175 P16mca20 2020052205540322 PDF

SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
(Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy)

PERAMBALUR – 621 212.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Course: MCA Year:II Semester:IV
Course Material on:
WEB TECHNOLOGIES
Prepared by:
Ms.S.Lavanya, MCA., M.Phil.,
Month & Year: MARCH – 2020

PHP NOTES
Unit-1
PHP Syntax:
A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent back to
the browser.
Basic PHP Syntax
A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.
A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".
A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.
Below, we have an example of a simple PHP file, with a PHP script that uses a built-in PHP
function "echo" to output the text "Hello World!" on a web page:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).

PHP Case Sensitivity
In PHP, NO keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-defined
functions are case-sensitive.
In the example below, all three echo statements below are equal and legal:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
ECHO "Hello World!<br>";
echo "Hello World!<br>";
0.EcHo "Hello World!<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Note: However; all variable names are case-sensitive!
Look at the example below; only the first statement will display the value of the $color variable!
This is because $color, $COLOR, and $coLOR are treated as three different variables:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$color = "red";
echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Exercise:
Insert the missing part of the code below to output "Hello World".
"Hello World"
PHP Comments:
Comments in PHP
A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its only purpose is
to be read by someone who is looking at the code.
Comments can be used to:
 Let others understand your code

 Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming back to
their own work a year or two later and having to re-figure out what they did. Comments
can remind you of what you were thinking when you wrote the code
PHP supports several ways of commenting:
Example
Syntax for single-line comments:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment

?>
</body>
</html>
Example
Syntax for multiple-line comments:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
?>
</body>
</html>
Example
Using comments to leave out parts of the code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// You can also use comments to leave out parts of a code line
$x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5;
echo $x;
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Variables
Variables are "containers" for storing information.
Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables
In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable:
Example
<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>
After the execution of the statements above, the variable $txt will hold the value Hello world!,
the variable $x will hold the value 5, and the variable $y will hold the value 10.5.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, put quotes around the value.
Note: Unlike other programming languages, PHP has no command for declaring a variable. It is
created the moment you first assign a value to it.
Think of variables as containers for storing data.
PHP Variables
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname,
total_volume).
Rules for PHP variables:
 A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
 A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9,
and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables)
Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!
Output Variables
The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen.
The following example will show how to output text and a variable:
Example
<?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love $txt!";
?>
The following example will produce the same output as the example above:
Example
<?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
?>
The following example will output the sum of two variables:
Example
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>
Note: You will learn more about the echo statement and how to output data to the screen in the
next chapter.
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the variable
is.PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable, depending on its value. Since the data
types are not set in a strict sense, you can do things like adding a string to an integer without
causing an error.In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives an option to specify the data
type expected when declaring a function, and by enabling the strict requirement, it will throw a
"Fatal Error" on a type mismatch.You will learn more about strict and non-strict requirements,
and data type declarations in the PHP Functions chapter.
PHP Variables Scope:
In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.The scope of a variable is the part of the
script where the variable can be referenced/used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
 local
 global
 static
Global and Local Scope:
A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be accessed outside
a function:
Example
Variable with global scope:
<?php
$x = 5; // global scope
function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

?>
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed within
that function:
Example
Variable with local scope:
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
PHP The global Keyword
The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function.
To do this, use the global keyword before the variables (inside the function):
Example
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the
name of the variable. This array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to
update global variables directly.
The example above can be rewritten like this:
Example
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
function myTest() {
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP The static Keyword
Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted. However,
sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted. We need it for a further job.
To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable:
Example
<?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>
Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the information it contained
from the last time the function was called.
Note: The variable is still local to the function.
Exercise:
Create a variable named txt and assign the value "Hello".
=" ";
PHP echo and print Statements
With PHP, there are two basic ways to get output: echo and print.
In this tutorial we use echo or print in almost every example. So, this chapter contains a little
more info about those two output statements.
PHP echo and print Statements
echo and print are more or less the same. They are both used to output data to the screen.
The differences are small: echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1 so it can be
used in expressions. echo can take multiple parameters (although such usage is rare)
while print can take one argument. echo is marginally faster than print.
The PHP echo Statement
The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses: echo or echo().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the echo command (notice that the text
can contain HTML markup):
Example
<?php
echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
echo "Hello world!<br>";
echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";
?>
Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the echo statement:
Example
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

echo "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";
echo $x + $y;
?>
The PHP print Statement
The print statement can be used with or without parentheses: print or print().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the print command (notice that the text
can contain HTML markup):
Example
<?php
print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
print "Hello world!<br>";
print "I'm about to learn PHP!";
?>
Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the print statement:
Example
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

print "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";
print $x + $y;
?>
Learn PHP
Study PHP at W3Schools.com
9
PHP Data Types
PHP Data Types
Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things.
PHP supports the following data types:
 String
 Integer
 Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
 Boolean
 Array
 Object
 NULL
 Resource
PHP String
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes:
Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';
echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
Hello world!
Hello world!
PHP Integer
An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.
Rules for integers:
 An integer must have at least one digit

 An integer must not have a decimal point
 An integer can be either positive or negative
 Integers can be specified in: decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base 8), or
binary (base 2) notation
In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type
and value:
Example
<?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>
int(5985)
PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential
form.
In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and
value:
Example
<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>
float(10.365)
PHP Boolean
A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.
$x = true;
$y = false;
Booleans are often used in conditional testing. You will learn more about conditional testing in a
later chapter of this tutorial.
PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.In the following example $cars is an array.
The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value:
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "Volvo" [1]=> string(3) "BMW" [2]=> string(6) "Toyota" }You will
learn a lot more about arrays in later chapters of this tutorial.
PHP Object
An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to process that data.In PHP,
an object must be explicitly declared.First we must declare a class of object. For this, we use the
class keyword. A class is a structure that can contain properties and methods:
Example
<?php
class Car {
function Car() {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}
// create an object
$herbie = new Car();
// show object properties

echo $herbie->model;
?>
VW
PHP NULL Value
Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.
Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
NULL
PHP Resource
The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference to functions
and resources external to PHP.A common example of using the resource data type is a database
call.We will not talk about the resource type here, since it is an advanced topic.
Flow control in PHP

PHP if statement
The if statement has the following general form:
if (expression)
statement
The if keyword is used to check if an expression is true. If it is true, a statement is then executed.
The statement can be a single statement or a compound statement. A compound statement
consists of multiple statements enclosed by curly brackets.
ifstatement.php
<?php
$num = 31;
if ($num > 0)
echo "\$num variable is positive\n";
We have a $num variable. It is assigned value 31. The if keyword checks for a boolean
expression. The expression is put between square brackets. The expression 31 > 0 is true, so the
next statement is executed. Curly brackets are optional if there is only one statement to execute.
$ php ifstatement.php
$num variable is positive
This is the output of the example.
ifstatement2.php
<?php
$num = 31;
if ($num > 0) {
echo "\$num variable is positive\n";
echo "\$num variable equals to $num\n";
}
If we intend to execute more than one statement, we have to put them inside square brackets. If
we did not use them, only the first statement would be executed. Curly brackets form the body of
the if statement.
We can use the else keyword to create a simple branch. If the expression inside the square
brackets following the if keyword evaluates to false, the statement inside the else body is
automatically executed.
boyorgirl.php
<?php
$sex = "female";
if ($sex == "male") {
echo "It is a boy\n";
} else {
echo "It is a girl\n";
}
We have a $sex variable. It has "female" string. The boolean expression evaluates to false and
we get "It is a girl" in the console.
$ php boyorgirl.php
It is a girl
This is the output of the example.
We can create multiple branches using the elseif keyword. The elseif keyword tests for another
condition if and only if the previous condition was not met. Note that we can use
multiple elseif keywords in our tests.
ifelsestm.php
<?php
echo "Enter a number: ";
$a = intval(fgets(STDIN));
if ($a < 0) {
printf("%d is a negative number\n", $a);
} elseif ($a == 0) {
printf("%d is a zero\n", $a);
} elseif ($a > 0) {
printf("%d is a positive number\n", $a);
}
We read a value from the user using the fgets() function. The value is tested if it is a negative
number or positive or if it equals to zero.
$ php ifelsestm.php
Enter a number: 4
4 is a positive number
$ php ifelsestm.php
Enter a number: -3
-3 is a negative number
Sample output of the program.
PHP switch statement
The switch statement is a selection control flow statement. It allows the value of a variable or
expression to control the flow of program execution via a multiway branch. It creates multiple
branches in a simpler way than using the if, elseif statements.
The switch statement works with two other keywords: case and break. The case keyword is used
to test a label against a value from the round brackets. If the label equals to the value, the
statement following the case is executed. The break keyword is used to jump out of
the switch statement. There is an optional default statement. If none of the labels equals the
value, the default statement is executed.
domains.php
<?php
$domain = 'sk';
switch ($domain) {
case 'us':
echo "United States\n";
break;
case 'de':
echo "Germany\n";
break;
case 'sk':
echo "Slovakia\n";
break;
case 'hu':
echo "Hungary\n";
break;
default:
echo "Unknown\n";
break;
}
In our script, we have a $domains variable. It has the 'sk' string. We use the switch statement to
test for the value of the variable. There are several options. If the value equals to 'us' the 'United
States' string is printed to the console.
$ php domains.php
Slovakia
We get 'Slovakia'. If we changed the $domains variable to 'rr', we would get 'Unknown' string.
PHP while loop
The while is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a
given boolean condition.
This is the general form of the while loop:
while (expression):
statement
The while loop executes the statement when the expression is evaluated to true. The statement is
a simple statement terminated by a semicolon or a compound statement enclosed in curly
brackets.
whilestm.php
<?php
$i = 0;
while ($i < 5) {

