Tugas Bing SMSTR 2

Problem Statement
For many years, West Africa, and particularly the Sahel region, has experienced
chronic food insecurity aggravated by increasingly frequent food crises, which
most often occur following poor harvests, chiefly caused by droughts. over 18
million people across nine countries were affected, and more than 1 million
children’s lives were at risk because households could not obtain enough food. In
Chad, women were forced to dig in anthills to find grains, while across the region,
hundreds of thousands of families were forced to cut down their meals to just one a
day.1 Based on the data, the crisis have been impact for a large scale. Recurrent
drought has become a feature of the Sahel’s. Cllimate change that occured in sahel
became the cause of drought. The climate change make sahel experincing
desertification. Desertification is a change of fertile land into desert, is generally a
result of deforestation, drought, or improper agricultural practices. The issue of
desertification is triggering the food crisis. Since first warning in late 2011 many
comunity from so many try to help west africa. Now the crisis is real over 18
milion people in nine country are impact by the crisis. Food stocks have been run
out for some comunities, and running dangerously low for other. If this situation
continues to recur then it is possible that the world organization can no longer help
Africa. our duty now is not only to help Africa when they are hit by the food crisis,
but how Africa can be self-sufficient and that the crisis does not happen again. We
need to understand why africa keep going with that crisis. 2005, 2008 and 2013
and africa keep repeating the crisis. Reduced food producting and soaring food
price has became major cause why africa experience the crisis. The first warning
of potential crisis in the region came in november 2011 when it was confirmed
that there would be below average production for the 2011 until 2012 harvest,
production was 26% lower than the previous year and lower 3% than five years
average. Reduced production meant that food stocks were already depleted by
begining of 2012. For some communities in guera the food stocks only enough for
two months. at least they need to survive with no food stocks for 10 month until
the next main harvest. The crisis initially triggered by the poor harvest and now
soaring food prices make the situation get worse. Many of the poorest household
in the region spend their money in the local market for food. Even in the normal
year family can spend more than 60% income on purchasing food to survive. By
the second half of 2011 food prices across the region has increase above five year
average an continues to rise during 2012. In the figure 1 we know that the price of
100 kg bag of milet in the nigerien capital Niamey, increase from 16.000 CFA
francs in september 2011 to 28.000 CFA france in september 2012. The regional
situation combine with domestic political instability and insecurity in the noth of
Bamako make food prices more than doubled. Increase of food price make the
poorest household could no longer afford to buy enough food.
Figure 1: The fluctuating price of 100kg of millet (December 2006 to
November 2012)
According Human development indexs three sahelian countries are among

