Pre-intermediate – Student’s Book

Life 2e
Answer Key

UNIT 1

6a
1
1 feels /z/ 2 needs /z/ 3 watches /ɪz/ 4 sleeps /s/
Students’ own answers. The photo shows a
5 goes /z/ 6 dances /ɪz/ 7 does /z/ 8 works /s/
man in Bukhansan National Park. The park
contains forested areas, temples and granite
peaks, and the man has clearly just climbed up 7
one of the peaks. Maybe he feels relaxed Students’ own answers
or tired after a long climb.
8
2 1 often 2 sometimes 3 never
1 In Seoul, South Korea
2 About ten million 9
3 It’s a good way to relax. 1 after the verb to be, before the main verb
2 at the beginning
3 Example answers
Note that the answers here depend on the stu- Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
dents’ own experience.
I go jogging every morning.
2
I don’t often go clubbing.
1 I am often tired at work.
2 We eat out in a restaurant twice a week. /
1a How well do you sleep? Twice a week we eat out in a restaurant.
3 correct
1 4 correct
1 g 2 f 3 h 4 a 5 d 6 e 7 c 8 b 9 j 10 i 5 I have a cup of coffee two or three times a
day. / Two or three times a day, I have a cup
of coffee.
2
6 They don’t often play board games.
Students’ own answers 7 Does she usually take public transport?

4 3
1b2a 1 always 2 get up 3 never 4 have 5 often 6
meet 7 go 8 every day 9 eat 10 two or three
5 times a month
1 do we sleep 2 spend 3 don’t know 4 do we 10
have 1 My brother always plays tennis on Saturday
5 don’t get 6 work 7 go 8 do we sleep mornings.
9 depends 10 need 11 don’t sleep 12 take 2 We eat out at a restaurant about once a
month. / About once a month, we eat out at a
Answers to Grammar Summary exercise restaurant.
3 I take a bus to school every day. / Every
1 day, I take a bus to school.
1 doesn’t live 2 drives 3 Does; speak 4 don’t 4 She is rarely at home in the middle of the
like day.
5 Do; see 6 are 7 don’t need 8 Is 9 has 5 They go on holiday twice a year. / Twice a
year, they go on holiday.
6 Are you often late for work? 4 food (Every Sunday, the whole family eats a
big meal together; eating more food like chips
11 Example answers and burgers)
Here are some example questions and re- 5 exercise (doing less exercise)
sponses:
How often are you late for college? Never. / 7
About once a week. 1 T (He’s currently travelling to different
How often do you check your emails? Twice a places around the world.)
day 2 F (At the moment he’s working on the island
How often do you go on holiday? Every sum- of Sardinia in Italy and he’s speaking to us
mer / Twice a year. right now on the phone.)
How often are you stressed at work? Often. / 3 F (Sardinia is an interesting place because
Every day. men live to the same age as women.)
4 T (Every Sunday the whole family eats a big
12 Example answers meal together.)
Here are some possible questions: 5 F (He doesn’t say that.)
Sport: Do you often do exercise / do sport / 6 T (… the younger generation are eating
watch football live or on TV? How often do more food like chips and burgers. Also young
you go to the gym? people are moving to the city, so they are do-
Free time: How often do you go to the theatre / ing less exercise because of their lifestyle.)
clubbing / out?
Food: Do you often cook dinner? How often do 9
you eat Indian / Chinese / Italian food? Sentences 3 and 4 use the present simple tense
Work: Are you often late for work? How often because they talk about things that are always
do you work in the evening / at weekends? or generally true (3) and routines and habits
Home: Do you often do the housework? How (4). Note the use of Every Sunday, which tells
often do you do the ironing? us this is a regular routine.

1b The secrets of a long life 10

You form the present continuous tense with
2 the present simple of the verb to be + -ing
1 In Japan form (present participle) of the main verb.
2 It has some of the oldest people in the world.
3 fish, fruit, vegetables 11
4 Students’ own answers Sentence 1: b (to talk about something happen-
ing around now, but not necessarily at this ex-
3 act moment)
Do: gardening, (regular) exercise Sentence 2: c (to talk about something actually
Go: fishing, cycling, swimming in progress now)
Play: games Sentence 5: a (to talk about a changing situa-
tion)
4
Do: homework, nothing, yoga, karate (aero- Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises
bics, athletics)
Go: hiking, running, shopping, surfing (camp- 4
ing, dancing) 1 'm waiting 2 are; going 3 isn’t working
Play: cards, tennis, the piano, football (chess, 4 ’m writing 5 ’s talking 6 're building 7 are
basketball) becoming

6 5
1 the age of men and women (men live to the 1 'm eating; eat 2 drives; 's driving 3 's talking;
same age as women) talk 4 'm working; work 5 'm doing; do
2 family life (the family is so important here)
6
1 live
2 eat
3 say 8
4 is Paragraph 2
5 is changing Main sentence:
6 are eating As a result, some doctors are studying the con-
nection between nature and health …
12 Example sentences:
1 ’re learning 2 spend 3 ’m checking 4 do; go One example of this is the work of Dr Matilda
5 ’m reading 6 isn’t eating 7 don’t do 8 are van den Bosch in Sweden.
playing Another good example of how nature is good
for health comes from Canada.
13 Paragraph 3
1 a How do you usually spend your free time? Main sentence:
b Are you doing much sport these days? Because of studies like these, some countries
2 a Do you often read novels? and cities want nature to be part of people’s
b Are you reading any good books at the mo- everyday life.
ment? Example sentences:
3 a Where do you normally go on holiday? In Dubai, for example, there are plans for a
b Where are you planning to go this year? new shopping mall with a large garden …
4 a Do you speak any other languages? In some countries such as Switzerland, ‘forest
b Are you learning any new languages? schools’ are popular …
And South Korea is another good example; it
1c Nature is good for you has new forests near its cities …

1 9 Example answers
Students’ own answers. Students’ own answers. Some suggestions:
The woman is enjoying a virtual reality nature 1 I relax in my free time in different ways. For
experience. example, I sometimes go out with friends, but
She’s standing in a studio with pictures of na- sometimes I stay at home and watch TV.
ture around her. 2 My home town has some places with trees
and nature, such as the park in the city centre,
2 and the national zoo.
a1b3c2 3 There are some beautiful national parks in
my country. A good example is Millennium
3 Park.
1 It’s good for us.
2 Humans are spending more time inside and 10 Example answers
less time outside. Students’ own answers. Some possibilities in-
3 The number of visitors is getting lower every clude: install an open-air gym in the park;
year. build an outdoor swimming pool, provide an
4 in a 3D virtual reality room all-weather football pitch.
5 near parks
6 a new shopping mall with a large garden 1d At the doctor’s
7 in forest schools
8 13 million 1
1b2c3g4a5h6f7d8e
4
1 feel better 2 feel like going 3 feel that 2 Example answers
1 I go to bed: headache, stomach ache, a tem-
5 perature (perhaps backache)
1 like 2 that 3 better 2 I take medicine or pills: headache (paraceta-
mol, aspirin); earache (ear drops); stomach
7 ache; sore throat (throat sweets / lozenges);
Sentence b has the main idea. bad cough (cough syrup)
Sentences a and c give examples.
3 I go to the pharmacy or see my doctor: you nature in the middle of a town or city, children
might go to the pharmacy for all these – back- can play there safely, it’s a nice place for a
ache, earache, very bad stomach ache, and per- picnic, you can feed the birds.
haps a high temperature might mean going to
see the doctor. 2
1d2b3e4a5f6c
4
Conversation 1: a runny nose and a sore throat 3
Conversation 2: earache and temperature 1b2a3d4e5c6f7g

5 5
a1b2c1d2e1 Student A:
1 often 2 weekend 3 2 4 every day 5 break
6 6 children 7 happy 8 every day 9 sometimes
1g2a3e4f5b6c7h8i9d 10 quite often 11 twice 12 every day
Student B:
1e Personal information 1 dogs 2 trees 3 high 4 house 5 road 6 pretty
7 seasons 8 relaxing 9 go 10 exercise 11 plants
1 Example answers 12 flowers 13 look at
Students’ own answers
Some possible types of form: registration form Unit 1 Review
at school, college or university, job application
form, passport or visa application form 1
Information often on forms: first name, middle 1 works 2 he’s taking 3 They’re swimming 4
name, surname, title, age, gender, date of birth, like 5 doesn’t seem 6 it feels
address, postcode, telephone number, email
address 2
1 I rarely play computer and video games.
2 2 We’re studying Spanish at the moment. / At
A medical form and a visa application form the moment, we’re studying Spanish.
3 My family does sport every weekend. /
3a Every weekend, my family does sport.
1 Marital status 4 All my friends are working these days. /
2 Current medications These days all my friends are working.
3 No. of dependents
4 Country of origin 4
5 Place of birth 1 fall asleep 2 take a break 3 work long hours
6 Contact details of person in case of emer- 4 get up late 5 TV; watch
gency
7 Middle initial 5
1 relaxing 2 asleep 3 swimming 4 ache
4 Example answers
first name, middle name, surname, title, age, 6
gender, date of birth, address, postcode, tele- Students’ own answers
phone number, email address, contact details
of person in case of emergency 7
nationality, first language, level of English 1 How do 2 well 3 sore 4 Have you got
needs, interests, length of stay 5 Try 6 should

1f My local park 8
1 She’s got backache. He’s got a headache.
1 Example answers She’s got stomach ache.
Students’ own answers. 2 Student’s own answers. Some possibilities
Possible answers include: it’s free, it’s healthy, include: She should see a doctor. He should
it’s a good place to relax or do exercise, it’s take an aspirin. She should go to bed.
UNIT 2 10,000 metres), sprints (100 metres), cycle
races (Tour de France), swimming races (100
m freestyle), car races (F1 Grand Prix), horse
1 races (derby)
Students’ own ideas. The photo shows a large 2 football (11), basketball (5), rugby union
group of swimmers swimming in open water (15), ice hockey (6), volleyball (6)
(one of the three disciplines of the Ironman tri- 3 Students’ own answers
athlon). 4 You score goals in football, rugby (but only
by kicking the ball through the posts), hockey,
2 handball, water polo. You score points in bas-
1 three ketball (two points for a basket), rugby union
2 they swim 3.86 kilometres and cycle 180 kil- (five points for a try, three points for a penalty
ometres or drop goal, two points for a conversion),
3 around one thousand, nine hundred people badminton, tennis, volleyball, American foot-
compete ball (six points for a touchdown, three points
for a field goal, one point for a touchdown
3 conversion).
1 a verb: compete
2 an adjective: competitive 7
3 a noun (thing): competition 1 must, have to 2 can 3 don’t have to 4
4 a noun (person): competitor mustn’t, can’t

4 Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises

1 competitor 2 compete 3 competition 4 com-
petitive 1
1a2b3a4c5b6c
2a Crazy competitons!
2
1 Example answers 1 mustn’t 2 don’t have to 3 must 4 must
Students’ own answers. They may suggest that 5 must / have to 6 don’t have to
running with a shopping cart, and playing a
game in a field of mud are ‘crazy’. 3
1 have to / must 2 can’t 3 mustn’t 4 can’t
2 5 don’t have to 6 have to
a race between different teams: the Idiotarod
a match between two teams: the Mud Bowl 8
Championship 1 have to 2 mustn’t 3 can 4 must 5 can
6 has to 7 don’t have to
3
1 A 2 B 3 A 4 A 5 both 6 B 9
1 must 2 have to 3 can’t 4 can 5 don’t have to
4 Example answers
Students’ own ideas. Crazy competitions are 2b Winning and losing
not the sole preserve of Americans. You might
want to mention the annual Cheese Rolling 1
event in England (people chase a large cheese Usain Bolt: runner/athlete (sprinter)
down a hill), or the wife carrying race in Jessica Ennis-Hill: athlete (heptathlete – she
Finland. competed in the heptathlon in which competi-
tors do seven athletics events)
5 Lionel Messi: footballer
1 race 2 players 3 teams 4 match 5 goals Venus Williams: tennis player
6 line 7 winner

6 Example answers
1 Long-distance running races (e.g. marathon;
2 Answers to Grammar summary exercises
1 boxer 2 motorcyclist 3 baseball player 4 4
swimmer 5 chess player 6 racing driver 7 gym- 1 playing 2 watching 3 Doing 4 waking up
nast 8 surfer 5 failing 6 Reading 7 helping

4 5
Students’ own ideas. 1 cleaning 2 do 3 Staying 4 going 5 running
Some may argue that winning is important be- 6 going 7 take 8 eating 9 make
cause sport is about competition, trying to win
gives you an aim and focus to train hard and 10
get better, and being a winner gives you confi- 1 I never thought of losing.
dence and a feeling of success. 2 I just love winning.
Some may argue that winning is not important 3 A champion isn’t afraid of losing.
because sport is about taking part, having fun, 4 I hate losing.
being with friends, improving yourself and 5 I’m more worried about being a good person
getting fit. than being the best football player.
6 Swimming isn’t everything, winning is.
5
a Speaker 2 thinks non-competitive sport is a 11
good idea. 1 Cycling 2 watching 3 think 4 seeing 5 Sitting
b Speaker 1 thinks competitive sport is a good 6 doing 7 play 8 watch 9 losing
idea in schools.
c Speaker 3 thinks sport in schools is a good 13 Example answers
idea but there can be a problem. Students’ own answers.
Here are some questions to ask:
6 What sports do you love watching/playing?
1F2A3F4A5F6F7A8A9F Do you enjoy playing/watching golf?
What sports are you good at?
7 What sports do you not enjoy?
Person 1: 1, 3, 5, 6
Person 2: 2, 4, 8 2c Bolivian wrestlers
Person 3: 7, 9
1
8 Example answers 1 Students’ own answers
Other reasons for competitive sports in 2 Possible answers: Some people dislike box-
schools: it’s the only way to produce winning ing and wrestling because they are dangerous
athletes of the future; it develops skills needed (injuries are common, and head injuries are a
in a competitive workplace; other subjects concern), sometimes corrupt (fighters some-
such as maths or English are competitive be- times lose on purpose) and violent.
cause they are tested in exams – so why 3 Students’ own answers
shouldn’t sport be competitive?
Other reasons against competitive sports in 2
schools: it can lead to low self-esteem in non- a 2 (two women in colourful clothes enter the
athletic students; it makes children too com- ring)
petitive; it can create bad feeling between stu- b 1 (Local people like watching the wrestling
dents or between schools. and it’s very popular with tourists.)
c 4 (At home Yolanda has a normal and quiet
9 family life. She has two daughters …)
1 Learning to win and lose is important in a d 5 (‘We laugh and we forget our problems for
child’s education. – a three or four hours.’)
2 Competitive sports in schools are good for e 3 (Claudina jumps on Yolanda. Then
teaching children. – c Yolanda throws Claudina on the floor …)
3 Some parents hate losing. – b
3 5
1 entertainment 2 ring 3 crowd 4 commentator Talking about interests and abilities:
5 go crazy 6 fans 7 salary 3 Are you interested in acting?
4 I hate standing up in front of people.
4 5 I’m not very good at singing.
1b2a3c Talking about plans:
2 Well, what about joining something else?
6 7 I think I’d like to join this on Wednesday
1a2c3d4b evenings.
Recommending and encouraging:
7 1 You’re really good at doing that.
1d2c3a4b 6 Go on. I think you’d enjoy it.
8 It looks like fun. Why don’t you come too?
9 Example answers
Possibilities include: athletics, gymnastics, 6
swimming, triathlon, modern pentathlon, horse 1 interested 2 should 3 friends 4 write
jumping, tennis, golf, football, rugby 7s, bas- 5 half 6 what
ketball, volleyball, beach volleyball,
badminton, table tennis, sailing, canoeing, 2e Advertising for members
rowing, boxing, wrestling, fencing, cycling, ar-
chery, diving, water polo, weightlifting, hand- 1 Example answers
ball, judo, taekwondo, shooting, weightlifting, Students’ own ideas.
hockey. Good adverts: they stand out, use humour, use
exciting graphics and visuals, use a powerful
2d Joining a group headline, make the thing being advertised
seem important or urgent, are easy to read,
2 give complete contact information
1 When the club meets Bad adverts: the opposite of the above!
A 7 p.m. every Wednesday
B not given 2
C twice a week 1 Advert B follows most of the advice.
2 The membership fee 2 Advert A needs a picture or image. Advert C
A not given doesn’t have an interesting headline. It needs
B 15 euros more details about times, etc.
C not given
3 Reasons to join 5a
A get fit / make new friends / fun 1 Would you like to learn a musical instru-
B win a new camera ment?
C have fun 2 Enter our exciting competition! Sp
4 How to contact the club 3 Are you good at playing tennis? Gr
A call Mike for details on 0776 58945 4 We meet on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Prep
B visit www.bartonphotoclub.com 5 It’s a fun way to get fit. MW
C write to Mandy Giles on 6 Join this new club! WO
[email protected] 7 Get healthy and do yoga. WW
8 Call Peter on 077 237 5980. C
3
1 photography club 2 theatre group 3 running 2f Mongolian horse racing
group
1
4 Students’ own answers
1 good at 2 what about 3 interested in 4 hate
5 not very 6 on 7 like to 8 looks; Why don’t 2
1e2b3a4c5f6d7g8h
3 she’s too poor to buy a ticket; she’s running
1b2d3h4f5g6c7a8e away; she’s hiding from the ticket inspector.