echo "PHP language\n";
$i++;
}
In the code example, we repeatedly print "PHP language" string to the console.
The while loop has three parts: initialization, testing, and updating. Each execution of the
statement is called a cycle.
$i = 0;
We initiate the $i variable. It is used as a counter in our script.
while ($i < 5) {
...
}
The expression inside the square brackets is the second phase, the testing. The while loop
executes the statements in the body until the expression is evaluated to false.
$i++;
The last, third phase of the while loop is the updating; a counter is incremented. Note that
improper handling of the while loop may lead to endless cycles.
$ php whilestm.php
PHP language
PHP language
PHP language
PHP language
PHP language
The program prints a message five times to the console.
The do while loop is a version of the while loop. The difference is that this version is guaranteed
to run at least once.
dowhile.php
<?php
$count = 0;
do {
echo "$count\n";
} while ($count != 0)
First the iteration is executed and then the truth expression is evaluated.
The while loop is often used with the list() and each() functions.
seasons.php
<?php
$seasons = ["Spring", "Summer", "Autumn", "Winter"];
while (list($idx , $val) = each($seasons)) {

echo "$val\n";
}
We have four seasons in a $seasons array. We go through all the values and print them to the
console. The each() function returns the current key and value pair from an array and advances
the array cursor. When the function reaches the end of the array, it returns false and the loop is
terminated. The each() function returns an array. There must be an array on the left side of the
assignment too. We use the list() function to create an array from two variables.
$ php seasons.php
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
This is the output of the seasons.php script.
PHP for keyword
The for loop does the same thing as the while loop. Only it puts all three phases, initialization,
testing and updating into one place, between the round brackets. It is mainly used when the
number of iteration is know before entering the loop.
Let's have an example with the for loop.
forloop.php
<?php
$days = [ "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday",

"Saturday", "Sunday" ];
$len = count($days);
for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {

echo $days[$i], "\n";
}
We have an array of days of a week. We want to print all these days from this array.
$len = count($days);
Or we can programmatically figure out the number of items in an array.
for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {
echo $days[$i], "\n";
}
Here we have the for loop construct. The three phases are divided by semicolons. First,
the $i counter is initiated. The initiation part takes place only once. Next, the test is conducted. If
the result of the test is true, the statement is executed. Finally, the counter is incremented. This is
one cycle. The for loop iterates until the test expression is false.
$ php forloop.php
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
This is the output of the forloop.php script.
PHP foreach statement
The foreach construct simplifies traversing over collections of data. It has no explicit counter.
The foreach statement goes through the array one by one and the current value is copied to a
variable defined in the construct. In PHP, we can use it to traverse over an array.
foreachstm.php
<?php
$planets = [ "Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter",

"Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune" ];
foreach ($planets as $item) {

echo "$item ";
}
echo "\n";
In this example, we use the foreach statement to go through an array of planets.
foreach ($planets as $item) {
echo "$item ";
}
The usage of the foreach statement is straightforward. The $planets is the array that we iterate
through. The $item is the temporary variable that has the current value from the array.
The foreach statement goes through all the planets and prints them to the console.
$ php foreachstm.php
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Running the above PHP script gives this output.
There is another syntax of the foreach statement. It is used with maps.
foreachstm2.php
<?php
$benelux = [ 'be' => 'Belgium',

'lu' => 'Luxembourgh',
'nl' => 'Netherlands' ];
foreach ($benelux as $key => $value) {

echo "$key is $value\n";
}
In our script, we have a $benelux map. It contains domain names mapped to the benelux states.
We traverse the array and print both keys and their values to the console.
$ php foreachstm2.php
be is Belgium
lu is Luxembourgh
nl is Netherlands
This is the outcome of the script.
PHP break, continue statements
The break statement is used to terminate the loop. The continue statement is used to skip a part
of the loop and continue with the next iteration of the loop.
testbreak.php
<?php
while (true) {
$val = rand(1, 30);
echo $val, " ";
if ($val == 22) break;
}
echo "\n";
We define an endless while loop. There is only one way to jump out of a such loop—using
the break statement. We choose a random value from 1 to 30 and print it. If the value equals to
22, we finish the endless while loop.
$ php testbreak.php
6 11 13 5 5 21 9 1 21 22
We might get something like this.
In the following example, we print a list of numbers that cannot be divided by 2 without a
remainder.
testcontinue.php
<?php
$num = 0;
while ($num < 1000) {
$num++;
if (($num % 2) == 0) continue;
echo "$num ";
echo "\n";
We iterate through numbers 1..999 with the while loop.
if (($num % 2) == 0) continue;
If the expression $num % 2 returns 0, the number in question can be divided by 2.
The continue statement is executed and the rest of the cycle is skipped. In our case, the last
statement of the loop is skipped and the number is not printed to the console. The next iteration
is started.
PHP Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators
 String operators
 Array operators
 Conditional assignment operators
PHP Arithmetic Operators
The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common arithmetical
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th

power
PHP Assignment Operators
The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.The
basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value of the
assignment expression on the right.
Assignment Same as... Description
x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x–y Subtraction
x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
x /= y x=x/y Division
x %= y x=x%y Modulus
PHP Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they are of
the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are
not of the same type
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
>= Greater than $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal to $y

or equal to
<= Less than or $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to $y

equal to
<=> Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater
than zero, depending on if $x is less than, equal
to, or greater than $y. Introduced in PHP 7.
PHP Increment / Decrement Operators
The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.The PHP decrement
operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
Operator Name Description
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
And And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
Or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
Xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but

not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
PHP String Operators
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $txt1 and $txt2
.= Concatenation assignment $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1
PHP Array Operators
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same key/value

pairs
=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same key/value
pairs in the same order and of the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y
PHP Conditional Assignment Operators
The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a value depending on conditions:
?: Ternary $x Returns the value of $x.

= expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 The value of $x
is expr2 if expr1 = TRUE.
The value of $x
is expr3 if expr1 = FALSE
?? Null $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of $x.

coalescing The value of $x
is expr1 if expr1 exists, and is not
NULL.
If expr1 does not exist, or is
NULL, the value of $x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7
PHP Strings
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
PHP String Functions

In this chapter we will look at some commonly used functions to manipulate strings.
strlen() - Return the Length of a String

The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string.
Example
Return the length of the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12
?>
str_word_count() - Count Words in a String

The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a string.
Example
Count the number of word in the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>
strrev() - Reverse a String

The PHP strrev() function reverses a string.
Example
Reverse the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>
strpos() - Search For a Text Within a String

The PHP strpos() function searches for a specific text within a string. If a match is found, the
function returns the character position of the first match. If no match is found, it will return
FALSE.
Example
Search for the text "world" in the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world"); // outputs 6
?>
Tip: The first character position in a string is 0 (not 1).
str_replace() - Replace Text Within a String

The PHP str_replace() function replaces some characters with some other characters in a string.
Example
Replace the text "world" with "Dolly":
<?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); // outputs Hello Dolly!
?>
PHP Arrays
An array stores multiple values in one single variable:
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
What is an Array?
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.
If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables
could look like this:
$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";
However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had
not 3 cars, but 300?
The solution is to create an array!
An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring
to an index number.
Create an Array in PHP
In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:
array();
In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
 Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

 Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
 Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays
Get The Length of an Array - The count() Function
The count() function is used to return the length (the number of elements) of an array:
Example
<?php
echo count($cars);
?>
Exercise:
Use the correct function to output the number of items in an array.
$fruits = array("Apple", "Banana", "Orange");

echo ;
PHP Functions
The real power of PHP comes from its functions.PHP has more than 1000 built-in functions, and
in addition you can create your own custom functions
PHP Built-in Functions
PHP has over 1000 built-in functions that can be called directly, from within a script, to perform
a specific task.Please check out our PHP reference for a complete overview of the PHP built-in
functions.
PHP User Defined Functions
Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions.
 A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.

