2

$
To show whether 𝑒 !"# + 2 cos(19𝑥) = 0 has a unique solution for 𝑥𝜖 ;0, %&=, we first use
the intermediate value theorem to show that a solution exists.

According to Theorem 3.1.1, the intermediate value theorem states that supposing 𝑓 is
continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], if 𝑧 lies between 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏), then there is at
least one real number 𝑐 in [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑧.

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 !"# + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(19𝑥) = 0

However, to apply the intermediate value theorem 𝑓(𝑥) must be continuous. Using the
assumption that exponential and trigonometric functions are continuous, then according to
Proposition 3.1.1, 𝑓(𝑥)must be continuous for ℝ since the sum of continuous functions are
also continuous, hence we can apply the intermediate value theorem.

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 !"# + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(19𝑥) = 0

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0,

𝑓(0) = 𝑒 !"(() + 2 cosK19(0)L

= 1 + 2
= 3

𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = ,
19
𝜋 $ 𝜋
𝑓O P = 𝑒 !"*%&+ + 2 cos Q19 O PR
19 19
= −1.391063292

$ $
Therefore, since 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on ;0, %&= and 𝑓 O%&P < 0 & 𝑓(0) > 0, then by
$
intermediate value theorem there exists 𝑐𝜖 ;0, %&= such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 0.
That is,
𝜋
𝑒 !", + 2 cos(19𝑐) = 0, for 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝜖 ;0, =
19
 $
However, the function is not monotonic on the closed interval ;0, %&=.
𝑓’(𝑥) = −3𝑒 !"# − 38 sin(19𝑥)

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0,

𝑓 -(() = −3𝑒 !"(() − 38 sinK19(0)L

= 0.165346982

𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = ,
19
𝜋 $ 𝜋
𝑓′ O P = −3𝑒 !"*%&+ − 38 sin Q19 O PR
19 19
= −1.826810122

$
Since 𝑓′ O%&P < 0 & 𝑓′(0) > 0, then 𝑓’(𝑥) is not strictly increasing or decreasing for all
$
𝑥𝜖 ;0, %&= and not monotonic.

Hence, by intermediate value theorem, there exists a solution for 𝑒 !"# + 2 cos(19𝑥) = 0
$ $
for 𝑥𝜖 ;0, %&=. However the function is not monotonic on the closed interval 𝑥𝜖 ;0, %&=, since
!
𝑓 -*"#+ < 0 and 𝑓 -(() > 0.

𝝅
Therefore, a unique solution for 𝒆!𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟗𝒙) = 𝟎 for 𝒙𝝐 ;𝟎, 𝟏𝟗= does not exist.

$ $
To estimate the error in the approximation of (81.009)% by 81% , we use the mean value
theorem to find an upper bound for the error.

The precise error is given by,

" "
(81.009)4 − 814
$
Applying the mean value theorem to the function 𝑓, given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 % on the interval
[81, 81.009]. For 𝑐 in (81, 81.009) this gives,
" "
(81.009)4 - 814 3
= %
81.009-81
4𝑐 4

Where 81 < 𝑐 < 81.009, rearranging, this gives,

3(81.009 − 81)
(81.009)"/4 − 81"/4 =
4𝑐%/4
0.027
(81.009)"/4 − 81"/4 = %/4
4𝑐
Therefore,
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = (81.009)"/4 − 81"/4
0.027
= %/4
4𝑐
0.027
<
4(81)%/4
9
=
4000
&
Since 𝑐 > 81, an upper bound for the error is 4(((.

𝟗
Hence, using mean value theorem, the magnitude of the error is less than 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎.

The corresponding revenue function is given by,

𝑅(𝑥) = 92𝑥
And the daily cost function is given by,
𝐶(𝑥) = 38 + 144𝑥 (.94
Where 𝑅(𝑥) and 𝐶(𝑥) are in euros and 𝑥 is the weight of cheese sold in kilograms.

1. The breakeven point occurs when the revenue is equal to the cost of the product.
Therefore, the breakeven point can be given by,

𝑅(𝑥) = 𝐶(𝑥)
92𝑥 = 38 + 144𝑥 (.94
Graphically, we can see that there is a solution for 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝐶(𝑥) at 𝑥𝜖[18, 20].
We can apply the intermediate value theorem to determine the interval where a
solution exists and therefore also contains the breakeven point.

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 38 + 144𝑥 (.94 − 92𝑥

To apply the intermediate value theorem 𝑓(𝑥) must be continuous for 𝑥𝜖 [0, +∞),
since 𝑥 ≥ 0. Since a function given by 𝑥 to a rational power is continuous for ℝ, then
𝑓(𝑥) is continuous and we can apply the intermediate value theorem.

According to Theorem 3.1.1, the intermediate value theorem states that

supposing 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], if 𝑧 lies between 𝑓(𝑎) and
𝑓(𝑏), then there is at least one real number 𝑐 in [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑧.

Considering 𝑥𝜖 [18, 20],

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 38 + 144𝑥 (.94 − 92𝑥

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 18,

𝑓(18) = 38 + 144(18)(.94 − 92(18)

= 14.267736

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 20,
𝑓(20) = 38 + 144(20)(.94 − 92(20)
= −18.686536

Therefore, since 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on 𝑥𝜖 [18, 20] and 𝑓(20) < 0 & 𝑓(18) > 0, then
by intermediate value theorem there exists 𝑥𝜖 [18, 20] such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 0.

