5. In a barren land, people can grow lots of fruit.
6. A traitor is someone who helps his country become stronger.
7. Barbarians usually have an advanced society.
8. Parents usually support their children until they become adults.
9. Borders are lines that separate countries.
10. The Roman Empire was unchallenged for a long time.
49
Unit
5 The Islamic Golden Age
Lesson 1 The Civilization of Baghdad CD Track 9
Lesson 2 Islamic Culture CD Track 10
Make Connections
What are the characteristics of a great civilization?
Timeline
732 800
The Muslims are defeated by the Charlemagne is crowned
French at the Battle of Tours. emperor of the Romans.
600 700 750 800
570 712 750 762

Mohammad is born. Muslims conquer Spain and The Abbasid Baghdad becomes the capital
rule it for hundreds of years. Dynasty starts. city of the Islamic Empire.
50 Middle Ages
adopt contribute discover dominant expand

numeral protection significant settlement translate
1 to give; to share something
2 to find something for the first time
3 to become bigger; to spread further
4 to start to use something; to copy an idea
5 guard; defense
6 to change from one language to another

language
7 very powerful; strong and controlling
8 a place where people start a community
9 a symbol that represents a number
10 great or important; worthy of attention
51
LESSON 1 The Civilization of Baghdad
The Conquest of West and East
Muslims expanded their new empire through
conquest. In the early 700s, a Muslim army
moved west into Spain and conquered it. For
hundreds of years, Muslims ruled Spain. They
Baghdad became the capital
city of the Islamic Empire. The
built great cities and mosques. They tried to
city was said to be very be
large and beautiful. It even conquer France too, but a French general named
had streetlights.
Charles Martel defeated them at the Battle of
Tours in 732. This prevented the Islamic Empire
from expanding further into Europe.
The Muslim armies also moved east of Arabia.

They conquered Persia and parts of India.
They even fought against the Chinese for
control of central Asia. The Muslim armies were
unstoppable for a long time. Once a place was
Muslim horsemen traveled
quickly and fought with conquered, most of the people in that place
determination. In less than a
hundred years, they conquered
an empire from Spain to central
became Muslims.
Asia.
The Golden Age

In 750, a new caliph named As-Saffah took over
the Islamic Empire. He started the Abbasid
Dynasty which lasted for hundreds of years.
Before the Abbasid Dynasty, the Arab Muslims
The Muslims built mosques in
the lands they conquered. This were dominant over everyone in the lands they
mosque was built in Iraq in the
800s. conquered. Non-Arab Muslims were treated as
52 Middle Ages
second class citizens. However, that changed during the Abbasid Dynasty. Persian culture
became significant and influenced the Islamic Empire. The capital city was changed from
Damascus to Baghdad, which is close to Persia.
The years from 750 to 950 were a golden age for the Islamic Empire. The people of the
Islamic Empire accepted the cultures and inventions of other countries. They started
adopting new ideas. They copied numerals from India. They learned how to make paper
from the Chinese. They produced thousands of books. The Arabs translated many books
from Persian and Greek into Arabic. Great schools were started in Baghdad and Spain.
There, people studied science, architecture and medicine.
53
LESSON 1 The Civilization of Baghdad
The Vikings
In 922, a writer named Ibn Falad was sent from
Baghdad on a mission. His mission was to meet
the Vikings on the Volga River and start trade
The Vikings were pirates and
traders from Scandinavia. with them. They came from Scandinavia in the
They sailed down the rivers of
Europe in their long ships and north of Europe. They travelled down the river to
they traded with the Abbasid
Dynasty.
trade with the wealthy Islamic Empire.
The Vikings built many settlements along the

long rivers like the Volga and Dnieper. These
rivers helped them travel between Scandinavia
and Arabia. The Viking settlements became cities,
and they joined together to become the country
of Russia in the 900s. The Vikings and Arabs both
One of the greatest caliphs of thought that Western Europe was weak and
the Abbasid Dynasty was Harun
al-Rashid. During his time, poor. They both often invaded places like Italy
Islamic art and science became
very advanced. and France in the 800s and 900s. The people of
Western Europe were terrified of these invaders,
so they built the first castles for protection.
The time known as the Golden

Age of Islamic civilization saw
many Arabic scientists and
inventors. Scholars in Baghdad
translated ancient books into
Arabic.
54 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. During the Golden Age of the Islamic Empire, Baghdad .

a) became a large and important city
b) was conquered by the Persians
c) was often invaded by the Vikings
2. Which statement is NOT true about the Abbasid Dynasty?

a) They used numerals which came from India.
b) They made schools and translated many books into Arabic.
c) They made the country of Russia.
3. What did NOT happen during the Golden Age of Islam?

a) The Arabs and the Vikings traded with each other.
b) People learned science and medicine at great schools.
c) France was conquered by the Muslims.
4. What happened to the Viking cities?

a) They fought with the Islamic Empire.
b) They joined together and became Russia.
c) They built castles to protect themselves.
Ibn Falad met the Vikings and started trade with them.
The Islamic Golden Age ended.
Baghdad became the capital city of the Abbasid dynasty.
As-Saffah took over the Islamic Empire.
Charles Martel defeated a Muslim army at the Battle of Tours.
55
The Muslims never met with the Chinese.

Persian culture became important to Muslims.
The Islamic conquest of Europe was stopped at the Battle of Tours.
The number of Muslims grew as they conquered many lands.
The new capital city of the Abbasid Dynasty was Damascus.
Facts to Remember
The Islamic Empire
• It conquered and ruled for hundreds of years.

The • It tried to conquer , but failed.
Conquest • It also conquered Persia and parts of .
• It fought against the for control of central Asia.
• It was a period from 750 to .

