CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION
Work that deprives them of their childhood, interfaces with their ability to attend regular
school, and is mentally, physically, socially, or morally dangerous and harmful comes under
child labour. Legislatures across the world prohibit child labour as a predominant feature in
Indian Society. The 2011 National census of India found the total number of child labourers,
aged 5-14 to be 435 million, and the total child population to be 259.64 million in that age
group. The 2011 national Census of India found the total number of child labourers aged 5-14
to be 4.35 million, and the total child population to be 259.64 million in that age group. As
per the child labour prohibition and regulation Act,1986, amended in 2016 a ‘child’ is defined
as any person below the age of 14 and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a child in any
employment including as domestic help. It is a cognizable criminal offense to employ a child
for any work. Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives
them of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and harms their
physical, mental, or social well-being. Child labour is a pervasive problem in India, where
millions of children are forced to work in hazardous and exploitative conditions, often to
support their families or because they have no other options. This project report aims to
provide a comprehensive overview of child labour in India, including its causes,
consequences, legal framework, and efforts to combat it.
 CHAPTER-II
PROBLEM DEFINITION

DEFINITION
the term ‘child labour suggests ILd is best defined as work that deprives children of their
childhood, their potential, and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental
development.it refers to work whose schedule interferes with their ability to attend regular
school or work that affects in any manner their ability to focus during the war. India’s Census
2001office defines child labour as the participation of a childless that is 17 years of age in any
economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages, or profit. Such
participation could be physical or mental or both. This work includes part-time help or unpaid
work on the frame, family enterprise, or in any other economic activity such as cultivation
and milk production for sale or domestic consumption.

The problem of child labour refers to the exploitation of children for economic gain or work
that is harmful to their physical, mental, or emotional development. Child labour deprives
children of their childhood, education, and opportunities for a better future. It is a violation of
their human rights and is a significant barrier to their well-being and development.

Child labour is a complex and multifaceted issue that is influenced by a range of social,
economic, and cultural factors. Poverty, lack of access to education, cultural beliefs and
practices, and inadequate enforcement of laws and policies are some of the factors that
contribute to the prevalence of child labour.

The consequences of child labour are significant and long-lasting. Children who are engaged
in work are often exposed to hazardous or exploitative conditions, which can have serious
and lasting effects on their physical and mental health. They are also more likely to drop out
of school, limiting their opportunities for a better future. In addition, child labour perpetuates
the cycle of poverty, as children who work are less likely to earn a living wage as adults,
perpetuating the cycle of poverty for future generations.

Overall, the problem of child labour is a violation of children's rights and a significant barrier
to their well-being and development. Efforts are needed to address the underlying factors that
contribute to child labour and to protect children from the harmful effects of exploitative
work.
HISTORY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
During the ‘Industrial Revolution’, children, as young as four, were employed in production
factories with dangerous and often fatal working conditions. The use of children as labourers
is now considered by wealthy countries a human rights violation, and is outlawed with some
poorer countries may allow or to

HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES

The Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children in
tedious work poverty and misery were common factors responsible for the situation.

21st CENTURY
Child Labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary of
ranges from250 from 304 million if children aged 5-227 involved in any economic activity
are counted and light occasional work is excluded ILOestimated three were 153 million child
labourers aged 5-14 worldwide in 2008

BONDED CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA

Bonded Child Labour is a system of forced, labour under which the child or child’s parents
agree, oral or written, with a creditor. The child performs work as in-kind repayment of
credit. In in1977, India passed legislation that prohibits solicitation or use of bonded labour
by anyone or anyone including children. Evidence of continuing bonded child labour
continues. According to a TLO report, the extent of bonded child labour is difficult to
determine, but estimates from various social activist groups range up to 3,50,000 in 2001.

AREAS WHERE CHILD LABOUR IS EXERCISED

 Diamond Industry
 Fireworks manufacture
 Silk manufacture
 Carpet weaving
 Domestic labour
 Mining

CHAPTER-III
CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR
Child labour is caused by seven factors. Some of them include

POVERTY
Children who come from poor families may be forced to work to support their siblings and
parents or supplement the household income when expenses are more than the parent’s
earnings. It is a huge problem, especially in developing countries where parents are unable to
generate income due to the lack of employment opportunities or education children can be
found employed in mines or hawking in the streets to earn money.

