UNIT I: NURSING AS A PROFESSION

 REPUBLIC ACT 9173

o The Philippine Nursing Act of 2002
OUTLINE o An act providing for a more responsive nursing
I Introduction profession
II Who is a Professional Nurse? o The state guarantees the delivery of quality basic
A Professional Qualities of a Nurse
B Personal Qualities of a Nurse health services through an adequate nursing
personnel system throughout the country

INTRODUCTION WHO IS A PROFESSIONAL NURSE?

 PROFESSION  Professional Nurse
o An occupation or calling requiring advanced training  A person whose name and registration/professional license
and experience in some specific or specialized body of number is entered in the Commission’s registry book and
knowledge which provides service to society in that computerized database as legally authorized to practice the
special field nursing profession
o NURSING is an occupation requiring a unique body of
knowledge and skills and which serves society PROFESSIONAL QUALITIES OF A NURSE
o A calling that requires special knowledge, skill, and  Have a license to practice nursing in the country
preparation  Have a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing; and
 Specialized education  Be physically and mentally fit
 Body of knowledge  Bachelor of Science in Nursing Graduate
 Code of ethics  Registered nurse with current PRC ID
 Autonomy  Must be physically, mentally, and psychologically fit to
CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION practice nursing
 Service Orientation  Must not be convicted of any moral turpitude
o Altruism – selfless concern for others  Must be a member of the Accredited Professional
o Service to others Organization (APO)
o However, must be guided by certain, rules, or code of
ethics; provide service or assistance with what’s in your PERSONAL QUALITIES OF A NURSE
capacity  Interest and willingness to work and learn with individual’s
o Good Samaritan Law – protects people in service; groups in a variety of settings
protected from liability in providing reasonable  A warm personality and concern for people
assistance in an emergency  Resourcefulness and creativity as well as a well-balanced
 Ongoing Research emotional condition
o Contributing to nursing practice  Capacity and ability to work cooperatively with others
o 1940s – early development of nursing research  Initiative to improve self and service
o 1950s – increased funding and professional support  Competence in performing work through the use of nursing
o 1960s – often related to the nature of the knowledge process
base underlying nursing practice  Skill in decision-making, communicating, and relating with
o 1970s – focuses on related issues on nursing practice others and being research oriented; and
o Evidence-base and outcome-based  Active participation in issues confronting nurses and
 Professional Organization nursing
o Philippine Nurses Association – accredited nursing
association
o Helps the maintenance of the political, economic, and
social arrangements under professional affairs
o Advances the nursing profession fostering advanced
REFERENCES
nursing practices
o Protects the rights of the nurse
Notes from the discussion by Ms. Restymay Manlongat
NURSING
 Science – knowledge University of Cebu - Banilad powerpoint presentation:
 Art – skills
 Nutrix – to nourish; vita – life Nursing as a Profession PPT
 Social science – well-being of the patient; primordial
concern is humanity
 Art - Treats human responses: physically, mentally,
emotionally, and spirituality
 An art that takes care of the sick and the well
 Science – treat patients in a systemic and scientific
methods