4 2
1a2b3a4a5b6b7b8b The woman is sitting between the carriages be-
cause tickets for the train have sold out, be-
5a cause it’s Ramadan, and because there isn’t
1b2c3a4a5c6a space on top of the train.

6 Example answers 3 Example answers

What is the Naadam festival famous for? Note that the answers here depend on the stu-
When does the Naadam take place? dents’ own experience. For example, they may
What sort of displays are there at the Naadam? visit relatives on foot if they live nearby, or on
What is the main event? a plane if they live in a different country. The
How fast do the horses go? answers below are just the most likely.
What is the first prize for the horse race? 1 by train, on foot, by bus, in my car
2 by lorry (actually, a furniture van is the most
Unit 2 Review common means); on a ship (if moving abroad)
3 in a taxi, in my car, by bus, by train (students
1 may also suggest by underground if they live
1 has to 2 must 3 can 4 doesn’t have to 5 can’t in a large city)
6 mustn’t 4 in my car, on a motorbike, by train, by plane
(by bus is also possible, but note that we usu-
2 ally say on a coach if it’s used for an excursion
Football (Possible rules: You mustn’t touch or long distance travel)
the ball with your hands. The referee can send 5 on a ferry, on a ship, by plane
a player off the pitch when he/she breaks the 6 in a taxi, in my car, by bus, on foot, by bicy-
rules of the game.) cle
Tennis (Possible rules: You have to hit the ball 7 in a taxi, in my car, by bus, on foot, by bicy-
over the net. cle
You don’t have to win every point to win the 8 on foot, in my car, by bus
match.) 9 on foot, by bicycle, in my car, by bus, by
train
3 10 on foot, by bicycle, in my car, by bus, by
1 Learning 2 feeling 3 losing 4 winning 5 train
watching 6 going
2a Transport solutions
5
1 race 2 goals 3 crowd 4 match 5 finish line 1
6 baseball 7 winner 8 fans 9 team 10 boxer Students’ own answers

6 2
1 finish line 2 winner 3 race 4 fans A3B2C4D1

8 3
1 in 2 at 3 to 4 on 5 Do 1 B (can cycle over people’s heads), D (shown
in photo)
2 B (new solution for commuters in traffic
UNIT 3 jams during the rush hour), D (travel at 1,200
kilometres per hour)
1 3 B (The passenger sits in a pod and can cy-
Students’ own answers. As well as the answer cle)
given in the audioscript, students may suggest 4 A (solar energy), C (wind)
other ideas such as: 5 C (reduces the fuel costs)
6 B (for commuters in traffic jams)
 10
4 1 most popular 2 cheaper 3 better 4 slower
1 speed limit 2 traffic jam 3 rush hour 4 fuel 5 biggest 6 more popular 7 most expensive
costs
5 carbon emissions 6 city centres 7 container 11 Example answers
ships Cars are safer than motorbikes, but trains are
the safest type of transport.
5 Example answers Buses are cheaper than taxis, but bicycles are
Students’ own answers. However, they may the cheapest way to travel.
suggest, for example, using driverless cars to Trains are more expensive than buses, but
stop pollution in a city and to solve the prob- planes are the most expensive type of
lem of having inconsiderate or angry drivers in transport.
a city, or using the cycle monorail because
there are no good bike lanes in their city. 3b Transport around the world

6 1 Example answers
Types of transport: bicycle, car and bus Students’ own answers. There is no need to
bicycle provide definitive answers here. However,
advantage: faster than a car in the rush hour here are some things students might say:
disadvantage: takes too long with long dis- Photo 1 is probably in the far north, in Canada,
tances Alaska, northern Scandinavia or Siberia.
car Photo 2 is probably in the Sahara Desert in
advantage: electric cars better for the environ- North Africa or perhaps in Saudi Arabia or one
ment of the Gulf States.
disadvantages: slow in rush hour, cost of pet- Advantages of huskies in the Arctic: can travel
rol, electric cars expensive long distances at speeds, are used to the cold,
bus are more reliable than vehicles in the cold
disadvantage: slow – stops everywhere where there are no roads.
Advantages of using camels in the desert: can
7 go a long time without water, can carry heavy
1 worst 2 faster 3 further 4 better loads, don’t break down in the sand like vehi-
5 more 6 most 7 fastest cles do.

8 2
1 -er and -est Camels are more reliable in the sand than vehi-
2 (the) most cles and better over long distances.
3 further/furthest; better/best; worse/worst Dogs are also good over long distances when
4 than; the the weather is bad. It’s impossible for cars in
such conditions but huskies are more reliable.
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
1 3
1 nicest 2 further 3 more interesting 4 worst Camels
5 more beautiful 6 busier; busiest 7 better; best 50 degrees = temperature in the desert
8 bigger; biggest 40 kilometres = distance a camel can travel in
a day
2 3 to 5 days = length of time a camel can go
1 The fastest without water
2 longest 160 words = there are 160 words for camel in
3 deepest Arabic
4 longer than Huskies
5 the busiest –50 degrees = winter temperature in northern
6 the highest Alaska
7 higher than 6 and 8 huskies = number of huskies in a
sledge team
1,600 kilometres = length of the Iditarod – a 4 a lot quieter; a lot busier
race for Huskies 5 much more popular
6 a little bigger than
4
a 1 and 2 6
b 3 and 4 1 The best 2 much easier 3 a bit more difficult
4 the most convenient 5 a little more direct
Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises 6 quicker 7 a lot higher than 8 a bit more ex-
pensive than 9 much quicker 10 more comfort-
3 able
1 Mount Fuji isn’t as high as Mount Kiliman-
jaro. 11 Example answers
2 The USA isn’t as big as Canada. 1 A London bus is a lot / much less expensive
3 A kangaroo is as fast as a horse. than a black cab / a river boat.
4 A Dreamliner isn’t as heavy as a Jumbo Jet. 2 London buses are a lot / much more frequent
than river boats.
4 3 The river boat is a lot / much more comforta-
1 Travelling by motorbike isn’t as safe as trav- ble than (standing on) the bus.
elling by car. 4 A black cab is a bit / a little more convenient
2 Cycling is as dangerous as driving. / Driving than a bus.
is as dangerous as cycling.
3 Gatwick Airport isn't as convenient for us as 12 Example answers
Heathrow Airport. The river boat is a lot more expensive than a
4 Usually, the beach isn't as busy during the bus.
week. Taxis are much more convenient / frequent
5 Going by car is as quick as taking the bus. / than river boats.
Taking the bus is as quick as going by car. The river boat is a little more comfortable than
a taxi.
5
1 n’t as expensive as 2 n’t as slow as 3 as fast 3c The end of the road
as 4 as popular as 5 n't as busy (as Atlanta)
1 Example answers
6 Students’ own answers. Some of the more in-
See underlined stress in the audioscript below. teresting facts about India are:
The strong stress on the stressed syllable of It’s the seventh largest country in the world.
each stressed word is marked. It has the second largest population (after
China).
8 New Delhi is the capital and Mumbai is the
It compares using traditional black cabs in largest city.
London to using private hire taxis from com- It became independent (from Britain) in 1947.
panies such as Uber, Karhoo or Addison Lee. The most popular sport is cricket.
It’s famous for Bollywood (India’s film indus-
9 try), the Taj Mahal (white mausoleum in In-
1 punctual 2 frequent 3 traditional 4 comforta- dian city of Agra) and Mahatma Gandhi
ble 5 convenient 6 reliable (leader of the Indian independence movement
in British-ruled India).
10
1 a bit, a little 2 much, a lot 2
Paragraph 1: b (modern transport in Kolkata)
Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises Paragraph 2: a (why people like rickshaws in
Kolkata)
5 Paragraph 3: c (the end of the old rickshaws in
1 a bit more economical Kolkata)
2 much cheaper
3 a bit more interesting
3 balanced by the arguments for (men from vil-
1 around 15 million lages … don’t have any other job … The new
2 All day there are traffic jams and drivers electric rickshaws are very expensive). Alter-
honk their horns from morning to night. natively, they might argue that the majority of
3 In the old parts of the city because they have the article favours the argument for traditional
smaller streets and cars can’t drive down them. rickshaws. It talks about how the rickshaws are
4 Children: to go to school useful and popular.
Commuters: to go to work – if they miss the
bus to work, a hand-pulled rickshaw is much 3d Getting around town
cheaper than taking a taxi
Housewives: to go to the local market 1
Tourists: to get a photograph sitting on a rick- 1 a rank; b stop
shaw because it’s a famous symbol of Kolkata 2 a fare; b price
5 They want more rickshaw drivers to use ped- 3 a change; b receipt
icabs or modern electric rickshaws, which are 4 a platform; b gate
clean and fast. 5 a book; b check in
6 around 2,000
7 The electric rickshaws are expensive and 2
they want to keep their traditional way of life. 1 the train station
2 £6.30; No, he doesn’t.
4 3 the airport, north terminal; a single ticket
1d2a3h4e5c6b7g8f 4 £14.50; platform 6
5 her passport; none
5
1 take a / go by 2 pick up 3 catch 4 miss 3
5 go on foot 6 drop you off I’d like to go to the station, please.
You can stop here.
6 How much is that?
1 For Do you have change?
parents (Early in the day, the drivers pick up Do you want a receipt?
children and take them to school.) Do you stop at the airport?
shoppers (… housewives often prefer to go by A single or return ticket?
rickshaw to the local markets. The driver That’s two pounds.
drops the women off with their shopping out- A return ticket to the airport, please.
side their house; no other type of public First or second class?
transport can do that!) Which platform is it?
tourists (Visitors to the city often want to get a Can I see your passport?
photograph sitting on a rickshaw because it’s How many bags are you checking in?
a famous symbol of Kolkata.) I only have this carry-on.
rickshaw drivers (… they don’t have any other Window or aisle?
job … the traditional rickshaw and their way Can I have a seat next to my friend?
of life.)
2 Against politicians (… they think it’s wrong 3e Quick communication
for one human to pull other humans. Instead,
they want more rickshaw drivers to use pedi- 1 Example answers
cabs or modern electric rickshaws, which are Students’ own answers. Other possible ways:
clean and fast.) social networking sites like Facebook, leaving
notes or memos on paper, leaving messages on
7 an answerphone, by letter or postcard.
Students’ own answers. They might argue that
it’s balanced because, in the last paragraph, the 2
two points against traditional rickshaws (it’s 1d2b3e4c5a6c7d8b
wrong for one human to pull other humans …
electric rickshaws … are clean and fast) are
3a
1 (Can we) Meet outside (the) airport at 2? (Is 5a
that) OK? 1a2c3b4b5c
2 (I’m) Sorry. (The) Bus (was) late. (I) Will be
15 minutes late. 5b
3 Javier called. (Can you) Call him back? (His Student’s own answers
number is) 0770 657 655.
4 (The) Train leaves (from) platform 6. 7 Example answers
5 Thanks for getting (the) tickets. Here’s the See the videoscript 3.1 on the previous page.
money.
6 (The) Plane (is) at gate 6. Unit 3 Review
7 (I) Am in (a/the) taxi. (Shall I/I’ll) See you
outside in 5 (minutes)? 1
8 (I’m) Afraid I was late so (I) missed (the) 1 largest 2 busiest 3 most beautiful 4 most pol-
meeting. (May I offer/Please accept) My apol- luted 5 clean 6 better 7 noisy 8 more popular
ogies.
2
3b Students’ own answers
1 Sorry. Stuck in traffic. See you in 30 mins.
2 Thanks for booking tickets. Pay you at sta- 3
tion. 1 traffic jam 2 Rush hour 3 bus stop 4 speed
3 Take underground to Oxford Street. Moon limit
café opposite station. 5 city centre
4 Peter wants to come in taxi. Call and tell him
where to meet. 4
5 Flight 1 hr late. Meet arrivals at 5. 1 foot 2 a taxi 3 a taxi 4 the underground

4 Example answers 5 Example answers

1 Working late. Arrive bus station 1 hr later. 1 c and e 2 a and f 3 b and c 4 d 5 d 6 b 7 a and
2 Take taxi outside station to centre. c
3 Can’t travel on underground. Will take bus.
Meet check-in. 6
1 ticket 2 Single 3 Return 4 receipt 5 platform
3f Indian Railways

1 Example answers UNIT 4

Trains may be popular in India because: it’s a
large country with long distances to travel; it’s
a mountainous country and trains may be eas- 1
ier than roads; there may be a very good train Students’ own answers. The photo shows a
service; trains may be cheap; many people man in a cave.
may not have a car; the railways may be better He’s on a wire descending underground into
than the roads. the cave. It looks exciting and is certainly dan-
gerous.
2b
1b2a3d4e5c 2
1 Because they say his hobby is dangerous.
3 2 Because every cave gives you a different
1c2b3a4e5f6d challenge – you look after each other when
you work as a team.
4 3 You have to use a rope and climb down a
1 two million 2 one billion 3 nineteenth hole that’s about twenty metres into the
4 fifty-three 5 thirty-eight thousand ground. At the bottom, you are on your hands
6 nineteen twenty-nine 7 four billion and knees for nearly a kilometre.
8 one and a half million
3 2 Infinitive forms of the irregular verbs under-
1a2c3b lined in the article (in order): The moun-
taineer: be, be, (not) have;
4 The cyclist: be (born), grow up, be, have, give,
Students’ own answers be, see, build, (not) be, go, have, (not) win
3 We form the negative of most past simple
4a Adventures of the year verbs by using didn’t (the negative past form
of the auxiliary verb do) and the infinitive
1 form of the main verb (e.g. lived becomes
Pasang: 1 didn’t live). We form the negative of be
Marjan: 2, 5 by adding not (wasn't/weren't).
Both: 3, 4, 6
5a
2 1 /d/ 2 /t/ 3 /ɪd/ 4 /ɪd/ 5 /ɪd/ 6 /t/ 7 /ɪd/ 8 /d/
1 Students could argue for any one of the fol- (Note that students could argue that 4 is /d/
lowing: since the infinitive study already ends with a /ɪ/
growing up without parents, training to be a sound.)
mountaineer, climbing Everest, or helping
earthquake victims. 6
2 She’s famous for her voluntary work and 1 was 2 studied 3 didn’t become 4 loved 5 got
mountaineering. 6 didn’t want 7 went 8 took
3 To be a cyclist.
4 They competed in international competitions 7
and encouraged women in Afghanistan to take 1 in 1952
up cycling. 2 in Tehran, in Iran
3 photography
3 4 He got a job with a newspaper as a photogra-
regular (in order): The mountaineer: lived, pher.
died, trained, worked, climbed, helped; The 5 No, he wanted to go abroad.
cyclist: loved, entered 6 in 1978
irregular (in order): The mountaineer: was,
was, didn’t have (past: had); The cyclist: was 8
(born), grew up, was, had, gave, was, saw, 1b2a
built, wasn’t, went, had, didn’t win (past: won)
Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises
Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises
3
1 1 How was your hotel?
1 wanted 2 wasn’t 3 didn’t have 4 didn’t like 2 When did you get back?
5 was 6 studied 3 Did they get the train home?
4 What was your favourite experience?
2 5 Did you call me this morning?
1 booked 2 didn’t want 3 decided 4 drove 6 How much did our plane tickets cost?
5 didn’t know 6 asked 7 was 8 could 9 were
10 took 11 had 9
1 did you live
4 2 did you climb
1 We add -ed to regular verbs to form the past 3 did you help
simple. 4 Where were
If the verb ends in -e (e.g. live, dance), we add 5 When did you have / When was
-d. 6 Did you win
If the verb ends in -y, we change y to i and add
-ed.
11 Example answers 4 Example answers
Here are some example questions formed from what subject to study at school or college /
the prompts in the Student’s Book: which university to go to / whether to leave
Where were you born? home or stay / who to marry and when / what
Where did you grow up? job to take / when to change job / what house
When did you learn to ride a bike? or car to buy / whether and when to start
When did you start studying English? a family
Where did you go on holiday last year?
Did you go abroad last year? 5
Did you go to university? 1b2e3c4d5a6f
What was your first job?
6
4b An impossible decision Yates’ impossible decision: to cut the rope and
let his friend fall (his friend might die) or keep
1 holding on (and they both might fall and die).
1 If two people work together, they have better
ideas than one. They might find better solu- 7
tions to difficult problems. 1 experienced, positive
2 Students’ own answers 2 It was snowing and the weather was getting
3 Possible answers: worse.
Advantages: different people are good at dif- 3 He cut the rope.
ferent things, so a team can do a better job us- 4 He thought he was dead.
ing everybody’s skills. Some people think bet- 5 He heard someone shouting his name.
ter by talking with other people and exchang- 6 Someone wrote a book and then there was a
ing ideas. film about the story
Disadvantages: It can be easier to concentrate
and get on with work on your own, you waste 8
less time. 1 fell
4 Answers will be checked in the next exer- 2 were going, wasn’t moving, was breathing
cise. 3 The past continuous is used for the longer,
continuing activity, and the past simple is used
2 for the shorter, finished action.
1 friendly 2 kind 3 patient 4 positive 4 auxiliary verb was / were + -ing form of the
5 hard-working 6 experienced 7 intelligent main verb (the present participle)

