TPO-4

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

引出两种鹿
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington
State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. 两种鹿在美国西北太平洋华盛顿州的
PugetSound 地区十分流行。 The black-tailed deer, a lowland 低地, west-side cousin of
the mule 骡子 deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. 黑尾鹿是华盛顿州
东部骡鹿的近亲，是一种低地鹿，现在是最常见的。 The other species, the Columbian
white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie 草原 country; it is now
restricted 受限制的 to the low, marshy 沼泽地的 islands and flood plains along the lower
Columbia River. 另一种是哥伦比亚白尾鹿，早期在开阔的草原国家很常见；它现在仅存在
于沿哥伦比亚河下游的低洼沼泽岛屿和洪泛平原。

黑尾鹿原先的食性与习性
Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory 下层 植物 can be part of a deer's
diet. 几乎任何种类的森林下层植物都可以成为鹿的食物。 Where the forest inhibits 抑制
the growth of grass and other meadow 草地 plants, the black-tailed deer browses 浏览，
吃草 on huckleberry 美洲越莓, salal？？, dogwood 山茱萸, and almost any other shrub 灌
木 or herb 草本植物. 森林所覆盖的地方抑制草和其他草甸的生长草地黑尾鹿以 美洲越
莓、？？、山茱萸和几乎任何其他灌木或草本植物为食。 But this is fair-weather feeding.
但这是晴天中的食物 What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher 恶劣，严酷的
seasons of plant decay 衰败 and dormancy 休眠? 是什么让黑尾鹿在植物腐烂和休眠的恶
劣季节存活？ One compensation 补偿 for not hibernating 休眠 is the built-in urge 冲动
to migrate. 不休眠的一个补偿是内在的迁移冲动。 Deer may move from high-elevation
browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. 鹿可能在夏季从高海拔地
区 迁 徙 到 深 秋 的 低 地 地 区 。 Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy 浓 密 的
understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock,
red alder, and other arboreal 树木的 fodder 饲料. 即使地面上有雪，茂密的矮树丛也暴露
在外；雪和风也会把雪松、铁杉、红桤木和其他树上饲料？？的枝叶吹倒。

人类活动对 pugetsound 的鹿的影响，使其减少

The numbers of deer have fluctuated 波 动 markedly 明 显 since the entry of
Europeans into Puget Sound country. 自从欧洲人进入 PugetSound 国家以来，鹿的数量波
动很大。 The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and
yet almost in the same breath bemoaned 哀 叹 the lack of this succulent 多 汁 的 game
animal. 早期的探险家和定居者告诉我们 19 世纪早期有大量的鹿，但几乎同时也感叹缺乏
这种多汁的猎食动物。 Famous explorers of the north American frontier 边界, Lewis and
Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly
starved 挨饿 circumstances 情况. 1805 年 11 月 14 日，北美边境的著名探险家 L 和 C 在几
近饥饿的情况下抵达哥伦比亚河口。 They had experienced great difficulty finding game
west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk 麋鹿.
他们在落基山脉以西寻找猎物时经历了巨大的困难，直到 12 月 2 日他们才杀死了第一只麋
鹿。 To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20
deer. 为了让 40 人在那个冬天活下来，他们吃掉了大约 150 头麋鹿和 20 头鹿。 And
when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return
east rather than face possible starvation. 当猎物在早春离开低地时，探险队决定返回东部，
而不是面对可能的饥饿。 Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort
Vancouver became the headquarters 总 部 of the Hudson's Bay 湾 Company, deer
populations continued to fluctuate. 后来在十九世纪初，FV 成为 H 湾公司的总部，鹿的数
量继续波动。David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing
令人不安的 change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first
visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort 堡垒 in 1832. 1830 年代的苏格兰植物学探
险家 DD 在 1825 年第一次造访到 1832 年最后一次接触期间，发现周围的动物生活发生了
令人不安的变化。 A recent Douglas biographer 传记作家 states:" The deer which once
picturesquely 生 动 的 dotted 星 罗 棋 布 的 the meadows around the fort were gone [in
1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops." 最近一位 D 传记作家说：
“曾经在堡垒周围草地上风景如画的鹿（1832 年）消失了，为了保护庄稼被破坏。