LOW ASPIRATION
Low aspiration by parents and children is a major cause of child labour because in such a
situation, being employed in a local factory or selling groceries in the streets is the normal
way of life.to these types of children and parents, success only belongs to a certain region or
group of people. They do not aspire to become professionals in society or great entrepreneurs.
It is a mindset that forms the very foundation of child labour.

HUGE DEMAND FOR UNSKILLED LABOUR

Children are mostly unskilled and provide a cheap source of labour, making them an
attractive option for many greedy employers. Child labour increases the margin of profits for
such entrepreneurs whose only objective is profit maximization even if it comes at the
expense of ethics and good business practices. these types of employers can also force
children to work under unfavorable conditions through manipulations

ILLITERACY
A society with many educated people understands the importance of going to school and
pursuing dreams. Children have the ability and time to become whatever they aspire to be.
illiteracy, on the other hand, makes it difficult for many people to understand the importance
of education. Illiterate people view education as a preserve of the privilege in the society

EARLY MARRIAGES
Marrying at an early age is a major contributing factor to overpopulation. young parents can
have a lot of children because they remain fertile for a long time. Having many children with
little or no resources to support them leads to child labour. older children are forced to work
to help their parents support the family

HIGH COST OF EDUCATION

Quality education is expensive . For too many parents who live in abject poverty, priority is
given to providing food for the family because education is too expensive to afford especially
when there are many children to pay school fees for. Instead of letting children stay at home
because there is a lack of many to send them to school, parents opt to have them work as
unskilled labourers to help support the family.

OVERPOPULATION
There are limited resources and more mouths to feed. Children are employed in various
forms of work. As the population is increasing, people are finding it difficult to search for
jobs. So, the people on or below the poverty line find it difficult to have suitable jo that is
why they encourage their children to work.

URBANISATION
MNCs and export industries in the developing world employ child workers, particularly in
garment industries because it helps in reducing the cost of products which leads to more
demand.

ORPHANS
Children born out of wedlock, children with no parents, and relatives often do not find
anyone to support them. Thus they are forced to work for survival.

WILLINGNESS TO EXPLOIT CHILDREN

Even if a family is very poor, the incidence of child labour will be very low unless people are
willing to exploit these children. Employees often justify the use of children by claiming that
a child’s small hands are vital for the production of certain products such as hand-knotted
carpets and deligated glass-war, although evidence for this is limited.

UNEMPLOYMENT OF HOLDERS
Elders often find it difficult to get jobs. These industrialists and factory owners find it perfect
to employ children. this is so because they can pay less and extract more work. They will not
create any union problems also because they are not able to form unions at an early age

Child labour is a pervasive problem in India, with millions of children forced to work in
hazardous and exploitative conditions. According to the International Labour Organization,
there are an estimated 10.1 million child labourers in India, aged between 5 and 17 years old,
who are working in various industries such as agriculture, domestic work, and manufacturing.
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR

Child labour has several negative impacts. Some of them include

LOSS OF QUALITY CHILDHOOD

Human beings need to enjoy every stage of their development. A child should play with
friends and make memories for a lifetime. Youths should explore life and form strong
foundations that could define their adult lives. Child labour, therefore, leads to the loss of
quality childhood as children will be deprived of the opportunity to enjoy the amazing
experiences that come with being young.

HEALTH ISSUES

Child labour can also lead to health complications due to under-nourishment and poor
working conditions. It is highly unlikely that people who employ children also have the moral
capacity to ensure that they have good working conditions, working in places such as mines
and badly conditioned factories may result in lifetime health issues for children employed
working in these places.

MENTAL TRAUMA

Issues such as bullying, sexual exploitation, and unfavorable working hours may result in
mental trauma in these children. They will find it hard to forget the because societal misfit
because of bad childhood experiences. Child Labour may also result in a lack of emotional
growth and thus insensitivity.

ILLITERACY

Children that are employed do not have the time to go to school. They spend a lot of time in
their workstations as the days and years go by. the lack of education and illiteracy makes
them individuals with limited opportunities as far as employment is concerned.