3 Example answers Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises

a close friend – 2, 3, 4 (some people might like
someone who enjoys life as a friend, others 4
might prefer someone who is a good listener) 1 were waiting 2 wasn’t eating 3 Were; talking
a language learner – 3, 5, 7 (a good language 4 were; saying 5 wasn’t raining 6 was; flying
learner is patient and hard-working – there is a
lot to learn) 5
a manager – 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 (a good manager is 1 arrived; was watching 2 arrived; got
hardworking and experienced because he or 3 started; were climbing 4 wasn’t playing; saw
she has a lot of difficult decisions to make) 5 Was she skiing; had 6 knew; heard
a parent – 2, 3, 5 (parents are kind and patient
because they have to help their children to 6
grow up) 1 was travelling 2 was eating 3 came 4 knew
a president – 5, 6, 7 (a president is intelligent 5 couldn’t 6 started 7 was sitting 8 was waiting
because there is a lot to know and understand)
a teacher – 1, 2, 3, 5 (a good teacher is patient 9
because the students need time to learn) 1 was shining 2 was snowing 3 broke 4 was
pulling 5 woke up 6 found
 6
10 1
1 was working, came a (Over 400 million Rubik’s cubes have been
2 met, were living sold around the world and one in seven people
3 weren’t getting on, agreed have played with one.)
4 was, wasn’t raining c (In one study at Illinois University, the re-
5 didn’t stop, was running searchers studied … the video game players
6 was he doing, phoned scored higher on the test.) (all the results of
7 did they visit, travelling the study are the evidence)
8 did you answer, were watching 2
b (you could point out the not very factual lan-
11a guage: Our brain naturally loves …)
The positive forms was and were are un-
stressed in sentences 1, 2 and 4. The negative 7
forms wasn’t and weren’t are stressed in sen- 1 solve 2 answer 3 play 4 memory 5 study
tences 3 and 4. 6 test 7 score

4c Challenge yourself 8
1 challenge 2 solving 3 memorize 4 test
1
Students’ own answers 9 Example answers
Example: I don’t like doing crosswords, but I Students’ own answers
like doing puzzles on my phone. I spend about Possibilities include:
ten hours a week playing games on my com- Memorize a few new words every day.
puter or on my phone. Test yourself every week, or work with a
friend and test one another.
3 Example answers Check that you understand the correct answers
They are fun. They make you think. They stop to exercises you do.
you thinking about other things – work, prob- If you get a low score, make sure you under-
lems, stress. stand why.
When you solve them, you feel good. They Read and listen to as many things as you can
pass the time, so they are useful when waiting every day.
or on train journeys. Be proud of your achievements.
Some people think they are good for the brain.
4d True stories
4
1T 1 Example answers
2 F (to teach them about 3D geometry) We go camping in the summer holidays be-
3 F (it took him over a month) cause it’s cheaper than staying in hotels, and
4T it’s more fun. I like living outside, you meet
5 F (a challenging video game could be good lots of people and it’s very sociable.
for our brains.) No, we never go camping. We stay in hotels or
6 F (the tests showed that the brains of adults we rent a house. It’s more comfortable than
who had played video games worked better) camping.

5 2
It uses all types of evidence except for quotes. 1 It was terrible.
• facts from history: In 1974, …; In 2008, … 2 late
• data (e.g. numbers and amounts): 43 quintil- 3 It broke down.
lion (43,000,000,000,000,000,000) ways; 400 4 a mechanic
million Rubik’s cubes 5 it was dark and it was raining.
• results from a scientific study: In one study at 6 to a nice hotel down the road
Illinois University, …
3 4f A microadventure
1 First 2 What did you do? 3 Fortunately 4
when 5 After 6 finally 7 what happened 8 in 1 Example answers
the end 9 Sounds great! I got up, I brushed my teeth, I ate breakfast, I
had a shower, I shaved, I washed my hair, I
4 walked to school, I caught the bus, I checked
a Sequencing the story: my emails, I sent a text, I read a book, I
1 first 4 when 5 After 6 finally 8 in the end switched on my computer, I went on Face-
b Introducing good and bad news book, I posted a photo on Instagram, I ate a
3 Fortunately sandwich, I watched TV, I called my mum, I
c Reacting to good and bad news chatted with friends, I went to a restaurant, I
9 Sounds great! went to bed, etc.
d Asking about the next part of the story
2 What did you do? 7 what happened 2
a took b left c woke up d bought e went
5 f ate g sat h had i made j found
The more exaggerated the intonation pattern,
the more interest the speaker shows. Students 3
should notice that the intonation pattern over 1 f 2 d 3 b 4 j 5 g 6 h 7 i 8 a 9 c 10 e
the questions starts high, then goes down, then
up: 4
1 b, c 2 a 3 a, b, c 4 a, b, c 5 a, b 6 c 7 b, c 8 a,
Really? b
Students should notice that the intonation pat-
tern over the statements goes up, then down: 5
1c2c3b4b5a
Oh no!
Unit 4 Review
4a A story of survival
1
1 1 crossed 2 started 3 arrived 4 travelled 5 was
Students’ own answers 6 broke 7 stopped 8 had 9 didn’t work 10
didn’t have 11 was born 12 didn’t begin
2
1 The islands of Atafu in the Pacific Ocean 2
2 The sun was shining; three teenage boys 1 he cross the Atlantic Ocean
were there; they were fishing. 2 it / he take (to cross the ocean)
3 They didn’t come home in the evening, and 3 did he travel
nobody could find them. 4 have any challenges
4 Some fishermen found a boat with the boys
in it; the fishermen were sailing in the ocean, 3
the boys were in the boat, they were living on Students’ own answers
fish and rainwater.
5 Happy, the boys were alive and well. 4
1 was shining 2 took off 3 were taking 4 was
3 5 was talking 6 reached 7 opened 8 was jump-
1d2a3b4e5c ing

4 5
In the evening, after many days, fifty days 1 patient 2 experienced 3 kind 4 positive
later, in the end 5 intelligent 6 challenging
6 Example answers improve = make better
A: At the beginning it was cloudy as they thrive = do well
started to climb. While they were walking,
they got lost. 4
B: Oh no! Why? benefit
A: It started raining. The weather was terrible. enhance
B: What happened? expand
A: Luckily, they found a cave and then they lit boost
a fire. In the morning, they saw a helicopter. thrive
B: Really?
A: And it rescued them. 5 Example answers
Boosted your confidence: going on a public
speaking course, giving talks at university,
UNIT 5 winning a sports award, getting positive feed-
back from a teacher, employer or sports coach,
getting a new job or a promotion, selling
1 Example answers something you have made, giving a successful
A hydroelectric dam may benefit local public performance
people by providing electricity and local Benefited the local economy: new factory
jobs, and by controlling the flow of a river. opened, local cultural event or festival, new
The construction of a dam may improve transport system or links (e.g. bus, train), new
the landscape by controlling the flow of a shopping centre, faster broadband access, new
river so that it doesn’t flood and destroy residential areas, new green energy supplies,
surrounding countryside, and by creating a community organizations
Enhanced the quality of life in your country:
lake which may be attractive in itself.
better healthcare, wider access to education,
However, it may damage the landscape by more trade, improved access to water/en-
raising water levels so that it covers land ergy/broadband, better transport systems, more
or by taking water away from land further jobs available
downriver. Is thriving in your city or region: new business
It may improve the lives of local people, park, the shopping centre, the arts scene, tour-
but it could mean that they have to move ism, youth projects, farming, manufacturing
house or it may change the local way of
life. 5a From reality to fantasy

2 1
apartment block, bus station, business centre /
The development may benefit people by
business park, car park, city centre / city hall,
generating huge amounts of electricity for green space, high-rise building, leisure centre,
people all over the country. It has also al- luxury apartments, office block / office build-
ready created 19,000 new jobs and boosted ing, pedestrian area / pedestrian zone, railway
the local economy. station, residential building / residential area,
400 square kilometres of rainforest have shopping centre / shopping mall, town centre
been cleared and the diversity of plants
and animals may be lost. Eighteen differ- 2
ent tribal communities will lose their land Students’ own answers
and many of their traditional jobs.
3
1 Perhaps from a plane or helicopter – but ac-
3
tually from the top of the world’s highest
benefit = be good for tower the Burj Khalifa.
boost = help to increase 2 Downtown Dubai around the Dubai Mall:
enhance = add to and improve the shapes of buildings and roads and a lake
expand = get bigger can be seen.
3 Students’ own ideas 6 hiring
7 write
4
1 About sixty years ago, it was a sleepy village 6
occupied by pearl divers, fishermen and trad- 1 growing – keep on + -ing because on is a
ers. A small river ran through the village to the preposition
sea. Today, it is an ‘airconditioned fantasy 2 to make – decide + infinitive with to
world of nearly three million people’, with 3 reducing – involve + -ing
many iconic buildings and amazing shopping 4 Dubai to become – note that allow has a sim-
malls. ilar meaning to let, but a different structure: al-
2 the world’s tallest high-rise building; the low
world’s biggest shopping mall; the world’s (somebody/something) to do (something)
largest motorway intersection 5 shopping – like + -ing
3 tourists, investors (although less since the 6 to create – manage + infinitive with to
2008 financial crisis), the rich and famous, and 7 its police drive – let (somebody/something)
shoppers do (something)
4 The rest of the world watches with a mixture 8 building – enjoy + -ing
of wonder and suspicion.
5 Students’ own ideas 7 Example answers
1 don’t mind/like or ’m not keen on
5 2 managed / decided / ’m hoping
1 seemed to be, failed to sell, want to copy, 3 offered/wanted
chosen to reject 4 failed / didn’t manage; carry on / keep on /
2 get people to invest continue
3 helped little Dubai become 5 listening to music while I work; (to) concen-
4 carry on developing, risked losing trate or playing football / (to) keep fit
6 to study every evening; failing my exams or
Answers to Grammar Summary Exercises to stop running; damaging my knees
7 going to the gym; to pay for the membership
1 8 to stay out late / to go to parties; go out after
1 to go 9pm / go out to parties until I was sixteen
2 to help
3 making 8
4 building 1 decided 2 involved 3 considered 4 seemed
5 work 5 needed 6 suggested 7 allowed 8 let
6 watching 9 avoided 10 afford
7 to come
10 Example answers
2 A few years ago the council decided to rede-
1 to drive velop the area around the canal. The redevel-
2 driving opment involved putting in new paths and
3 drive bridges. Now, this area of the town is very at-
4 to exercise tractive and there are new bars and cafes
5 exercise in the area, too.
6 exercising or
7 working In 2010, the council proposed building a lei-
8 to work sure centre on the edge of town. However,
9 work they failed to ask local people what they
wanted. They closed down the popular outdoor
3 gym in the park and sold basketball courts to
1 to expand housing developers. In the end, the leisure cen-
2 to make tre wasn’t successful.
3 to take Nobody wanted to use a facility that was ex-
4 fly pensive and so far from the town centre.
5 queueing
5b The Kerala model 5 f (horse, Norse)
6 b (reign, stain)
1 Example answers 7 c (shopped, dropped)
Photo 1: exotic, hectic, remarkable 8 g (won, come)
Photo 2: exotic, green, peaceful, remarkable 9 a (paste, laced)
Other adjectives: 1: lively, busy, urban, poor;
2: beautiful, tranquil, unspoilt, touristy 7b Example answers
break: make, take, wake, lake, sheikh, ache
2 (also brake, which has the same sound as
income, education, health, politics, mix of peo- break but a different spelling)
ple foot: put, nut
height: light, site, white, night
3 signed: mind, rind, wind, lined, dined
1 F (it was meant to be a holiday) walk: fork, pork, auk, hawk
2 T (it’s a small state with a big population) word: bird, stirred, herd, heard, purred
3 T (In fact, Kerala’s a kind of model of social
development. The population is highly literate 8
and well educated) 1 remember going = I went somewhere in the
4 F (And women … continue to be very active past – now I have a memory of it.
– and equal – participants in society) remember to send = used to remind someone
5 F (The people there are very politically ac- to do something they promised to do or have
tive …) to do
6 T (That’s because, first, Keralites are natu- 2 When you try doing something, you do it
rally tolerant people: you find Hindus, Mus- with the intention of finding out what will hap-
lims and Christians all living peacefully along- pen when you do it.
side each other and, actually, you could in- When you try to do something, you make an
clude foreigners in that – they’re treated effort.
no differently to anyone else.) It may be difficult and you may expend energy
in the attempt to do it. You may succeed, or
4 you may fail.
Students’ own answers 3 we went on to visit = We were doing some-
thing (visiting Paris) and then we changed to
5 do something else (visit Bordeaux).
1 well educated went on protesting = They were doing some-
2 naturally tolerant thing (protesting), and they continued to do
3 politically active that action (protest).
4 highly literate 4 It was meant to be = it was intended to be …
5 reasonably well off or I wanted it to be …
6 well informed It means somebody having/doing = often used
to explain what is involved in a situation
6 5 I don’t regret changing my plans = I made
1 well (badly or highly are also possible) plans, and now I am still happy with them. I
2 badly don’t feel sorry or bad about making those
3 reasonably plans. regret to say = (a fixed expression often
4 well (badly is possible) used in formal or written situations) I am about
5 highly (extremely is possible) to say something I feel sorry or bad about.
6 extremely 6 stopped to visit = I stopped (travelling).
Why? Because we wanted to visit someone.
7a Keralites never stop debating = Keralites de-
Examples of other words that rhyme have been bate a lot and continue doing this. They don’t
added in brackets. stop.
1 e (late, great)
2 h (four, door) Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
3 d (so, grow)
4 i (red, dead) 41b2b3a4b5a6b
5 a toddler: 2 or 3 (a toddler is a baby or infant
1 to calm down 2 to inform who can walk, but unsteadily)
3 drinking 4 living
5 to tell 6 coming 2 Example answers
Here are ideas from the text: not wanting to
6 communicate with parents or adults in general,
1 to organize doing silly or dangerous things like skate-
2 to talk boarding down a stair rail, constantly chatting
3 leaving to friends on social media
4 making Other possible characteristics: being lazy and
5 to eat untidy, being rude, constantly asking for
6 sightseeing money, being energetic or alternatively sleep-
7 to join ing for long hours, being enthusiastic

