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    Highlights Literature

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    Pajarin, Aubrey Anne D.
    Literature is defined as a means of cultural transmission from one generation to the next that preserves a nation's culture. It can be prose, written in paragraphs and intended to be read, or poetry, which delivers its message figuratively. Literary forms include short stories, novels, poems, and drama, while genres are determined by the technique used, such as comedy, tragedy, or fiction. Figurative language like metaphor, simile, and personification are used in literature to convey meaning in non-literal ways.

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    Highlights Literature

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    Pajarin, Aubrey Anne D.
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    Literature is defined as a means of cultural transmission from one generation to the next that preserves a nation's culture. It can be prose, written in paragraphs and intended to be read, or poetry, which delivers its message figuratively. Literary forms include short stories, novels, poems, and drama, while genres are determined by the technique used, such as comedy, tragedy, or fiction. Figurative language like metaphor, simile, and personification are used in literature to convey meaning in non-literal ways.

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    Literature is defined as a means of cultural transmission from one generation to the next that preserves a nation's culture. It can be prose, written in paragraphs and intended to be read, or poetry, which delivers its message figuratively. Literary forms include short stories, novels, poems, and drama, while genres are determined by the technique used, such as comedy, tragedy, or fiction. Figurative language like metaphor, simile, and personification are used in literature to convey meaning in non-literal ways.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    29 views4 pages

    Highlights Literature

    Uploaded by

    Pajarin, Aubrey Anne D.
    Literature is defined as a means of cultural transmission from one generation to the next that preserves a nation's culture. It can be prose, written in paragraphs and intended to be read, or poetry, which delivers its message figuratively. Literary forms include short stories, novels, poems, and drama, while genres are determined by the technique used, such as comedy, tragedy, or fiction. Figurative language like metaphor, simile, and personification are used in literature to convey meaning in non-literal ways.

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    of 4

    SH1701

    Literature as an Enduring Expression


    I. Defining Literature.
    According to Vinuya (2011), literature is man’s vehicle for self-expression: a form of catharsis
    (relief) and feelings of friendship. It is the preserver of the culture of a nation that preserves it;
    the showcase of people’s national upheavals (struggles); and, more importantly, it is a means or a
    tool for cultural transmission. It is through literature (along with other arts) that the cultural
    heritage of the people is passed on from one generation to the next. Of course, the primordial aim
    of literature is to entertain.
    II. Prose vs. Poetry
    T​his text is written by sentences or paragraph and intended to be read.
    This text is written by sentences or paragraph and intended to be read.
    This text
    This text c
    ​ ommunicates or
    communicates ​delivers its
    casually as if it’s ​message figuratively like a poem.
    Both text express nationalism and patriotism or simply love for the country
    just discussing using the words communicatively or deliberately.
    III. Forms and Genres
    • ​Literary Forms ​pertain to the structure or the way a piece was published. (short story, novel,
    poem, drama, or play)
    • ​Literary Genres ​pertain to the category determined by the technique of the author in
    delivering his content (Comedy, Tragedy, Horror, Fiction, Fantasy, Mystery, Mythology,
    Historical, Musical)
    LITERATURE ​(Major Forms) Short Story, Poem, Novel, Drama or Play (Genres) Fiction Non-Fiction
    Comedy, Tragedy, Horror, Fiction, Fantasy, Mystery, Mythology, History, Musical, Epic/Action (Division)
    Prose Poetry
    Short Story, Parable, Fable, Novel, Essay, News, Drama, Magazine Encyclopedia (Reference Materials)
    Fiction and non-Fiction Writings Myth, Folktale (anything written in sentences and paragraphs)
    Poem, Haiku, Ballad, Sonnet (Note that any literary work that uses rhyme, rhythm, measurements and/or
    written in lines, stanzas, and verses are considered under this division.
    01 Handout 1 ​*Property of STI ​Page 1 of 3
    SH170
    1

    IV. Figurative Language


    1. ​Alliteration ​- This is a very common figure of speech that involves using words that begin with
    the same sound.
    For instance, “Sally sells seashells by the seashore” is alliteration – and try saying it fast to see
    how difficult it is! It is often used in advertising slogans to create something catchy that more
    people will remember. 2. ​Anaphora ​- This figure of speech uses a specific clause at the beginning
    of each sentence or
    point to make a statement. For instance: “Good night and good luck” is an example of the
    beginning word being the same. The more it is used, the more of an emotional effect it can evoke
    from those who are listening. Another example is "Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition!"
    from King John, III by William Shakespeare. 3. ​Assonance ​- Remember the phrase “I Like Ike”?
    It was a very common phase for those who supported Dwight Eisenhower during his presidential
    run. This is a figure of speech that focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, repeating them over
    and over to create a great effect.