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 1

 HISTORY OF NURSING

UNIT II: HISTORY OF NURSING

ROME
OUTLINE
III Primitive Historical Evolution of Nursing  Contribution is the development of hospitals.
A Ancient Greece  St. Jerome was responsible, through one of his disciplines,
i Asclepius Fabiola
ii Hippocrates  During the 3rd and 4th centuries several wealthy matrons
B Rome of the roman Empire such as, Fabiola converted to
C Early Christian Era Christianity and used their wealth to provide houses of care
D Period of Apprentice Nursing / Middle Ages
and healing (the forerunner of hospitals) for the poor, the
E Renaissance
F Industrial Revolution sick, and the homeless. Women, were not, however, the
G Foundations of Modern Nursing sole providers of nursing services.
i Elizabeth Fry  Hospitals were first established in the Eastern Roman
ii Florence Nightingale Empire.
H The Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century  St Jerome was responsible, through one of his disciples,
i Clarissa “Clara” Harlowe Barton Fabiola, for introducing hospitals in the West.
ii Mary Ann Biekerdyke
iii Harriet Tubman
iv Mary Mahoney EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA
v Lilian Wald  Christianity official religion of Rome
IV Philippine Nursing History  Great importance on the sanctity of life
A Early Beliefs and Practices
B Early Care of the Sick  Deaconesses function as visiting nurses
C Health Care During the Spanish Regime  PHOEBE
D Nursing During the Philippine Revolution o First deaconess identified in providing nursing care
E Hospitals and Nursing Schools o Referred to as the FOUNDER OF VISITING
F The Start of Nursing Practice NURSING
G Proliferation of Nurses as a Workforce  OLYMPIAS
H Nursing Profession Development
o Widowed at a young age
I Further Changes in Nursing Law
o Erected a convent
o Supervised 40 other deaconesses
 MARCELLA
PRIMITIVE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING
o Wealthy Roman woman
 The recorded evolution of nursing dates back to 4000 BC
o Converted her place into a monastery
 Primitive societies in which mother-nurses worked with  FABIOLA
priest o A Christian convert
 2000 BC, the use of wet nurses is recorded in Babylonia o Founded the first free hospital in Rome
and Assyria
 Bishops and deacons supervised early hospitals
 Bishops founded shelters, hospices and orphanages
ANCIENT GREECE  Early hospitals were supervised by bishops and managed
 Greeks built temples to honor Hygeia, the goddess of health by deacons to care for the poor, travelers, or others who
 Temples were more like health spas rather than hospitals could not be cared for at home.
governed by priests.  In addition, bishops founded shelters, hospices, and
 Priestesses attended to those housed in the temples orphanages where both men and women provided care
 ASCLEPIUS
o God of Medicine PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
o Patron Saint of Physicians  MIDDLE AGES
o Early physicians were known as Asclepiads or sons
 Political unrest, economic change and decline of
of Asclepius
deaconesses.
 They prescribed treatment such as
 Trade flourished
o Medications
 Famine and diseases were present
o Diets
o Exercise  Deaconesses became extinct
o Bathing in warm or cold water
o Fasting RENAISSANCE
o Various types  AD 1400 – 1550
 HIPPOCRATES  Interest in the arts and science emerged
o Practiced medicine during Greece’s Golden Age  Universities were established
(400 BC)  Women were not encouraged to leave their homes.
o Developed systems for patient assessment,  Protestant reformation dissolved Catholic hospitals
recording, established ethical standards.
o Advocated conservative treatment INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
o Concerned with physician – patient relationship
o Insisted upon respect for patient’s families and  Introduced technology that led to a proliferation of
defined ethical practice standard factories.
 Medical schools were founded
 The industrial revolution introduced technology that led to a
proliferation of factories. Conditions for the factory workers