 A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
 A function will be executed by a call to the function
Create a User Defined Function in PHP
A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function:
Syntax
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
Note: A function name must start with a letter or an underscore. Function names are NOT case-
sensitive.
Tip: Give the function a name that reflects what the function does!
In the example below, we create a function named "writeMsg()". The opening curly brace ( { )
indicates the beginning of the function code, and the closing curly brace ( } ) indicates the end of
the function. The function outputs "Hello world!". To call the function, just write its name
followed by brackets ():
Example
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function

?>
Hello world!
PHP Function Arguments
Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just like a variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many
arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.
The following example has a function with one argument ($fname). When the familyName()
function is called, we also pass along a name (e.g. Jani), and the name is used inside the function,
which outputs several different first names, but an equal last name:
Example
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes.<br>";
}
familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
?>
Jani Refsnes.
Hege Refsnes.
Stale Refsnes.
Kai Jim Refsnes.
Borge Refsnes.
The following example has a function with two arguments ($fname and $year):
Example
<?php
function familyName($fname, $year) {
echo "$fname Refsnes. Born in $year <br>";
}
familyName("Hege", "1975");
familyName("Stale", "1978");
familyName("Kai Jim", "1983");
?>
Hege Refsnes. Born in 1975

Stale Refsnes. Born in 1978
Kai Jim Refsnes. Born in 1983
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is.
PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable, depending on its value. Since the data
types are not set in a strict sense, you can do things like adding a string to an integer without
causing an error.
In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives us an option to specify the expected data type
when declaring a function, and by adding the strict declaration, it will throw a "Fatal Error" if the
data type mismatch.
In the following example we try to send both a number and a string to the function without
using strict:
Example
<?php
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is NOT enabled "5 days" is changed to int(5), and it will return 10
?>
10
To specify strict we need to set declare(strict_types=1);. This must be on the very first line of the
PHP file.
In the following example we try to send both a number and a string to the function, but here we
have added the strict declaration:
Example
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {

return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is enabled and "5 days" is not an integer, an error will be thrown
?>
The strict declaration forces things to be used in the intended way.
PHP Default Argument Value
The following example shows how to use a default parameter. If we call the function setHeight()
without arguments it takes the default value as argument:
Example
function setHeight(int $minheight = 50) {
echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}
setHeight(350);
setHeight(); // will use the default value of 50
setHeight(135);
setHeight(80);
?>
The height is : 350

The height is : 50
The height is : 135
The height is : 80
PHP Functions - Returning values
To let a function return a value, use the return statement:
Example
function sum(int $x, int $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5, 10) . "<br>";

echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7, 13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2, 4);
?>
5 + 10 = 15
7 + 13 = 20
2+4=6
PHP Return Type Declarations
PHP 7 also supports Type Declarations for the return statement. Like with the type declaration
for function arguments, by enabling the strict requirement, it will throw a "Fatal Error" on a type
mismatch.
To declare a type for the function return, add a colon ( : ) and the type right before the opening
curly ( { )bracket when declaring the function.
In the following example we specify the return type for the function:
Example
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : float {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
6.4
You can specify a different return type, than the argument types, but make sure the return is the
correct type:
Example
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : int {
return (int)($a + $b);
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
Exercise:
Create a function named myFunction.
`{
}
PHP File Handling
File handling is an important part of any web application. You often need to open and process a
file for different tasks.
PHP Manipulating Files
PHP has several functions for creating, reading, uploading, and editing files.
Be careful when manipulating files!
When you are manipulating files you must be very careful.
You can do a lot of damage if you do something wrong. Common errors are: editing the wrong
file, filling a hard-drive with garbage data, and deleting the content of a file by accident.
PHP readfile() Function
The readfile() function reads a file and writes it to the output buffer.
Assume we have a text file called "webdictionary.txt", stored on the server, that looks like this:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

CSS = Cascading Style Sheets
HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics
XML = EXtensible Markup Language
The PHP code to read the file and write it to the output buffer is as follows
(the readfile() function returns the number of bytes read on success):
Example
<?php
echo readfile("webdictionary.txt");
?>
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML = Hyper
Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup Language236
The readfile() function is useful if all you want to do is open up a file and read its contents.
The next chapters will teach you more about file handling.
Unit 2-PHP
What is OOP?
From PHP5, you can also write PHP code in an object-oriented style.
Object-Oriented programming is faster and easier to execute.
PHP What is OOP?
OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming.
Procedural programming is about writing procedures or functions that perform operations on the
data, while object-oriented programming is about creating objects that contain both data and
functions.
Object-oriented programming has several advantages over procedural programming:
 OOP is faster and easier to execute

 OOP provides a clear structure for the programs
 OOP helps to keep the PHP code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the code
easier to maintain, modify and debug
 OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and shorter
development time
Tip: The "Don't Repeat Yourself" (DRY) principle is about reducing the repetition of code. You
should extract out the codes that are common for the application, and place them at a single place
and reuse them instead of repeating it.
PHP - What are Classes and Objects?
Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming.
Look at the following illustration to see the difference between class and objects:
class
Fruit
objects
Apple
Banana
Mango
Another example:
class
Car
objects
Volvo
Audi
Toyota
So, a class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.
When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the properties and behaviors from the
class, but each object will have different values for the properties.
Look at the next chapters to learn more about OOP.
Classes and Objects
A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of class.

OOP Case
Let's assume we have a class named Fruit. A Fruit can have properties like name, color, weight,
etc. We can define variables like $name, $color, and $weight to hold the values of these
properties.
When the individual objects (apple, banana, etc.) are created, they inherit all the properties and
behaviors from the class, but each object will have different values for the properties.
Define a Class
A class is defined by using the class keyword, followed by the name of the class and a pair of
curly braces ({}). All its properties and methods goes inside the braces:
Syntax
<?php
class Fruit {
// code goes here...
}
?>
Below we declare a class named Fruit consisting of two properties ($name and $color) and two
methods set_name() and get_name() for setting and getting the $name property:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}
?>
Define Objects
Classes are nothing without objects! We can create multiple objects from a class. Each object has
all the properties and methods defined in the class, but they will have different property values.
Objects of a class is created using the new keyword.
In the example below, $apple and $banana are instances of the class Fruit:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
}
return $this->name;
}
}
$apple = new Fruit();

$banana = new Fruit();
$apple->set_name('Apple');
$banana->set_name('Banana');
echo $apple->get_name();
echo "<br>";
echo $banana->get_name();
?>
Output
Apple
Banana
In the example below, we add two more methods to class Fruit, for setting and getting the $color
property:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
}
return $this->name;
}
function set_color($color) {
$this->color = $color;
}
function get_color() {
return $this->color;
}
}

$apple->set_name('Apple');
$apple->set_color('Red');
echo "Name: " . $apple->get_name();
echo "<br>";
echo "Color: " . $apple->get_color();
?>
Output
Name: Apple
Color: Red
PHP - The $this Keyword
The $this keyword refers to the current object, and is only available inside methods.
Look at the following example:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
}
?>
So, where can we change the value of the $name property? There are two ways:
1. Inside the class (by adding a set_name() method and use $this):
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
}
}
$apple->set_name("Apple");
?>
2.Outside the class (by directly change the property value):
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
}
$apple->name = "Apple";
?>
PHP - instanceof
You can use the instanceof keyword to check if an object belongs to a specific class:
Example
<?php
var_dump($apple instanceof Fruit);
?>
bool(true)
Constructor
PHP - The __construct Function
A constructor allows you to initialize an object's properties upon creation of the object.
If you create a __construct() function, PHP will automatically call this function when you create
an object from a class.
Notice that the construct function starts with two underscores (__)!
We see in the example below, that using a constructor saves us from calling the set_name()
method which reduces the amount of code:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
function __construct($name) {
}
return $this->name;
}
}
$apple = new Fruit("Apple");

?>
Apple
Another example:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
function __construct($name, $color) {

}
return $this->name;
}
function get_color() {
return $this->color;
}
}
$apple = new Fruit("Apple", "red");

echo "<br>";
echo $apple->get_color();
?>
Apple
red
Destructor
PHP - The __destruct Function
A destructor is called when the object is destructed or the script is stopped or exited.
If you create a __destruct() function, PHP will automatically call this function at the end of the
script.
Notice that the destruct function starts with two underscores (__)!
The example below has a __construct() function that is automatically called when you create an
object from a class, and a __destruct() function that is automatically called at the end of the
script:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
function __construct($name) {
}
function __destruct() {
echo "The fruit is {$this->name}.";
}
}
$apple = new Fruit("Apple");

?>
The fruit is Apple.
Another example:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
function __construct($name, $color) {

}
function __destruct() {
echo "The fruit is {$this->name} and the color is {$this->color}.";
}
}
$apple = new Fruit("Apple", "red");

?>
The fruit is Apple and the color is red.

Access Modifiers
PHP - Access Modifiers
Properties and methods can have access modifiers which control where they can be accessed.
There are three access modifiers:
 public - the property or method can be accessed from everywhere. This is default
 protected - the property or method can be accessed within the class and by classes
derived from that class
 private - the property or method can ONLY be accessed within the class
In the following example we have added three different access modifiers to the three properties.
Here, if you try to set the name property it will work fine (because the name property is public).
However, if you try to set the color or weight property it will result in a fatal error (because the
color and weight property are protected and private):
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
protected $color;
private $weight;
}
$mango = new Fruit();

$mango->name = 'Mango'; // OK
$mango->color = 'Yellow'; // ERROR
$mango->weight = '300'; // ERROR
?>
In the next example we have added access modifiers to two methods. Here, if you try to call the
set_color() or the set_weight() function it will result in a fatal error (because the two functions
are considered protected and private), even if all the properties are public:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
public $weight;
function set_name($n) { // a public function (default)
$this->name = $n;
}
protected function set_color($n) { // a protected function
$this->color = $n;
}
private function set_weight($n) { // a private function
$this->weight = $n;
}
}
$mango = new Fruit();