9 3
1 reading 2 to visit 3 to improve 4 allowing 1 sensation seeking (excitement, risk), prefer-
5 giving 6 investing / to invest 7 to say ring the company of people their own age
8 to work 9 living 10 to move 2 Positive: sensation seeking can lead to a
wider circle of friends and a happier, more
10 Example answers successful life and preferring the company of
1 Travel: The first place I remember going to their peers is positive because it is vital to
on holiday was the north of France. We went build relationships with them as they share a
there on the train. common future. We should celebrate these
2 Education: I regret not studying differences, because they make teenagers the
maths/harder when I was at school. I would most adaptable human beings around.
like to work in business.
3 Plans: I’ve been meaning to change jobs for 4
some time. My job is so dull and I’m ready for 1 decreases
a new challenge. 2 young children
4 Parents: After he left school, my father went 3 are fully aware
on to set up his own company. It turned out to 4 gain
be a big success! 5 the teenagers’ own
5 Free time: Recently I’ve started doing aero- 6 useful
bics classes. I’m not sure I want to carry on 7 appropriately
with them, though! 8 characteristics
6 Work: Before I start work each day I like to
eat a big breakfast. It means I start the day 5
well and can wait longer for my lunch. 1a2a3b4c5b
7 Eating: I prefer eating in to eating out. It’s
cheaper and I find it more relaxing. 6
1 probably
5c The teenage mind 2 might seem; can also be
3 at least; quite possibly
1 Example answers
This depends on your point of view, but here 7 Example answers
are some rough estimates: 1 Using less direct phrases is useful when
1 infancy: 0 to 2 or 3 faced with a sceptical reader. Basically, the au-
childhood: 3 or 4 to 12 thor is asking readers to accept what they are
adolescence: 12 to 17 or 18 saying as they develop their argument, even if
adulthood: from the age of 18 the reader doesn’t agree with it. When the au-
2 a teenager: 13 to 18 thor writes it might seem dangerous or it can
a baby: 0 to 12 or 18 months be a positive thing, the reader is more likely to
a middle-aged man: from about 45 to 65 years follow this argument, but if the author writes
a young woman: from about 16 to 30 or 35 This clearly isn’t dangerous or This is un-
doubtedly a good thing, the reader might
be resistant, or even stop reading, because the Young adulthood – positive aspects: friends,
argument may be too direct and too firmly boy/girlfriends, freedom, adventure, being
against what the reader already thinks. your own boss, earning your own money, be-
2 Using less direct language is common in aca- ing able to live independently
demic writing, in which the writer must per- Young adulthood – negative aspects: money
suade knowledgeable peers of their argument. worries, exams, getting a job, relationship
It’s also common in newspaper opinion col- problems, responsibilities
umns in which the columnist tries to make a Early middle age – positive aspects: family,
case and in political speeches. responsibility, positive career moves, wide
Using less direct language is also common in group of friends, holidays
formal emails and business correspondence as Early middle age – negative aspects: working
a way of being polite. hard, too much responsibility, financial con-
Students’ own answers cerns
Late middle age – positive aspects: freedom,
8 chance to do your own thing, wide group of
1 fall out with (somebody) = to have an argu- friends, experience Late middle age – negative
ment and stop being friendly aspects: health, family leaving home, identity
2 fall behind (with work) = to make less pro- may change with retirement
gress than necessary – here, it is necessary to Old age – positive aspects: hopefully no work,
do extra work to catch up no financial concerns, grandchildren, freedom
3 fall apart = to break easily into pieces be- to travel and do new things, wisdom
cause they are old or badly made Old age – negative aspects: health, mobility,
4 (plans) fall through = to fail to happen (often possibly money worries, friends becoming ill
disappointingly) or dying
5 fall for (somebody) = to fall in love with, or 2 As people age they tend to have fewer
be quickly attracted to somebody friends and see less of them (but establish
stronger friendships with closest friends).
9 Example answers Young people have less money but worry
I’ve never fallen out with my classmates. about it less whereas older people get
I’ve missed two lessons and fallen behind with increasingly concerned with it. Health be-
my studies. comes a bigger issue as you age.
My school book is falling apart – I’ve studied 3 Students’ own answers
so much!
Jo lost her job and all her career plans fell 1
through. There have been a number of complaints about
A friend once fell for my brother. It was so em- noise coming from the skate park.
barrassing!
2 Example answers
10 Example answers Benefits: a place for children/teenagers to go,
1 Childhood – positive aspects: a time of play, close to parents’ homes so younger children
discovery, adventure, family holidays, toys, could have parental supervision, healthy exer-
presents, little responsibility cise, encourages children to learn new skills,
Childhood – negative aspects: school, having keeps kids from skateboarding on roads and
to do what you’re told, being told off, having around public buildings
fewer choices Disadvantages: some people wouldn’t like
Adolescence – positive aspects: friends, groups of teenagers hanging out, could be
boy/girlfriends, smartphones and other tech- noisy, kids could drink there / do drugs
nology, discovering movies and music, con-
certs, growing independence, holidays, 3
planning an exciting future First woman: constant noise coming from the
Adolescence – negative aspects: parents, argu- skateboard ramps all day – from ten in the
ments, rules, exams, school/college, falling out morning to sometimes as late as ten at night in
with friends, not having your own money, not summer … it’s spoiling our enjoyment of our
having as much freedom as you would like own gardens; there could be drugs and crime
in the future
First man: a bit of an exaggeration – people 2
can all hear each other talking; (bad) impact if As long as the population of cities does not
closed down – a lot of kids will be left with grow more quickly than the services available,
nothing to do – will find public spaces to cities are a good thing.
skateboard that aren’t safe They stop the population spreading into areas
Second man: concerned that the park has be- of the countryside, they provide jobs and they
come a centre for young people to gather in give people a more interesting life.
the evening – worries that it’s not safe
Second woman: healthy exercise for kids – 3
they’re not at home watching TV or playing Yes
video games – doing something active
4
4 giving some statistics that illustrate the seri-
1 thing ousness of the problem
2 For
3 forgetting 5a
4 completely Adding an argument: Furthermore, As well as,
5 good In addition
6 bothered Introducing a contrasting fact: Then again, On
7 concerned the other hand
8 but Explaining the consequences: Consequently,
9 thought As a result,
10 sense Because of this

6 Example answers 5b
For: Library and swimming pool aren’t used 1 Furthermore / In addition
very often, so money can be used elsewhere. 2 Then again / On the other hand
Shopping centre and gym/club might create 3 As well as
more jobs and boost the local economy.
Against: There are plenty of shops and gyms 5f Scandinavian mega-bridge
already.
Important to fight for public services – better 1 Example answers
to enhance and encourage usage than just to 1 It’s a long bridge over a large stretch of wa-
close. ter. It’s probably a road and/or rail bridge. In
Public swimming pool is affordable for more the middle it has two towers (and a suspension
people – private gym will be exclusive. section) and a wider space underneath, proba-
Education (library) is more important than bly to allow ships to pass.
shopping. 2 by ferry, via a tunnel, by plane

5e Big cities, big problems 2b

1d2c3b4e5a
1 Example answers
People live in big cities because: there are 3
good jobs, often with better pay and prospects 1 the distance (the Ørseund Strait is ten miles
than in small towns or the countryside; there wide); the weather is bad (‘lousy’); a high
are interesting things to do – restaurants, night- bridge might obstruct air traffic, a low bridge
life, etc.; there are educational opportunities – might block the shipping traffic
school, universities. 2 They built it as part-bridge and part-tunnel.
Problems in big cities: overcrowding; pollu-
tion; health problems – contagious diseases; 4
crime; high rents and daily travel and living 1 ten miles
costs 2 lousy or bad (or another synonym)
3 cheaper housing
4 more jobs
5 cars and trains
6 200 feet 2
7 670 feet Benefits: It’s helped to make Laos energy in-
8 one of the tallest cement structures dependent and the money they make from sell-
ing energy is being invested in health and so-
5 cial programmes.
1 computer simulation, which showed how the Problems: People have been moved from their
bridge would obstruct air traffic homes and there has been destruction of natu-
2 because it would block Denmark’s ship traf- ral forests.
fic
3 beautiful, expensive 3
4 They needed dry land for the tunnel to come 1 The phrase stop to talk means that the person
out onto from under water. stopped doing something else in order to talk,
and stop talking means that the person was
6 talking and then they finished talking.
1 Strait 2 metropolis 3 consortium 4 air 2 same meaning
5 expensive 6 tunnel 7 bridge 8 longest 3 same meaning
4 same meaning
7a 5 The phrase remember to post means that the
1b2c3b4c5b6a person is planning to post something in the fu-
ture and doesn’t want to forget to do it and re-
7b Example answers member posting means that the person posted
1 The weather in the west of my country is al- something in the past and is recalling that ac-
ways lousy. tion.
2 The most frustrating thing about my job / my
studies is the long hours. 4
3 The project suffered a big setback when one 1 hectic
of the buildings fell down. 2 toddlers
3 thrive
8 Example answers 4 reasonably
Ideas for a transport plan include: a new tram 5 through
system, a park and ride bus service from out of 6 out with
town to the centre, pedestrianized central ar-
eas, a new one-way system to limit the access 5
of cars to the centre, a system whereby cars are 1 block
not allowed in the centre on certain days, in- 2 centre
creased parking fees or a pay zone which 3 zone
makes cars pay if they drive into the zone, 4 mall
tourist routes marked by more signs 5 park
6 space
Unit 5 Review
7
1 1 depend
1 to see or seeing 2 accept
2 (to) be 3 make
3 to have 4 appreciate
4 to develop or developing 5 concerned
5 to invest 6 considered
6 moving
7 affecting UNIT 6
8 to minimize
9 supporting 1
10 give (from left to right in the photo): elderly, mid-
11 using dle-aged, and young adult (or teenager of un-
der 20)
2
It shows people at different stages in life com- 5
municating in different ways. 1 no (They always intended to do something
fun and exciting at the weekend but, in the end,
3 Example answers there was never time.)
1 Here are general rules for the UK: get a pen- 2 They wanted to stop working and to go trav-
sion (65); get your driving licence (17); go to elling.
college or university (18); get married (by law, 3 They bought a campervan to travel from the
16; on average, 25 to 29); learn to ride a bicy- bottom of South America to Brazil.
cle (between 3 and 8, with an average of 5); 4 Africa (… they hoped to get to Africa on a
leave home (many leave at 18, but 25% of 20 container ship.)
to 34-year-olds continue to live with their par- 5 Colleagues at work found it difficult to un-
ents), start a family (the average age is 30 and derstand their decision.
rising); start your career (no clear answer here 6 Their closest friends thought they were crazy
– many start at 22 when they leave university); to go on this kind of journey.
retire from work (on average, people in the 7 They started to live their dream.
UK retire at 63), buy your first home (a report
by a bank suggested 30 as an average age – but 6
increasingly it’s harder to buy a first home in 1a2c3b
the UK).
2 Students’ own answers Answers to Grammar Summary exercises

1 Example answer 1
Students’ own answers. It can be rude. It de- 1 to go 2 to start 3 to study 4 to organize
pends on the age of the people and how well 5 to stay 6 to learn
you know them. If they are young, they proba-
bly don’t mind. Older people might not want 2
to say their age, especially if you don’t know 1a2g3c4h5d6f7b8e
them well. It also shows a lack of respect to
ask an older person a personal question. 3
1 staying 2 to learn 3 to fix 4 to visit
2 5 painting 6 to buy 7 Eating 8 to hear
14: early teens (teenager)
25: mid-twenties (young adult / adult) 7
39: late thirties (adult) Text 1: teenager or young adult (probably tak-
53: fifties (middle-aged) ing time out between finishing school and
83: early eighties (elderly) starting university)
Text 2: middle-aged (probably in their sixties
3 Example answers – about to retire)
Students’ own answers (answers will depend Text 3: adult (probably in twenties or thirties)
on your students’ context and culture). Here 1 to go (after the verb plan)
are some currently correct examples from the 2 to earn (infinitive of purpose)
English-speaking world: 3 like
Queen Elizabeth II: early nineties 4 to retire (after an adjective)
Donald Trump (US President): early seventies 5 relax
George Clooney (actor): mid-fifties 6 to sit (after the verb want)
Justin Timberlake: late thirties 7 to buy (after an adjective)
Jennifer Lawrence (actor): mid to late twenties 8 afford
Taylor Swift (singer): late twenties 9 to buy (infinitive of purpose)
10 not to feel (after an adjective)
4
They were probably middle-aged, because 8
they had successful careers. 1 a 2 c 4 b 6 a 7 b 9 c 10 b
They left because they wanted to be free to do
the things they wanted.
9 4 Don’t know (It isn’t mentioned.)
1c2f3b4e5a6d
8
10 a 1 be going to + infinitive; 2 present continu-
All are pronounced /tə/ (see Pronunciation ous;
note below). 3 will + infinitive
b1
11 Example answers c3
1 One day I intend to live abroad / get a new d2
job / get married.
2 I want to take a year off to travel round the Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
world / to learn a new skill.
3 I’d be happy to get a good job / disappointed 4
to lose my job. 1 ‘m going to see
4 In the future I’d like to learn a new language 2 Are; going to come
/ to play the guitar. 3 ‘s going to have
5 When I get older I hope / plan / intend to buy 4 ‘s going to spend
a house / start a family. 5 ‘m not going to get
6 These days it’s difficult to buy a house / to 6 Are; going to miss
get a job / to meet interesting people. 7 aren‘t going to go
8 ‘m going to start
6b World party
5
1 Example answers 1 I’ll help 2 I’ll go 3 is arriving 4 I’m going to
Students’ own answers. Events that are com- go 5 I’m going to have
monly celebrated with a party: Christmas,
New Year, Independence Day, Carnival or 6
Mardi Gras, birthdays, name days, weddings, 1a2b3a4b5b
wedding anniversaries, graduation from school
or university 9
1 I’ll check (decision at the time of speaking)
2 2 You’re going to (a general plan or future in-
Because it’s talking about a day that’s cele- tention)
brated in lots of places round the world. 3 I’ll try (decision at the time of speaking)
4 I’m going to visit (a general plan or future
3 intention)
1 Rio de Janeiro 5 are we meeting (an arrangement for a fixed
2 Venice time)
3 New Orleans 6 are we going to give (a general plan or future
4 Port-of-Spain intention)
5 New Orleans (jazz), Rio de Janeiro (samba) 7 are you leaving (an arrangement for a fixed
6 Venice time)

4 11
1 mask 2 float 3 candles 4 (jazz) band 5 fire- 1 ‘m going to leave 2 are; meeting 3 ‘ll take
works 6 steel drum 7 costume 4 ‘m going to do 5 ‘s starting 6 ‘ll buy

6 6c Coming of age
New Orleans Mardi Gras
1
7 Students’ own answers
1 Yes (thousands of visitors) 1 In the UK, the following is true: drive a car
2 No (Everyone is meeting at the float …) (17); get married (16); buy cigarettes (18);
3 No (‘And do you have a mask?’ ‘Sure. Here leave school (16); buy fireworks (18); open a
it is. I’ll put it on.’)
bank account (7 – to open a savings account; c Economic view: cattle jumping (they have to
11 – to open a current account). pay the bride’s family about thirty goats and
2 Arguably, at 16 when you can get married twenty cows; the man will have to pay the fam-
and start work, or at 18 when you are fully ily back over his whole life; Because of the
treated as an adult by the law. costs involved, Hamar men are usually in their
3 In the UK, there is no formal ‘coming of mid-thirties … when they marry; his wife
age’ rite – people often celebrate their 18th … gets financial control over the husband’s
and 21st birthdays as special occasions with a younger brothers’ money)
big party, and it’s traditional to give a person a
key (nowadays, usually, a large plastic key) to 7
symbolize having the key to adulthood. get married (line 3) – become
get a job (line 5) – start
2 gets financial control (line 32) – receive
According to the introductory paragraph, com- get legal rights (line 40) – receive
ing-of-age means different things in different
cultures – ranging from getting married or get- 8
ting a job to celebrations to symbolize coming 1a2d3g4c5e6b7f
of age.
9 Example answer
3 There are no fixed answers as this depends on
1 T (parts of the Caribbean, Central America your students’ experiences. However, here are
and South America) some useful phrases you could use to prompt
2 F (the Inca, Maya and the Aztecs probably students: get up early, get a present, get a
had their own coming-of-age ceremonies al- card, get flowers, get to a restaurant/
ready) party, get dinner, get a kiss.
3 F (they have to pay the bride’s family about
thirty goats and twenty cows – not money) 6d An invitation
4 F (she then gets financial control over the
husband’s younger brothers’ money) 1 Example answer
5 T (Twenty is an important age in Japanese From least formal to most formal:
society because you get several adult legal a barbecue with family and friends
rights, such as voting in elections) your grandfather’s ninetieth birthday party
6 T (in recent years, the number of young peo- an end-of-course party
ple celebrating Seijin-no-Hi has decreased) a leaving party for a work colleague
an engagement party
4 going out for dinner with a work client
1 a culture b country (Note that this is a suggested order – there is
2 a celebration b ceremony no reason why, for example, a leaving party
3 a groom b bride might be more formal than a birthday party.)
4 a legal rights b social traditions
2
6 1 a barbecue at his house
a Historical view: Quinceañera (the celebra- 2 Because he has things to do, and he thinks
tion started when the Spanish first came to …; it’s a family affair.
ancient tribes … probably had their own com- 3 He tells him he’s inviting others from their
ing-of-age ceremonies already; the class.
Quinceañera waltz, which was introduced 4 No, he doesn’t.
in the 19th century) 5 on Saturday
b Social view: Seijin-no-Hi (the number of 6 to dinner at her favourite restaurant
young people celebrating Seijin-no-Hi has de- 7 Yes, she does.
creased …; … partly because of Japan’s low 8 more formal, because the speakers don’t
birth rate; it’s too expensive and … modern know each other very well
twenty-year-olds are less interested in these
kinds of social traditions) 3
Would you like to come …?
I’d like to take you to … 2 Students’ own answers
Why don’t you …? 3 Students’ own answers
I’d like that very much.
Thanks, that would be great. 2
That would be wonderful. 1e2b3c4d5a
OK.
I’d love to. 3
Thanks, but … 1c2e3b4d5a