华盛顿地区鹿数量的异常反弹
Reduction in numbers of game should have boded 预兆 ill for their survival in later
times. 野生动物数量的减少对于他们以后的生存来说是个坏兆头。 A worsening of the
plight 困境 of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached 侵犯 on the land, logging 伐
木, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,
towns, and factories. 随着定居者侵占土地、伐木、焚烧和清理，最终以道路、城市、城镇
和工厂取代野生景观，鹿的困境将进一步恶化。 No doubt the numbers of deer declined
still further. 毫无疑问，鹿的数量进一步下降。 Recall the fate of the Columbian white-
tailed deer, now in a protected status 地位. 回想一下现在处于保护状态的哥伦比亚白尾鹿
的命运。 But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.
但是对于黑尾鹿来 说，人类的压力却产生了相反的效果。 Wildlife zoologist Helmut
Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic 生物的 changes in Washington through
recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any
other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately
320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex
and any age annually 每 年 for an indefinite period." 野 生 动 物 动 物 学 家 Helmut
Buechner（1953 年）在通过有记录的时间回顾华盛顿生物变化的性质时说，“自 20 世纪
40 年代初以来，该州的鹿比其历史上任何时候都多，冬季数量在大约 32 万只鹿（骡和黑
尾鹿）左右波动，这将产生大约 65000 头，不限期限，每年不限年龄，不限性别。”

鹿的数量反弹的原因
The causes of this population rebound 反弹 are consequences 结果 of other human
actions. 鹿的数量反弹的原因是其他人类行为的后果。First, the major predators of deer—
wolves, cougar 美洲狮, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. 首先，鹿、狼、
美洲狮和猞猁的主要捕食者数量大大减少。 Second, conservation has been insured by
limiting times for and types of hunting. 第二，通过限制狩猎时间和狩猎类型，保护环境得
到了保障。 But the most profound 深刻的 reason for the restoration of high population
numbers has been the fate of the forests. 但恢复高的鹿数量的最深刻原因是森林的命运。
Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal
feeding grounds of deer. 由于伐木、火灾或两者兼而有之，大片低地被砍伐殆尽，已成为
鹿理想的觅食地。 In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry
and vine maple 藤枫, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest,
found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially 基本上 more nutritive. 除了
像美洲越莓和藤枫一样寻找合适的食材外，太平洋西北部的长期 野生生物学家 AE 发现开
阔 地 区 的 食 材 质 量 更 具 营 养 。 The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for
example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings. 例如，荫蔽生长的植被
的蛋白质含量远远低于在空地上生长的植物。

Paragraph 1: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of
Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a
lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most
common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was
common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and
flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer
of Puget Sound? D
○It is native to lowlands and marshes.
○It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other
types of deer.
○It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
○It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's
diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-
tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.
But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher
seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-
in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to
the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is
exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and
other arboreal fodder.

2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions B

○ cause some deer to hibernate
○ make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
○ make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
○ prevent deer from migrating during the winter
 3. The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning to C
○ consists of
○ combines
○ restricts
○ establishes

Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of
Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant
deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this
succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and
Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly
starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the
Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40
people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when
game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east
rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,
when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer
populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the
1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period
between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas
biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the
fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."

4. The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest in meaning to D
○ impatiently
○ humorously
○ continuously
○ immediately

5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order
to illustrate which of the following points? A
○The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.
○Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily
interested in hunting game.
○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the
West.
○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading
companies.

6. According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David
Douglas returned in 1832? C
○The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.
○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.
○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.
 ○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.

Paragraph 4: Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival
in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached
on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape
with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still
further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But
for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife
zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in
Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had
more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around
approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000
of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

7. Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed
deer” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape? A
○To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population
decline
○To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness
environment
○To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to
human settlement
○To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status

8. The phrase “indefinite period” in the passage is closest in meaning to period A

○ whose end has not been determined
○ that does not begin when expected
○ that lasts only briefly
○ whose importance remains unknown

9. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the

information in paragraph 4? A
○Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to
decline.
○The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some
deer populations in later times.
○The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from
which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.
○Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the
summer populations have.

Paragraph 5: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other

human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been
greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for
and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population
numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by
logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an
increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime
game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be
substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example,
was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

10．The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to B

○ decline
○ recovery
○ exchange
○ movement
 
11 ． Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information. C
○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover
areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.
○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more
and better food.
○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with
suitable browse for deer to inhabit.
○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation
that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific
Northwest.

12 ． Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has

increased deer populations? D
○A reduction in the number of predators
○Restrictions on hunting
○The effects of logging and fire
○Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's
diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-
tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.
But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher
seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-
in urge to migrate. █Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down
to the lowland areas in late fall. █Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy
understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock,
red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
  Paragraph 3: █The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of
Europeans into Puget Sound country. █The early explorers and settlers told of abundant
deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this
succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and
Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly
starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the
Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40
people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when
game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east
rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,
when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer
populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the
1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period
between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas
biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the
fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."

13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage. B
There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.
Where would the sentence best fit?