GROWTH EFFICIENCY

It is prevalent among working children who end to be shorter and weaker than other children
these deficiencies also impact their adult life.
HIV/AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

These diseases are widespread, among the one million children forced into prostitution every
year, pregnancy, drug addiction, and mental illness are also common among prostitutes.

EXHAUSTION AND MALNUTRITION

It is a result of underdeveloped children performing heavy manual labour, working long

hours in unbearable conditions, and not earning enough to feed themselves adequately\
CHAPTER-IV
SECONDARY DATA
1. According to the 2011 Indian Census, there were 10.1 million child labourers between
the ages of 5 and 14 years in India. This represents a decrease from the 2001 Census,
which recorded 12.6 million child labourers in the same age group.

2. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that there are approximately
5.8 million children engaged in hazardous work in India. This includes work that is
physically or mentally harmful, such as working with chemicals, heavy machinery, or
in extreme temperatures.

3. The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) conducted a survey in 2011-2012 which
found that 4.35% of children between the ages of 5 and 14 years were engaged in
some form of economic activity in India. This represents a decrease from the 2004-
2005 survey, which found that 6.28% of children in the same age group were
working.

4. According to the Indian government's Ministry of Labour and Employment, there

were 938 prosecutions and 138 convictions related to child labour in India in 2019.

5. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on child labour in India. A
survey conducted by Save the Children India in 2020 found that 50% of children
surveyed were engaged in income-generating activities due to the pandemic.

6. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), there are an estimated 10.1
million child labourers in India aged between 5 and 17 years. (Source: ILO)

7. Child labour in India is more prevalent in rural areas (66%) than in urban areas (34%).
(Source: Census of India)
8. The highest number of child labourers in India are engaged in agriculture (54%),
followed by manufacturing (18%), trade and hospitality (12%), and other services
(16%). (Source: Census of India)

9. Girls are more likely to be engaged in domestic work, while boys are more likely to
be engaged in other forms of child labour, such as agriculture and manufacturing.
(Source: National Commission for Protection of Child Rights)

10. Child labour is more prevalent in some states of India than others. The highest
incidence of child labour is in Bihar, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
(Source: Census of India)

11. The Indian government has enacted several laws and policies aimed at eliminating
child labour, including the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, the Right
to Education Act, and the National Child Labour Project. However, enforcement of
these laws and policies remains a challenge. (Source: Ministry of Labour and
Employment)

12. Children engaged in hazardous forms of work, such as mining and domestic work, are
at risk of serious health problems, injuries, and even death. (Source: Human Rights
Watch)
 CHAPTER-V
ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES
ANALYSIS
1. The decrease in the number of child labourers between the ages of 5 and 14 years
from 12.6 million in 2001 to 10.1 million in 2011 is a positive trend. However, the
number of child labourers in India remains unacceptably high, indicating that there is
still much work to be done to eradicate child labour in the country.

2. The fact that an estimated 5.8 million children are engaged in hazardous work in India
is concerning. Hazardous work can have serious and long-lasting consequences for
children's physical, mental, and emotional health and development. It is important to
prioritize efforts to eliminate this type of work.

3. The decrease in the percentage of children between the ages of 5 and 14 years
engaged in economic activity from 6.28% in 2004-2005 to 4.35% in 2011-2012 is a
positive trend. However, the fact that over 4% of children in this age group are still
engaged in economic activity is unacceptable and highlights the need for continued
efforts to eliminate child labour in India.

4. The number of prosecutions and convictions related to child labour in India in 2019 is
relatively low compared to the number of child labourers in the country. This may
indicate that there is a lack of enforcement of laws and policies related to child labour
in India.

5. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child labour in India is concerning. The
fact that 50% of children surveyed by Save the Children India were engaged in
income-generating activities due to the pandemic highlights the vulnerability of
children and families during times of economic hardship.

6. The higher prevalence of child labour in rural areas (66%) compared to urban areas
(34%) suggests that poverty and lack of access to education and employment
opportunities may be contributing factors to child labour. Addressing these underlying
factors may be key to reducing child labour in India.
7. The fact that agriculture is the sector with the highest number of child labourers
(54%) suggests that efforts to eliminate child labour in this sector may be particularly
important. This could include measures to increase productivity and income for small-
scale farmers, as well as policies to promote education and training opportunities for
children in rural areas.