• In 750, the Dynasty took over the empire.
• It made the new capital city.
The • They copied from India.
Golden Age • They learned to make from the Chinese.
• Many books were translated into .
• Many great schools were built in and Spain.
• They traded with the from Scandinavia.
56 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 Islamic Culture
“To get knowledge, you must study the causes and beginnings of things.”
- Avicenna (980 ~ 1037)
discovered contributed translated expanded adopted
In history class today, we learned about Islamic civilization. My teacher told us
that during the 600s, the Islamic Empire ____________ very quickly into Egypt
and the land around the Mediterranean Sea. Muslims conquered land that had
been influenced by the Greeks for many centuries. At first, they ruled without
caring for other cultures. However, during the Abbasid Dynasty, Muslims started to tolerate
foreign customs and ideas. During the 700s and 800s in the schools and libraries of Baghdad,
books of the ancient Greek philosophers and scientists were ______________ into Arabic.
Muslim scholars _____________ the learning of ancient civilizations. They especially liked the
writings of Plato and Aristotle. However, Muslims also _____________ many new ideas to the
world. One great Muslim thinker was named Avicenna. He was a doctor who wrote books about
medicine. He _____________ many new ways to treat sickness. Another important Muslim
scholar was named Averroes (A-ver-oh-ees). He wrote books that explained Aristotle‛s difficult
ideas to ordinary people. During the Dark Ages, Europe had forgotten about ancient philosophy,
but Europeans learned about it again by reading the books of Averroes. This supports what my
teacher said, that the Dark Ages were not a dark time for every country in the world. In the
Islamic Empire, they were a time of learning and science.
Islamic civilization was much more advanced than its neighbors for hundreds of years. An old
book called the Thousand and One Nights tells wonderful stories about the time when Baghdad
was a city of light and learning.
57
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
1. They
2. He
3. they
Critical Thinking
1. How did the Muslims discover the books of ancient Greece?
2. What did Avicenna do?
3. How did Europeans learn about Aristotle again?
4. Why were the Dark Ages not dark for the Islamic world?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the Islamic Empire?

2. What are the characteristics of a great civilization?
58 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
1. Jim wants to some money to help the poor.

expand
2. There is a small on the island. Not many people live there.
dominant
3. One of these days, scientists might a planet just like Earth.
significant
4. Can you this book from English to Chinese?
adopted
5. The English language many words from other languages.
numerals
6. The new medicine brought a change to people’s health. translate
7. We need from natural disasters. settlement
8. 0, 1, and 2, are not letters. They are . protection
9. Most people speak French here. It’s the language. discover
10. This shopping mall will next year. They plan to build contribute
another building.
B Write T (true) or F (false). Words from Units 2 ~ 4
1. No countries allow different religions to be practiced.

2. In ancient times, cities were sometimes sacked by invaders.
3. Some visions are so powerful that they can change people’s lives.
4. The early Muslims were commanded by a caliph.
5. A peninsula has no access to the sea.
6. People who are very organized are often late for class.
7. It is courageous to flee from a fight.
8. Nowadays, nobody wants to migrate from one country to another.
9. People are usually enthusiastic about visiting the dentist.
10. If students are determined, they will work harder.
59
Unit
6 The Early Middle Ages
Lesson 1 Western Europe and Feudalism CD Track 11
Lesson 2 The Sword and the Cross CD Track 12
Make Connections
Do you think feudalism was fair for all groups in society?
Timeline
843 1096
Charlemagne’s three grandsons The First Crusade
divide his empire. begins.
750 800 850 900 1050 1100
750 800 885 1077

The Abbasid Charlemagne is crowned The Vikings Emperor Henry IV of Germany (the Roman
Dynasty starts. emperor of the Romans. sack Paris. Empire) submits to Pope Gregory VII.
60 Middle Ages
absolute appoint authority banish crown

develop innovative legacy relationship territory
1 new and original

2 something left by someone who died
3 the connection between people
4 total; complete; having no limits
5 to make a king by placing a crown on
someone’s head
6 an area of land controlled by a ruler or
country
7 to choose someone for a job or position
8 the power to tell other people what to do
9 to force someone to leave a country or
community as a punishment
10 to grow and become more advanced
61
LESSON 1 Western Europe and Feudalism
Feudalism
Western Europe was a dangerous place to live in
the 800s and 900s. The Vikings attacked from the
north, and Muslims controlled the Mediterranean
Knights were the warriors of Sea. During this time, kings gave land to wealthy
Europe in the Middle Ages.
They trained to fight on
horseback with a shield and a
people called nobles. The nobles were loyal to
long spear, called a lance.
kings, and they had knights to protect them.
The knights defended the land of nobles as well
as the peasant farmers. In return, the peasants
had to work on the land of the nobles. This
relationship between kings, nobles, knights and
peasants is called Feudalism.
Castles were the houses of lords

during the Middle Ages. During
In the year 800, the most powerful king in
times of war, peasants could
go inside the castle walls for Western Europe was Charlemagne. He ruled a
protection.
huge territory. He protected the pope, so the
pope crowned him as the new “emperor of
the Romans.” People were happy because they
believed Charlemagne could bring back the
peaceful times of the Roman Empire. However,
Charlemagne died in 814, and his grandsons
fought for control of his land. In 843, his empire
was divided into three territories. These territories
later became France, Germany and Italy.
Charlemagne was the ruler of
much of Europe in the 800s.
European kings wore expensive
crowns as symbols of their
power.
62 Middle Ages
Kings and Popes

Europe could not go back to the time of the Roman Empire because there were many
kingdoms with different languages and cultures. Instead of one emperor, there were
many kings. Strangely, kings of Germany called themselves “Roman Emperors.” However,
they did not have the authority or power of an emperor. Most of them were actually
very weak.
Although Europeans did not live in one state, they were united by their religion,
Christianity. The pope was seen as the true leader of all Christians. Popes lived in Rome
63
LESSON 1 Western Europe and Feudalism
and were very wealthy and powerful. The Church

and ordinary people all listened to what the pope
said. If a king did not listen to the pope, he could
be banished from the Christian community.
Kings were very afraid of being cut off from the
Church because it was so powerful.
During the Middle Ages, the

popes had a lot of authority. A
A Strange War
skillful pope could even control
all the kings of Europe. Popes
were often busy trying to stop In 1075, Pope Gregory VII had a problem with
wars between these kings.
Emperor Henry IV who ruled over Germany
and Italy. The emperor was appointing church
leaders, and the pope did not like it. When the
emperor refused to listen, the pope banished
him. The pope even told people that Henry was
Henry IV was a powerful

no longer the emperor.
emperor, but he submitted
to the pope at the Castle of
Canossa. For three days, Henry
asked for the pope to forgive In 1077, Henry IV went to meet the pope at a
him. This was a great victory for
the Church. place called Canossa. In the winter snow, Henry
stood in his bare feet and begged the pope to
forgive him. After three days, the pope came
outside and forgave him. This shows that even
though popes had no large army, their powers
were sometimes absolute. In 1095, another
pope, Urban II, commanded all Christians to fight
Most people in Europe were
peasants. They did difficult against Muslims. That was the start of wars that
farm work. They also had to
pay their lords for protection.
lasted for 200 years.
64 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. Feudalism is the relationship .

a) between the kings of Europe in the Middle Ages
b) between churches throughout Europe in the Middle Ages
c) between kings, knights and peasants in the Middle Ages
2. Which statement is NOT true about Charlemagne?

a) He was the most powerful king in Europe by the 800s.
b) He was crowned as the emperor of the Romans.
c) He brought back the peaceful times of the Roman Empire.
3. What was the Church in Europe like in the early Middle Ages?
a) It was small and powerless.
b) Popes often had more power than kings and emperors.
c) The pope was also the emperor.
4. Why was Henry IV banished from the Church?

a) He wanted to become the pope.
b) He wanted to appoint church leaders.
c) He started a war against Muslims.
Charlemagne’s grandsons divided his empire into three territories.

