Topic 2 Concrete

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

TAGBILARAN CITY, BOHOL
Vision: A premier Science and Technology University for the formation of a world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable
development in Bohol and the Country.
Mission: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and
technological fields; undertake research and development and extension services for the sustainable development of Bohol and the
country.
SUBJECT: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JOSHUA M. GUMIA
TOPIC: CONCRETE
CONCRETE - Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates

(sand) and coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the
commonly used type of cement for production of concrete. It is used for the construction of
foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing elements.
Concrete is a major constituent of all prestressed concrete element. Hence, its strength
and long-term endurance have to be achieved through proper quality control and proper quality
assurance at the production stage.
QUALITIES OF AN IDEAL AND DURABLE CONCRETE
1. It must be resistant to weathering and chemicals.

2. It must be resistant to wear deterioration.
3. It must possess the required strength.
4. The concrete must be economical.
PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH- can be obtained up to 20,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 or more depending

on the type of mix, the properties of aggregate and the time and quality of the curing.
- commercial production of the concrete with ordinary
aggregate is usually in the range of 4,000 to 12,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, with the most common concrete
strengths being in the 6,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 level.
- the compressive strength (𝑓′𝑐 ) is based on standard
6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 by 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 cylinders cured under standard laboratory conditions and tested at a
specified rate of loading at 28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 of age.
- for a strength test, ACI Code specifies using the
average of two cylinders from the same sample tested at the same age, which is usually 28
days.
ACI 318-19
NSCP 2015
- for the frequency of testing, the code specifies that the
strength of an individual class of concrete can be considered satisfactory if A.) the average of all
sets of three consecutive strength tests equals or exceeds the required 𝑓′𝑐 and B.) no individual
strength test (average of two cylinders) falls the below required 𝑓′𝑐 by more than 3.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 or
500 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
ACI 318-19 NSCP 2015
Compressive Strength Test:

2. TENSILE STRENGTH- a good approximation for the tensile strength 𝑓𝑐𝑡 of concrete is
0.10𝑓′𝑐 < 𝑓𝑐𝑡 < 0.20𝑓′𝑐 . It is more difficult to measure tensile strength than compressive strength
because of the gripping problems with testing machines.
- a number of methods are available for tension testing, the
most commonly used method being the cylinder splitting of Brazilian test.
- for members subjected to bending, the value of the modulus of
rupture 𝑓𝑟 rather than the tensile splitting strength is used in design.
- the modulus of rupture has a higher value than the tensile
splitting strength. In most cases, the lightweight concrete has a lower tensile strength than does
normal weight concrete.
ACI 318-19 NSCP 2015

Tensile Strength Test:
3. SHEAR STRENGTH- more difficult to determine experimentally than the compressive

and tensile tests because of the difficulty in isolating shear than the other stresses. Hence, the
large variation shows on shear strength values, varying from 20% of the compressive strength
in cases where direct shear exists in combination with compression.
- shear strength-controlled design is significant only in rare
cases, since shear stresses must ordinarily be limited to continually lower values in order to
protect the concrete from failure in diagonal tension.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF CONCRETE

- obtained from tests using cylindrical concrete specimens loaded in uniaxial
compression over several minutes.
The first portion of the curve, to about 40% of the ultimate strength 𝑓′𝑐 , can essentially
be called linear for all practical purposes. After approximately 70% of the failure stress, the
material loses a large portion of its stiffness, therefore increasing the curvilinearity of the
diagram. At ultimate load, cracks parallel to the direction of loading become distinctly visible,
and most concrete cylinders (except those with very low strengths) will fail shortly thereafter.
From the figure above, it can be observed that:
1. The lower the strength of concrete, the higher the failure strain.
2. The length of the initial relatively linear portion increases with the increase in the
compressive strength of concrete.
3. There is an apparent reduction in ductility in increased strength.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
The initial slope of the tangent of the curve is defined
as the initial tangent modulus, and it is possible to construct
a tangent modulus at any point in the curve.
The slope of the straight line that connects the origin

to a given stress (about 0.45𝑓′𝑐 ) determines the secant
modulus of elasticity of concrete.
This value, termed in design calculation the modulus

of elasticity, satisfies the practical assumption that strains
occurring during loading can be considered basically elastic
(completely recoverable on unloading), and that any
subsequent strain due to the load is regarded as creep.
ACI 318-19 NSCP 2015
High-strength concrete is termed such by the ACI 318 Code when the cylinder
compressive strength exceeds 41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖). For 41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖) ≤ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤
82.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (12000 𝑝𝑠𝑖):
𝒘 𝟏.𝟓
𝒄
𝑬𝒄 = [𝟑. 𝟑𝟐√𝒇′ 𝒄 + 𝟔𝟖𝟗𝟓] (𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟎) where 𝒇′ 𝒄 = 𝑴𝑷𝒂 and 𝒘𝒄 = 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
𝒘 𝟏.𝟓
𝑬𝒄 = [𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎√𝒇′ 𝒄 + 𝟏𝟎𝟔 ] (𝟏𝟒𝟓
𝒄
) where 𝒇′ 𝒄 = 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and 𝒘𝒄 = 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
Initial Compressive Strength and Modulus