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 2

 HISTORY OF NURSING

were deplorable. Long hours, grueling work, and unsafe battles, including Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run,
conditions prevailed in the workplace. Antietam, and Fredericksburg
 The health status of laborers received little, if any, attention o In 1864 she was appointed by Union General
Benjamin Butler as the "lady in charge" of the
FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN NURSING hospitals at the front of the Army of the James.
 ELIZABETH FRY Among her more harrowing experiences was an
o Prison and Mental Asylum Reformer incident in which a bullet tore through the sleeve of
o Founded the Protestant Sisters of Charity in 1840. her dress without striking her and killed a man to
Members of this sisterhood received a rudimentary whom she was tending.
education in nursing and observed patients at two o She was known as the "Angel of the Battlefield”
London hospitals.  MARY ANN BIEKERDYKE
o In 1848, the English Protestant sisterhood St. o Volunteered her considerable medical skills to help
John’s House was founded. These sisters lived the hundreds of men who were dying, not from battle,
together as a community and participated in a two- but from typhoid, dysentery and other diseases.
year long nursing education program  HARRIET TUBMAN
o They were required to work for St. John’s House for o Was an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an
five years in return for room and board plus a small armed scout and spy for the United States Army
salary. during the American Civil War.
o They nursed for a few hours each day and spent the o Traveling by night and in extreme secrecy, Tubman
rest of the time in prayer and religious instruction. (or "Moses", as she was called) never lost a
o Impressed with the work of Elizabeth Fry, the passenger
German Lutheran pastor Theodor Fliedner  MARY MAHONEY
established a Deaconess Home and Hospital in o Was the first African American to study and work as
Kaiserswerth, a professionally trained nurse in the United States,
 FLORENCE NIGTHINGALE graduating in 1879
o Lady with the Lamp o One of the first African Americans to graduate
o Was a philanthropist from a wealthy English family from a nursing school, and she prospered in a
o Studied nursing under the direction of Pastor predominantly white society. She also challenged
Fliedner in Germany discrimination against African Americans in nursing
o Was appointed superintendent of the Upper  LILIAN WARD
Harley Street Hospital in London, a small hospital o Considered the founder of public health nursing.
for sick and elderly women of the upper class who o Together with Mary Brewster were the first to
were experiencing financial difficulties. offer trained nursing services to the poor in the
o Observed the hospital work of the Catholic New York slums.
Sisters of Charity in Paris and volunteered at the o Their home among the poor on the upper floor of a
Middlesex Hospital during the cholera epidemic tenement, called the Henry Settlement and Visiting
o In 1854 she received permission for herself and a Nurse Service, provided nursing services, social
group of upper-class women to travel to Crimea to services, and organized educational and cultural
care for sick and injured troops. activities.
o Documented the results of her care and used o Soon after the founding of the Henry Street
these records as the basis for further Settlement school nursing was established as an
interventions. Her work was the foundation for adjunct to visiting nursing
today’s evidence-based nursing practice.
o Established the Nightingale School of Nursing at PHILIPPINE NURSING HISTORY
St. Thomas’s Hospital in London, offering
education for professional nurses. EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
o Nightingale’s school combined classes in nursing  MYSTICISM AND SUPERSTITIONS
theory with clinical experiences at hospital  Belief in special gods of healing, with the priest -physician
(called “word doctors”) as intermediary.
THE CIVIL WAR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE  If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors
TWENTIETH CENTURY (“herbolarios”)
 CLARISSA “CLARA” HARLOWE BARTON
o Pioneering nurse who founded the American EARLY CARE OF THE SICK
Red Cross  Herb men were called “herbicheros” meaning one who
o She was a hospital nurse in the American Civil War, practiced witchcraft
a teacher, and patent clerk. Barton is noteworthy for  Persons suffering from diseases without any identified
doing humanitarian work at a time when relatively cause were believed bewitched by “mangkukulam
few women worked outside the home  Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called “pamao”) were
o Her father convinced her that it was her duty as a attributed to “nunos”
Christian to help the soldiers. In the April following
his death, Barton returned to Washington to gather HEALTH CARE DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
medical supplies. Ladies' Aid societies helped in  Certain practices when taking care of a sick individuals
sending bandages, food, and clothing that would entails interventions from babaylan (priest physicians) or
later be distributed during the Civil War. albularyo (herb doctor).
o She worked to distribute stores, clean field  1578, male nurses were acknowledged as ‘Spanish Friars’
hospitals, apply dressings, and serve food to assistants for caring sick individuals in the hospital. These
wounded soldiers in close proximity to several male nurses were referred as practicante or enfermero.