Charlemagne was crowned as the Roman Emperor.
Emperor Henry IV apologized to Pope Gregory VII at Canossa.
Emperor Henry IV was banished from the Church.
Pope Urban II started a war against Muslims.
65
Charlemagne was not loyal to the pope.

There was peace in Western Europe in the 800s and 900s.
German kings were called emperor after Charlemagne.
Popes had large armies to protect themselves.
Emperor Henry IV was afraid of the pope’s power.
Facts to Remember
Write the letters (ⓐ~ⓖ) in the correct place in the chart.
Feudalism
Kings Nobles Knights Peasants
ⓐ They defended the land of the nobles from the invaders.

ⓑ They were leaders but often less powerful than popes.
ⓒ They were rich and given land by the kings.
ⓓ They were usually poor farmers.
ⓔ They were loyal to the kings.
ⓕ They did not have the authority or power of an emperor.
ⓖ They worked on the land of nobles.
66 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 The Sword and the Cross
“Charlemagne was crowned as emperor by the pope. At first,
he did not want this.” - Einhard, official of Charlemagne
absolute crowned developed innovative legacy
Today in class, we learned about Charlemagne. He was the king of the Franks, and
his ancestors were some of the barbarians that invaded the Roman Empire. My
teacher told me that after the fall of Rome, there were many kingdoms in Western
Europe, but there were no strong leaders for many centuries. Charlemagne was
Charlemagne
seen as the first great king since the time of the Roman Emperors.
(742 ~ 814)
Charlemagne ruled a kingdom that stretched from Spain all the way to Eastern Europe. He sent
his soldiers to Rome in 800 to help the pope, who was being attacked by the citizens of Rome. The
pope was very thankful, so he __________ Charlemagne as the new emperor of Rome. I think
it is funny that Charlemagne was crowned as emperor, even though his ancestors had actually
destroyed the Roman Empire.
Charlemagne is sometimes called the father of modern Europe. In his lifetime, people hoped that
he could bring back the glory of the Roman Empire. After he died, his kingdom __________ into
the countries of modern Europe, like France, Germany, Belgium and Switzerland.
Even though nobody could bring back the Roman Empire, its __________ continued in the Middle
Ages. Today, the influence of Rome can be seen in many areas. For example, European languages all
use words which come from Latin, the language of the Romans. In English, words like government,
territory and animal are all Latin. The Romans first introduced the republic system of government.
This was an __________ system in Roman times, because it prevented one man from having
__________ power.
67
LESSON 2 The Sword and the Cross
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
What do the three numbered words in the passage refer to?
1. he
2. he
3. its
Critical Thinking
1. Who were Charlemagne’s ancestors?
2. Why did the pope crown Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans?
3. How does the Roman Empire still influence the modern world?
4. Why is Charlemagne sometimes called the father of modern Europe?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the people of Europe during the early Middle Ages?
2. Do you think feudalism was fair for all groups in society?
68 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
1. The new king was . Everyone was happy.

relationship
2. The president will John Smith as the next mayor.
territory
3. His was his many children and grandchildren.
crowned
4. This computer is really . It is very different from the old
model. authority
banished
5. Some popes had power.
appoint
6. The police have the to arrest criminals.
absolute
7. The king was from his kingdom.
develop
8. The king ruled a large . There were many people living in it.
legacy
9. People will continue to Internet technology. innovative
10. I have a good with my parents.
B Write T (true) or F (false). Words from Units 3 to 5
1. Weak countries usually expand their territories.

2. A president represents his or her country.
3. China adopted its writing system from the Arabs.
4. A unicorn is a terrifying creature.
5. An idea gets better when many people contribute their thoughts.
6. The Moon was discovered only 50 years ago.
7. Gold and silver are considered to be valuable metals.
8. A dominant person usually talks a lot.
9. If you want to get home fast, you should take the shortest route.
10. The numerals we use today, like 1 and 2, come from the Greeks.
69
Unit
7 Religious Conflict
Lesson 1 The Crusades CD Track 13
Lesson 2 Holy War CD Track 14
Make Connections
What are some reasons that wars start?
Timeline
1077 1206
Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Temujin is elected as the ruler of the
Empire submits to Pope Gregory VII. Mongols and becomes Genghis Khan.
1050 1100 1150 1200
1071 1096 1099 1193

The Turks attack the The First Crusade The Crusaders Saladin defeats Richard the Lionheart,
Byzantine Empire. begins. conquer Jerusalem. ending the Third Crusade.
70 Middle Ages
clash conflict exhausted failure furious

massive reclaim request respond sacred
1 to ask for something
2 a serious disagreement; a war
3 very tired
4 to say or do something in return; to answer
5 the lack of success; a defeat
6 extremely angry
7 very big
8 to fight; to battle
9 to take something back; to retake
10 holy
71
LESSON 1 The Crusades
The First Crusade
Jerusalem was sacred to Christians because it
was the city where Jesus was crucified. It was
Jerusalem is a holy city for sacred to Muslims too because it was the home
three major religions: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam. It was of many prophets before Mohammad. A conflict
thought to be the center of the
world in the Middle Ages. started between Christians and Muslims over
the control of Jerusalem. In 1095, Pope Urban II
requested that the Christians of Europe conquer
Jerusalem. The city was ruled by Muslims for
hundreds of years. These wars were called the
Crusades.
In 1095, Pope Urban II asked

the people of Europe to go and
capture Jerusalem. Thousands
Christians who volunteered to fight were called
of people volunteered to fight.
Even children went on the First crusaders. They came from all over Europe.
Crusade.
Together, old men, women and children marched
to the Holy Land, which is Palestine today. Many
of them were killed by Muslim Turks on the roads
through Anatolia. However, more crusaders
came. In 1099, the crusaders conquered
Jerusalem and killed almost all Muslims who
The crusaders built many lived there. The Europeans also conquered the
castles to defend their
conquests in the Holy Land. surrounding cities and ruled Palestine for almost
These castles were very
advanced for the time, and they
were not easily conquered by
100 years.
the Muslims.
72 Middle Ages
Unit 7 Religious Conflict
Saladin and Richard

Muslims were shocked that Christians had conquered all of Palestine. They wanted to
retake it, but they could not because they were often fighting each other. Finally, Muslims
were brought together by a skillful general named Saladin. He defeated the crusaders
and reclaimed Jerusalem in 1187.
The strongest kings of Europe wanted to defeat Saladin and regain control of Jerusalem.
Phillip II of France, Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire and Richard I of England
gathered massive armies. They marched to the Holy Land in 1190. This was the Third
73
LESSON 1 The Crusades
Crusade. However, Frederick died on the way to