Since prestressing is performed in most cases prior to concrete’s achieving its 28 days’
strength, it is important to determine the compressive strength 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑖 at the prestressing stage as
well as the concrete modulus 𝐸𝑐 at the various stages in the loading history of the element.
𝒕
𝒇′ 𝒄𝒊 = 𝜶+𝜷𝒕 𝒇′ 𝒄
Where:
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 28 days compressive strength
𝑡 = time in days
𝛼 = factor depending on type of cement and curing conditions
= 4.00 for moist-cured type-I cement and 2.30 for moist-cured type-III cement
= 1.00 for steam-cured type-I cement and 2.30 for steam-cured type-III cement
𝛽 = factor depending on type of cement and curing conditions
= 0.85 for moist-cured type-I cement and 0.92 for moist-cured type-III cement
= 0.95 for steam-cured type-I cement and 0.98 for steam-cured type-III cement
The effective modulus of concrete 𝐸′𝑐 is:
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑬′𝒄 =
𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒑 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
The ultimate effective modulus of concrete, 𝐸𝑐𝑛 is:
𝑬𝒄
𝑬𝒄𝒏 =
𝟏 + 𝜸𝒕
The creep ratio, 𝛾𝑡 is:
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑯 𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒑 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑯

𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ( ) ≤ 𝜸𝒕 = ≤ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 ( )
𝟓𝟎 𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟓
Where 𝐻 is the mean humidity in percent. These are valid only in general terms, since the value
of the modulus of elasticity is affected by factors other than loads, such as moisture in the
concrete specimen, the water-cement ratio, the age of concrete and temperature.
CREEP- or lateral material flow, is the increase in strain with time due to a sustained load.
- the initial deformation due to load is the elastic strain, while the additional strain due to
the same sustained load is the creep strain.
The graph illustrates the increase in creep strain with time and as in the case of
shrinkage, it can be seen that creep rate (slope) decreases with time. Creep can be determined
only by deducting elastic strain and shrinkage strain from the total deformation.
∈𝑻 =∈𝑬𝑳 +∈𝑪𝑹 +∈𝑺𝑯
Stress-strain relationships for short-term loading lose their significance and long term
loadings become dominant in their effect on the behavior of a structure.
If a specimen is unloaded after a period

under a sustained load, an immediate elastic
recovery is obtained which is less than the strain
precipitated on loading.
The instantaneous recovery is followed by
a gradual decrease in strain, called creep recovery.
The extent of the recovery depends on the
age of the concrete when loaded, with older concretes
presenting higher creep recoveries, while residual
strains or deformations become frozen in the structural element.
EFFECTS OF CREEP:
1. Increases the deflection of beams and slabs and causes loss of prestress.
2. The initial eccentricity of a reinforced concrete column increases with time due to creep,
resulting in the transfer of the compressive load from the concrete to the steel in the section.
SHRINKAGE
There are two types of shrinkage: plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. Plastic
shrinkage occurs during the first few hours after placing fresh concrete in the forms. Drying
shrinkage is the decrease in the volume of a concrete element when it loses moisture by
evaporation. The opposite phenomenon, that is, the volume increase through water absorption,
is termed swelling. In other words, shrinkage and swelling represent water movement out of or
into the gel structure of a concrete specimen due to the difference in humidity or saturation
levels between the specimen and the surroundings irrespective of the external load.
The graph relates the increase in shrinkage strain ∈𝑆𝐻 with time. The rate decreases
with time since older concretes are more resistant to stress and consequently undergo loess
shrinkage, such that the shrinkage strain becomes almost asymptomatic with time.
For standard conditions of humidity, 𝐻 ≅ 40%:

A. For moist-cured concrete at any time 𝑡 after age 7 days,
𝒕
(∈𝑺𝑯 )𝒕 = (∈ )
𝟑𝟓 + 𝒕 𝑺𝑯 𝒖
(∈𝑆𝐻 )𝑢 = 800 × 10−6 𝑖𝑛/𝑖𝑛 if local data are not available.
B. For steam-cured concrete at any time 𝑡 after age 1 to 3 days,

𝒕
(∈𝑺𝑯 )𝒕 = (∈ )
𝟓𝟓 + 𝒕 𝑺𝑯 𝒖
(∈𝑆𝐻 )𝑢 = 730 × 10−6 𝑖𝑛/𝑖𝑛 if local data are not available.
For other humidity, a correction factor has to be applied:

A. For 40% < 𝐻 ≤ 80%:
𝑘𝑆𝐻 = 1.40 − 0.010𝐻
B. For 80% < 𝐻 ≤ 100%:

𝑘𝑆𝐻 = 3.00 − 0.030𝐻

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

SUBJECT: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

CONCRETE - Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates

QUALITIES OF AN IDEAL AND DURABLE CONCRETE

1. It must be resistant to weathering and chemicals.

PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE

1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH- can be obtained up to 20,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 or more depending

ACI 318-19 NSCP 2015

Compressive Strength Test:

ACI 318-19 NSCP 2015

3. SHEAR STRENGTH- more difficult to determine experimentally than the compressive

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF CONCRETE

The slope of the straight line that connects the origin

This value, termed in design calculation the modulus

ACI 318-19 NSCP 2015

Initial Compressive Strength and Modulus

The effective modulus of concrete 𝐸′𝑐 is:

The ultimate effective modulus of concrete, 𝐸𝑐𝑛 is:

The creep ratio, 𝛾𝑡 is:

𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑯 𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒑 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑯

If a specimen is unloaded after a period

For standard conditions of humidity, 𝐻 ≅ 40%:

B. For steam-cured concrete at any time 𝑡 after age 1 to 3 days,

For other humidity, a correction factor has to be applied:

B. For 80% < 𝐻 ≤ 100%:

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