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 3

 HISTORY OF NURSING

EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
 Religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by
building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines MELCHORA AQUINO A.K.A “TANDANG SORA”
 HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577)  Nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them
o Established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s shelter and food.
soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians;  Operated a store, which became a refuge for the sick and
founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande wounded revolutionaries.
 SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578)  "Woman of Revolution"
o Founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was  "Mother of Balintawak"
administered for many years by the Hospitalliers of  "Mother of the Philippine Revolution"
San Juan de Dios  Died on March 2, 1919, at the age of 107
o Built exclusively for patients with leprosy
 HOSPITAL DE INDIOS (1586) CAPITAN SALOME
o Established by the Franciscan Order
o service was in general supported by alms and  A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija
contributions from charitable persons  Provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat
 HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTAS (1590)
o Established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, AGUEDA KAHABAGAN
o Founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan  Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing
Order services to her troops
 SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596)  Agueda Kahabagan y Iniquinto is referred to in the few
o Founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and sources that mention her as "Henerala Agueda"
administered by the Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios  It was most probably General Pío del Pilar who
o Support was delivered from alms and rents recommended that she be granted the honorary title of
o Rendered general health service to the public Henerala. In March 1899, she was listed as the only
woman in the roster of generals of the Army of the
NURSING DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION Philippine Republic. She was appointed on January 4,
 In the late 1890’s, the war between Philippines and Spain 1899
emerges which resulted to significant amount of casualties.
 With this, many women have assumed the role of nurses in TRINIDAD TECSON
order to assist the wounded soldiers.  INA NG BIAK – NA BATO
 The emergence of Filipina nurses brought about the  Stayed in the hospital of Biak - na - Bato
development of Philippines Red Cross  Cared for the wounded revolutionary soldiers

JOSEPHINE BRACKEN HOSPITALS AND NURSING SCHOOLS

 Wife of Jose Rizal  HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING’S FORMAL
 Installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros. TRAINING
 She provided nursing care to the wounded night and day o The first hospital in the Philippines
o Trained Filipino nurses in 1906 was Iloilo Mission
ROSA SEVILLA DE ALVERO Hospital
 At the age of 18 volunteered to the nurse the sick and o Established by the Baptist Missionaries
injured soldiers of the Philippine revolution. o It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of
 Converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers; America.
during the Philippine- American War that broke out in 1899  Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of New England
 She also became the first Dean of Women at the Hospital for Women and Children in Boston,
University of Santo Tomas Massachusetts was the first superintendent for
nurses.
DONA HILARIA DE AGUINALDO  Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took
charge of the school in 1942. In April 1944
 Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board
 Organized the Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration Examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital
of Mabini.  SAINT PAUL’S HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURISNG
 She established the Hijas de la Revolución (Daughters MANILA (1907)
of the Revolution) that later became Asociación de la o Established by the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah
Cruz Roja (Red Cross Association). Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul
o The organization is considered a precursor of the de Chartres located in Intramuros.
present Philippine National Red Cross, and for this o It opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with
she raised funds for medicines and other medical Mother Melanie as superintendent and Miss
supplies. Chambers as Principal
 Del Rosario died on March 6, 1921 after suffering from  PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF
leprosy NURISNG (MANILA, 1907)
o In 1906, Mary Coleman Masters, an educator
DONA MARIA AGONCILLO DE AGUINALDO advocated for the idea of training Filipino girls for the
 Second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo profession of nursing with the approval of
 Provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the Government officials, she first opened a dormitory
revolution,