8. The data also highlights the gendered nature of child labour in India, with girls more
likely to be engaged in domestic work and boys more likely to be engaged in other
forms of child labour. This suggests the need for gender-sensitive approaches to
addressing child labour, including efforts to promote education and employment
opportunities for girls and women.

9. The variation in the incidence of child labour across different states of India suggests
that targeted approaches may be needed to address the specific factors driving child
labour in different contexts. For example, efforts to eliminate child labour in Bihar,
Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan may need to focus on addressing poverty and lack of
access to education, while efforts in other states may need to focus on different
factors.

10. The existence of laws and policies aimed at eliminating child labour in India is a
positive development, but the data suggests that enforcement of these laws remains a
challenge. Addressing this challenge will be critical to making progress towards
eliminating child labour in India.

11. The risks faced by children engaged in hazardous forms of work underscore the
urgency of efforts to eliminate child labour in India. This includes not only efforts to
enforce laws and regulations related to child labour, but also efforts to improve
working conditions and protect the health and safety of children in all sectors of the
economy.
Overall, the data on child labour in India shows that while progress has been made in
reducing the number of child labourers and economic activity among children, there is still a
long way to go to eradicate child labour in the country. Efforts are needed to prioritize the
elimination of hazardous work, enforce laws and policies related to child labour, and support
vulnerable families and children during times of economic hardship.

INFERENCES
A child labour project is likely aimed at reducing or eliminating child labour by addressing
the root causes and working to protect and support children who are at risk of or affected by
child labour.

1. Identification of the underlying causes of child labour in a particular context, such as

poverty, lack of access to education, or inadequate enforcement of laws and policies
related to child labour.

2. Development and implementation of interventions aimed at addressing the root causes

of child labour, such as providing education and training opportunities for children
and families, supporting income-generating activities for families, and strengthening
enforcement of laws and policies related to child labour.

3. Protection and support for children who are at risk of or affected by child labour, such
as providing education and social services, identifying and rescuing children from
hazardous or exploitative work, and providing psychosocial support for children who
have experienced trauma as a result of child labour.

4. Monitoring and evaluation of the project's impact, such as measuring changes in the
prevalence of child labour, improvements in access to education, and changes in
attitudes and beliefs related to child labour.
SOLUTIONS TO CHILD LABOUR
PROBLEMS

How can child labour be reduced or Completely Eradicated?

Every child born has the right to have dreams and pursue those dreams. even though the
realization of some of these aspirations may be limited by several challenges, it is still
possible to overcome them and achieve the highest levels of success. There is a need to
involve various stakeholders to realize this objective. These are some of how the problem of
child labour can be addressed.

FREE EDUCATION

It is the key to eliminating child labour. Parents that do not have money for school fees can
use this as an opportunity to provide their children with an education.it has already proved to
be a success in many places around the globe and with more effort, the cases of child labour
will be greatly reduced.
MORAL POLISHING

Child labour should not be entertained at all .it is legally and morally wrong. Children should
not be allowed to provide labour at the expense of getting an education and enjoying their
childhood. Factory owners, shopkeepers, and industries among others should not employ
children. Society should be educated on the negative impacts of child labour so that it
becomes an issue that is frowned upon whenever it occurs. this type of morale polishing
would act as a deterrent to people who intend to employ children and use them as a source of
cheap labour.

CREATE DEMAND FOR SKILLED AND TRAINED WORKERS

Due to this, child labour cases will reduce since almost all child labourers fall under the
unskilled worker category.it will lead to adult employment as the demand for skilled labour
rises establishing skill-based learning centers, vocational training centers, and technical
training institutes improves literacy and contributes to the availability of skilled and trained
workers in the job market.

AWARENESS

Parents should be made aware that sending their children to work has legal ramifications and
the law would take its cause if they are found to be aiding and abetting this vice.it is the
ignorance among many parents and members of society that makes them participate in child
labour practices. Conducting a campaign to create awareness about its harmful effects would
eliminate the practice.