$mango->set_name('Mango'); // OK
$mango->set_color('Yellow'); // ERROR
$mango->set_weight('300'); // ERROR
?>
Inheritance
PHP - What is Inheritance?
Inheritance in OOP = When a class derives from another class.
The child class will inherit all the public and protected properties and methods from the parent
class. In addition, it can have its own properties and methods.
An inherited class is defined by using the extends keyword.
Let's look at an example:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
public function __construct($name, $color) {
}
public function intro() {
echo "The fruit is {$this->name} and the color is {$this->color}.";
}
}
// Strawberry is inherited from Fruit

class Strawberry extends Fruit {
public function message() {
echo "Am I a fruit or a berry? ";
}
}
$strawberry = new Strawberry("Strawberry", "red");
$strawberry->message();
$strawberry->intro();
?>
Am I a fruit or a berry? The fruit is Strawberry and the color is red.
Example Explained
The Strawberry class is inherited from the Fruit class.
This means that the Strawberry class can use the public $name and $color properties as well as
the public __construct() and intro() methods from the Fruit class because of inheritance.
The Strawberry class also has its own method: message().
Class Constants
PHP - Class Constants
Constants cannot be changed once it is declared.
Class constants can be useful if you need to define some constant data within a class.
A class constant is declared inside a class with the const keyword.
Class constants are case-sensitive. However, it is recommended to name the constants in all
uppercase letters.
We can access a constant from outside the class by using the class name followed by the scope
resolution operator (::) followed by the constant name, like here:
Example
<?php
class Goodbye {
const LEAVING_MESSAGE = "Thank you for visiting W3Schools.com!";
}
echo Goodbye::LEAVING_MESSAGE;
?>
Thank you for visiting W3Schools.com!
Or, we can access a constant from inside the class by using the self keyword followed by the
scope resolution operator (::) followed by the constant name, like here:
Example
<?php
class Goodbye {
const LEAVING_MESSAGE = "Thank you for visiting W3Schools.com!";
public function byebye() {
echo self::LEAVING_MESSAGE;
}
}
$goodbye = new Goodbye();

$goodbye->byebye();
?>
Thank you for visiting W3Schools.com!
Abstract Classes
PHP - What are Abstract Classes and Methods?
Abstract classes and methods are when the parent class has a named method, but need its child
class(es) to fill out the tasks.
An abstract class is a class that contains at least one abstract method. An abstract method is a
method that is declared, but not implemented in the code.
An abstract class or method is defined with the abstract keyword:
Syntax
<?php
abstract class ParentClass {
abstract public function someMethod1();
abstract public function someMethod2($name, $color);
abstract public function someMethod3() : string;
}
?>
When inheriting from an abstract class, the child class method must be defined with the same
name, and the same or a less restricted access modifier. So, if the abstract method is defined as
protected, the child class method must be defined as either protected or public, but not private.
Also, the type and number of required arguments must be the same. However, the child classes
may have optional arguments in addition.
So, when a child class is inherited from an abstract class, we have the following rules:
 The child class method must be defined with the same name and it redeclares the parent
abstract method
 The child class method must be defined with the same or a less restricted access modifier
 The number of required arguments must be the same. However, the child class may has
optional arguments in addition
Example
<?php
// Parent class
abstract class Car {
public $name;
public function __construct($name) {
}
abstract public function intro() : string;
}
// Child classes
class Audi extends Car {
public function intro() : string {
return "Choose German quality! I'm an $this->name!";
}
}
class Volvo extends Car {

return "Proud to be Swedish! I'm a $this->name!";
}
}
class Citroen extends Car {
return "French extravagance! I'm a $this->name!";
}
}
// Create objects from the child classes

$audi = new audi("Audi");
echo $audi->intro();
echo "<br>";
$volvo = new volvo("Volvo");

echo $volvo->intro();
echo "<br>";
$citroen = new citroen("Citroen");

echo $citroen->intro();
?>
Choose German quality! I'm an Audi!

Proud to be Swedish! I'm a Volvo!
French extravagance! I'm a Citroen!
Example Explained
The Audi, Volvo, and Citroen classes are inherited from the Car class. This means that the Audi,
Volvo, and Citroen classes can use the public $name property as well as the public __construct()
method from the Car class because of inheritance.
But, intro() is an abstract method that should be defined in all the child classes and they should
return a string.
Traits
PHP - What are Traits?
PHP only supports single inheritance: a child class can inherit only from one single parent.
So, what if a class needs to inherit multiple behaviors? OOP traits solve this problem.
Traits are used to declare methods that can be used in multiple classes. Traits can have methods
and abstract methods that can be used in multiple classes, and the methods can have any access
modifier (public, private, or protected).
Traits are declared with the trait keyword:
Syntax
<?php
trait TraitName {
// some code...
}
?>
To use a trait in a class, use the use keyword:
Syntax
<?php
class MyClass {
use TraitName;
}
?>
Example
<?php
trait message1 {
public function msg1() {
echo "OOP is fun! ";
}
}
class Welcome {
use message1;
}
$obj = new Welcome();

$obj->msg1();
?>
OOP is fun!
Example Explained
Here, we declare one trait: message1. Then, we create a class: Welcome. The class uses the trait,
and all the methods in the trait will be available in the class.
If other classes need to use the msg1() function, simply use the message1 trait in those classes.
This reduces code duplication, because there is no need to redeclare the same method over and
over again.
Static Methods
PHP - Static Methods
Static methods can be called directly - without creating an instance of a class.
Static methods are declared with the static keyword:
Syntax
<?php
class ClassName {
public static function staticMethod() {
}
}
?>
To access a static method use the class name, double colon (::), and the method name:
Syntax
ClassName::staticMethod();
Example
<?php
class greeting {
public static function welcome() {
}
}
// Call static method

greeting::welcome();
?>
Hello World!
Example Explained
Here, we declare a static method: welcome(). Then, we call the static method by using the class
name, double colon (::), and the method name (without creating a class first).
PHP - More on Static Methods
A class can have both static and non-static methods. A static method can be accessed from a
method in the same class using the self keyword and double colon (::):
Example
<?php
class greeting {
}
public function __construct() {

self::welcome();
}
}
new greeting();
?>
Hello World!
Static methods can also be called from methods in other classes. To do this, the static method
should be public:
Example
<?php
class greeting {
}
}
class SomeOtherClass {
public function message() {
greeting::welcome();
}
}
?>
To call a static method from a child class, use the parent keyword inside the child class. Here, the
static method can be public or protected.
Example
<?php
class domain {
protected static function getWebsiteName() {
return "W3Schools.com";
}
}
class domainW3 extends domain {

public $websiteName;
public function __construct() {
$this->websiteName = parent::getWebsiteName();
}
}
$domainW3 = new domainW3;

echo $domainW3 -> websiteName;
?>
W3Schools.com
Static Properties
PHP - Static Properties
Static properties can be called directly - without creating an instance of a class.
Static properties are declared with the static keyword:

Syntax
<?php
class ClassName {
public static $staticProp = "W3Schools";
}
?>
To access a static property use the class name, double colon (::), and the property name:
Syntax
ClassName::staticProp();
Example
<?php
class pi {
public static $value = 3.14159;
}
// Get static property

echo pi::$value;
?>
3.14159
Example Explained
Here, we declare a static property: $value. Then, we echo the value of the static property by
using the class name, double colon (::), and the property name (without creating a class first).
PHP - More on Static Properties
A class can have both static and non-static properties. A static property can be accessed from a
method in the same class using the self keyword and double colon (::):
Example
<?php
class pi {
public static $value=3.14159;
public function staticValue() {
return self::$value;
}
}
$pi = new pi();

echo $pi->staticValue();
?>
3.14159
To call a static property from a child class, use the parent keyword inside the child class:
Example
<?php
class pi {
public static $value=3.14159;
}
class x extends pi {
public function xStatic() {
return parent::$value;
}
}
// Get value of static property directly via child class

echo x::$value;
// or get value of static property via xStatic() method

$x = new x();
echo $x->xStatic();
?>
3.141593.14159
Unit IV
PHP File Handling

File handling is an important part of any web application. You often need to open and
process a file for different tasks.
PHP Manipulating Files
PHP has several functions for creating, reading, uploading, and editing files.
Be careful when manipulating files!
When you are manipulating files you must be very careful.
You can do a lot of damage if you do something wrong. Common errors are: editing the wrong
file, filling a hard-drive with garbage data, and deleting the content of a file by accident.
PHP readfile() Function
The readfile() function reads a file and writes it to the output buffer.
Assume we have a text file called "webdictionary.txt", stored on the server, that looks like this:

The PHP code to read the file and write it to the output buffer is as follows
(the readfile() function returns the number of bytes read on success):
Example
<?php
echo readfile("webdictionary.txt");
?>
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup Language236
The readfile() function is useful if all you want to do is open up a file and read its contents.
The next chapters will teach you more about file handling.
PHP Exercises
Test Yourself With Exercises
Exercise:
Assume we have a file named "webdict.txt", write the correct syntax to open and read the file content.
echo ;
File Open/Read/Close
PHP Open File - fopen()
A better method to open files is with the fopen() function. This function gives you more options
than the readfile() function.
We will use the text file, "webdictionary.txt", during the lessons:

The first parameter of fopen() contains the name of the file to be opened and the second
parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened. The following example also
generates a message if the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file:
Example
<?php
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");
echo fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
fclose($myfile);
?>
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup Language
Tip: The fread() and the fclose() functions will be explained below.
The file may be opened in one of the following modes:
Modes Description
r Open a file for read only. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w Open a file for write only. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist. F
a Open a file for write only. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at the end of
x Creates a new file for write only. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
r+ Open a file for read/write. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w+ Open a file for read/write. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist.
a+ Open a file for read/write. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at the end of
x+ Creates a new file for read/write. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
PHP Read File - fread()
The fread() function reads from an open file.
The first parameter of fread() contains the name of the file to read from and the second parameter
specifies the maximum number of bytes to read.
The following PHP code reads the "webdictionary.txt" file to the end:
fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
PHP Close File - fclose()
The fclose() function is used to close an open file.
It's a good programming practice to close all files after you have finished with them. You don't
want an open file running around on your server taking up resources!
The fclose() requires the name of the file (or a variable that holds the filename) we want to close:
<?php
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r");
// some code to be executed....
fclose($myfile);
?>
PHP Read Single Line - fgets()
The fgets() function is used to read a single line from a file.
The example below outputs the first line of the "webdictionary.txt" file:
Example
<?php
echo fgets($myfile);
fclose($myfile);
?>