6e A wedding in Madagascar 4
1 relaxing beaches and lively music
1 2 in the 20th century
food and meals, clothes, people, festivals and 3 It’s an oil-producing nation.
ceremonies 4 the rhythms came from the early Africans
centuries ago
2a 5 No, most musicians play by ear.
1 enormous, massive 6 a tuner
2 miserable 7 musicians who play steelband
3 beautiful, colourful, smart, delicious
4 dull 5a
1b2a3c4c5c
2b Example answers
1 Venice is a beautiful city with lots of ancient 5b
buildings. 1 goes back 2 backgrounds 3 play 4 escape
2 In the USA, you can buy enormous / huge / 5 performers
giant / gigantic / colossal burgers.
3 The parade was a bit dull / tedious after a 6 Example answers
while. 1 flag, national anthem, iconic building (e.g.
4 The crowd was delighted because the excit- Big Ben in London, Eiffel Tower in Paris), a
ing / colourful fireworks started. type of food or drink (e.g. whisky in Scotland),
5 All the costumes were beautiful / gorgeous / a sport (e.g. cricket in Australia), a car (e.g. a
lovely. Ferrari in Italy), a type of building
6 I was miserable / upset to leave Paris.
7 I tried sushi for the first time and it was deli- Unit 6 Review
cious / really tasty.
8 The view of the mountains was beautiful / 1
stunning / wonderful. 1 this is a plan or intention
2 this is a decision you have just made
2c Example answers 3 this is an arrangement
food and meals: lovely, delicious, tasty 4 this is a plan
clothes: pretty, smart, attractive, (un)fashiona-
ble, expensive festivals and ceremonies: inter- 2
esting, exciting, amusing, enjoyable 1 hope to 2 ’ll help 3 to win 4 are you going to
nature and geographic features: beautiful, at- 5 is having
tractive, dramatic, interesting
people: happy, sad, (un)friendly, kind, annoy- 4
ing towns, cities, buildings: large, busy, attrac- get your first job
tive, ancient, historic transport: efficient, go to school
cheap, expensive, clean, dirty, fast, buy your own clothes
slow, old, modern learn to drive
start a family
6f Steel drums
5
1 Students’ own answers
1 She’s playing steel drums.
6 4
1 parades 2 decorations 3 costumes 4 floats 5 1 Paul Battista 2 Lee 3 Donald Roessler
drums
5
7 1 2004
1 Would you like 2 I’d like you to 3 I’d like to 2 a regular monthly income
4 That sounds 3 a job as a driver
4 she’s learning to drive trucks
5 he sells construction equipment
UNIT 7 6 his profits have increased

6
1 Past simple: discovered
Students’ own answers. Most should say: dan- Present perfect: have changed, has lived,
gerous, physical, hard, tiring. It also looks like hasn’t made
a skilled job. a past simple b present perfect c present per-
fect
2
1 part-time 2 manual 3 low-paid 4 hard; long Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
5 in a team
1
3 1 I’ve seen that film five times.
hotel receptionist, sales representative, police 2 Have you ever been to Australia?
officer, fashion designer, shop assistant 3 They’ve always lived in the countryside.
(Note that there are other possible but less 4 Has she ever visited you?
common job titles you could make, e.g. ho- 5 I haven’t finished my work.
tel/shop designer, sales assistant, police recep- 6 Why have you applied for this job?
tionist, fashion representative)
2
4 Example answers 1 I started 2 Have you ever been 3 They’ve al-
Note that the answers here depend on the stu- ways loved 4 Jill spoke 5 I worked 6 I’ve
dents’ own experience, so they all could be never been
boring or interesting, or tiring.
Students may suggest that being a police of- 3
ficer is hard, skilled and challenging, and per- 1 Have; finished 2 got 3 Did; have
haps dangerous, and sometimes physical. Be- 4 Have; heard 5 have; sent 6 told
ing a fashion designer is skilled and challeng- 7 Have; been 8 stayed 9 Did; have
ing.
7
7a Changes in Pennsylvania Regular past participles: changed, lived, em-
ployed, increased
1 Irregular past participles: made, had, run
computer programmer, nurse, engineer, ac-
countant, marketing manager 8
1 I went (we say when)
2 2 I qualified (we say when)
accountant, computer programmer, electrician, 3 haven’t lived (started in the past and contin-
engineer, journalist, marketing manager, shop ues now)
assistant, teacher, waiter 4 I’ve worked (we don’t know or don’t say
when)
3 5 I spent (we say when)
farmer, economist, scientist, driver, politician, 6 It’s been (started in the past and continues
builder, trainer now)
7 weren’t (we say when – at first)
8 has created (we don’t know or don’t say 2 He took a series of X-ray photographs and
when) put them
9 has improved (started in the past and contin- together in one picture.
ues now) 3 Students’ own answers

9 2
1 How long have you worked for your com- 1 office 2 entrance 3 reception 4 ground floor;
pany? corridor
2 When did you go to college? 5 lift; stairs 6 emergency exit 7 canteen 8 base-
3 Have you always lived in Pennsylvania? ment
4 When did you move back here?
5 Have you ever worked overseas? 3 Example answers
6 Has it been easy living here? If your students are in a typical school or col-
lege, it’s likely
10 to have all of these parts of a building.
1 For five years.
2 When I was nineteen. 4 Example answers
3 No, I haven’t. Someone is using / going up in the lift.
4 In 2015. On the first floor, someone is sitting/working
5 Yes, I have. at a desk /
6 Yes, it has. someone is walking up the stairs.
On the second floor, two people are meeting in
11 an office.
1 since 2 for On the third floor, someone is using the photo-
copier /
Answers to Grammar Summary exercise someone is sitting/working at a desk.
On the top floor, people are relaxing / some-
4 one is reading
1 for 2 for 3 since 4 since 5 for 6 for a newspaper.
7 since 8 for
5
12 1 home
1 since 2 for 3 for 4 since 5 since 6 since 2 on the first floor, where the person is sitting
7 for 8 since on the photo
3 in the top drawer on the left, behind Kristina
13 Example answers 4 to mend the photocopier
Possible questions: 5 on the 3rd floor next to the photocopying
How long have you had your current job? room
When did you start your job?
When did you move into your current home? 6
How long have you lived there? 1 at 2 on 3 next to 4 in; behind 5 on 6 at
Have you been to different countries? 7 into 8 up to 9 through 10 next to
Which countries have you been to?
Where did you go last year? 7
Have you learned any foreign languages? Prepositions of place: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10
How long have you studied English? Prepositions of movement: 7, 8, 9
How long have you known your best friend?
Where did you meet? Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
What are your interests?
How long have you done that? 5
1 in 2 on 3 below 4 opposite 5 between 6 near
7b X-ray photographer
6
1 1 out of 2 across 3 along 4 past 5 through
1 It’s X-ray photography. 6 up 7 outside
 The two ideas are similar.
8 3 a cowboys like Blaine and Tyrel: born into
1 on 2 down 3 outside 4 at 5 past 6 opposite the life, rode a horse before they could walk,
7 along; on 8 across large moustaches, traditional clothes, hat and
boots
9 b cowboys like Pat Crisswell: had an office
1 in 2 at 3 on 4 next to 5 through 6 up job, made good money, wanted job satisfac-
7 into 8 down tion, being free to wake up under the sky and
being your own boss
11 Example answers The two ideas are very different.
Go down the stairs to the ground floor. Go 4 a the advantages of an office job in the city:
along the corridor to the big doors. Go through good money, all day inside
the doors and you’re there. b the advantages of working as a cowboy: job
Go into the lift. Go up to the top floor. Go past satisfaction, being free to wake up under the
the manager’s office. It’s opposite the meeting sky and being your own boss
room. The two ideas are very different.

7c Twenty-first century cowboys 5

1 do 2 make 3 make 4 make 5 do
1 Example answers
Students may choose to define cowboy in a 6
number of ways. A cowboy is a person who 1 do 2 make 3 make 4 do 5 do 6 make
herds cows. Cowboys wear wide cowboy hats, 7 make 8 do
carry a gun, ride horses and can lasso
a horse or cow with a rope. Cowboys are the 7 Example answers
heroes in American westerns who fight ‘Indi- Here are a few questions students might ask:
ans’ (Native Americans). How often do you make breakfast?
The USA is most famous for cowboys – How many calls do you make every day?
largely because of the Hollywood movie in- When / How often do you do your homework?
dustry that has glamourized the cowboy. When was the last time you made a big mis-
take? What
2 was it?
1
8
3 See the answers to Exercise 10.
1 c (it’s physical with long hours and low pay)
2 a (you are in the middle of nowhere … you 10 Example answers
feel lonely) Students’ own answers.
3 a (They are brothers and have worked with A person with a ‘cowboy’ mentality might or-
cows since they were children. Their mother der learning new skills, making your own deci-
had a ranch …) sions, working outdoors and perhaps opportu-
4 c (he wanted job satisfaction. And for a cow- nities to travel to different places above the
boy, job satisfaction doesn’t come from the others.
money or a comfortable office …) An ambitious ‘business person’ might order
getting regular promotion, a good salary and
4 making your own decisions at the top of the
1 a the cowboy in Hollywood films: freedom, list.
adventure, romantic image
b the real life of a cowboy: hard, dangerous, 7d A job interview
physical, long hours, low pay
The two ideas are very different. 1
2 a the life of a cowboy in the past: hard, dan- 1 The restaurant needs people today.
gerous, physical, long hours, low pay 2 Reasons for applying include flexible work-
b the life of the modern cowboy: hard, danger- ing times, training provided and the fact that
ous, physical, long hours, low pay you don’t need any experience. Students may
also suggest that it might be fun, you work 2 Example answers
with a team and meet people, and it’s Answers depend on the students’ background
great if you like pizza. and experience.
Reasons for not applying depend on the stu- Other information that may be added could be:
dents’ point of view – the job can be tiring, open references about the applicant; strengths
stressful, long hours in the evening and at and weaknesses; personal qualities, hobbies,
weekends, and not well paid. life experiences (e.g. places you have visited).

2 3a
1 staff 2 positions 3 essential 4 provide 5 apply Missing words: subjects, auxiliary or modal
(for) 6 CV 7 (contact) details verbs
Verb forms used: present participle (Working),
3 present perfect (Have worked), past simple
1 T (I’ve looked at your CV) (Met)
2 F (worked here last year … came back to
study fashion this year) 3b
3 F (I have some spare time in the evenings) (I am) helping the general manager.
4 T (helping the customers) (I am) managing staff.
5 F (Yes, it says in the advert you provide (I) checked in guests / (I had to)* check in
training. Can you give me more information guests.
about that?) (I) worked in a large team.
6 T (lots of experience so you probably won’t (I) translated hotel correspondence … / (I had
need very much) to)* translate hotel correspondence …
(I) planned activities … / (I had to)* plan ac-
4 Example answers tivities …
Students’ own answers (I) organized the schedule. / (I had to)* organ-
Reasons why she’s good are: she’s got experi- ize the schedule.
ence of working in an English restaurant, she (I) did most winter sports.
answers the questions well, she asks a good (I) acted in student theatre productions.
follow-up question, she doesn’t need much *Note that we can use had to when expressing
training. duties or responsibilities in a job.
Reasons against: she’s at college and is only
free in the Evenings 3c
1 Studying mathematics at university.
5 2 Made pizzas in the student cafeteria.
1 How 2 Why 3 What 4 How 5 Do 6 Can 3 Have competed in athletics competitions for
Your current life and job: How long have you my school.
been in England? 4 Trained / Had to train new employees.
Reasons for applying: Why do you want this 5 Learning to play the drums.
job? 6 Have given presentations to large groups of
Past experience and qualifications: What did people.
you like about your last job? How did you deal
with any difficult situations? 7f My working life
Questions for the interviewer: Can you give
me more information about that? 1
Note that question 5 does not match any of the 1b2a3c4d5f
categories.
3
7e Applying for a job a Marcus b Katy c Virginia d Marcus
e Katy f Virginia
1
1 Date of birth 2 Address 3 Home telephone 5
4 Education 5 Work experience 6 Skills 1 start / set up the stall
7 Interests 8 References 2 pack up and go home
3 exercise
4 hours vacuum cleaning; in films – CGI animation is
5 adult lessons done with the help of robots; in helping disa-
6 people bled people – robotic limbs; in cars – driver-
7 travelling (from home less cars, GPS; bomb disposal; automation in
to home) agriculture; robots work in big warehouses se-
8 variety lecting items for delivery.
9 team
10 pay 2
1 solves mathematical problems, sends mes-
6 sages to friends, cooks dinner for us
1b2a3b4a5b 2 because a human has given the wrong in-
structions 3 on the International Space Station,
Unit 7 Review it does all the simple or repetitive jobs.

1 3
1 have, worked 2 joined 3 have, wanted 4 was Students’ own answers. Most would agree
5 did, study 6 Have, lived 7 spent with the following: solve problems, speak a
language, understand instructions.
2 It can be argued that advanced robots can now-
1 started in past and continues now adays do the following: have new ideas, make
2 we know when decisions.
3 to ask about something in general Robots can’t make mistakes (the listening says
4 we know when that they don’t make mistakes – any mistakes
5 we know when are down to human error).
6 to ask about an experience The other actions are only human.
7 we know when
4 Example answers
4 Note that the answers here depend on the stu-
1 across 2 on 3 in 4 through 5 at 6 opposite dents’ own experience.
At work: photocopying, filing, making tea or
5 coffee, answering routine calls, organizing
1 representative 2 designer 3 assistant 4 area junk emails from important ones, carrying or
5 computer 6 emergency 7 manager 8 floor 9 moving any heavy objects
details At school: photocopying, doing the register,
marking tests
6 At home: cleaning, ironing, tidying up, making
1 does 2 makes 3 make 4 does the bed, ordering the shopping, taking the dog
for a walk
7
Students’ own answers 8a Mobile technology