Jerusalem, and his army went back home. Philip
got very sick and left the Holy Land soon after
he arrived. Only Richard and his English army
continued to fight Saladin. Richard was known
as the “Lionheart” because he was a courageous
Richard the Lionheart fought

warrior. However, Saladin was courageous too.
for years to take Jerusalem
from Saladin. However, the two For three years, the two kings clashed in many
enemies started to respect each
other. When Richard was sick, battles, but Saladin’s army defended Jerusalem.
Saladin even sent him ice water
and fruit. The Third Crusade was a failure for Christians.
The End of the Crusades

Richard and Saladin were both exhausted from
The charge of knights in heavy
armor won many battles for years of war. They made a peace treaty. Saladin
Richard the Lionheart. However,
Saladin was a determined
leader, and he was able to win allowed Christians to visit Jerusalem. Richard did
the war.
not like the treaty because he felt defeated. He
left for Europe without visiting the city.
The Crusades continued for another hundred

years but Christian armies were always defeated.
Muslims continued to hold Jerusalem. Saladin
died in 1193, and Muslims fought each other
The later Crusades did not go again. They did not know that a more dangerous
very well for the Christians. In
1250 the king of France was group of people was coming from the east. They
captured in Egypt. The French
paid a lot of silver to the
Egyptians to free him.
were the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan.
74 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. How did the Crusades start?

a) The pope asked Christians to conquer Jerusalem.
b) Muslims attacked the holy city of Jerusalem.
c) The Turks allied with Christians and invaded Jerusalem.
2. What did Saladin NOT do?

a) He fought against the Europeans kings, Philip, Fredrick and Richard.
b) He united Muslims and retook Jerusalem.
c) He gave Jerusalem to Christians.
3. How did Saladin and Richard finally make peace?

a) Saladin became a Christian.
b) Richard and Saladin became allies.
c) They made a peace treaty.
4. Which statement is NOT true about the Third Crusade?

a) The goal of the Third Crusade was to conquer Jerusalem.
b) Saladin stopped Richard from taking Jerusalem.
c) Richard the Lionheart visited Jerusalem after making peace with Saladin.
Saladin conquered Jerusalem in 1187.

Richard left Palestine without visiting Jerusalem.
Richard the Lionheart and Saladin fought for three years.
The Europeans controlled Jerusalem for almost 100 years.
Pope Urban II asked European Christians to conquer Jerusalem.
75
The Muslim leader who reclaimed Jerusalem was named Saladin.

Richard the Lionheart conquered Jerusalem.
Christians were successful in the Third Crusade.
Only men became crusaders.
Richard was not happy about the peace treaty with Saladin.
Facts to Remember
The Crusades
The wars between ____________ and ___________ over the control of Jerusalem.
The First Crusade:

1095 Pope Urban II asked Christians to conquer . After the
conquest, Christians ruled it for almost years.
The Muslim leader united all Muslims and reclaimed

1187
.
The Third Crusade:

Phillip II of France, Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire and
1190 of England marched into Jerusalem. After three years of fighting, Richard
made a with Saladin and returned to
England. continued to defend Jerusalem.
1193
The Crusades continued for about 100 .
~1291
1291 The Crusades ended when the Muslims conquered all of the Land.
76 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 Holy War
“Have no fear. It is not the custom of kings to kill kings”
- Saladin (1138 ~ 1193)
clashed furious requested responded sacred
Today in class, we learned about the Crusades. My teacher told us that they
started when a group of Turks moved into a place called Anatolia to the east of
the Byzantine Empire. For centuries, Christians passed through the area when
they visited Jerusalem. The city was a ____________ place for Christians
because it was where Jesus was crucified. The Turks were Muslims, and they sometimes attacked
Christians who were passing through Anatolia. Christians became ____________.
The Turks also ____________ with the Byzantine Empire. They conquered Byzantine territory,
and they were getting close to the capital city of Constantinople. The emperor was very worried,
and he ____________ help from Pope Urban II. The pope ____________ by asking all Christian
kingdoms to join together in a holy war called a Crusade. Soon, Christians from all around Europe
got ready for war.
The First Crusade was successful for Christians. They captured the city of Jerusalem. Over the
next 200 years, there were eight large Crusades fought in the Holy Land. The Crusades were the
longest religious wars that ever happened. Great numbers of Christians and Muslims were killed.
Many other people died too. My teacher said that the pope had less authority by the end of the
Crusades. European kings lost interest in the wars, and they started to refuse the requests of
the pope. Therefore, the kingdoms of Europe became more independent.
77
LESSON 2 Holy War
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
What do the three numbered words in the passage refer to?
1. they
2. he
3. they
Critical Thinking
1. Why was Jerusalem important to European Christians?
2. What happened to the countries of Europe after the Crusades?
3. Do you think that religious wars still happen today?
4. Do you think the Crusades had to happen?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the Crusades?

2. What are some reasons that wars start?
78 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
1. My dad was when he found out I lied to him.

request
2. The police the stolen TV.
sacred
3. Is it possible to a new desk? This one is broken.
conflict
4. The army was . It had thousands of soldiers.
reclaimed
5. My two little brothers sometimes over their favorite toys.
massive
6. After three days of final exams, I felt so . failure
7. My teacher solved the between the two students by clash
talking to them.
exhausted
8. This temple is a place for monks.
furious
9. Please to my email as soon as possible. respond
10. We can’t accept . We must win this game.
1. If students fail one test, they are banished from school forever.
2. Having absolute power is not common nowadays.
3. Big cars give better protection to drivers than small cars.
4. If you want to be a school president you need to be crowned first.
5. Parents submit to their children.
6. You need to be appointed to become a citizen of a country.
7. The invention of television brought significant changes to people’s lives.
8. Having a lot of resources will help a country to develop.
9. A general has the authority to command his or her army.
10. Some diseases have no cure and are unstoppable.
79
Unit
8 The Mongol Empire
Lesson 1 Genghis Khan CD Track 15
Lesson 2 Horsemen from the East CD Track 16
Make Connections
What is most important thing for an empire to be successful?
Timeline
1206 1392
Temujin is elected as the ruler The Joseon Dynasty
of the Mongols and becomes starts in Korea.
Genghis Khan.
1100 1200 1300 1400
1193 1227 1279 1368