the world’s poorest country. It make sahel need to developing their economic more
better but there is so many challenge that sahel need to throught it. Cycles of
drought combined with low levels of agricultural investment, environmental
degradation, high population growth and acute levels of poverty contribute to a
context of structural, chronic vulnerability. In this situation, even moderate
external shocks can have major impacts, while the recurrent nature of crises over
the last ten years has meant that millions of people have not been able to recover
assets in between shocks. When sahel not fully recover they need to faccing the
crisis again, it can be bad for them. Food prices have been dangerously high, and
having failed to come down after the crisis, plus crop failur. Considering that 60%
people in Sahel buy their food in the market and it can spend more than 80% of the
most vulnerable groups this is so important to make them can produce their own
food. While some neighboring countries of Sahel have produce more favourable
harvest, there are unfortunately that insecurity in africa make disrupted migration
route for distribution the food, it’s make us believe that africa need to have their
own granary food in each region. But climate change in africa has already
confirmed by a group of scientists, with climate model indicating that climate
change responsible for between 24% and 99% of failure of the long rain. The
climete change result is rising the temperatures and greater variability in rainfall
affected by shorten growing season and reduce crop yields. Some comunities
already find themselves in crisis, but the other still can not rise up from the crisis.
Food crisis in the sahel led to a significant degradation in food security for sahel.
However the lives and livelihoods of 18 million people are vulnarable to the food
crisis. According to an Oxam survey in the Sahelian belt of Eastern Chad 63% of
household would be unable to cover their needs after the crisis.
From the table we know that 19 milion people facing food insecure in sahel region.
It can be proof that africa still facing the crisis even many organitation give them
suport, they still need to build their own fondation to make better live and they will
not facing the crisis anymore.
There are also clear sign that the situation getting worsening. According to
a recent analysis by a range of regional stakeholder, by March (map on left) areas
of Mauritania and northern Mali were already being classified as ‘extreme’ (IPC
Phase 4). Projections for June show further areas of extreme food, while concerns
are also being expressed about pockets of famine (IPC Phase 5) developing in
northern Mali if nothing is done.
Map 1: Food Security in the Sahel: CILSS, FEWSNET, FAO, WFP, OXFAM, ACF, Save
the Children
Without major investation for their future livelihoods will be depleted and assets
reduced as animals die or sell for food of course at a low price and seeds are eaten,
and people will not be able to engage in farming to prepare for the next harvest.
Malnutrition will also rise significantly without preventive action. UNICEF
estimate that more than one million children under five in the sahel are threatened
by malnutrition this year, increase to 1.5 million in the worst case scenerio. This
will have long term effect on child development and the creation of sustainable
livelihoods, it make the situation getting worse to the region, they will not be able
to develop foundation to prevent their next crisis, further if they succes developing
their live to be better they will not affected by the crisis anymore. The response to
the crisis has been more positive than the previous crisis in the region. Warning
alarm functioned realy well, the goverment become more responsive, and the
world organitation response very quickly. However, there are remain huge gaps to
fill and areas to strengthen especially they are the most vulnerable communities.
We need to protect 18 million people from this crisis and from the crisis in the
future. Thats our duty to break the hunger cycle in the sahel.
DISCUSION
Food crisis in sahel has become a cycle and we need to support them to
build their own lives, not only help them when they are experience the crisis.
Support that we give to them when they experience the crisis is only affected for
that time not for long term, and it will be the cycle and we keep repeating that. So
our duty is make them stronger so they will not experience the crisis anymore.
There is several way to help them build theiir own lives to make them stronger.
We as Food and Agricultural Organitation (FAO) already developing several
program that we can implement to the sahel. As you know FAO is the organitation
under the auspices of United Nation that which is gaged in food and agricultur
need to take a role in the sahel crisis, considering that food crisis became a serious
problem in sahel.
We are very serius to take a part in sahel food crisis, for the first step we
held a meeting of the Food Crisis Prevention Network (RPCA) in the Sahel and
West Africa, held in Praia (Cape Verde) from 8 to 10 December 2011. This is the
twenty-seventh meeting of RPCA. the RPCA is an international network for co-
operation and co-ordination under the political leadership
of ECOWAS and UEMOA and co-animated by CILSS and the SWAC/OECD
Secretariat. It brings together Sahelian and West African countries, bilateral and
multilateral co-operation agencies, humanitarian agencies and international NGOs,
agricultural professional organisations, civil society and the private sector and
regional and international information systems, with ECOWAS, UEMOA and
CILSS at the centre. In the twenty-seventh meeting we discuse about agricultural
campaign in sahel and west africa. As we know that climate change has affected to
the agricultur in sahel. People getting frustated because their farm always fail. In
this meeting we conclude that Committe for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS)
need to take an action. Scintist predict that if eart became warmer by 2 degre
celcius it will give a good impact for sahel, because sahel are saving so many
cloud that can produce the rain and make sahel green again. We will not waiting
until earth getting warmer to make sahel green again, it will took very long time.
There is a way to make rain in Sahel, the scientist give us a choice to speed up the
rain by strew the cloud with higroskopik powder. It will make sahel have rain
again and the people can grow their plant again. We will also give them education
about how to farm with the right technique, because wrong technique can be bad
for the land. Analysis that we do to the agricultural land in africa has already
broken because wrong farming technique. There is so many damaged land in Sahel
it is unfortunate if the damaged land will only be abandoned, so we have program
to make the land function again and became fertile land. Because there is so many
ways to make damaged land to be fertile again. One of the ways is to restore
nutrient of the soil. The soil that damaged because wrong farming technique
lossing their nutrient and make the plant can’t grow well. We need to restore the
nutrient of the soil, one of the way to restore the nutrien is giving the soil fertilizer,
but if usually we givving the fertilizer when we plant not if we will restore the soil,
we need to give fertilizer before we planting. By using that way we can give the
soil time to recover and produce new nutrient for the next planting. Also we have
research that people of sahel planting the tubers, we need to know that tubbers can
make the Ph of the soil getting acid. Plant will not grow up if the soil to acid or
alkali, it make restoring Ph of the soil so important. Simple way to restore ph of
the soil and thats is by giving salt to the soil. This is simple way to restor damaged
land in sahel, it looks very unimportant but it will give great impact for the land
and also for people in sahel. By improving the quality of soil they will be able to
grow up their plant, they will be able to make their own food, sahel will not
experience the crisis anymore. They will be able to help their own live. See the
potential of the land in sahel thats make us confident that sahel can grow up and be
the better country, does not rule out the possibility that sahel can export food to for
the other country if the farmer and the goverment work together to bring better
sahel.
The second thing that we need to do is we need to give them founding
before they experience the crisis. We need to invest now before the crisis hit them
again. By investing earlier it more effective, vulnerable population can be better
protected at much lower cost than if the action delayed until crisis hit them.
Preventing malnutrition is far cheaper than we need until it happen. Keeping
animal alive les expensive than replacing them. The UN Humanitarian Coordinator
estimated that to protect a child from malnutrition before food crisis it cost only $1
per day and $80 per day when the crisis already hit them. We need to understand
that sahel not only need us when they experience the crisis, sahel need us even
when they not experience the crisis. It hapeen because they are not fully rising
after they experience the crisis. They need us, West Africa especially Sahel still
can not stand-alone, we need to support them until they can stand alone. The UN
curently estimates that $1.5 billion is needed for the West Africa and it can be rise
to $1.6 bilion after the revision of mali.

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Problem Statement

According Human development indexs three sahelian countries are among

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