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 4

 HISTORY OF NURSING

for Girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal Hall and

the University of the Philippines. THE START OF THE NURSING PRACTICE
o In 1907, with the support of Governor General (1911-1921)
Forbes and the Director of Health, she opened  Promulgation of Act No. 2493 allowing the regulation of
classes in nursing under the Auspices of the Bureau nursing practice
of Education.  Act 2808 First True Nursing Law
o Admission was based on an entrance examination.  Board Examiners for Nursing was also created.
The applicant must have completed elementary
 The first nursing board examination was given on 1920
education to the seventh grade. Julia Nichols and
 Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)
Charlotte Clayton taught the students nursing
o Filipino Nurses Association was established (now
subjects. American physician also served as
PNA) as the National Organization of Filipino Nurses
lecturers
o PNA: 1st President – Rosario Delgado
 ST LUKE’S HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING
o Founder – Anastacia Giro-Tupas
(QUEZON CITY, 1907)
o Episcopalian Institution
o Began as a small dispensary 1903
FIRST COLLEGES OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
o In 1907, the school opened with three girls admitted  UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS – COLLEGE OF
 MARY JOHNSTON HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL OF NURSING (1946)
NURSING (MANILA, 1907) o Grant the title Graduate Nurse to 21 students
o Started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes o Sor Taciana Trinanes was its first directress
(now Avenida)  MANILA CATHEDRAL UNIVERSITY – COLLEGE OF
o Was called the Bethany Dispensary and funded by NURSING (1947)
the Methodist Mission o First offered BSN and Doctor of Medicine degress in
o Rebacca Parrish together with Rose Dudley and 1947
Gertude Dreisbach organized the Mary Johnston o Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal
School of Nursing  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA –
 MARY CHILES HOSPITAL OF NURISNG (MANILA, 1911) COLLEGE OF NURSING (1948)
o Established by Dr. WN Lemon o The idea of opening the college began in a
o Azcarraga, Sampaloc, Manila conference between Miss Julita Sotejo and UP
o In 1913, Miss Mary Chiles of Montana donated a President
large sum of money with which the preset building at o In April 1948, the University Council approved the
Gastambide was bought curriculum, and the Board of Regents recognized the
o The Tuason Annex was donated by Miss Esperanza profession as having an equal standing as Medicine,
Tuason, a Filipino philanthropist Engineering, etc.
 SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING o Miss Julita Sotejo was its first dean
(MANILA, 1913)
o Was founded on the ideals of nursing and health PROLIFERATION OF NURSES AS A WORKFORCE
care, which were pioneered in the Philippines by the (1951-1971)
Franciscans in 1578  The Philippine Nursing Law was approved under the
o In 1913, Hospital de San Juan de Dios opened the Republic Act No. 877 on June 19 1953.
first nursing school in the country  Celebration of Nurses’ Week was proclaimed by President
 EMMANUEL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURISNG (CAPIZ, Carlos P. Garcia under the Proclamation No. 539.
1913)  Between 1966 and 1985 about 25,000 Filipino nurses have
o In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission migrated to United States
Society sent Dr. PH Lerrigo
o Offered a 3-year training course for an annual fee of NURSING PROFESSION DEVELOPMENT
Php 100.00 (1971-2001)
o Miss Clara Pedroso was the first principal  Presidential Decree No. 223, was mandated which brought
 SOUTHER ISLANDS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING about the establishment of the agency, Professional
(CEBU, 1918) Regulation Commission.
o Established in 1911 as Hospital Del Sur  Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 was also amended
o Opened in 1918 under Republic Act No. 7164 which expanded nursing
o Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer. practice to other roles such as management, teaching,
o Miss Visitacion Perez was the first principal decision making, and leadership.
o In 1992, it was renamed to honor Senator Vicente
 The qualification of nurses or faculty’s in the academe was
Sotto. As of 1998, it is authorized to have 800 beds
also updated to Master’s Degree in Nursing or equivalent
 OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING
o Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing
FURTHER CHANGES IN NURSING LAW
(1921)
o Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) (2001 TO PRESENT)
o Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)  During this period, the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002
o Manila Sanitarium Hospital and School of Nursing was enacted under the Republic Act No. 9173 which
(1930) entails changes on existing policies under Republic Act No.
o St. Paul School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946) 7164. These changes underscore on the requirements
o North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946) for faculty and Dean of the Colleges of Nursing, as well
o Siliman University School of Nursing (1947) as the conduct for Nursing Licensure Exam.

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 5

 CARPER’S FOUR PATTERNS OF KNOWING

REFERENCES

Notes from the discussion by Ms. Restymay Manlongat

University of Cebu - Banilad powerpoint presentation:

History of Nursing PPT

UNIT III: CARPER’S FOUR PATTERNS OF KNOWING

 Used in the process of giving appropriate nursing care

OUTLINE through understanding the uniqueness of every patient
V Carper’s Fundamental Ways of Knowing  Emphasizing creative and practical styles of care
A Empirical
B Evidence-Based Practice
 Focuses: empathy – understandings another’s feelings
C Aesthetic Knowing  Includes nurse’s ability in changing ways and manner of
D Ethical Knowing rendering care based on the client’s individual needs and
E Personal Knowing perceptions.
 EXAMPLES:
o The nurse uses layman terms in explaining the
CARPER’S FUNDAMENTAL WAYS OF KNOWING needs of the patient with breast cancer.
 Is a typology that attempts to classify the different o The student nurse uses toys in explaining to a 5-year
sources from which knowledge and beliefs in old patient the purpose of taking the temperature
professional practice (originally specifically nursing) can
or have been derived ETHICAL KNOWING
 Attitudes and knowledge derived from an ethical
EMPIRICAL framework, including an awareness of moral questions
 Factual knowledge from science, or other external and choices.
sources, that can be empirically verified  Requires knowledge of different philosophical positions
 Relating factual and descriptive knowing regarding what is good and right in making moral
 Aimed at the expansion of abstract and theoretical actions and decisions
explanations  Code of Ethics – leads the conduct of nurses
 Knowledge obtained from textbooks, lectures, journals and  Deeply rooted in the concepts of human dignity, service and
online resources. respect for life.
 First primary model of knowing (Kenney, 1996.)  Lessening suffering, upholding and preserving health is one
 Information source of the key elements why nursing is a core service in society.
 Emphasizes scientific research  EXAMPLES:
 Focuses on evidence-based research o The nurse explains the concept behind organ
 Most theory and research development is concentrated donation to a terminally ill patient.
 EXAMPLES: o The clinical instructor reprimands a student who
o The student nurse performs the proper technique in cheated on an examination and explains the
handwashing based on what he learned in NCM. consequences
o The nurse explained to the patient the action of the
medication based on what she learned from the Drug PERSONAL KNOWING
Handbook.  Encompasses knowledge of the self in relation to others
and to self
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE  Involves the entirety of the nurse-patient relationship
 Uses a form of evidence in making clinical judgment  Focused on realizing, meeting and defining the real, true
 Stem from tradition, authority, experience, trial, error, logic self (self-awareness)
and reason  Most difficult to master and to teach
 Involves accurate and thoughtful decision making about  Involves therapeutic use of self
the health care delivery for clients  Takes a lot of time to fully know the nature of oneself in
 Based on the result of the most relevant and supported relation to the world around
evidence derived from research  Stresses that human beings are not in a fixed state but are
constantly engaged in a dynamic state of changes.
AESTHETIC KNOWING (Kenney, 1996)
 EXAMPLES:
 Is related to understanding what is of significance to
o The student nurse tries to develop rapport with his
particular patients such as feelings, attitudes, points of
patient and the significant others.
view (Carper,1978)
o The nurse joins self-awareness seminar in
 Manifestation of the creative and expressive styles of the
preparation in preparation for his psychiatric rotation.
nurse (Kenney, 1996)

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 6

 BENNER’S LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY

REFERENCES

Notes from the discussion by Ms. Restymay Manlongat

University of Cebu - Banilad powerpoint presentation:

Carper’s Four Patterns of Knowing PPT

UNIT IV: BENNER’S NOVICE TO EXPERT THEORY

 Has gained prior experience in actual nursing situations

OUTLINE  Formulation of guidelines or principles from prior
VI Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory experiences provide guidance in future experiences
A Novice
B Advanced Beginner
C Competent THE COMPTENT NURSE
D Proficient  Has been on the job in similar situations for 2-3 years
E Expert  Aware of long term goals—gain perspective from planning
their actions
 Become more efficient and organized
THE NOVICE
 Begins with no prior experience THE PROFICIENT NURSE
 Taught rules to perform tasks  Perceives and understands situations as whole parts
 Rule governed behavior is limited and inflexible  Views patient holistically
 Being a novice is not exclusive to students—any nurse  Has learned what to expect in certain situations and how to
entering a setting without prior experience with that modify plans as needed
particular patient population may be limited to the novice
level THE EXPERT NURSE
 No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to
THE ADVANCED BEGINNER connect situations and determine actions
 Can demonstrate marginally acceptable performance  Performances are fluid, flexible, and highly proficient
 Expertise comes naturally

REFERENCES

Notes from the discussion by Ms. Restymay Manlongat

University of Cebu - Banilad powerpoint presentation:

Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory PPT

UNIT V: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE

OUTLINE WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF THE NURSE?