EMPOWERMENT OF THE POOR PEOPLE

Empowering poor people through knowledge and income-generating projects would go a
long way in reducing cases of child labour education for parents is also a must to ensure that
the rights of children are not used as a source of labour

CHILD LABOUR LAWS IN INDIA

The constitution of India in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of state
policy prohibits child labour below the age of 14 years in any factory or mine or engagement
in any other hazardous employment. the constitution also envisioned that India shall be 1960,
provide infrastructure and resources for free and compulsory education to all children of the
age 6-14 years. India has a federal form of government so child labour is a matter on which
both the central government and state governments can legislate. The major national
legislative developments include the following

THE FACTORIES ACT OF 1948

The act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory. The
act also provided rules on who, when, and how long pre-adults aged 15-18 years can be
employed in any factory.

THE MINES ACT OF 1952

It prohibits the employment of children below 18 years of age in a mine

THE CHILD LABOURACT OF 1986

This law prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous
occupations as identified by the law. This list was expanded in 2006 and again in 2008

THE JUVENILE JUSTICE OF CHILDREN ACT OF 2000

This law made it a crime punishable with a prison term, for anyone to procure or employ a
child in any hazardous employment or a bondage

THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN TO FREE AND COMPULSORY EDUCATION ACT

OF 2009

This law mandates free and compulsory education for all children aged 6-14 years. This
legislation also mandated that 25% of seats in every private school must be allocated for
children from disadvantaged groups and physically challenged children.
INITIATIVES AGAINST CHILD LABOUR

India has all along followed a proactive policy on the matter of tackling the problem of child
labour India has always stood for constitutional and statutory development measures required
for eliminating child labour. the Indian constitution has consciously incorporated provisions
to secure compulsory universal elementary education as well as labour protection for child
labour commissions in Inda have gone into problems of child labour. The constitution of Inda
also provides certain rights to children and prohibits child labour.

 In 1979, the Indian government formed the Gurupadswamy Committee to find out
about child labour and the means to tackle it
 The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act was enacted based on the
recommendations of the committee in 1986.
 A national policy on child labour was formulated in 1987 to focus on the reliability of
children working in hazardous occupations
 The ministry of labour and Employment had implemented around 100 industry-
specific national Child Labour Projects to rehabilitate child workers since 1988.
 The child labour prohibition and Regulation Act is a piece of legislation that prohibits
the engagement of children in certain employment and regulates the conditions of
work for children.
 the national policy in child labour seeks to adopt a sequential approach with a focus
on the rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes in
the first instance.
 The ministry of labour and employment functions to provide and supervise a range of
policies concerning child labour in India.
 NGOs such as Care India, Child Rights, and You, Global march against child labour
have been implemented to combat child labour through education and accessibility to
resources.
 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS

Many NGOs like Bachpan Andolan, CARE INDIA, Child Rights and You, Global March
against child labour, RideIndia, etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India.
Pratham is India’s largest Non-government not organization with the mission ‘Energy Child
in school and learning well. Starting in 1994 Pratham has aimed to reduce child labour and
offer school to children irrespective of their gender, religion, and social background. It has
introduced low-cost education models that are sustainable and reproducible. In 2005, Pratham
was involved in coordinating a child labour rescue operation with India’s Ministry of labour
and police, when around 500 children were rescued from zari’s sweatshops in New Delhi.
The problem of child labour in India is so huge that it depends on support and contribution
from every part of society to completely eradicate this problem. In recent times, govt have
taken some concrete steps for improving the situation of child labourers. Providing free
education, encouraging parents to send their kids to schools with awareness campaigns and
allocation of funds towards child health and development, etc. are some of the steps taken by
the state. among the UN organizations, UNICEF has remained instrumental in initiating
several steps against child labour. UNICEF has been well supported by civil society
organizations and NGOs are working t improve the situation in this field. these, NGOs focus
on different problems concerning child labour let’s have a look at some of the top NGOs
dealing with the menace of child labour.