Note: After a call to the fgets() function, the file pointer has moved to the next line.
PHP Check End-Of-File - feof()
The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been reached.
The feof() function is useful for looping through data of unknown length.
The example below reads the "webdictionary.txt" file line by line, until end-of-file is reached:
Example
<?php
// Output one line until end-of-file
while(!feof($myfile)) {
echo fgets($myfile) . "<br>";
}
fclose($myfile);
?>

PHP Read Single Character - fgetc()
The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.
The example below reads the "webdictionary.txt" file character by character, until end-of-file is
reached:
Example
<?php
// Output one character until end-of-file
echo fgetc($myfile);
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
Complete PHP Filesystem Reference
For a complete reference of filesystem functions, go to our complete PHP Filesystem Reference.
PHP Exercises
Exercise:
Open a file, and write the correct syntax to output one character at the time, until end-of-file.
$myfile = fopen("webdict.txt", "r");

feof
while(! ($myfile)) {
fgetc
echo ($myfile);
}
File Create/Write
PHP Create File - fopen()
The fopen() function is also used to create a file. Maybe a little confusing, but in PHP, a file is
created using the same function used to open files.
If you use fopen() on a file that does not exist, it will create it, given that the file is opened for
writing (w) or appending (a).
The example below creates a new file called "testfile.txt". The file will be created in the same
directory where the PHP code resides:
Example
$myfile = fopen("testfile.txt", "w")
PHP File Permissions
If you are having errors when trying to get this code to run, check that you have granted your
PHP file access to write information to the hard drive.
PHP Write to File - fwrite()
The fwrite() function is used to write to a file.
The first parameter of fwrite() contains the name of the file to write to and the second parameter
is the string to be written.
The example below writes a couple of names into a new file called "newfile.txt":
Example
<?php
$myfile = fopen("newfile.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");
$txt = "John Doe\n";
fwrite($myfile, $txt);
$txt = "Jane Doe\n";
fclose($myfile);
?>
Notice that we wrote to the file "newfile.txt" twice. Each time we wrote to the file we sent the
string $txt that first contained "John Doe" and second contained "Jane Doe". After we finished
writing, we closed the file using the fclose() function.
If we open the "newfile.txt" file it would look like this:
John Doe
Jane Doe
PHP Overwriting
Now that "newfile.txt" contains some data we can show what happens when we open an existing
file for writing. All the existing data will be ERASED and we start with an empty file.
In the example below we open our existing file "newfile.txt", and write some new data into it:
Example
<?php
$txt = "Mickey Mouse\n";
$txt = "Minnie Mouse\n";
fclose($myfile);
?>
If we now open the "newfile.txt" file, both John and Jane have vanished, and only the data we
just wrote is present:
Mickey Mouse
Minnie Mouse
File Open/Read/Close
PHP Open File - fopen()
A better method to open files is with the fopen() function. This function gives you more options
than the readfile() function.
We will use the text file, "webdictionary.txt", during the lessons:

The first parameter of fopen() contains the name of the file to be opened and the second
parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened. The following example also
generates a message if the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file:
Example
<?php
echo fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
fclose($myfile);
?>
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML =
Hyper Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured
Query Language SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup Language
Tip: The fread() and the fclose() functions will be explained below.
The file may be opened in one of the following modes:
Modes Description
r Open a file for read only. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w Open a file for write only. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist. F
a Open a file for write only. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at the end of
x Creates a new file for write only. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
r+ Open a file for read/write. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w+ Open a file for read/write. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist.
a+ Open a file for read/write. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at the end of
x+ Creates a new file for read/write. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
PHP Read File - fread()
The fread() function reads from an open file.
The first parameter of fread() contains the name of the file to read from and the second parameter
specifies the maximum number of bytes to read.
The following PHP code reads the "webdictionary.txt" file to the end:
fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
PHP Close File - fclose()
The fclose() function is used to close an open file.
It's a good programming practice to close all files after you have finished with them. You don't
want an open file running around on your server taking up resources!
The fclose() requires the name of the file (or a variable that holds the filename) we want to close:
<?php
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r");
// some code to be executed....
fclose($myfile);
?>
PHP Read Single Line - fgets()
The fgets() function is used to read a single line from a file.
The example below outputs the first line of the "webdictionary.txt" file:
Example
<?php
echo fgets($myfile);
fclose($myfile);
?>
Note: After a call to the fgets() function, the file pointer has moved to the next line.
PHP Check End-Of-File - feof()
The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been reached.
The feof() function is useful for looping through data of unknown length.
The example below reads the "webdictionary.txt" file line by line, until end-of-file is reached:
Example
<?php
// Output one line until end-of-file
echo fgets($myfile) . "<br>";
}
fclose($myfile);
?>

PHP Read Single Character - fgetc()
The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.
The example below reads the "webdictionary.txt" file character by character, until end-of-file is
reached:
Example
<?php
// Output one character until end-of-file
echo fgetc($myfile);
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
Complete PHP Filesystem Reference
For a complete reference of filesystem functions, go to our complete PHP Filesystem Reference.
PHP Exercises
Exercise:
Open a file, and write the correct syntax to output one character at the time, until end-of-file.
$myfile = fopen("webdict.txt", "r");

feof
while(! ($myfile)) {
fgetc
echo ($myfile);
}
File Create/Write
In this chapter we will teach you how to create and write to a file on the server.
PHP Create File - fopen()
The fopen() function is also used to create a file. Maybe a little confusing, but in PHP, a file is
created using the same function used to open files.
If you use fopen() on a file that does not exist, it will create it, given that the file is opened for
writing (w) or appending (a).
The example below creates a new file called "testfile.txt". The file will be created in the same
directory where the PHP code resides:
Example
$myfile = fopen("testfile.txt", "w")
PHP File Permissions
If you are having errors when trying to get this code to run, check that you have granted your
PHP file access to write information to the hard drive.
PHP Write to File - fwrite()
The fwrite() function is used to write to a file.
The first parameter of fwrite() contains the name of the file to write to and the second parameter
is the string to be written.
The example below writes a couple of names into a new file called "newfile.txt":
Example
<?php
$txt = "John Doe\n";
$txt = "Jane Doe\n";
fclose($myfile);
?>
Notice that we wrote to the file "newfile.txt" twice. Each time we wrote to the file we sent the
string $txt that first contained "John Doe" and second contained "Jane Doe". After we finished
writing, we closed the file using the fclose() function.
If we open the "newfile.txt" file it would look like this:
John Doe
Jane Doe
PHP Overwriting
Now that "newfile.txt" contains some data we can show what happens when we open an existing
file for writing. All the existing data will be ERASED and we start with an empty file.
In the example below we open our existing file "newfile.txt", and write some new data into it:
Example
<?php
$txt = "Mickey Mouse\n";
$txt = "Minnie Mouse\n";
fclose($myfile);
?>
If we now open the "newfile.txt" file, both John and Jane have vanished, and only the data we
just wrote is present:
Mickey Mouse
Minnie Mouse
File Upload
With PHP, it is easy to upload files to the server.
However, with ease comes danger, so always be careful when allowing file uploads!
Configure The "php.ini" File
First, ensure that PHP is configured to allow file uploads.
In your "php.ini" file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to On:
file_uploads = On
Create The HTML Form
Next, create an HTML form that allow users to choose the image file they want to upload:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="upload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">

Select image to upload:
<input type="file" name="fileToUpload" id="fileToUpload">
<input type="submit" value="Upload Image" name="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Some rules to follow for the HTML form above:
 Make sure that the form uses method="post"