8 1 Example answers
1c2e3b4a5d Some possible reasons are: to find out infor-
mation on train times; to check my email; to
get directions; to contact friends on social
UNIT 8 messaging sites; to find out information
to help with my homework; to check the
weather forecast; to read the news headlines;
1 to follow my favourite celebrity on Twitter; to
Students’ own answers. send a tweet; to make a Skype call; to down-
Some ways robots already work with humans: load music, a film or some photos.
on assembly lines in manufacturing; in surgery
where robots are used by surgeons to perform 2
operations; around the home where robots do 1 set up 2 download 3 write 4 play 5 search
things such as controlling temperature or 6 subscribe 7 upload 8 log in 9 connect
 1 and 5 are first conditional, the others are zero
3 Example answers conditional.
I don’t download music, but I often download
photos. 8
I love playing online games. 1 go 2 ’ll need 3 drives 4 see 5 ’ll buy
I subscribe to a news website. 6 isn’t 7 ring 8 won’t pass
I upload funny videos to my own webpage.
10 Example answers
4 Example answers Students own answers. One list would be: mo-
The blog was written by someone travelling bile phone, suncream, sunglasses, cooker,
and/or working in Kamchatka – perhaps a matches (If we take a mobile phone, we won’t
backpacker but probably a person on an expe- need a camera, laptop, torch or satnav because
dition – he or she is in a group and working in all those things are on the phone; We’ll
a forest. need matches and a cooker if we want warm
The blog is a personal diary of the trip. It may food; If it’s sunny, we’ll need sunglasses; We
be aimed at friends or family who want to won’t need an umbrella because it won’t rain
know what the person is doing. It might be on the first day so we can use a towel to get
aimed at other travellers who like to hear about dry when we finish the trip).
people’s adventures
8b Invention for the eyes
5
1 hard (here at last) 2 Example answers
2 good (sunny) Students’ own answers
3 very different (in the past, explorers couldn’t Here are some reasons for choosing each item:
share their news until months after the trip) the aeroplane: allowed people to travel round
4 useful (great if you have a problem) the world
5 Someone else (someone in our group) the bicycle: allowed people to get across towns
6 didn’t know (someone who knows this re- quickly – resulted in people being able to com-
gion well) mute to work
the camera: able to capture memories, news
6 stories and history in a way we couldn’t before
1 zero 2 first 3 zero 4 first 5 use the engine: resulted in the invention of the car
the internet: revolutionized how we communi-
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises cate, how we access information and how we
access news the telephone and mobile phone:
1 allowed people to communicate without hav-
1f2e3c4a5g6b7d ing to travel to see each other – completely
changed business
2 the washing machine: a time-saving revolution
1 finish, ’ll go out – freed women, in particular, from the home
2 ’ll miss, don’t leave Here are other items to add: wheel, sword,
3 is, ’ll drive gun, boat, computer, glasses.
4 won’t come, feels
3
3 1 The problem is that they can’t get glasses.
Zero conditional: 1 d; ’s; prefer 2 a; don’t 2 Silver has invented glasses that don’t need
sleep; have an optician.
3 b; die; don’t give 4 c; likes; wakes
First conditional: 1 c; ’s; ’ll invite 2 a; don’t 4
eat; ’ll feel 4, 1, 3, 2
3 d; won’t get up; don’t have to 4 b; ’ll travel;
can 5
1 T (he did many experiments before he got it
7 right)
1d2b3c4a5f6e
2 T (A man in Ghana was the first person who 5 which can break
used the new glasses.) 6 who invented Lifestraw
3 F (cheap to produce)
4 F (in countries where people can’t get 11 Example answers
glasses easily) He’s the scientist who explained relativity.
(Einstein)
6 It’s a thing which people often watch in their
a who b which c where living rooms with their families. (TV)
It’s a big city where there is / you can see / you
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises can visit the Louvre Museum and the Eiffel
Tower. (Paris)
4a
1 who 2 which 3 where 4 which 5 who 13 Example answers
6 where 7 which Here is a possible example presentation:
Our new invention is a machine which drives
4b itself. It’s for people who can’t drive or don’t
2, 4 and 7 like driving. You can use it in a place where
the traffic isn’t moving quickly – in city
5 centres, for example.
1 Correct
2 This is the house that I want to buy it. 8c Designs from nature
3 She bought the car which she saw last week.
4 LookI That’s the friend who I was talking 2
about yesterday. 1e2c3d4a5b
5 Those are the students who they are looking
for a flat. 3
6 Correct 1a2b3a4b5b6a
7 He didn’t see the person who he took his
wallet. 4
1 with 2 at 3 in 4 on 5 on 6 of 7 to 8 of
6
1 who; f 2 who; b 3 that / which e 4 that / 5
which; c 5 who / that; a 6 where; d 1 noun 2 adjective 3 adjective 4 verb 5 verb
6 verb 7 adjective 8 noun
7
1 A man in Ghana was the first person who 7
used the new glasses. All are possible (although ‘4 questionnaires’ is
2 Silver started an organization which is called an unlikely source here).
the ‘Centre for Vision in the Developing 1 photographs (they studied a whale’s flippers
World’. – perhaps the writer looks at photos of whales
3 The centre works with schools in countries to see how flippers work)
where people can’t get glasses easily. 2 interviews with people (in 1982, Wilhelm
Barthlott, … – perhaps the writer interviewed
8 Barthlott)
1 who 2 where 3 which 4 where 5 which 6 3 biographies (In 1948, the Swiss engineer
who George de Mestral was walking in the coun-
tryside when … - this may have come from a
9 biography)
1, 3, 5 and 6 5 books about the topic (Bio- means ‘living
things’ and mimetics means ‘copying’ – proba-
10 bly comes from a book about the topic)
1 which cleans water 6 articles in magazines (when the car company
2 where there is no safe Mercedes-Benz wanted to think of a new de-
3 where there is a lake sign for a car, they looked at a boxfish – per-
4 who like hiking and camping haps from a magazine)
8 Example answers you want. Press the button to copy. If the pa-
1 questionnaires; interviews with people; inter- per is stuck, pull the lever to open the copier.
net research A USB stick: Put it in the computer. Press the
2 biographies, books about the topic, internet button to release it.
research A vending machine: Turn it on / Press the but-
3 interviews with people, articles in maga- ton to select what you want. Put money in.
zines, internet Research Pull the lever to get your money back.

10 8e An argument for technology

Students’ own answers
Here are some possible questions: 1
What’s your favourite technology? B
How often do you use it?
What’s it used for? 2a
What colour / shape / size is it? 1 Firstly 2 On the other hand, However 3 In
Who made / manufactured it? other words 4 In addition 5 For example 6 As
When / Where was it made? a result
What is it made of?
2b
8d Gadgets 1 Firstly 2 For example 3 In addition
4 On the other hand / However
2 5 However / On the other hand 6 As a result
1 c – turn on the remote control (Picture B)
2 e – pull the lever backwards (Picture E) 3 Example answer
3 a – charge the battery (Picture A) GPS is a good idea for anyone who travels a
4 b – press the button (Picture C) lot. Firstly, GPS maps are always up-to-date
5 d – push the lever forwards (Picture D) and correct. In addition, they are safer to use
when driving. On the other hand, one disad-
3b Example answers vantage is that GPS is more expensive than a
I charge_an old laptop_overnight. normal map. However, it saves time. For ex-
We turn_our radio on_in the morning. ample, you will drive directly to your destina-
I pull_a switch to put the lights_on_in the gar- tion without spending time getting lost and try-
age. ing to find your way. As a result, you will also
spend less money on petrol.
4
Order of pictures: A, B, D, E, C 5 Example answer
Here is a model set of notes and an example
5 text:
Can you show me how this works? Mobile phones – useful in many different
Have you charged the battery? ways
How did you do that? • can use them to communicate with friends
What is this other one for? • make calls
What happens if I press this button? • send texts
• get information from the internet – dictionary
6 Example answers and encyclopaedia
A computer game: Press the button/icon to • expensive (but lots of packages to keep the
switch it on. price down)
If you pull the lever back, the character goes • more useful than any other gadget
forward / shoots a gun. Mobile phones are useful in many different
A mobile phone/tablet: Charge the battery. ways. Firstly, we can use them to communi-
Press the button to switch it on. It’s the button cate with friends. For example, we can make
on the side. calls or send texts. In addition, they are a great
A photocopier/printer: Turn it on / Press the way of accessing information from the inter-
button to switch it on. Select how many copies net. In other words, they’re a dictionary and
encyclopaedia as well as a phone. On the other white boards; studying online; using the inter-
hand, they can be expensive if we use them a net as a resource (dictionary, grammar refer-
lot. However, there are lots of packages you ence, user groups).
can buy to keep the price down. As a result, Students use technology in the classroom
our mobile phones are probably more useful (video, audio, interactive whiteboards), at
than any other gadget. home (using the internet to research for home-
work, using an online dictionary, speaking to
8f Ancient languages, modern technology other language learners).

1 Example answer Unit 8 Review

The photo shows a professional film camera
on a tripod. 1
The people in the photo, however, don’t ap- 1 press (zero) 2 will work (first) 3 love (zero)
pear to be technologically advanced. Perhaps 4 doesn’t call (first) 5 won’t go (first) 6 ’ll pass
they are using the camera to record their tradi- (first)
tions, customs or way of life – the title of the
unit suggests they may be using it to record 2
their ancient language. 1 which 2 who 3 where 4 which 5 who 6
which
2
1a2c3d4f5b6e 4
1 set 2 Press 3 charge 4 technology 5 in 6 log
3 7 solve 8 about 9 get 10 play
1c2a3d4b
5
4 Students’ own answers
1T2T3F4T5F6T7F8T9T
6
5 1 How do I switch it on?
1b2c3c4b5a 2 What happens if I press this button?
3 Can you show me how this works?
6 4 How did you do that?
1 known 2 dying out 3 forever 4 equipment 5 Have you charged the battery?
5 basic 6 survived 7 schooled 6 What does this button do?

7 Example answers 7
Students’ own answers 1d2e3a4d5b6c
Technology can help save a dying language by
recording it (on video and audio); by providing 8 Example answers
a video and audio resource from which people These are glasses which don’t need an opti-
can learn it or educators can prepare ways of cian. There’s a pump on each side which uses
teaching the language to a new generation; by silicone oil. First, you turn a wheel which con-
bringing the attention of the world or of trols the pump. The pump pushes the silicone
national governments to the fact that the lan- oil through the pipe and it moves into the
guage is dying; by making learning a dying lenses.
language ‘cool’ to a new generation – if they As the lens fills with oil, the shape of the lens
can study and learn it through technology, it changes and you turn the wheel until you can
becomes more attractive. see correctly.
Technology is useful for learning and com- This is a drone which flies in the air and takes
municating: watching films and audio in the photos or videos. It has two levers. If you push
classroom or at home; using audio to provide the one on the left forward, the propellers go
listening comprehension or to practise speak- faster and the drone starts to go up. If you pull
ing (recording yourself); using interactive it back, the propellers slow down and it comes
back down. The lever on the right controls the
direction of the drone. If you press a button, it 7
takes photos. had + past participle (e.g. been, done, gone,
fixed). Had is often reduced to ‘d in informal
English, especially when using pronouns (e.g.
UNIT 9 I’d, he’d, we’d).

1 Answers to Grammar Summary exercises

Students’ own answers
The photo shows a diver with a snake. He’s an 1
explorer so he travels to exciting, exotic loca- 1h2f3d4c5g6a7e8b
tions in search of snakes – he probably goes on
holiday to places where he can see snakes. 2
(Note that the answer is revealed in the audio 1 had; bought 2 had happened 3 had asked
in Exercise 2.) 4 had; thought 5 had; tried 6 hadn’t checked
7 had spent
2
1 Zoltan’s working life: travelling and study- 3
ing snakes; 1 didn’t go, had … seen 2 felt, had forgotten
holidays: looking for snakes 3 called, had received 4 said, had helped
2 Greg’s working life: has (owns) a camping 5 had slept, felt 6 had studied, failed
and caravan site; holidays: goes camping (in
southern Europe) 8
3 Moira’s working life: pilot for an interna- a 1 main action: wasn’t sure; happened earlier:
tional airline so travels by plane; holidays: had been excited
flies back to interesting cities 2 main action: gave him money; happened ear-
(but stays in bed and breakfast accommodation lier: hadn’t fixed my shower
and has more time for sightseeing). b 1 past simple: wasn’t; past perfect: had been
2 past simple: gave; past perfect: hadn’t fixed
3
1 hotel, diving 9
2 caravan, camping, tent, hiking 1 happened 2 ’d run 3 reported 4 ’d packed
3 sightseeing, hotel, bed and breakfast 5 ’d bought 6 ’d left 7 had 8 was

4 10
Students’ own answers 1 had left 2 hadn’t arrived 3 went 4 hadn’t
eaten
9a Holiday stories 5 had lost 6 had 7 gave
8 had left (left also possible here)
2
It was small and dark, it looked over the car 13 Example answers
park, the shower didn’t work. She gave a large Here are some example sentences from a pos-
tip to the manager and got a better room. sible story:
My family and I went to Greece five years ago.
3 When we got to the airport, we realized we
1e2b3i4f5g6c7d8a9h had forgotten our passports. Dad drove home
really fast and got the passports. The holiday
5 was great until we decided to rent a car for the
1 go 2 book 3 stay 4 check in 5 unpack day. We’d just visited an ancient temple when
6 call 7 give we heard a loud noise. Somebody had driven
into our car!
6
1 go 2 stay 3 book 4 rent 5 get 9b A different kind of holiday

1
Students’ own answers
2 9
1 Madelaine is going to be a tour guide for a 1 subject 2 we do not use
travel company.
2 She’s responsible for taking groups of tour- Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
ists on adventure holidays – she has to organ-
ize and plan different group activities for every 4
day. 1, 4, 5 and 7

3 5
1 F (I’m going to be a tour guide) 1 Who put this bag here?
2 T (a place I’ve always wanted to visit) 2 Which computer works best?
3 T (People often come on their own and make 3 Who broke my glasses?
new friends.) 4 Who speaks French?
4 F (if someone wants a day on their own, 5 How many people work here?
that’s fine) 6 Who won the race?
5 F (How much does it cost? ... actually I don’t
know the answer to that) 6
1 Where did you go last year?
5 2 Whose behaviour made you really angry?
1 excited 2 exciting 3 How many people live in this building?
Adjectives in audioscript (also in bold in audi- 4 Why did you go outside?
oscript 73 above): excited, interested, worried, 5 Who left her coat here?
boring, fascinating, exciting, amazing, bored 6 Who has spoken to Paolo today?

6 10
1 amazing 2 bored 3 fascinating 4 interesting 1 study 2 did you stay 3 painted 4 did you live
5 frightening 6 worried 7 annoyed 8 tired 5 happened 6 should I visit 7 can help 8 did
you take
7
1 amazed (2), amazing (3) 11
2 bored (1), boring (2) 1 do we want 2 wants 3 has 4 did you visit 5
3 fascinated (4), fascinating (4) agree
4 interested (3), interesting (3)
5 frightened (2), frightening (3) 9c Two sides of Paris
6 worried (2), worrying (3)
7 annoyed (2), annoying (3) 1 Example answers
8 tired (1), tiring (2) Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe, Notre Dame
Cathedral, Louvre Museum, River Seine,
8 Example answers Montmartre and its cafés, Catacombs (see
Students’ own answers Background information below).
2 I’m working on a fascinating project. I’m in-
terested in architecture and we’re looking at 2
modern buildings in Stockholm. It’s exciting. The city above ground (cafés, museums, gal-
3 The last book I read was War and Peace. It’s leries, shopping, theatres, nightclubs) and the
very long but it isn’t boring – it’s fascinating, city underground (the catacombs).
in fact.
4 I met a famous novelist at a book festival. It 3
was amazing to meet her and she was interest- 1 architecture 2 the Eiffel Tower
ing. 3 museums and art galleries 4 food in the
5 I watched Big Brother last night. I’m fasci- world 5 shopping 6 a huge number of theatres
nated by how people live together. But the and nightclubs 7 catacombs 8 bones and skele-
programme was boring. tons
6 It was my birthday last week. I was excited
but I only got a boring present – a shirt! 4
1b2c3c4c
5 5a
1 (That’s the city that most tourists see when Spoken at normal speed, Do you and Could
they visit Paris. But there is another amazing you are linked and assimilated – Do you be-
part of Paris you could visit – and it’s under- comes /dʒə/ and Could you becomes /’kʊdʒə/.
ground. … Tourists can visit part of these tun-
nels called the catacombs) 6 Example answers
3 (But there is another amazing part of Paris Possible questions for A/B:
you could visit – and it’s underground.) I’m interested in visiting the Caves of Lascaux
5 (There are another 250 kilometres of the tun- / the Catacombs of Rome. Do you know the
nels which are closed to the public. … Yopie opening times?
says there are many other rooms like this un- Could you tell me the price?
der Paris.) Is there any public transport? How often does
the bus go?
6 Is there a tour? How long does the tour last?
1c2a3b
9e Requesting information
9 Example answer
It’s a place where there are lots of things to do 1
for tourists. For example, there are different Students’ own answers
museums and art galleries. A good place to eat
is the Standard Café in the centre. One of the 2
best places for sightseeing is the area near the 1 to request more information about the ‘Ex-
cathedral. The cathedral is a good place to plorer’s Holidays’ on their website
get a view of the city. In the summer, free con- 2 the exact dates of tours for next year and
certs take place in the old square. more details about the accommodation

9d Tourist information 3
1 Dear Sir or Madam
1 Example answers 2 I am writing to request …
Students’ own answers. Reasons for seeing it: 3 Could you provide me with …
it’s an interesting historical monument, it’s not 4 I would be grateful if you could inform me
expensive. …
5 as soon as they become available
2 6 I would like to receive …
1 What days is it open? / Is it open today? 7 Thank you in advance for providing this in-
2 When / What time does it close? formation.
3 How much does it cost to go in (for stu- 8 I look forward to hearing from you.
dents)? / How much is it (for students)? 9 Best regards,
4 How long does the tour last?
5 Where do the buses go/leave from? / Where 4
can I catch the bus? There are no contracted forms because we
don’t use contracted forms in formal emails or
3 letters.
1 Monday 2 5 3 4.50 4 two
5 tourist information office 5
1 I am writing to request
4 2 I would be grateful if you could
I’m interested in visiting … 3 I would also like
Do you know the opening times? 4 Thank you; assistance
What time does it open? 5 I will inform; available.
Could you tell me the price? 6 Could you confirm; I will receive
Is there any public transport? 7 I look forward to hearing
How about … -ing?
Another option is to …
9f Living in Venice What are the disadvantages of / drawbacks of /
1 Example answers problems with living here?
1 It’s popular with tourists because it’s beauti-
ful, historical and romantic. There are interest- Unit 9 Review
ing historical buildings, bridges and monu-
ments to see, and works of art to see 1
in the galleries. You can visit markets, go in a 1 happened 2 arrived 3 didn’t have 4 hadn’t
gondola or vaporetto (water bus) and eat in you booked 5 had made 6 got 7 did you do 8
nice restaurants. There’s a famous carnival. had happened 9 paid
2 Living and working in the city may be great
because of its beauty, history and interesting 2
things to do; it may be difficult because of all Students’ own answers
the tourism, high prices and pollution.
3
2 1 visit 2 do they photograph 3 do they usually
1d2e3a4c5b6g7f stay 4 shows 5 does a tour cost
1 and 4 are subject questions.
3
1b2f3a4d5e6c 4
1 pay; give 2 call; book 3 unpack; go 4 check
4 in; get
1 Early morning is the best time for shopping
in the outdoor markets. 5
2 the most beautiful city in the world – it’s a 1 bored 2 interesting 3 amazing 4 annoying
city that’s clean and easy to live in, with a high 5 exciting 6 frightened
quality of life
3 The population of Venice is getting older. 6
4 Property is particularly expensive. (from left to right):
5 ‘I get bored with the people, with the tour- The Tarxien Temples are in Malta. You can
ists. Because there are too much, too many.’ see four temples from around 5,000 years ago.
6 They are a gondolier or work with tourists. The Caves of Lascaux are in the south-western
7 They are very expensive. region of Dordogne in France. You can see
paintings of animals on the cave walls that are
5 over 17,000 years old.
1a2c3c4a5b The Catacombs of Rome are under the ground
in Rome, Italy. You can see tunnels and bones
6 Example answers there.
My home town has a great city centre near a
river – there are cafés and bars and a shopping 7
mall so the quality of life is good. Cars aren’t 1 I’m interested in visiting the caves.
allowed in the centre so it’s clean. 2 Do you know the opening times?
Apartments in the centre are expensive, but 3 Another option is to take a taxi.
there are cheaper houses in the suburbs. There 4 Could you tell me the price?
aren’t enough houses for young people and 5 How about taking a sightseeing tour?
rents are high. 6 How often does the bus go?
Young people are moving away because there 7 You could buy a family ticket.
aren’t enough jobs.