Saladin defeats Richard the Lionheart, Genghis Khan dies Kublai Khan conquers China China’s Yuan
ending the Third Crusade. in central Asia. and starts the Yuan Dynasty. Dynasty ends.
80 Middle Ages
ambitious annihilate archer continuous destiny

fade independence resident steppe succeed
1 a dry, flat grassland in eastern Europe or Asia
2 a person who shoots a bow and arrow
3 a state of being free of outside control
4 happening without stopping
5 to slowly become weak; to disappear
6 fate; the way things are meant to happen
7 to destroy completely
8 having a strong wish to be successful
9 to take over a kingdom or empire after the old

leader dies
10 a person who lives in a certain place
81
LESSON 1 Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
The Mongols were a group of nomads who lived
in the cold, dry steppes to the north of China.
For centuries, the Mongols moved around from
The Mongols lived a harsh life place to place with their herds of horses and
on the steppes. There were
many different tribes that
fought over herds of animals.
goats. They lived in tents called yurts, and their
Horses were the most important
animals to the Mongols. life was not easy.
A man named Temujin changed the life of the

nomads. He became the leader all Mongol tribes
after many brutal wars. In 1206, he was elected as
Genghis Khan, which means great king. Genghis
Khan made new laws for the Mongols. He also
told them that it was their destiny to conquer
the whole world. For the next 20 years, he and
All the Mongol leaders submitted his army fought continuous wars in central Asia
to Genghis Khan in 1206. He
believed his destiny was to against other wealthier countries.
conquer the whole world.
The Mongol World Empire

Many important cities along the Silk Road were
completely annihilated by Genghis Khan and
The Mongols were skillful archers
and horse riders because of
his army. The Mongols were so strong that their
their nomadic way of life. Mongol
horses could survive in very Muslim and Christian enemies thought that the
harsh environments.
Mongol leader was a punishment from God. The
Mongol army was made up of archers. They wore
simple armor and traveled on small, fast horses.
82 Middle Ages
Genghis Khan died in 1227 after conquering much of Asia. His sons and grandsons
succeeded him as khan, and the Mongols continued their conquests. They invaded the
Middle East and did a lot of damage. When the Mongols took Baghdad, a city of almost
a million people, they killed most of the residents of the city. They even killed the last
Abbasid caliph. In 1279, Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan, finished conquering
China. He started the Yuan Dynasty which ruled China for almost a hundred years.
83
LESSON 1 Genghis Khan
The End of the Empire

The Mongol Empire was the biggest that the
world ever saw. It had good roads and the
Mongols used horsemen to deliver messages
Kublai Khan wanted to conquer
Japan. He invaded it in 1274 from one part of the empire to the other. Still,
and 1281. Both times, storms
destroyed the Mongol ships. it was difficult for the khan to control such a
The Japanese believed the
gods had saved their country
by sending a Kamikaze (divine large empire. Mongol generals began to make
wind).
their own kingdoms. After Kublai Khan died, the
Mongol Empire fell apart.
Most Mongols kept their nomadic way of life, but

they were influenced by the civilizations they
met. The Mongol emperors were very interested
Kublai Khan was the grandson
of Genghis Khan. He was the in East Asian inventions and culture. However,
last successful Khan of the
Mongol Empire and conquered because the Mongol army killed many people,
China. The Mongol Empire
declined after he died. they were hated in China and other lands they
conquered. In 1368, the Chinese drove out the
Mongols and regained their independence. The
new Chinese emperor started the Ming Dynasty.
Korea got rid of the Mongols at the same time,
and began a new period in its history.
The capital city of the Mongol
Empire was Karakorum. All that
remains of the city now are a
few stones carved like turtles.
The citizens lived in tents
rather than stone buildings.
84 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. What is NOT true about the Mongols before Genghis Khan?

a) They had a one strong leader.
b) They raised horses and goats.
c) They moved around from place to place.
2. How did the Mongols treat the people they conquered?

a) They helped the people build large cities.
b) They killed many of them.
c) They lived together in peace.
3. How did the Mongol Empire collapse?

a) The Mongols armies were annihilated in a war against China.
b) The Mongols did not have any leaders after Genghis Khan died.
c) The Mongol Empire divided into many kingdoms.
4. Which statement is NOT true?

a) Genghis Khan started the Yuan Dynasty.
b) The Mongol Empire was the biggest empire of all time.
c) The Mongol Empire quickly ended after the death of Kublai Khan.
The Mongols annihilated the cities of central Asia.

Kublai Khan started the Yuan Dynasty in China.
Temujin became Genghis Khan.
Genghis Khan died.
The Chinese Ming Dynasty began.
85
Genghis Khan’s real name was Kublai.

Genghis Khan wanted to conquer the world.
The Mongol Empire lasted for 200 years.
Mongols started the Ming Dynasty.
The leader of the Mongol Empire was called the Khan.
Facts to Remember
The Mongol Empire

It was the world’s ____________ empire.
• He united all tribes in 1206.

• He thought it was their destiny to conquer the .
Genghis Khan
• He fought brutal wars for 20 years and conquered much of
.
• They invaded the and did a lot

Genghis Khan’s of damage.
Sons and
Grandsons • They took the city of and killed most of the
people.
• He invaded and started the Yuan Dynasty.

Kublai Khan • The Mongol Empire divided into small after
his death.
86 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 Horsemen from the East
“Maybe my children will live in stone houses and cities. I will not.”
- Genghis Khan (1162 ~ 1227)
ambitious annihilated archers faded steppes
In class today, my teacher asked us if we knew which empire was the biggest of
all time. I thought of the Roman Empire and the empire of Alexander the Great.
Surprisingly, it was the Mongols who had the biggest empire. Their king, Genghis
Khan, was so ____________ that he wanted to conquer the world. The Mongol
Empire conquered parts of Europe, the Middle East and much of Asia.
Like the Huns we studied earlier, the Mongols were nomads and lived to the north of China. Many
Mongol tribes moved around in the vast ____________. The Mongols rode horses from a very
early age. They used a bow and arrow to hunt animals. They were very skilled ____________ and
horsemen. They didn‛t have a single ruler until Temujin‛s reign. The Mongols gave him a new name,
Genghis Khan, and their conquest began.
My teacher told us that although Genghis Khan was a brilliant military commander, he was a very
brutal man. Wherever his army went, villages were ____________, and many people were killed.
For this reason, people in Europe, the Middle East and Asia still remember Genghis Khan as a
brutal warrior rather than a great leader.
The Mongol Empire continued to grow after the death of Genghis Khan in 1227. Genghis Khan‛s
grandson, Kublai Khan, conquered all of China in 1279. However, after Kublai Khan died in 1294,
the Mongol Empire divided into many kingdoms. The biggest empire simply ____________ from
history.
87
LESSON 2 Horsemen from the East
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
1. Their
2. him
3. he
Critical Thinking
1. Why did the Mongols try to conquer the whole world?
2. Why were the Mongols disliked by the people they conquered?
3. Why did the Mongol Empire not last for a long time?
4. What do you think made the Mongols such great warriors?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the Mongol Empire?