 The form also needs the following attribute: enctype="multipart/form-data". It specifies
which content-type to use when submitting the form
Without the requirements above, the file upload will not work.
Other things to notice:
 The type="file" attribute of the <input> tag shows the input field as a file-select control,
with a "Browse" button next to the input control
The form above sends data to a file called "upload.php", which we will create next.
Create The Upload File PHP Script
The "upload.php" file contains the code for uploading a file:
<?php
$target_dir = "uploads/";
$target_file = $target_dir . basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]);
$uploadOk = 1;
$imageFileType = strtolower(pathinfo($target_file,PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
// Check if image file is a actual image or fake image
if(isset($_POST["submit"])) {
$check = getimagesize($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"]);
if($check !== false) {
echo "File is an image - " . $check["mime"] . ".";
$uploadOk = 1;
} else {
echo "File is not an image.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
}
?>
PHP script explained:
 $target_dir = "uploads/" - specifies the directory where the file is going to be placed
 $target_file specifies the path of the file to be uploaded
 $uploadOk=1 is not used yet (will be used later)
 $imageFileType holds the file extension of the file (in lower case)
 Next, check if the image file is an actual image or a fake image
Note: You will need to create a new directory called "uploads" in the directory where
"upload.php" file resides. The uploaded files will be saved there.
Check if File Already Exists
Now we can add some restrictions.
First, we will check if the file already exists in the "uploads" folder. If it does, an error message
is displayed, and $uploadOk is set to 0:
// Check if file already exists

if (file_exists($target_file)) {
echo "Sorry, file already exists.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
Limit File Size
The file input field in our HTML form above is named "fileToUpload".
Now, we want to check the size of the file. If the file is larger than 500KB, an error message is
displayed, and $uploadOk is set to 0:
// Check file size

if ($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["size"] > 500000) {
echo "Sorry, your file is too large.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
Limit File Type
The code below only allows users to upload JPG, JPEG, PNG, and GIF files. All other file types
gives an error message before setting $uploadOk to 0:
// Allow certain file formats

if($imageFileType != "jpg" && $imageFileType != "png" && $imageFileType != "jpeg"
&& $imageFileType != "gif" ) {
echo "Sorry, only JPG, JPEG, PNG & GIF files are allowed.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
Complete Upload File PHP Script
The complete "upload.php" file now looks like this:
<?php
$target_dir = "uploads/";
$target_file = $target_dir . basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]);
$uploadOk = 1;
$imageFileType = strtolower(pathinfo($target_file,PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
// Check if image file is a actual image or fake image
if(isset($_POST["submit"])) {
$check = getimagesize($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"]);
if($check !== false) {
echo "File is an image - " . $check["mime"] . ".";
$uploadOk = 1;
} else {
echo "File is not an image.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
}
// Check if file already exists
if (file_exists($target_file)) {
echo "Sorry, file already exists.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Check file size
if ($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["size"] > 500000) {
echo "Sorry, your file is too large.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Allow certain file formats
if($imageFileType != "jpg" && $imageFileType != "png" && $imageFileType != "jpeg"
&& $imageFileType != "gif" ) {
echo "Sorry, only JPG, JPEG, PNG & GIF files are allowed.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
// Check if $uploadOk is set to 0 by an error
if ($uploadOk == 0) {
echo "Sorry, your file was not uploaded.";
// if everything is ok, try to upload file
} else {
if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"], $target_file)) {
echo "The file ". basename( $_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]). " has been uploaded.";
} else {
echo "Sorry, there was an error uploading your file.";
}
}
?>
Cookies
What is a Cookie?
A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the server embeds on the
user's computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the
cookie too. With PHP, you can both create and retrieve cookie values.
Create Cookies With PHP
A cookie is created with the setcookie() function.
Syntax
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, secure, httponly);
Only the name parameter is required. All other parameters are optional.
PHP Create/Retrieve a Cookie
The following example creates a cookie named "user" with the value "John Doe". The cookie
will expire after 30 days (86400 * 30). The "/" means that the cookie is available in entire
website (otherwise, select the directory you prefer).
We then retrieve the value of the cookie "user" (using the global variable $_COOKIE). We also
use the isset() function to find out if the cookie is set:
Example
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "John Doe";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/"); // 86400 = 1 day
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name . "' is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Modify a Cookie Value
To modify a cookie, just set (again) the cookie using the setcookie() function:
Example
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "Alex Porter";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name . "' is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Delete a Cookie
To delete a cookie, use the setcookie() function with an expiration date in the past:
Example
<?php
// set the expiration date to one hour ago
setcookie("user", "", time() - 3600);
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Cookie 'user' is deleted.";
?>
</body>
</html>
heck if Cookies are Enabled
The following example creates a small script that checks whether cookies are enabled. First, try
to create a test cookie with the setcookie() function, then count the $_COOKIE array variable:
Example
<?php
setcookie("test_cookie", "test", time() + 3600, '/');
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(count($_COOKIE) > 0) {
echo "Cookies are enabled.";
} else {
echo "Cookies are disabled.";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Sessions
A session is a way to store information (in variables) to be used across multiple pages.
Unlike a cookie, the information is not stored on the users computer.

What is a PHP Session?
When you work with an application, you open it, do some changes, and then you close it. This is
much like a Session. The computer knows who you are. It knows when you start the application
and when you end. But on the internet there is one problem: the web server does not know who
you are or what you do, because the HTTP address doesn't maintain state.
Session variables solve this problem by storing user information to be used across multiple pages
(e.g. username, favorite color, etc). By default, session variables last until the user closes the
browser.
So; Session variables hold information about one single user, and are available to all pages in
one application.
Tip: If you need a permanent storage, you may want to store the data in a database.
Start a PHP Session
A session is started with the session_start() function.
Session variables are set with the PHP global variable: $_SESSION.
Now, let's create a new page called "demo_session1.php". In this page, we start a new PHP
session and set some session variables:
Example
<?php
// Start the session
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Set session variables
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "green";
$_SESSION["favanimal"] = "cat";
echo "Session variables are set.";
?>
</body>
</html>
Get PHP Session Variable Values
Next, we create another page called "demo_session2.php". From this page, we will access the
session information we set on the first page ("demo_session1.php").
Notice that session variables are not passed individually to each new page, instead they are
retrieved from the session we open at the beginning of each page (session_start()).
Also notice that all session variable values are stored in the global $_SESSION variable:
Example
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Echo session variables that were set on previous page
echo "Favorite color is " . $_SESSION["favcolor"] . ".<br>";
echo "Favorite animal is " . $_SESSION["favanimal"] . ".";
?>
</body>
</html>
Another way to show all the session variable values for a user session is to run the following
code:
Example
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
print_r($_SESSION);
?>
</body>
</html>
How does it work? How does it know it's me?
Most sessions set a user-key on the user's computer that looks something like this:
765487cf34ert8dede5a562e4f3a7e12. Then, when a session is opened on another page, it scans
the computer for a user-key. If there is a match, it accesses that session, if not, it starts a new
session.
Modify a PHP Session Variable
To change a session variable, just overwrite it:
Example
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// to change a session variable, just overwrite it
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "yellow";
print_r($_SESSION);
?>
</body>
</html>
Destroy a PHP Session
To remove all global session variables and destroy the session,

use session_unset() and session_destroy():
Example
<?php
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// remove all session variables
session_unset();
// destroy the session

session_destroy();
?>
</body>
</html>
Filters
Validating data = Determine if the data is in proper form.
Sanitizing data = Remove any illegal character from the data.
The PHP Filter Extension
PHP filters are used to validate and sanitize external input.
The PHP filter extension has many of the functions needed for checking user input, and is
designed to make data validation easier and quicker.
The filter_list() function can be used to list what the PHP filter extension offers:
Example
<table>
<tr>
<td>Filter Name</td>
<td>Filter ID</td>
</tr>
<?php
foreach (filter_list() as $id =>$filter) {
echo '<tr><td>' . $filter . '</td><td>' . filter_id($filter) . '</td></tr>';
}
?>
</table>
Why Use Filters?
Many web applications receive external input. External input/data can be:
 User input from a form

 Cookies
 Web services data
 Server variables
 Database query results
You should always validate external data!

Invalid submitted data can lead to security problems and break your webpage!
By using PHP filters you can be sure your application gets the correct input!
PHP filter_var() Function
The filter_var() function both validate and sanitize data.
The filter_var() function filters a single variable with a specified filter. It takes two pieces of
data:
 The variable you want to check

 The type of check to use
Sanitize a String
The following example uses the filter_var() function to remove all HTML tags from a string:
Example
<?php
$str = "<h1>Hello World!</h1>";
$newstr = filter_var($str, FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);
echo $newstr;
?>
Try it Yourself »
Validate an Integer
The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $int is an integer. If
$int is an integer, the output of the code below will be: "Integer is valid". If $int is not an integer,
the output will be: "Integer is not valid":
Example
<?php
$int = 100;
if (!filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT) === false) {

echo("Integer is valid");
} else {
echo("Integer is not valid");
}
?>
Try it Yourself »
Tip: filter_var() and Problem With 0
In the example above, if $int was set to 0, the function above will return "Integer is not valid".
To solve this problem, use the code below:
Example
<?php
$int = 0;
if (filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT) === 0 || !filter_var($int,
FILTER_VALIDATE_INT) === false) {
echo("Integer is valid");
} else {
echo("Integer is not valid");
}
?>
Try it Yourself »
Validate an IP Address
The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $ip is a valid IP
address:
Example
<?php
$ip = "127.0.0.1";
if (!filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP) === false) {

echo("$ip is a valid IP address");
} else {
echo("$ip is not a valid IP address");
}
?>
Try it Yourself »
Sanitize and Validate an Email Address
The following example uses the filter_var() function to first remove all illegal characters from
the $email variable, then check if it is a valid email address:
Example
<?php
$email = "[email protected]";
// Remove all illegal characters from email
$email = filter_var($email, FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL);
// Validate e-mail
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === false) {
echo("$email is a valid email address");
} else {
echo("$email is not a valid email address");
}
?>
Try it Yourself »
Sanitize and Validate a URL
The following example uses the filter_var() function to first remove all illegal characters from a
URL, then check if $url is a valid URL:
Example
<?php
$url = "https://www.w3schools.com";
// Remove all illegal characters from a url