7 Example answers
Possible questions to ask:
What are the best places to see? / What should
I see? / Where should I go?
What are the advantages of / good things
about / best things about living here?
UNIT 10 4
1 advertise 2 advert 3 advertiser
4 advertisement 5 advertising
1
Students’ own answers 5
The photo shows a man on a bike in Vietnam. 1 produce 2 products 3 producers
He’s selling baskets. They’re used for fishing, 4 production 5 productive
mainly, but also for storing food.
6a
2 See Pronunciation note below and Vocabulary
1 at home / in his home, in Hung Yen in Vi- and pronunciation note after Exercise 5.
etnam
2 fishermen (for catching fish) and other peo- 7
ple (for storing food) a the auxiliary verb be
3 in the local area b In the active sentence, People is the subject.
In the passive sentence, an Apple product is
3 the subject.
Students’ own answers c Because we don’t know or aren’t interested
in who or what does the action.
4 d The word by introduces who does the action
Students’ own answers (the agent).

10a A lesson in logos Answers to Grammar Summary exercises

1 1
It’s the Apple logo used on Apple products. 1A2P3P4P5A
The logo on the laptop is upside down.
2
2 1 was designed 2 is used 3 are drunk
1 T (An Apple product is recognized by people 4 were produced 5 are written 6 are recognized
all over the world)
2 F (the customer saw the Apple logo on the 3
top of the laptop) 1 Amazon was created by Jeff Bezos in 2005.
3 F (when the laptop was open, the logo was 2 The final of the World Cup was watched by
upside down) over one billion viewers in 2014.
4 T (the logo was turned round so that the 3 More books are bought online by readers in
logo was seen correctly by other people) the USA than in shops.
5 T (when you see other people using a prod- 4 The Taj Mahal in India is visited by up to
uct, you are more likely to buy it) four million people every year.
5 One thousand cars are made by workers in
3 Example answers large car factories every day.
1 It’s true. If we see a product being used a lot
we remember it, and we think it must be good 4
because it’s popular. If famous or cool people 1 was normally used 2 was released 3 were
use it, we buy it because we want to be like sold 4 are sold 5 spend 6 are bought 7 found
them. If we see it used in a context that is posi-
tive (e.g. a trendy café or a smart hotel) that 8
makes us want to buy it. 1 are watched 2 are uploaded 3 was called
2 Logos are important because they make us 4 was made 5 was visited 6 is used 7 was sold
remember a product, it’s a visual shorthand 8 is owned
that helps producers easily promote their prod-
uct, they’re international – so they are recog- 9
nized the world over. 1 are designed 2 are spent 3 are put 4 prefer
5 try 6 make 7 are bought 8 is recognized 9 de-
cided 10 complained 11 changed 12 was loved
 6 didn’t use to wear glasses
10 Example answers 7 used to be a student
1 My bag was made in Italy. (It was designed 8 didn’t use to wear a suit
by Gucci and it cost £100.)
2 My favourite film was directed by Ridley 7
Scott. (It’s called Thelma and Louise. It stars 1 didn’t use to get up 2 used to go out 3 used
Geena Davis.) to play 4 used to practise 5 didn’t use to have 6
3 My home was built in 1975. (It’s a city cen- used to own 7 did; use to be
tre apartment and has three bedrooms.)
4 My favourite book was written by Leo Tol- 7
stoy. (It’s called Anna Karenina and it’s very 1 bought (the past simple)
long!) 2 used to buy (note, however, that it is possible
to use bought – the past simple – with the
11 Example answers meaning of past habit)
Here are some examples for each category:
a drink: Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Sprite, Orangina, 8
Starbucks 1 used to 2 went 3 used to play
a car: BMW, Mini, Ferrari, Volkswagen, Land 4 didn’t use to 5 didn’t learn
Rover, Rolls Royce, Mercedes 6 didn’t use to take 7 use 8 move
clothes: Gap, Zara, H&M, Marks & Spencer,
Levi’s, Nike 9a
furniture: IKEA In the sentences, used to and didn’t use to have
technology: Apple, IBM, Samsung, Sony the sound /s/. The verb use, in I use, has the
sound /z/. (See Vocabulary and pronunciation
10b Product design note below).

1 10
1c2e3a4f5g6d7b 1 used to spend 2 didn’t use to eat
3 Did you use to have 4 used to play
2 5 didn’t use to earn 6 Did you use to write
Students’ own answers
Sony Walkman: old-fashioned, basic, classic 11 Example answers
Here are possible sentences:
4 I used to have long hair / short hair / blond hair
Cassettes / a beard / a moustache.
I used to live in the country / with my parents /
5 abroad.
1b2b3b I used to play football / tennis / ice hockey.
I used to go to dance classes / yoga classes /
6 judo classes.
The infinitive
10c Is stuff winning?
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
1
5 1 It’s happening in a flat or house. The two
1 used to take 2 ✓ 3 ✓ 4 didn’t use to like people probably live in the same house.
5 used to play 6 ✓ 7 use to like 8 ✓ 2 It could be between flatmates, a couple or a
parent and teenage or adult child. A likely sce-
6 nario might be a couple – one has moved into
1 used to listen to music on CDs the other’s apartment and is complaining that
2 didn’t use to have a smartphone their partner doesn’t throw things away.
3 used to buy CDs
4 didn’t use to own a car 2
5 used to use a skateboard Thing is countable (e.g. two things) and stuff is
uncountable (e.g. some stuff).
4 3
C Students should tick: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7

5 4
1e2b3d4a5c See Exercise 5

6 5
1a2b3a4c5c6b 1 should 2 think 3 mean 4 opinion
5 right 6 Maybe; idea 7 agree 8 sure
7
1 Numbers suggest factual information: 243 10e A review
unread emails; 52 visitors
2 Point out that phrases like We should also … 1
suggest a personal opinion, and phrases like 1 It’s a photo-sharing website – a place for
Some people think … and People said … report photographers to show photos.
other people’s opinions. In sentence 2, adjec- 2 easy to find photographs; organized into dif-
tives like good and excellent suggest a ferent categories; can comment on each other’s
personal point of view – these are subjective photos; professional photographer is invited to
adjectives. make comments; you learn a lot from this per-
son’s comments
8 3 too much advertising
c is the most likely answer. There’s a lot of 4 useful website for anyone who loves taking
reference to factual information: numbers (243 photographs and communicating with other
unread emails), surveys people about them
(27% of them said they were bored). But there
are also many examples of the writer’s views 2a
(I know that I want less stuff in my life). a give positive opinions:
One of my favourite (websites) is …
10d Lesson at a glance It’s a great place for … to …
The site has quite a few good features.
1 Firstly, it’s easy to …
1 home 2 links 3 contact 4 about us Another good point is that (you can) …
5 adverts 6 content 7 search b give negative opinions:
The only problem is that (it) …
2 it’s annoying when …
1 People often use search engines such as c sum up the writer’s main opinion:
Google to search for information. They look at On the whole, …
online encyclopaedias such as Wikipedia.
People use music websites such as Spotify or 2b
online radio stations. 1a2c3b4a5c
There are many translation websites (e.g.
Google translate) and online dictionaries. 10f Wind turbines
There are many websites. People use eBay to
buy almost anything, Amazon for books. 1
Well-known news websites in English include 1 Students’ own answers.
CNN and Huffington Post in the US and BBC 2 Wind turbines operate on a simple principle:
News and Mail Online in the UK. the energy in the wind turns two or three pro-
2 Student’s own answers peller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is
3 Reasons why one website might be better connected to the main shaft, which spins a
than another may include: it’s easy to navigate generator to create electricity.
around, it holds a lot of content, it’s reliable,
it’s not biased and/or it reflects my views 2
(news websites), it has interesting graphics, it 1e2a3c4b5g6d7f
isn’t slow.
3 action.
1b2g3c4d5h6a7f8e
3
4 advertisement / advert (noun); advertiser (per-
1 Because the first turbine was so effective. son)
2 They are fixed deep into the ground with productive (adjective), produce (noun), pro-
metal rods. ducer (person)
3 The smaller turbine sends electricity to the
school. The larger turbine sends its power to 4
the local electricity grid. 1 user-friendly 2 basic 3 fashionable 4 classic
4 The farmers sell crops as well as the energy 5 useful
from their wind turbines. 6 old-fashioned 7 up-to-date
5 Because he’s earning money from the wind.
6 They’re good for teaching students about 5
how energy works. Students’ own answers
7 When he’s teaching his students about force,
energy and electricity, they can see they are 6
producing electricity using the wind turbines, 1e2b3d4c5a
and that the students also learn about saving
the environment. 7
1 What do you think
5 2 In my opinion
1b2c3a4c5c 3 disagree
4 see what you mean
6 Example answers 5 Maybe (we) could
Sample notes: 6 don’t agree
They help the schools save energy – and 7 you're right
money. 8 Great idea
The first turbine was very effective (saved the
district $81,530) so a second turbine was built. 8
Together, the two turbines save the schools Asking for an opinion:
about $140,000 a year in energy costs. Saving What do you think …?
this money means the schools can pay for Giving an opinion:
more teachers. In my opinion …
65 farmers produce and sell energy from the Agreeing and disagreeing:
wind in the same way that they sell their crops. I disagree.
The turbines are also good for teaching the stu- I see what you mean.
dents about how energy works. No, I don’t agree.
In Spirit Lake, people are using wind power to Yes, you're right.
earn money and to learn about saving the envi- Great idea.
ronment. Making suggestions:
Maybe we could …?
Unit 10 Review

1 Unit 11
1 is sold 2 didn’t use 3 was started 4 used 5
produced
6 are made 7 was finished 8 used to buy 9 is 1
built Students’ own answers
10 used to 11 built (Note that the answers are provided in Exer-
cise 2.)
2
1 1, 3, 6, 7 and 9 are passive verb forms 2
2 The focus is on the action, not the person do- 1 food (butter, biscuits, tins of meat), equip-
ing the ment, soap,
medicine bottles 2
2 It tells us a lot about Scott, but also about our 1 the next day 2 his 3 they 4 there 5 me
own past. 6 then 7 their 8 the day before
3 A place that has not changed for a long time,
with lots of things that can tell us about a time 3
in the past. 1 has; left 2 'll 3 don’t speak 4 was 5 am arriv-
ing
3
Students’ own answers 4
1 Jan said she’d lost the match.
11a The history of the video gaming 2 She said she’d see me the next day.
3 Mehmet said my email hadn’t arrived.
1 4 He said he didn’t want to speak to me.
1 Two people (perhaps a mother and son) are 5 Luke said he was trying to watch the TV.
playing an old-fashioned video game. You can
see a TV screen and a handset device. 7
2 In the 1970s 1 Past simple 2 Present continuous
3 It’s black and white, two-dimensional, has 3 Past perfect 4 Will
simple line graphics, is connected to the hand-
set by a lead and is used on a TV set not a 8
computer. 1 loved 2 want 3 are playing 4 were planning
5 have gone 6 had bought 7 will play
2 8 would change
1 Pong, Space Invaders, Tetris, Wii
2 Students’ own answers 10
3 Students’ own answers (These games are 2 was watching a really interesting programme
still played today, especially by people nostal- 3 wanted to get to the next level
gic for old-style games.) 4 was always using the TV and that she hadn’t
watched it (the TV) for ages
3 5 he would play it later
1 T (People said that they had never seen any-
thing like it before.) 12 Example answers
2 T (It was one of the first home video games Here are some possible direct answers and re-
that you played against another person for ported answers:
points.) ‘Chess is very popular in my country. I don’t
3 F (everyone was talking about it at the time – play chess very often. I prefer computer
people of all ages said they loved it) games. People will play chess online in the fu-
4 F (It had lots of different games) ture.’
5 T (Many gamers said they played Tetris for Aniko said that chess was very popular in her
hours and weren’t able to stop!) country. She said she didn’t play chess very of-
6 T (the games were active … popular with a ten because she preferred computer games.
new group of people – the over fifties) She said people would play chess online
in the future.
4
1 with 2 about 3 for 4 on 5 with 6 with 11b Messages from the past