14 ． Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is

provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the
most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary
because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the
passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate
seasonally food.
●A
●B
●C
(直觉上来说选 ABC 肯定不对
Answer Choices
A○ The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time,
with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.
B○ Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound
environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.
C○ In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from
human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better
food in deforested areas.
D○ Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine
accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.
E○ Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would
cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for
certain types of deer.
F○ Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create
nutritional deficiencies for deer.
 [email protected] http://page.renren.com/600161032 http://weibo.com/liuwenyong
参 考答案：
1. ○4
2. ○ 2
3. ○ 3
4. ○4
5. ○1
6. ○3
7. ○1
8. ○ 1
9. ○2
10. ○ 2
11. ○2
12. ○4
13. ○2
14. Deer populations naturally…
In the long term…
Although it was believed…
 [email protected] http://page.renren.com/600161032 http://weibo.com/liuwenyong
参 考译文：
普吉特海湾的鹿群

在太平洋西北区的美国华盛顿州，有两种鹿在普吉特海湾非常普遍。黑尾鹿是华盛顿
东部杂交鹿在西部的表亲，它们生活在低地。另一种哥伦比亚白尾鹿，从前在开阔的草原
上很常见，而现在只能在低矮的沼泽岛屿地带和哥伦比亚河下游的河滩地区才能看到它们。

 森林里，几乎任何植物都是鹿的食物。在森林抑制草和其它草地植物生长的地方，黑
尾鹿可以吃越橘、北美白珠树、多花梾木和其他几乎所有灌木和草；但这些只能在好天气
里才能吃得到；在植物衰败、隐匿的严寒季节，黑尾鹿们是如何过冬的呢？避免冬眠的一
种方法就是天生的迁徙习性。它们会在夏天迁徙到高海拔觅食区直到秋天结束再回到低地
即便地面还有残雪，高的灌木也会露出来；风雪天气会把雪松、铁衫、红桤木和其它乔木
多叶的树枝带下来。

自从欧洲人进入了普吉特海湾，鹿群的数量发生了显著的变化。早期的探险家和殖民
者说起在十九世纪早期那儿有大量的鹿群，与此同时惋惜现在这种诱人动物的稀少。著名
的北美探险先驱者刘易斯和克拉克在落基山西部经历种种困难，并且直到第二年十二月他
们才杀死了第一只麋鹿。为了让 40 人在冬天里存活，他们消耗了 150 只麋鹿和 20 只小鹿。
当猎物在早春时期迁徙出了低地，远征队决定返回东部而不是去面对潜在的饥饿。此后在
十九世纪最初几年里，温哥华堡成为哈德逊湾公司的总部，鹿的数量持续波动。十九世纪
三十年代，苏格兰植物学探险家大卫·道格拉斯发现了他在 1825 年第一次的探访和 1832 年
的最后接触之间出现在温哥华堡附近令人不安的变化。在道格拉斯近期的传记中陈述到：
在 1832 年曾经如画般分布在温哥华堡附近草地上的鹿群已经消失了，为了保护农作物猎杀
致灭绝。

 鹿群数量的减少预示了它们今后生存的艰辛。鹿群的处境正在恶化，它们能期待的却
是殖民者入侵它们的领地，人类在他们生活的土地上进行采伐、焚烧，清除障碍，最终将
荒野风景变成公路、城市、城镇和工厂。毋庸置疑，鹿群的数量进一步减少。回想起来，
哥伦比亚白尾鹿的命运，现在已经处于被保护状态。而对黑尾鹿来说，人类的压力反而产
生了相反的效果。野生动物学家赫尔穆特·布希纳（1953）通过已有记录评论了华盛顿地区
生物的自然变化，他说：二十世纪 40 年代早期，美国拥有比以往任何历史时期都多的鹿
群，鹿群冬季的数量在接近 320000 只鹿（杂交和黑尾鹿）左右波动，在此之后的每一年
不同年龄段的公鹿和母鹿数量分别会增加至 65000 只。

 这种鹿群数量的反弹是由于人类其他活动造成。首先，狼、美洲豹和山猫等鹿群的主
要猎食者急剧减少。其次，通过限制捕猎时间和捕猎种类来保护鹿群。但鹿群数量恢复的
主要原因在于森林减少。大部分的低地的树木被砍伐、焚烧，进而成为了鹿群理想的生活
场地。以便他们去寻找更适合的嫩叶，比如越橘类和枫叶。太平洋西北的生物学家亚瑟·埃
纳森发现在空旷地区的高质量的嫩叶大部分都是很有营养的，就像在遮蔽中生长的植物，
他们所包含的蛋白质比那些在空旷地区生长的植物蛋白质更低。