$url = filter_var($url, FILTER_SANITIZE_URL);
// Validate url
if (!filter_var($url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) === false) {
echo("$url is a valid URL");
} else {
echo("$url is not a valid URL");
}
?>
Try it Yourself »
Complete PHP Filter Reference
For a complete reference of all filter functions, go to our complete PHP Filter Reference. Check
each filter to see what options and flags are available.
The reference contains a brief description, and examples of use, for each function!
Filters Advanced
Validate an Integer Within a Range
The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if a variable is both of type INT,
and between 1 and 200:
Example
<?php
$int = 122;
$min = 1;
$max = 200;
if (filter_var($int,
FILTER_VALIDATE_INT, array("options" => array("min_range"=>$min, "max_range"=>$ma
x))) === false) {
echo("Variable value is not within the legal range");
} else {
echo("Variable value is within the legal range");
}
?>
Validate IPv6 Address
The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $ip is a valid IPv6
address:
Example
<?php
$ip = "2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334";
if (!filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV6) === false) {

echo("$ip is a valid IPv6 address");
} else {
echo("$ip is not a valid IPv6 address");
}
?>
Try it Yourself »
Validate URL - Must Contain QueryString
The following example uses the filter_var() function to check if the variable $url is a URL with a
querystring:
Example
<?php
$url = "https://www.w3schools.com";
if (!filter_var($url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL, FILTER_FLAG_QUERY_REQUIRED) ===

false) {
echo("$url is a valid URL with a query string");
} else {
echo("$url is not a valid URL with a query string");
}
?>
Try it Yourself »
Remove Characters With ASCII Value > 127
The following example uses the filter_var() function to sanitize a string. It will both remove all
HTML tags, and all characters with ASCII value > 127, from the string:
Example
<?php
$str = "<h1>Hello WorldÆØÅ!</h1>";
$newstr = filter_var($str, FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING, FILTER_FLAG_STRIP_HIGH);

echo $newstr;
?>
Try it Yourself »
Complete PHP Filter Reference
For a complete reference of all filter functions, go to our complete PHP Filter Reference. Check
each filter to see what options and flags are available.
The reference contains a brief description, and examples of use, for each function!
PHP and JSON

What is JSON?
JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation, and is a syntax for storing and exchanging data.
Since the JSON format is a text-based format, it can easily be sent to and from a server, and used
as a data format by any programming language.
PHP and JSON
PHP has some built-in functions to handle JSON.
First, we will look at the following two functions:
 json_encode()
 json_decode()
PHP - json_encode()
The json_encode() function is used to encode a value to JSON format.
Example
This example shows how to encode an associative array into a JSON object:
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>35, "Ben"=>37, "Joe"=>43);
echo json_encode($age);
?>
Run Example »
Example
This example shows how to encode an indexed array into a JSON array:
<?php
echo json_encode($cars);
?>
Run Example »
PHP - json_decode()
The json_decode() function is used to decode a JSON object into a PHP object or an associative
array.
Example
This example decodes JSON data into a PHP object:
<?php
$jsonobj = '{"Peter":35,"Ben":37,"Joe":43}';
var_dump(json_decode($jsonobj));
?>
Run Example »
The json_decode() function returns an object by default. The json_decode() function has a
second parameter, and when set to true, JSON objects are decoded into associative arrays.
Example
This example decodes JSON data into a PHP associative array:
<?php
var_dump(json_decode($jsonobj, true));
?>
Run Example »
PHP - Accessing the Decoded Values
Here are two examples of how to access the decoded values from an object and from an
associative array:
Example
This example shows how to access the values from a PHP object:
<?php
$obj = json_decode($jsonobj);
echo $obj->Peter;
echo $obj->Ben;
echo $obj->Joe;
?>
Run Example »
Example
This example shows how to access the values from a PHP associative array:
<?php
$arr = json_decode($jsonobj, true);

echo $arr["Peter"];
echo $arr["Ben"];
echo $arr["Joe"];
?>
Run Example »
PHP - Looping Through the Values
You can also loop through the values with a foreach() loop:
Example
This example shows how to loop through the values of a PHP object:
<?php
$obj = json_decode($jsonobj);
foreach($obj as $key => $value) {

echo $key . " => " . $value . "<br>";
}
?>
Run Example »
Example
This example shows how to loop through the values of a PHP associative array:
<?php
$arr = json_decode($jsonobj, true);
foreach($arr as $key => $value) {

echo $key . " => " . $value . "<br>";
}
?>
PHP MySQL Database

What is MySQL?
 MySQL is a database system used on the web

 MySQL is a database system that runs on a server
 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications
 MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use
 MySQL uses standard SQL
 MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
 MySQL is free to download and use
 MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation
 MySQL is named after co-founder Monty Widenius's daughter: My
The data in a MySQL database are stored in tables. A table is a collection of related data, and it
consists of columns and rows.
Databases are useful for storing information categorically. A company may have a database with
the following tables:
 Employees
 Products
 Customers
 Orders
PHP + MySQL Database System
 PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform (you can develop in Windows and serve
on a Unix platform)
Database Queries
A query is a question or a request.
We can query a database for specific information and have a recordset returned.
Look at the following query (using standard SQL):
SELECT LastName FROM Employees
The query above selects all the data in the "LastName" column from the "Employees" table.
To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial.

Download MySQL Database
If you don't have a PHP server with a MySQL Database, you can download it for free
here: http://www.mysql.com
Facts About MySQL Database
MySQL is the de-facto standard database system for web sites with HUGE volumes of both data
and end-users (like Facebook, Twitter, and Wikipedia).
Another great thing about MySQL is that it can be scaled down to support embedded database
applications.
Look at http://www.mysql.com/customers/ for an overview of companies using MySQL.
PHP – AJAX
What is AJAX?
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.
AJAX is a technique for creating fast and dynamic web pages.
AJAX allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging small amounts of data
with the server behind the scenes. This means that it is possible to update parts of a web page,
without reloading the whole page.
Classic web pages, (which do not use AJAX) must reload the entire page if the content should
change.
Examples of applications using AJAX: Google Maps, Gmail, Youtube, and Facebook tabs.
How AJAX Works
AJAX is Based on Internet Standards
AJAX is based on internet standards, and uses a combination of:
 XMLHttpRequest object (to exchange data asynchronously with a server)

 JavaScript/DOM (to display/interact with the information)
 CSS (to style the data)
 XML (often used as the format for transferring data)
AJAX applications are browser- and platform-independent!
Google Suggest
AJAX was made popular in 2005 by Google, with Google Suggest.
Google Suggest is using AJAX to create a very dynamic web interface: When you start typing in
Google's search box, a JavaScript sends the letters off to a server and the server returns a list of
suggestions.
Start Using AJAX Today
In our PHP tutorial, we will demonstrate how AJAX can update parts of a web page, without
reloading the whole page. The server script will be written in PHP.
If you want to learn more about AJAX, visit our AJAX tutorial.
AJAX is used to create more interactive applications.
AJAX PHP Example
The following example will demonstrate how a web page can communicate with a web server
while a user type characters in an input field:
Example
Start typing a name in the input field below:
First name:
Suggestions:
Example Explained
In the example above, when a user types a character in the input field, a function called
"showHint()" is executed.
The function is triggered by the onkeyup event.
Here is the HTML code:
Example
<html>
<head>
<script>
function showHint(str) {
if (str.length == 0) {
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML = "";
return;
} else {
var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlhttp.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML = this.responseText;
}
};
xmlhttp.open("GET", "gethint.php?q=" + str, true);
xmlhttp.send();
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p><b>Start typing a name in the input field below:</b></p>

<form>
First name: <input type="text" onkeyup="showHint(this.value)">
</form>
<p>Suggestions: <span id="txtHint"></span></p>
</body>
</html>
Start typing a name in the input field below:
First name:
Suggestions:
Code explanation:
First, check if the input field is empty (str.length == 0). If it is, clear the content of the txtHint
placeholder and exit the function.
However, if the input field is not empty, do the following:
 Create an XMLHttpRequest object

 Create the function to be executed when the server response is ready
 Send the request off to a PHP file (gethint.php) on the server
 Notice that q parameter is added to the url (gethint.php?q="+str)
 And the str variable holds the content of the input field
The PHP File - "gethint.php"
The PHP file checks an array of names, and returns the corresponding name(s) to the browser:
<?php
// Array with names
$a[] = "Anna";
$a[] = "Brittany";
$a[] = "Cinderella";
$a[] = "Diana";
$a[] = "Eva";
$a[] = "Fiona";
$a[] = "Gunda";
$a[] = "Hege";
$a[] = "Inga";
$a[] = "Johanna";
$a[] = "Kitty";
$a[] = "Linda";
$a[] = "Nina";
$a[] = "Ophelia";
$a[] = "Petunia";
$a[] = "Amanda";
$a[] = "Raquel";
$a[] = "Cindy";
$a[] = "Doris";
$a[] = "Eve";
$a[] = "Evita";
$a[] = "Sunniva";
$a[] = "Tove";
$a[] = "Unni";
$a[] = "Violet";
$a[] = "Liza";
$a[] = "Elizabeth";
$a[] = "Ellen";
$a[] = "Wenche";
$a[] = "Vicky";
// get the q parameter from URL

$q = $_REQUEST["q"];
$hint = "";
// lookup all hints from array if $q is different from ""

if ($q !== "") {
$q = strtolower($q);
$len=strlen($q);
foreach($a as $name) {
if (stristr($q, substr($name, 0, $len))) {
if ($hint === "") {
$hint = $name;
} else {
$hint .= ", $name";
}
}
}
}
// Output "no suggestion" if no hint was found or output correct values

echo $hint === "" ? "no suggestion" : $hint;
?>
AJAX and MySQL

AJAX Database Example
The following example will demonstrate how a web page can fetch information from a database
with AJAX:
Example
Person info will be listed here...