VII What are the Roles of the Nurse?
A Caregiver/Care Provider
B Client Advocate CAREGIVER / CARE PROVIDER
C Teacher  Has traditionally included those activities that assist the
D Counselor client physically and psychologically while preserving
E Change Agent the client’s dignity.
F Manager
o Provide privacy; expose only the parts you’re going
G Leader
H Communicator to work on
I Case Manager o Always ask permission
 Provide direct care and comfort of client
 Holistic approach; accept the client as a person
 Maintain and regain health; manages symptoms
 The required nursing actions may involve:
o Full care for the completely dependent client

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 7

 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A NURSE

 E.g. newborn babies, comatose patients, MANAGER

patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and  Makes decisions, coordinates activities of others, allocate
Dementia
resources, evaluate care and personnel
o Partial care for the partially dependent client
 Plans, give direction, develop staff, monitors operations,
 Can perform certain activities but with limitations
give the rewards fairly and represents both staff and
 E.g. feeding (threatened abortion) – patient can
administrations as needed
feed themselves but can’t get out of bed
 Coordinate with other healthcare staff
o Supportive – educative care to assist clients in
attaining their possible level of health and wellness.
 E.g. awareness breastfeeding LEADER
 Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific
CLIENT ADVOCATE goal.
 A learned process requiring an understanding of the needs
 Involves concern for and actions in behalf of the client to
and goals that motivate people, the knowledge to apply the
bring about a change
leadership skills, and the interpersonal skills to influence
 Promotes what is best for the client, ensuring that the others.
client’s needs are met and protecting the client’s right.
 Improvement of the well-being of the patient
 Provides explanation in client’s language and support
 Influences the behavior of the patient
clients decisions.
 Protect your patient’s human and legal rights and
COMMUNICATOR
provide assistance in asserting these rights if the need
arises  Nurses identify client problems and then communicate
o Nurse’s responsibility to follow what the client wants these verbally or in writing to other members of the
o Support the client’s decisions health care team.
o Responsibility to act in behalf of your patient  The nurse must be able to communicate clearly and
accurately in order for a client’s health care needs to be
TEACHER met.
 The nurse helps clients learn about their health and the
health care procedures they need to perform to restore or
CASE MANAGER
maintain their health.  Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure
 Assesses the client’s learning needs and readiness to the effectiveness of the case management plan and to
learn. monitor outcomes.
 Encourages compliance with prescribed therapy.  Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee the care
 Promotes healthy lifestyle of a specific caseload.
 Interprets information to the client  In other agencies, the primary nurse or provides some level
 Some of your teaching is unplanned and informal of direct care to the client and family.
o Explain concepts about health; explain the
procedure to the patient; gives information to the
patient REFERENCES
o Give information with the learning needs of your
patient, capacity of the patient, and their readiness Notes from the discussion by Ms. Restymay Manlongat
to learn
o Goal of a teacher is to have intellectual growth
University of Cebu - Banilad powerpoint presentation:
COUNSELOR
Roles and Responsibilities of a Nurse PPT
 Helps client to recognize and cope with stressful
psychologic or social problems; to develop an improve
interpersonal relationships and to promote personal growth
 Provides emotional, intellectual to and psychologic
support
 Focuses on helping a client to develop new attitudes,
feelings and behaviors rather than promoting intellectual
growth.
 Encourages the client to look at alternative behaviors
recognize the choices and develop a sense of control.
o E.g. present facts of contraceptive methods
o Responsibility is to help and guide the patient of what
is their choice
 ADVISOR – give your own opinion or idea

CHANGE AGENT
 Initiate changes or assist clients to make modifications in
themselves or in the system of care
 Combination of client advocate, caregiver, and change
agent

VILLAFLOR, KYLIE NICOLE | UNIVERCITY OF CEBU – BANILAD BSN 1H 8