6 1
1d2a3b4c Personal (with family and friends): a letter or
card, a phone conversation, a sticky note on
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises the fridge, a text message, a WhatsApp mes-
sage
1 Public (with lots of people): an advert, a news-
1 would have 2 was playing 3 didn’t like paper, a presentation, a radio programme
4 had visited 5 he’d lost Both categories: an email, a Facebook page
2 Example answers 2 him (that) he was holding an ancient Greek
1 a letter or card (when formally informing vase.
people or inviting people to a wedding), a 3 (that) it was really beautiful.
phone conversation (with close family – you 4 (that) it had probably been lost in the sea for
would tell parents face to face or on the thousands of years.
phone if this wasn’t possible), an email or text 5 him (that) he’d call the museum right away.
message (but they’re less personal and not for-
mal), a Facebook page (to inform groups of 7
friends you see less often); a newspaper (to 1 tell 2 said 3 say 4 say 5 said 6 told
formally announce an engagement)
2 a newspaper, a radio programme (this is pub- 8
lic news for the nation) 1 She told him that his lunch was in the fridge
3 a letter or card (if being polite and formal), 2 He said that he was lost in the middle of the
an email or a phone conversation (perhaps us- city.
ing Skype) 3 Maria told Joel that she had loved him for
4 a sticky note on the fridge (this is the ‘tradi- years.
tional’ way to remind family members to do 4 They said that they were waiting for
this), but emails, texts or messages on social me/him/her/us at the café.
networks are possible answers 5 Dave told me that he would call me back
5 Facebook or WhatsApp or other sites that al- later.
low you to upload photos 6 The message said that I needed to phone this
6 an advert (adverts introduce new products), (that) number.
also a newspaper or radio programme may in-
clude an article or item about a new product 10 Example answer
Students’ own answers
3 Here is the example above (in reported form):
The answers are in the Listening in Exercise 4. Today, a person found a message in a bottle. It
Students may suggest any of the following: a was written 100 years ago by a teacher who
drowning sailor to his family saying that he was stuck on a desert island. The message said
loves them; a person far from home to his the teacher loved his/her students all but told
lover back home telling her to come and join them that he/she wanted them to write an essay
him; a survivor of a shipwreck on a desert is- for homework.
land asking anyone to come and rescue him.
11c Stealing history
4
1b2c3a 1
1d2b3c4a5h6f7g8e
5
1c2c3b4a5b 2 Example answers
Students’ own answers
6 Stealing History is an emotive title. On one
1 told and said 2 told 3 said level, it refers to people stealing historical ob-
jects from historical sites.
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises On another level, it refers to the idea that these
robbers are taking away a country’s history, or
5 stopping experts from finding out more about
1 He told me … the past.
2 Correct The text will probably talk about the four peo-
3 She said me that … ple.
4 Correct Archaeologists look for ancient objects, rob-
5 Correct bers steal them and sell them to collectors for a
6 Anna told me … lot of money, and soldiers try to stop the rob-
bers.
6
1 (that) he’d found something interesting.
3 at the meeting of a local club or town council:
1 Busiris people make presentations on their area of in-
2 It was one of ancient Egypt’s largest cities terest or expertise for pleasure (e.g. a talk on
and it was famous for its architecture and local history) at a special occasion: at a wed-
buildings. ding people make lighthearted speeches (e.g.
3 archaeologists from museums the speeches of the father of the bride and the
4 to steal things (historical items) best man at a wedding – telling funny
5 to protect the area from the robbers stories); at a funeral people commemorate the
6 They throw away the rest (the less good dead person’s life with stories and praise
pieces) – they destroy hundreds.
7 Roman armies; different countries which 2
controlled Egypt between the 16th and mid- B, c, e
20th centuries.
8 It’s big business. 3
1 thank you 2 talk 3 begin 4 say 5 look
4 6 next 7 show 8 up 9 questions
1 hard-working 2 desperately 3 sadly
4a
5 Good morning / and thank you all for coming.
The author uses adjectives and adverbs to / Today / I’d like to talk about my holiday in
show how he or she feels about things – to ex- Peru, / and in particular, / about my journey to
press an emotional viewpoint. Machu Picchu. / It’s also called / ‘The Lost
City of the Incas’. / Let me begin by telling
6 you / about the history of Machu Picchu.
1c2d3b4a5e
5 Example answers
7 Example answers Good morning / and thank you all for coming.
Students’ own answers / Today / I’d like to talk about / Windsor Cas-
Here are some possible reasons for opening a tle. / It’s a historic castle / in the south of Eng-
museum: land. / Let me begin / by telling you / why it’s
This town desperately needs a new museum for important. / It’s important / because it’s one of
a number of reasons. Firstly, it was famous for the many homes / of the Queen of the United
bicycle production in the past, but there’s no Kingdom. / It contains / a fantastic art collec-
museum to help people remember those won- tion. / Now, / the next part / of my presentation
derful days. Secondly, there are many fine / is about who lived there / in the past. / Many
bicycles in private hands and we can show of the UK’s / most famous kings and queens,
them in the museum. We can tell visitors about / including King Henry the Eighth / and Queen
the hard-working employees of the bicycle Victoria / spent time there. / And today / many
manufacturer and of the way bicycles were kings and queens / are buried / in the castle. /
once made here. To sum up, / it’s a historic / and interesting /
place to visit. /
11d A journey to Machu Picchu
11e The greatest mountaineer
1 Example answers
at work: in meetings (e.g. presenting sales fig- 1
ures); selling to a client (e.g. presenting a new Students’ own answers (Note that the answers
product); training staff (e.g. presenting health are provided in Exercise 2.)
and safety regulations; presenting
company plans for the future) 2
at school or university: in class (e.g. presenting a paragraph 2 (born in 1944 in a small village
a piece of work); in exams (e.g. making a for- in the mountains of northern Italy)
mal presentation); at university (e.g. to present b paragraph 2 (His father was a climber and
research findings, to present arguments for a took his son up a mountain when he was only
debate) five. As a teenager Messner climbed with his
younger brother Günther.)
c paragraph 1 (one of the first men to climb 3
Mount Everest without oxygen in 1978; first 1 to fly past the planets of Jupiter and Saturn
man to climb all fourteen of the world’s moun- and send back photographs to help scientists
tains over eight thousand metres) understand more about the two planets and our
d paragraph 2 (‘it’s the most beautiful place in solar system
the world’) 2 on the side of the Voyager 1 spacecraft
e paragraph 3 (‘Reinhold had so many new 3 116 photographs in black and white and in
ideas,’ says Kammerlander. ‘He found new colour (showing Earth, human life, families,
ways, new techniques.’) animals and different places on Earth includ-
f paragraph 4 (Nowadays Messner spends ing cities, deserts and oceans); recordings of
more time at home with his family and he has different sounds that you find on Earth; music
written over sixty books.) to represent different parts of the world;
recordings of human voices from Earth
3a
… he still says, ‘it’s the most beautiful place in 4
the world.’ ‘Reinhold had so many new ideas,’ 1T
says 2T
3 F (information about the Earth in 1977)
3b 4 T (nearly a year)
1 Immediately before and after the quotation 5 F (Voyager 1 is currently carrying it further
2 only if it ends the sentence into space)
3 A comma is used before or after the quota-
tion – it separates ‘he/she says/said’ from the 5
quotation. 1 116 photos (in black and white, and colour)
– they show pictures of Earth, pictures of hu-
3c man life including a human skeleton, a baby
1 My grandfather always told me, ‘You should growing inside its mother and pictures of fami-
follow your dreams.’ lies. There are also photos of animals
2 ‘Yes, we can,’ said Barack Obama, when he and different places on Earth including cities,
campaigned to become the US President. deserts and oceans.
3 Film critics said, ‘She’s the greatest actress 21d2e3c4a5b
of her generation.’ 3 a French b Japanese c Arabic d Mandarin
4 ‘Education is the most powerful weapon,’ Chinese
said Nelson Mandela.
6
11f The golden record 1b2b3b4c5a

1 8 Example answers
1 a launched b spacecraft Students’ own answers
2 a solar system b space Here is a list of what some people on blogs
3 a mission b function thought they would include on a golden rec-
4 a classical b jazz ord:
5 a universe b life forms - a newborn baby crying
- a picture of the human DNA molecule
2 Example answers - a video clip of a hurricane
Students’ own answers - people laughing at a joke
Reasons for exploring space include finding - flags of all countries
out more about how the universe works, devel- - speeches by Martin Luther King and Nelson
oping science and technology, trying to find Mandela
new life or ways that we might leave our - a picture of a human face
planet and live in space. - a mobile phone
Reasons against include the enormous cost of - a chocolate bar
space exploration, and the fact that space is so - some unsolved mathematical theorems
big we may not find anything there. - the song Life on Mars by David Bowie
- somebody saying Have a nice day
Unit 11 Review
3
1 Students’ own answers
1 wanted to fly in space 2 was driving home
3 ’d visited the pyramid in Giza 4 ’d gone to 12a What if…?
the museum 5 ’d go on holiday to Rome
1
2 a snowstorm b flood c thunder and lightning d
1 told 2 say 3 tell 4 said 5 say 6 said hail

3 Example answer 2 Example answers

A fishing captain found the one-hundred year 1 Answers vary depending on your students’
old bottle in his net. It was part of an experi- experience. International examples include:
ment. Scientists wanted to learn about the floods in south-east Asia
movement of water so they threw 1,900 bottles (e.g. Malaysia and Bangladesh); snowstorms
(with a message) into the sea. It’s the oldest in Canada or Scandinavia; thunder and light-
message in a bottle ever found. ning in tropical countries; hail in central Eu-
rope; tornadoes in the American mid-west
4 2 & 3 Students’ own answers
1 about 2 it 3 on 4 with 5 against
3
5 Every week, people send Randall questions
1 archaeologists 2 pots 3 paintings 4 statue 5 about unlikely or impossible things, and Ran-
tomb dall gives scientific answers.

6 4
1c2e3a4f5g6b7d 1 No (he used to work for NASA)
2 No (unlikely or impossible things)
7 3 Yes (Randall gives scientific answers)
Students’ own answers 4 Yes (because you’d be underwater)
5 Yes (the electrical energy would spread out-
wards across the water)
UNIT 12 6 Yes (if you drove fast)

5
1 Example answers 1a2b3b4a
Students’ own answers
Here is a possible description: I think it’s the Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
afternoon.
There’s a tornado and it’s moving closer. 1
There are dark clouds in the sky. There’s a 1 will 2 would 3 became 4 would 5 won’t 6
bright light above the cloud. didn’t
The sun is shining behind the cloud.
2
2 1d2a3c4f5e6b
1 They drive in the opposite direction.
2 Some storm chasers are scientists, but others 3
are just ordinary people. 1 wasn’t, ’d be able to
3 The scientists want to learn about how torna- 2 had, ’d buy
does are formed, and the ordinary people want 3 spoke, would understand
to get good photos. 4 wouldn’t tell, didn’t think
4 Between 4 p.m. and 9 p.m. 5 ’d save, were
5 They are unpredictable. They can destroy 6 Would, come, paid
houses and trees and some storm chasers have
died.
6 3 Example answers
1 If I had time, I’d help you with your home- Answers depend on your students, but for typi-
work. cal towndwellers
2 You wouldn’t need help if you listened in the following are likely:
class. See every day: garden, field, perhaps park
3 Would you ask your friends for money if On holiday: mountain, ocean
you didn’t have any? Never see: perhaps desert
4 I’d visit ancient Rome if time travel was pos-
sible. 4
5 They wouldn’t use a translator if they spoke to show us that everyone can find nature and
English. that
6 If you started a new business, what would different species of plants and animals are al-
you produce? ways
somewhere nearby / to record living things in
7 different
1 stopped 2 would be 3 would become places around the world
4 wouldn’t last 5 wouldn’t be able to 6 would
go up 7 didn’t have 8 would have to 5
1 T (If you live in the middle of the city, maybe
8 you think that there’s nowhere to look at na-
1 rained; wouldn’t be ture.)
2 flooded, would have to (note that flood is 2 T (wants to show us that everyone can find
used as a verb here) nature)
3 had, would need 3 T (recording living things in different places
4 weren’t, wouldn’t need to around the world … He took it to different lo-
5 snowed, wouldn’t be able to cations)
4 F (five years recording living things …
9a around the world.)
8 (see audioscript below) 5 F (photographed everything living)

10 Example answers 6
1 I’d like to live in another country if I could. / 1 -body, -one 2 -where 3 -thing
I’d never live anywhere else. / I’d move to Ja-
pan because I love the food. Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
2 It would be Justin Bieber. Definitely! I’d ask
him to sing me a song. / If I could meet any- 4
one, I’d love to meet Angela Merkel – she’s 1 somewhere 2 something 3 Nowhere
brilliant. I’d ask her about the economy. 4 anybody 5 Everyone 6 anything
3 I’d stop working straightaway. / I’d keep my
job. / I’d spend the money on saving whales 5
and ending poverty. 1 somewhere 2 everywhere 3 nobody
4 nothing 5 something 6 anything
12b Nature in one cubic foot
6
1 1 Giulia lives somewhere near here.
Students’ own answers 2 There was nobody on the beach so it was re-
ally quiet.
2 3 I’ve been everywhere in this city and the
A: ocean parks are my favourite.
B: forest, mountain (possibly park) 4 Anywhere in the room will do.
C: forest (possibly park) 5 Mike didn’t have anything with him.
D: river, field, garden and park are man-made 6 There’s somebody waiting for you outside.

7
1 Every 2 No 3 some / any; any 4 Some
 7 N (The information isn’t in the text.)
8 8 F (Now in her eighties, she spends about 300
1 anywhere 2 somewhere 3 nowhere days a year giving interviews, talks and lec-
4 everywhere 5 Everybody 6 Everything tures, meeting with government officials about
7 something animal conservation and raising money for the
Jane Goodall Institute which continues her re-
9 search.)
1 any 2 some 3 any 4 No 5 body/one 6 no
7 every 8 where 9 body/one 10 thing 6
1c2a3d4b
10 Example answers
1 Are you going anywhere nice on holiday this 7
year? 1b2d3c4a
(Yes, I’m going somewhere hot. / No, we
aren’t going anywhere.) 8
2 Did you do anything interesting last week- 1 I started my new life in Africa on July 14,
end? 1960.
(Yes, I visited somewhere by the sea. / No, I 2 I didn’t have very much: a tent, a few clothes
did nothing.) and a cup.
3 Have you ever met anyone/body you know 3 I saw a chimpanzee on the first day I arrived.
while you were on holiday? 4 I discovered that chimpanzees ate meat, used
(I met an old school friend when I was in Paris tools to get food and made tools.
last year. / I’ve never met anybody I know on
holiday.) 9 Example answers
Example questions:
12c Living with chimpanzees Where did you publish articles / who pub-
lished your articles?
1 How did you become famous?
Students’ own answers When was your first book published? What
was it?
2 Why did many people leave Gombe?
1, 2 b 3 c 5 What problems were there when the popula-
tion increased?
3 How did you work with local people?
1 d – 1960 2 e – 1960s 3 b – 1966 4 g – 1969 After 1989, what did you do?
5 c – 1970s 6 a – 1980s 7 h – 1989 8 f – now
12d Discussing ideas
4
1a2c3e4d5b 1 Example answers
1 The photo shows girls in a zoo looking
5 through the glass at a tiger in an enclosure.
1 N (The information isn’t in the text.) The tiger may feel confused by the people in
2 T (They didn’t have very much: a tent, a few the glass or may be thinking of them as lunch;
clothes and a cup) the girls feel excited at seeing a tiger or sorry
3 F (Jane had always dreamed of visiting Af- that it's in a cage.
rica and studying chimpanzees, but she didn’t 2 Possible answers: I don’t like seeing animals
know much about them and she had no scien- in cages; animals in zoos look unhappy and
tific qualifications.) bored. / I love looking at animals; they’re
4 T (she made three important and new dis- amazing and beautiful; it’s better to see them
coveries: chimpanzees ate meat …) in real life than on the TV.
5 N (The information isn’t in the text.)
6 T (there was a war in the region and Gombe 2
became a dangerous place … As the human 1 No – only if the city council cannot solve
population increased in Gombe, more trees problems.
were cut down)
2 the problem of low visitor numbers and lack
of money 12f Cambodia animal rescue
3 The zoo would have to find them another
home (in other zoos or parks). 1
1 a tiger and an elephant
3 2 Possible answers: They’re in a rescue centre;
1 T (The problem is that the zoo will close they’re from Cambodia; something has hap-
without the council’s help. How about giving pened to them so they needed rescuing (e.g.
us more money?) victims of hunters)
2 F (It just isn’t attracting enough tourists.) 3 Possible answers: The rescue centre may
3 T (It’s also an important place for animal give them a safe place to stay, treat their inju-
conservation.) ries, reintroduce them to the wild.
4 F (But if we don’t have any money, we can’t
advertise.) 2
5 T (Actually that isn’t a bad idea. You might 1 f 2 g 3 h 4 c 5 a; b 6 e 7 d
be right!)
3
4 1c2h3e4a5d6b7f8g
1 How about 2 I’m sorry, but 3 But if we don’t
4 What if you 5 we can’t 6 why don’t you 4
7 that isn’t 8 You might 1e2c3a4b5d

5 5
Stating and explaining the problem: 3 1 (Wilderness Protection) Mobile Unit
Making suggestions: 1, 4, 6 2 The MU rescues animals from poachers.
Responding positively: 7, 8 3 poaching
Responding negatively: 2, 5 4 Wild Aid sponsors the MU and the rescue
centre.
12e The Eden Project 5 in a birdcage at a petrol station
6 Free the Bears
1 7 She was too hard to handle – a bit nippy
1 huge plastic domes called ‘biomes’ – the 8 Over 800 animals of 86 different types, or
Rainforest Biome and the Mediterranean Bi- species
ome, as well as outdoor gardens, art exhibi-
tions, theatre performances and outdoor con- 6a
certs 1b2c3a4b5c
2 to see the Biomes and exhibits, to learn
about the natural world, and to do courses in 6b
plants and nature 1 care 2 support 3 rescued 4 handle 5 demand

2a 7 Example answers
newspapers and magazines 1 They’re important because they protect ani-
interview people who work there mals, bring the problem to the world’s atten-
find a book on the subject tion, and provide expertise to help stop ex-
visit the place ploiting animals.
read websites about it (e.g. Wikipedia) 2 Students’ own answers
3 Governments can make laws against poach-
2b ing, increase fines or punishments for poach-
a1b3c5d6e4f2 ers, finance rescue centres and anti-poaching
groups, open reserves to protect animals, stop
2c the export of endangered animals to other
the introduction (paragraph 1): 1, 2, 3 countries, criminalize the use of animal
paragraph 2: 4 products.
paragraph 3: 5
the conclusion (paragraph 4): 6
Unit 12 Review

1
1 ’d go 2 rained 3 lived 4 wouldn’t need 5
didn’t like

2
Students’ own answers

3
1 Nowhere; Everywhere 2 Someone; some-
where 3 anyone; anywhere 4 Everyone; any-
thing 5 nobody; everybody 6 something; noth-
ing

4 Example answers
1 nature 2 different places/locations 3 living
inside it

5 Example answers
Photo 1: 1 early morning or late afternoon 2
very snowy / snowstorm
Photo 2: 1 afternoon 2 flood
Photo 3: 1 night 2 lightning

6 Example answers
river / ocean: a river and an ocean both have
water, but an ocean has more water and it’s
salty.
park / garden: a park and a garden both have
flowers and plants, but a park is much bigger.
river / park: a river and a park both have nature
and wildlife, but a river is much longer and has
water.
field / forest: a field and a forest both have a
lot of nature, but a forest has trees and a field
has crops or farm animals.
ocean / desert: an ocean and a desert are both
very big, but a desert is dry and an ocean is all
water.

7
1 What about opening a new zoo?
2 Why don’t we ask for help?
3 If we don’t advertise, we won’t sell any
products. / We won’t sell any products if we
don’t advertise.
4 The problem is that many people don’t recy-
cle plastic.
5 I’m sorry but that won't work.
6 That’s a good idea

8
Students’ own answers