2. What is most important thing for an empire to be successful?
88 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
1. The old man’s health slowly as the years passed.

steppes
2. A very big bow, called a long bow was used by an .
destiny
3. The king believed it was his to conquer the whole world. continuous
4. Many beautiful cities were in the war. archer
5. There are no farms on the . The land is not fertile. annihilated
6. The U.S.A. got its in 1776 from Britain. succeed
7. I am a in this city. I live here. resident
8. I am an person. I want to be the president of my country. independence
9. The king’s first son will him as the next king. ambitious
faded
10. There was rain for three days.
1. A massive army is stronger than a small army.

2. An innovative idea is easy to come up with.
3. A clash between two countries has never happened in history.
4. Conflicts can only happen between nations.
5. Experts translate books into other languages.
6. People usually get exhausted from a long run.
7. The legacy of the Mongol empire is lots of beautiful buildings.
8. Giving someone a present will make them furious.
9. People built settlements close to rivers in ancient times.
10. A failure is a bad thing and nothing can be learned from it.
89
Unit
9 The Joseon Dynasty of Korea
Lesson 1 King Sejong CD Track 17
Lesson 2 A Great Writing System CD Track 18
Make Connections
What is the writing system of your country? How did it come about?
Timeline
1429
Joan of Arc leads the French
army against the English.
1360 1380 1400 1420 1440
1368 1392 1394 1418 1444

China’s Yuan The Joseon Dynasty Hanyang (Seoul) becomes the King Sejong succeeds his King Sejong
Dynasty ends. starts in Korea. capital city of the Joseon Dynasty. father as king of Korea. develops Hangul
Hangul.
90 Middle Ages
admire conservative court courtier demand

educated invest literate rank technology
1 learned; having gone to school

2 the use of science to make tools and
machines
3 to respect or really like somebody or
something
4 a position within a group
5 the place where a king or queen lives and
works
6 able to read and write
7 to use time, effort or money to do something
8 to tell somebody to do something; to request
forcefully
9 wanting things to stay as they are
10 a nobleman who serves the king or queen at
their court
91
LESSON 1 King Sejong
Korea’s New Dynasty
In the late 14th century, the Mongols were driven
from China by the new Ming Dynasty. The Ming
emperor demanded that Korea return some of
After China got rid of the
Mongols, the new Ming rulers its northern territory to China. The king of Korea
rebuilt the Great Wall of China.
The Chinese did not want to
be conquered by nomads from refused and chose to fight the Ming. He sent
the north again.
a general named Yi Seong-gye to the border.
However, the general took his army back to Korea
and made himself king in 1392.
Yi Seong-gye started the new Joseon Dynasty,

which lasted for more than 500 years. Yi
allied with Ming China, so Korea was strongly
influenced by Chinese culture. He also decided to
adopt the philosophy of Confucius from China,
Yi Song-gye started the
Joseon Dynasty in 1392. He and it became the major belief in Korea. Before
was able to make peace with
China and defend Korea the Joseon Dynasty, Korea had been strongly
against the Jurchen nomads.
His family ruled Korea for the influenced by Buddhism.
next 500 years.
Sejong’s New Idea

Joseon Dynasty kings lived in the new capital
city of Hanyang, which is Seoul today. Sejong
The capital city of Korea
became Hanyang, which is was one of the greatest kings to ever rule in
now called Seoul. The kings of
Korea lived in Gyeongbokung
Palace.
Korea. He was very wise when he was a young
prince. For this reason, he was chosen to become
92 Middle Ages
king in 1418 even though he was not the oldest son. The new king did many things for
his people. He protected his country’s borders from invasion. He attacked the nomads in
Manchuria. He also defeated the Japanese pirates who were sacking the villages of Korea.
However, there is one thing that King Sejong is most admired and respected for. Koreans
did not have their own writing system, so they used Chinese characters. They were very
difficult to learn. Only educated men could read and write them. King Sejong wanted all
Koreans to be literate, so he developed a Korean writing system called Hangul in 1444. It
was so easy that people were able to learn it in a few days.
93
LESSON 1 King Sejong
A Great King
King Sejong made many more reforms to
improve the country. He liked science and
new technology. He invited talented people
King Sejong announced the
invention of Hangul in the to his court even if they were from low social
document called Hunmin
Jeongeum. class. When a scientist named Jang Yeong-sil
was invited, Sejong’s courtiers complained.
Jang came from a family of servants. However,
he invented many things including the most
advanced clock of that time.
A lot of Korean courtiers wanted a good

relationship with China. They thought that
using Hangul was going against China. They
This water clock is one of the
many inventions of Jang Yeong- did not like new technology either. The ideas of
sil. He was not born into a
wealthy family, but King Sejong Confucius had made Koreans very conservative,
brought him to the palace in
Seoul. so they did not like changes. When King Sejong
died in 1450, many of his new ideas ended with
him. However, his life story shows people what
one great leader can do to help their country.
The scholars of Korea,

called yangban, were very
conservative. They did not like
King Sejong’s writing system
because it was too easy to
learn.
94 Middle Ages
Comprehension Check
1. What did Yi Seong-gye do?

a) He attacked China.
b) He attacked Korea.
c) He attacked the Mongols.
2. Which statement is NOT true about King Sejong?

a) He lived in Hanyang which was a new city in the 1400s.
b) He invented a simple writing system that everybody could use.
c) He invited only people of a high social rank to work for him.
3. How was Jang Yeong-sil able to work in King Sejong’s court?

a) The king valued talented people.
b) Jang came from a family of courtiers.
c) Jang was an ambitious general.
4. Which statement is NOT true about King Sejong’s courtiers?

a) They supported the king’s new ideas.
b) They were unhappy about changes and reforms.
c) They didn’t want to go against China.
Sejong became king.

Hanyang was built as the capital city of the Joseon Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty started in China.
Yi Seong-gye became king of Korea.
Hangul was invented.
95
The Yuan Dynasty drove the Mongols from China.

Yi Seong-gye invented the most advanced clock of that time.
The main religion of the Joseon Dynasty was Buddhism.
The capital city moved to Hanyang during the Joseon Dynasty.
Hangul was developed in 1444.
Facts to Remember
The Joseon Dynasty of Korea
• In 1392, started the Joseon Dynasty.

• The new capital city was called .
• The philosophy of became the major belief.
• The Dynasty ruled Korea for years.
King Sejong
(One of the greatest kings of Korea)
• He attacked the nomads in .

Borders
• He defeated pirates.
• He wanted all Koreans to be .