Graphically,

However, the interval must have length at most 10 grams (𝑥 = 0.01). To narrow
down the interval, we can halve the interval until the interval has length 10 grams
and the intermediate value theorem still holds true.

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 19,
𝑓(19) = 38 + 144(19)(.94 − 92(19)
= −1.891251

Since 𝑓(19) < 0, then a zero exists 𝑥𝜖[18, 19]. Continuing,

A𝑡 𝑥 = 18.5,
𝑓(18.5) = 38 + 144(18.5)(.94 − 92(18.5)
= 6.270243

Since 𝑓(18.5) > 0, then a zero exists 𝑥𝜖[18.5, 19]. Continuing,

A𝑡 𝑥 = 18.75,
𝑓(18.75) = 38 + 144(18.75)(.94 − 92(18.75)
= 2.209676

Since 𝑓(18.75) > 0, then a zero exists 𝑥𝜖 [18.75, 19]. Continuing,

A𝑡 𝑥 = 18.85,
𝑓(18.85) = 38 + 144(18.85)(.94 − 92(18.85)
= 0.574114
 Since 𝑓(18.85) > 0, then a zero exists 𝑥𝜖 [18.85, 19]. Continuing,
A𝑡 𝑥 = 18.9,
𝑓(18.9) = 38 + 144(18.9)(.94 − 92(18.9)
= −0.246077

Since 𝑓(18.9) < 0, then a zero exists 𝑥𝜖[18.85, 18.90]. Continuing,

A𝑡 𝑥 = 18.89,
𝑓(18.89) = 38 + 144(18.89)(.94 − 92(18.89)
= −0.081910

Since 𝑓(18.89) < 0, then a zero exists 𝑥𝜖 [18.85, 18.89]. Continuing,

A𝑡 𝑥 = 18.88,
𝑓(18.88) = 38 + 144(18.88)(.94 − 92(18.88)
= 0.082192

Since 𝑓(18.88) > 0, then a zero exists 𝑥𝜖 [18.88, 18.89] and this interval has length
of 10 grams (𝑥 = 0.01).

Therefore, by intermediate value theorem, there contains a breakeven point when

18.88-18.89kg of cheese is sold.

2. Profit 𝑃(𝑥) is given by the difference between revenue 𝑅(𝑥) and cost 𝐶(𝑥).
Therefore profit is given by,
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥)– 𝐶(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥) = 92𝑥 – (38 + 144𝑥 (.94 )
= 92𝑥 – 38 − 144𝑥 (.94
Graphically,
To find how many kilograms of cheese should be sold to maximise profit, we use the
minimum-maximum theory.

According to Theorem 3.4.3, the minimum maximum theory states that if 𝑓 is

continuous on a closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then 𝑓 attains its minimum and maximum on
[𝑎, 𝑏]. That is, there exist points 𝑐 and 𝑑 in [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑑) for
all 𝑥 in [𝑎, 𝑏].

Considering 𝑃(𝑥) over 𝑥𝜖 [0, 31.4], to apply the minimum-maximum theory, 𝑃(𝑥)
must be continuous for 𝑥𝜖[0,31.4]. Since a function given by 𝑥 to a rational power is
continuous for ℝ, then 𝑃(𝑥) is continuous for 𝑥𝜖[0,31.4] and we can apply the
minimum-maximum theory which states that there will be a minimum and maximum
value over the interval.

Hence, the sale of cheese will produce a maximum profit.

:;
To find where the maximum point is in the interval [0, 31.4], we can use :# to check
where the function is decreasing and increasing.

𝑑𝑝 120.96
= 92 − (.%<
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1 ,

𝑑𝑝 120.96
= 92 − (.%<
𝑑𝑥 1
= −28.96

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 31.4,
𝑑𝑝 120.96
= 92 −
𝑑𝑥 31.4(.%<
= 22.31600602

:; :; :; :;
Since :# < 0 𝑎𝑡 1 & :# > 0 at 31.4, then :# 𝑎𝑡 1 is decreasing and :# at 31.4 is
increasing, because the function is increasing at 31.4, then the maximum in the
interval [0, 31.4] will be at 31.4. This can also be observed graphically.

Therefore, to maximise profit, 31.4kg of cheese needs to be sold.

To avoid the worst possible financial situation, the farmers would also like to know
selling how many kilograms of cheese would result in the greatest loss.
:; :; :;
We know that :# < 0 𝑎𝑡 1 & :# > 0 at 31.4, then :# reaches a minimum somewhere
between 𝑥𝜖[0,31.4], and we can see that graphically the greatest loss would be at
the minimum turning point.

The minimum turning point is a stationary point where the gradient is 0, negative to
:;
the left and positive to the right. Therefore, we can find this point by letting :# = 0.

𝑑𝑝 120.96
= 92 − (.%< = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 = 5.531427093

Verifying with a table of values,

(0, 5.531427093) 5.531427093 (5.531427093, 31.4)
𝑑𝑝 − 0 +
𝑑𝑥

Therefore, in the worst possible financial situation, selling 5.531kg of cheese would
result in the greatest loss.