    4. ​Hyperbole ​- “It was as big as a mountain! It was faster than a cheetah! It was dumber than a
    rock!” This figure of speech makes things seem much bigger than they really are by using
    grandiose depictions of everyday things. Hyperbole is often seen as an exaggeration that adds a
    bit of humor to a story.

    5. ​Irony ​- This figure of speech tries to use a word in a literal sense that debunks what has just
    been said. “Gentlemen, you can’t fight in here! This is the War Room!” from Dr. Strangelove is a
    great example. It is often used to poke fun at a situation that everyone else sees as a very serious
    matter.

    6. ​Metaphor ​- The use of metaphor compares two (2) things that are not alike and finds
    something
    about them to make them alike.
    “My heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill” from a book by William Sharp is a good
    example of a metaphor. Some writers try to use this style to create something profound out of
    comparing two things that appear to have nothing at all in common. 7. ​Simile ​- In this figure of
    speech, two (2) things are compared that are not really the same but
    are used to make a point about each other. “Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what
    you’re going to get” is a famous line from the movie Forrest Gump that illustrates the simile.
    This is often used to make an emotional point about something. The difference between simile
    and metaphor is that you can obviously see words "like" in the sentence. 8. ​Metonymy ​- In this
    figure of speech, a word that has a very similar meaning can be used for another. Using the word
    “crown” for “royalty” or “lab coats” for “scientists” are two (2) examples. In some ways, it can
    be seen as a nickname for something else; for instance, “The White House said” doesn’t actually
    mean the White House said it (a house can’t speak!) but that the President said it. However, we
    all understand the meaning, and so the words are interchangeable.

    01 Handout 1 ​*Property of STI ​Page 2 of 3


    SH170
    1
    9. ​Onomatopoeia ​- This is the use of a word that actually sounds like what it means. ​Good
    examples include “hiss” or “ding-dong” or “fizz.”​ These words are meant to describe something
    that actually sounds very much like the word itself. This is a trick often used in advertising to
    help convey what something is really like.

    10. ​Paradox ​- This figure of speech completely contradicts itself in the same sentence. ​Famous
    quotes that illustrate this from George Orwell’s “1984” include: “War is peace. Ignorance is
    strength. Freedom is slavery.” Though we know these things aren’t true, they present an
    interesting paradox that makes a person think seriously about what they have just read or heard.

    11. ​Personification ​- This is a way of giving an inanimate object the qualities of a living thing.
    “The tree quaked with fear as the wind approached” is an example; “The sun smiled down on
    her” is another. This can sometimes be used to invoke an emotional response to something by
    making it more personable, friendly and relatable.

    12. ​Pun -​ This play on words uses different senses of the word or different sounds that make up
    the word, to create something fun and interesting. ​For instance: “I would like to go to Holland
    someday. Wooden shoe?” is a pun that actually means “wouldn’t you?” Sometimes puns are so
    subtle that they can be tough to pick up unless you are really listening to them.

    13. ​Synecdoche ​- This is a figure of speech in which one thing is meant to represent the whole. ​A
    few good examples include “ABCs” for the alphabet, “new set of wheels” for the car, or “9/11”
    to demonstrate the whole of the tragedy that happened in the United States on September 11,
    2001. This is often used in journalism as a type of shorthand.

    14. ​Understatement -​ This is a situation in which the thing discussed is made to seem much less
    important than it really is. ​This famous line from Catcher in the Rye is a good example: “I have
    to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny tumor on the brain.” Understatement
    can often be used to comedic effect.

    15. ​Antithesis ​- This is a contradiction that pits two (2) ideas against each other in a balanced
    way.​ “You’re easy on the eyes, hard on the heart” is a line from a country song that illustrates this
    perfectly. This is often used to indicate just how something can be more than one thing at the
    same time.

    16. ​Euphemism ​- Words that are used to soften the message are often considered euphemisms.
    “Passed away” is often used in place of “died” or “killed.” A “misunderstanding” might be used
    in place of “fight” or “argument.” And who could forget “wardrobe malfunction,” which is a
    fancy way of saying “your clothes fell off.”?
    1​ 7. ​Oxymoron -​ This puts two (2) words together that seem to contradict each other.​ “Military
    intelligence,” “real phony,” “civil war,” and “silent yell” are all examples of an oxymoron. Many
    people use these to promote the humor in a situation.

    References: ​Figurative language definition. ​(n.d.). Retrieved on July 14,


    2016 from http://www.enkivillage.com/figure-of-speech.html Tomeldan, Yolanda V. et al.
    (1986) ​Prism: An introduction to Literature​. National Bookstore Vinuya, Remedios V. (2011)
    Philippine literature a statement of ourselves.​ Metro, Manila: Granbooks
    Publishing Inc.

    01 Handout 1 ​*Property of STI ​Page 3 of 3

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