Writing System
• He developed Korean’s writing system called in 1444.
• He invited talented people from every social to his

Science and court to work for him.
Technology • Many new things were invented including the most advanced
of that time.
96 Middle Ages
LESSON 2 A Great Writing System
“Lowly people are not to be treated carelessly.”
- Sejong (1397 ~ 1450)
admired conservative rank invested literate
In class today, we learned about Hangul , the Korean writing system. Some
Koreans say that it is one of the greatest inventions in Korean history. My
teacher told us that there are thousands of different languages in the world.
However, not many languages have their own writing systems. There are only
about 40 major writing systems that are used now. So, it is a great achievement for a country to
have its own writing system.
Before Sejong the Great, Koreans used the Chinese writing system. It was very difficult to learn,
and the Chinese language was very different from the Korean language. That is why only people
with a high _____________ like scholars and nobles could read and write. King Sejong believed
even common people should know how to read and write. He _____________ a great amount of
time and effort to make a Korean writing system. The result was Hangul .
Sadly, Hangul was not _____________ by most scholars when it was first introduced. It took
scholars more than 10 years to learn Chinese characters. When these _____________ scholars
saw that Hangul could be learned in only a few days, they made fun of it. They said that it was too
easy, and it was a writing system for kids. However, Sejong wasn‛t discouraged by those people.
He made a book explaining how to learn Hangul easily and sent it out to the ordinary people of
Korea. Today in Korea, more than 99% of people are _____________.
97
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
1. it
2. He
3. They
Critical Thinking
1. Why is it a great achievement for a country to have its own writing system?
2. What problems did Koreans have when they used Chinese characters?
3. Why did most scholars oppose Hangul?
4. Why do you think people respect King Sejong today?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the Joseon Dynasty?

2. What is the writing system of your country? How did it come about?
98 Middle Ages
Vocabulary Review
1. If people are , they can read and write.

2. Scientists have the to make robots. demands
admires
3. There are not many people in the village. There are no
schools. educated
4. The king invited a famous artist to work at his . literate
5. Everyone Cindy. She is not only talented, but she is kind. court
rank
6. What is his in the military?
courtier
7. My parents are very . They think all boys shoud have short hair.
conservative
8. If you want a better result, you need to more time and effort.
invest
9. My teacher that we work very hard during her class.
technology
10. The king asked a to help him make a decision.
1. Your destiny controls your future, some people say.

2. An archer is someone who fights with sword and shield.
3. To achieve higher education, students need to continuously study.
4. It is rude to request help from people.
5. If a city is annihilated, it is completely destroyed.
6. Relationships between people always get worse over time.
7. Once you give somebody money, it cannot be reclaimed.
8. An ambitious person usually wants to be a leader.
9. If you wash a shirt many times, the color will fade.
10. Territory is the money and people of a country.
99
Unit
10 The End of the Middle Ages
Lesson 1 Joan of ArcCD Track 19
Lesson 2 The Black Death CD Track 20
Make Connections
Were there any women who made changes to your country?
Timeline
1348 1415
The Black Death pandemic England defeats France at
spreads through Europe. the Battle of Agincourt.
1350 1400 1450
1337 1392 1429

The Hundred Years Yi Song-gye starts the Joan of Arc leads the French
War begins. Joseon Dynasty in Korea. army against the English.
100 Middle Ages

abandon accuse cannon effective goods

pandemic permission prediction prosperous wages
1 working very well
2 rich; successful
3 to blame; to say that someone has done

something wrong
4 money for work
5 the act of allowing something
6 to leave somebody alone; to stop supporting
7 a disease that spreads over a wide area
8 things sold by merchants and traders;

valuable things
9 very large gun that fires metal balls or stones
10 a guess about what will happen in the future
101
LESSON 1 Joan of Arc
The Hundred Years War
The kingdoms of Europe became more
prosperous in the 1300s. After the Crusades,
cities started to grow and traders traveled
between countries to sell their goods. France and
England were two of the wealthiest kingdoms.
When the French king died without a son, the
The English king, Edward III,
invaded France in 1340. Many
English king, Edward III, demanded the crown
villages were destroyed, and
the peasants of France suffered of France. The French refused to have an English
greatly during the war.
king, so Edward invaded France in 1338. This
started a war that lasted more than a hundred
years.
During the war, England won most of the battles.

Their most famous victory was at Agincourt
The French lost many battles
during the war. By the early
1400s, England had conquered
in 1415. English archers used longbows to kill
half of France.
thousands of French knights. For a long time,
French knights were unstoppable, but now they
were defeated by a small army of archers.
Neither the French nor English were strong

enough to win the war because millions of
people died from a pandemic in 1348. This
pandemic spread through all of Europe and killed
Joan of Arc was a peasant girl.
She started hearing voices one out of three people. It was called the Black
in her head, when she was a
teenager, telling her that she Death because people’s bodies got black spots
was chosen by God to save
France from the English. before they died.
102 Middle Ages

A Peasant Girl
In the 1420s, it looked like the French were losing the war. Their king died, and the
English owned half of their country. In 1424, a poor peasant girl named Joan of Arc heard
strange voices. They were telling her that she was sent by God to save France.
Joan tried to meet with the prince of France. The courtiers of the prince thought that
she was crazy and refused to set up a meeting. That did not stop Joan. The next time she
met with the courtiers, Joan made a prediction about the English. Her prediction came
true. This earned her a meeting with the prince. Joan met with the prince and asked for
103
LESSON 1 Joan of Arc
permission to lead a French army against the

English. In 1429, the prince put her in command
of an army. To everyone’s surprise, she led the
French to many victories, even though she was
only seventeen. In the same year, the prince was
crowned King Charles VII of France.
Joan of Arc was beside the

prince when he was crowned
as King Charles VII of France. Final Victory
Sadly, a year later, Joan of Arc was captured by
the English. They accused her of being a witch
and burned her to death. After she was killed, the
French fought even harder.
The French used a new weapon called the gun

very effectively. Furthermore, large guns called
In 1431, the English burned
Joan of Arc to death in the city cannons were used to knock down castle walls.
of Rouen. They said that she
was a witch, but she was a Both armies used this technology, but the French
hero to the French.
had better cannons. They were able to reclaim all
of France by 1453. The Hundred Years War was
finally over, and so was the time of knights and
castles. The Middle Ages were coming to an end.
Cannons changed war forever.