 World Vision India, New Delhi

 Action Aid India, New Delhi
 Concerned about working Against Child labour, New Delhi
 Child Rights and You (CRY), Mumbai
 CREDA (Centre for Rural Education and Development Action), Uttar Pradesh
 CARE India, New Delhi

We cannot undermine the huge role played by NGOs in handling child labour issues.
Specific NGO’sfocus on certain areas of improvement for instance, if Action Aid Inda
Concentrates on child Education and onstreet and working children then CRY target
underprivileged children who don’t have basic resources to sustain themselves.NGOs are
resources to sustain themselves.NGOs are carrying out child development activities all over
India. Some children educational NGOs engage themselves in offering free education to poor
kids they teach children living in slums. Quite a few NGO”’sfocus on girls’ education.it has
been witnessed that girls are made to work whereas the boy child is allowed to study but that
needs to be charged. So community organizations seek to improve the quality of life of
socially disadvantaged girls with the sheep of health, education, and social mobilization,
NGOs are helping street children in different parts of the country.
 CHAPTER-VI
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
Child labour is not just an affront to the rights of a child but also a symbol of a society that
has lost its way. We should therefore all strive to ensure that the fundamental rights of
children are protected and that they are accorded the opportunity to go after their dreams and
aspirations. The future is much bright with the younger generation having a good foundation
for success. The state of Education in India also needs to be improved. High literacy and
dropout rates are reflective of the inadequacy of the educational system. Poverty plays a role
in the ineffectiveness of the educational system. Dropout rates are high because children are
forced to work to support their families. The attitudes of the people also contribute to the lack
of environment parents feel that work develops skills that can be used to earn an income,
while education does not help in this matter. Compulsory education may be helpful regarding
these attitudes. The examples of Sri Lanka and Kerala show that compulsory education has
worked in these areas. There are differences between Sri Lanka, Kerala, and the rest of India.
Child labour cannot be eliminated by focusing on one determinant, for example; Education,
or by the brutal enforcement of child labour law. the government of Inda must ensure that the
needs of the poor are filled before attacking child labour. If poverty is addressed, the need for
child labour will automatically diminish. No matter how hard India tries, child labour always
will exist until the need for it is removed. The development of India as a nation is being
hampered by Child labour. Children are growing up illiterate because they have been working
and not attending school. A cycle of poverty is formed and the need for child labour is reborn
after every generation. Indias need to address the situation by tackling the underlying causes
of child labour through governmental policies and the enforcement of these policies. Only
then will India succeed In the fight against child Labour. The innocence of a child should
never be taken away to make the lives of adults easier.it is both unfair and morally
unacceptable.

REFERENCES
 WEBSITE REFERS:

1) www.ilo.org\
2) https://www.unicef.org/
3) https://globalmarch.org/
4) https://www.hrw.org/
5) https://stopchildlabor.org/
6) https://vvgnli.gov.in/en/research/centre-for-national-resource-centre-child-labour
7) https://www.childlineindia.org/a/p/contact-us
8) https://ncpcr.gov.in/
9) https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=DChcSEwjejJbRlPf-
AhWYTSsKHS9OCGEYABAAGgJzZg&ohost=www.google.com&cid=CAESa-D2-
qEuWV3KHFIOQY33Ec8zGogvh_eUQUxdivqMTh7pbYK83SRwqeJvOC2o2aJacta
43eqa2Frk8vyWe3vBCA39bGyA5kI6_NWLMcWjjf3vnpO-
drkNNd_23Fvd9R4HexUO_GDbkQiaz62i&sig=AOD64_29fwPKIfXQg-
HHLZXb93I_J7M3KQ&q&adurl&ved=2ahUKEwi0qoXRlPf-
AhXHcmwGHYVcDnEQ0Qx6BAgJEAE

BOOKS & JOURNALS REFFERED:

Books:

1) "Child Labour: A Global Challenge" by Faraaz Siddiqi

2) Ending Child Labour: Global Progress and Challenges" edited by Russell W. Belk and
Sanjay K. Nepal
3) "Child Labour in India" by N. Neetha
4) "Child Labor and Human Rights: Making Children Matter" by Burns H. Weston and
Diane Marie Amann
5) "The Long Shadow of Child Labor: Trafficking and Slavery in Modern Times" by
Martha Mundy and John E. Bales

Journals:
International Journal of Child Rights

International Journal of Child Labour Studies

Child Development Perspectives

International Journal of Children's Rights

Journal of Social Issues: Children and Families