The French were able to
destroy English castles and win
the Hundred Years War.
104 Middle Ages

Comprehension Check
1. What happened during the war between France and England?

a) A plague killed many people in both countries.
b) France won most of the battles.
c) France and England became the wealthiest kingdoms.
2. Joan of Arc was allowed to command an army only after .

a) she promised to be loyal to the king of France
b) the English were defeated in the Hundred Years War
c) she met with the French prince
3. Why did the English execute Joan of Arc?

a) She had killed a lot of English soldiers.
b) They said she was a witch.
c) She was a traitor to England.
4. Why did the French win the Hundred Years War?

a) France had strong knights and castles.
b) France was prosperous, and England was poor.
c) France had Joan of Arc and better cannons.
Joan of Arc heard voices telling her to lead France to victory.

The Black Death pandemic spread throughout Europe.
Joan of Arc was captured by the English.
The English defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt.
Charles VII was crowned king of France.
105
France was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in Europe.

Joan of Arc was an English peasant girl.
Before Joan of Arc, France was losing the war.
The Black Death killed people in France and England.
Neither France nor England won the Hundred Years War.
Facts to Remember
The Hundred Years War

(A war between England and France over the throne)
• Edward III of England demanded the of France.

1338 • invaded France after the French refused to have an
English king.
1415 • England won their most famous victory at .
• The young Joan of Arc heard strange voices. They told her that she was
1424
sent by to save France.
• of commanded the French army and

1429 won many victories.
• The prince was crowned King Charles VII of .
1453 • France reclaimed all its territory, and the war .
106 Middle Ages

LESSON 2 The Black Death
“People ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in heaven.”
- A survivor of the Black Death
abandoned goods pandemic prosperous wages
Today in class, we learned about the Black Death. It was an illness that became
a _____________ during the 1300s. My teacher told us that the illness came
from the Gobi desert in China and spread along the Silk Road. Rats spread the
illness by getting on ships that were taking _____________ to Western Europe.

A doctor during Then, sailors caught the illness and spread it to ordinary people. The Black Death
the Black Death
spread quickly and killed about thirty percent of the European population.
My teacher explained that people suffered very badly when they caught the illness. Giant black
spots appeared on their bodies. Sufferers had a high fever and most of them died within seven
days. My teacher said that the Black Death was so terrifying that people didn‛t go outside to meet
other people. Sometimes, parents _____________ their children when they got the illness. Streets
were filled with dead bodies, and whole families disappeared forever. Even whole towns disappeared
forever in Europe. Nobody knew how to prevent the illness or how to cure it.
Imagining all this made me quite scared. The Black Death killed so many people. However, after it
ended, there was an important change in European society. The class system called feudalism no
longer worked. Peasants demanded _____________ from the nobles and knights. They became free
to travel and trade goods. This change made Europe more _____________. The Black Death helped
end the long period in Europe that is called the Middle Ages.
107
LESSON 2 Black Death
Comprehension Check
Context Clue
1. it
2. they
3. They
Critical Thinking
1. How did the Black Death reach Europe?
2. What happened to people when they caught the Black Death?
3. Why did so many people die from the illness?
4. How did the Black Death change Europe?
Journal Writing
1. What did you learn about the Hundred Years War?

2. Were there any women who made changes to your country?
108 Middle Ages

Vocabulary Review
1. Before the soccer game, I made a that my team will win.

2. There were many different at the market. prosperous
goods
3. I have to get from my parents to go on the school trip.
prediction
4. The village became by trading with other villages.
pandemic
5. I feel it is more to study during the day than at night.
permission
6. He me of stealing his diary, but I didn’t.
accused
7. There were large on the battleships. effective
8. Some people had to their homes because of an cannons
incoming typhoon.
wages
9. The disease became a . It spread all over the country.
abandon
10. Most people want high for their work.
1. People admire famous singers and actors.

2. If we invest more time in study, we will get good grades.
3. Conservative parents allow their kids to have lots of freedom.
4. A steppe is barren land. It is similar to a desert.
5. An educated person is always smarter than a non-educated person.
6. A literate person is able to read and write.
7. A resident is someone who does not live in a house.
8. Parents sometimes demand that their children go to bed.
9. If you call someone’s phone, they will always respond.
10. An old temple is a sacred place.
109

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Middle Ages

Stephen Pow & Han Chae

Patrick Hwang Casey Kim

Editorial Manager Editors Scholarly Review

Jayne Lee Lewis Thompson Dr. M.Mark Stolarik

Cover Illustration Main Illustration Illustrations

Junghoon Yeon Hyunbin Yeo Sooyeon Kim / Sangchul Park

Cover / Interior Design

Hongdangmoo Creative Design

Changsu Woo Sooyoun Park Ji-na Song

Copyright ⓒ 2011 e-future

4/5F LK Bldg. 196-8 Jamsil-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea 138-862

Stephen Pow & Han Chae

Unit Breakdown ...................................................................................................... 6

Professor’s Review ................................................................................................... 9

Unit 1 The Roman Empire

Lesson 1 From Republic to Empire .................................. 10 CD Track 1

MAP The End of the Roman Republic 31 BC 13

Unit 2 The Spread of Christianity

Lesson 1 Christianity in the Roman Empire ................... 20 CD Track 3

MAP The Spread of Christianity 30 AD – 400 AD 23

Unit 3 The Fall of the Roman Empire

Lesson 1 Barbarian Invasion ............................................. 30 CD Track 5

MAP The Roman Empire in the 400s AD 33

Unit 4 An Empire of Faith

Lesson 1 Islam ....................................................................... 40 CD Track 7

MAP The Start of the Islamic Empire 43

Unit 5 The Islamic Golden Age

Lesson 1 The Civilization of Baghdad ............................... 50 CD Track 9

MAP The Islamic Empire 750 53

Lesson 1 Western Europe and Feudalism ........................ 60 CD Track 11

MAP Empire of Charlemagne 814 63

Unit 7 Religious Conflict

Lesson 1 The Crusades ........................................................ 70 CD Track 13

MAP The Third Crusade 1189 – 1192 73

Unit 8 The Mongol Empire

Lesson 1 Genghis Khan ........................................................ 80 CD Track 15

MAP The Mongol Empire of Kublai Khan 1280 83

Unit 9 The Joseon Dynasty of Korea

Lesson 1 King Sejong ........................................................... 90 CD Track 17

Unit 10 The End of the Middle Ages

Lesson 1 Joan of Arc .......................................................... 100 CD Track 19

Timeline Key Vocabulary

Comprehension Check Facts to Remember

Lesson 2 Julius Caesar CD Track 2

assassinate dictator elect nephew prevent

1 to extend very far

3 the time when a king or queen rules

4 to kill an important person

5 to stop something from happening

6 a very powerful leader who completely

7 being the strongest; the most powerful

8 the act of harming someone who has

9 the son of one’s brother or sister

10 to help; to agree with someone’s ideas

In 59 BC, a young Roman general, named Julius

More Civil Wars

The End of the Republic

The senators gave Octavian a new name—