Example Explained - The MySQL Database
The database table we use in the example above looks like this:
id FirstName LastName Age Hometown
1 Peter Griffin 41 Quahog
2 Lois Griffin 40 Newport
3 Joseph Swanson 39 Quahog
4 Glenn Quagmire 41 Quahog
Example Explained
In the example above, when a user selects a person in the dropdown list above, a function called
"showUser()" is executed.
The function is triggered by the onchange event.
Here is the HTML code:
Example
<html>
<head>
<script>
function showUser(str) {
if (str == "") {
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML = "";
return;
} else {
if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari
xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
} else {
// code for IE6, IE5
xmlhttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
xmlhttp.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML = this.responseText;
}
};
xmlhttp.open("GET","getuser.php?q="+str,true);
xmlhttp.send();
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<select name="users" onchange="showUser(this.value)">
<option value="">Select a person:</option>
<option value="1">Peter Griffin</option>
<option value="2">Lois Griffin</option>
<option value="3">Joseph Swanson</option>
<option value="4">Glenn Quagmire</option>
</select>
</form>
<br>
<div id="txtHint"><b>Person info will be listed here...</b></div>
</body>
</html>
Run example »
Code explanation:
First, check if person is selected. If no person is selected (str == ""), clear the content of txtHint
and exit the function. If a person is selected, do the following:

 Send the request off to a file on the server
 Notice that a parameter (q) is added to the URL (with the content of the dropdown list)
The PHP File
The page on the server called by the JavaScript above is a PHP file called "getuser.php".
The source code in "getuser.php" runs a query against a MySQL database, and returns the result
in an HTML table:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
table {
width: 100%;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table, td, th {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 5px;
}
th {text-align: left;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$q = intval($_GET['q']);
$con = mysqli_connect('localhost','peter','abc123','my_db');
if (!$con) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error($con));
}
mysqli_select_db($con,"ajax_demo");
$sql="SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = '".$q."'";
$result = mysqli_query($con,$sql);
echo "<table>
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>Hometown</th>
<th>Job</th>
</tr>";
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)) {
echo "<tr>";
echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['Age'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['Hometown'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['Job'] . "</td>";
echo "</tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
mysqli_close($con);
?>
</body>
</html>
Explanation: When the query is sent from the JavaScript to the PHP file, the following happens:
1. PHP opens a connection to a MySQL server

2. The correct person is found
3. An HTML table is created, filled with data, and sent back to the "txtHint" placeholder
AJAX and XML
AJAX can be used for interactive communication with an XML file.

AJAX XML Example
The following example will demonstrate how a web page can fetch information from an XML
file with AJAX:
Example
CD info will be listed here...
Example Explained - The HTML Page
When a user selects a CD in the dropdown list above, a function called "showCD()" is executed.
The function is triggered by the "onchange" event:
<html>
<head>
<script>
function showCD(str) {
if (str=="") {
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML="";
return;
}
xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest();
} else { // code for IE6, IE5
xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() {
if (this.readyState==4 && this.status==200) {
document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=this.responseText;
}
}
xmlhttp.open("GET","getcd.php?q="+str,true);
xmlhttp.send();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Select a CD:
<select name="cds" onchange="showCD(this.value)">
<option value="">Select a CD:</option>
<option value="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</option>
<option value="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</option>
<option value="Cat Stevens">Cat Stevens</option>
</select>
</form>
<div id="txtHint"><b>CD info will be listed here...</b></div>
</body>
</html>
The showCD() function does the following:
 Check if a CD is selected
 Notice that a parameter (q) is added to the URL (with the content of the dropdown list)
The PHP File
The page on the server called by the JavaScript above is a PHP file called "getcd.php".
The PHP script loads an XML document, "cd_catalog.xml", runs a query against the XML file,
and returns the result as HTML:
<?php
$q=$_GET["q"];
$xmlDoc = new DOMDocument();
$xmlDoc->load("cd_catalog.xml");
$x=$xmlDoc->getElementsByTagName('ARTIST');
for ($i=0; $i<=$x->length-1; $i++) {

//Process only element nodes
if ($x->item($i)->nodeType==1) {
if ($x->item($i)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue == $q) {
$y=($x->item($i)->parentNode);
}
}
}
$cd=($y->childNodes);
for ($i=0;$i<$cd->length;$i++) {
//Process only element nodes
if ($cd->item($i)->nodeType==1) {
echo("<b>" . $cd->item($i)->nodeName . ":</b> ");
echo($cd->item($i)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue);
echo("<br>");
}
}
?>
When the CD query is sent from the JavaScript to the PHP page, the following happens:
1. PHP creates an XML DOM object

2. Find all <artist> elements that matches the name sent from the JavaScript
3. Output the album information (send to the "txtHint" placeholder)
AJAX Live Search

AJAX Live Search
The following example will demonstrate a live search, where you get search results while you
type.
Live search has many benefits compared to traditional searching:
 Results are shown as you type

 Results narrow as you continue typing
 If results become too narrow, remove characters to see a broader result
Search for a W3Schools page in the input field below:
The results in the example above are found in an XML file (links.xml). To make this example
small and simple, only six results are available.
When a user types a character in the input field above, the function "showResult()" is executed.
The function is triggered by the "onkeyup" event:
<html>
<head>
<script>
function showResult(str) {
if (str.length==0) {
document.getElementById("livesearch").innerHTML="";
document.getElementById("livesearch").style.border="0px";
return;
}
}
document.getElementById("livesearch").innerHTML=this.responseText;
document.getElementById("livesearch").style.border="1px solid #A5ACB2";
}
}
xmlhttp.open("GET","livesearch.php?q="+str,true);
xmlhttp.send();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="text" size="30" onkeyup="showResult(this.value)">
<div id="livesearch"></div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Source code explanation:
If the input field is empty (str.length==0), the function clears the content of the livesearch
placeholder and exits the function.
If the input field is not empty, the showResult() function executes the following:

 Notice that a parameter (q) is added to the URL (with the content of the input field)
The PHP File
The page on the server called by the JavaScript above is a PHP file called "livesearch.php".
The source code in "livesearch.php" searches an XML file for titles matching the search string
and returns the result:
<?php
$xmlDoc=new DOMDocument();
$xmlDoc->load("links.xml");
$x=$xmlDoc->getElementsByTagName('link');
//get the q parameter from URL

$q=$_GET["q"];
//lookup all links from the xml file if length of q>0

if (strlen($q)>0) {
$hint="";
for($i=0; $i<($x->length); $i++) {
$y=$x->item($i)->getElementsByTagName('title');
$z=$x->item($i)->getElementsByTagName('url');
if ($y->item(0)->nodeType==1) {
//find a link matching the search text
if (stristr($y->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue,$q)) {
if ($hint=="") {
$hint="<a href='" .
$z->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue .
"' target='_blank'>" .
$y->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue . "</a>";
} else {
$hint=$hint . "<br /><a href='" .
$z->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue .
"' target='_blank'>" .
$y->item(0)->childNodes->item(0)->nodeValue . "</a>";
}
}
}
}
}
// Set output to "no suggestion" if no hint was found

// or to the correct values
if ($hint=="") {
$response="no suggestion";
} else {
$response=$hint;
}
//output the response

echo $response;
?>
If there is any text sent from the JavaScript (strlen($q) > 0), the following happens:
 Load an XML file into a new XML DOM object

 Loop through all <title> elements to find matches from the text sent from the JavaScript
 Sets the correct url and title in the "$response" variable. If more than one match is found,
all matches are added to the variable
 If no matches are found, the $response variable is set to "no suggestion"
AJAX Poll
AJAX Poll
The following example will demonstrate a poll where the result is shown without reloading.
Do you like PHP and AJAX so far?
Yes:
No:
When a user chooses an option above, a function called "getVote()" is executed. The function is
triggered by the "onclick" event:
<html>
<head>
<script>
function getVote(int) {
}
document.getElementById("poll").innerHTML=this.responseText;
}
}
xmlhttp.open("GET","poll_vote.php?vote="+int,true);
xmlhttp.send();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="poll">
<h3>Do you like PHP and AJAX so far?</h3>
<form>
Yes:
<input type="radio" name="vote" value="0" onclick="getVote(this.value)">
<br>No:
<input type="radio" name="vote" value="1" onclick="getVote(this.value)">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The getVote() function does the following:

 Notice that a parameter (vote) is added to the URL (with the value of the yes or no
option)
The PHP File
The page on the server called by the JavaScript above is a PHP file called "poll_vote.php":
<?php
$vote = $_REQUEST['vote'];
//get content of textfile

$filename = "poll_result.txt";
$content = file($filename);
//put content in array

$array = explode("||", $content[0]);
$yes = $array[0];
$no = $array[1];
if ($vote == 0) {
$yes = $yes + 1;
}
if ($vote == 1) {
$no = $no + 1;
}
//insert votes to txt file

$insertvote = $yes."||".$no;
$fp = fopen($filename,"w");
fputs($fp,$insertvote);
fclose($fp);
?>
<h2>Result:</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Yes:</td>
<td>
<img src="poll.gif"
width='<?php echo(100*round($yes/($no+$yes),2)); ?>'
height='20'>
<?php echo(100*round($yes/($no+$yes),2)); ?>%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>No:</td>
<td>
<img src="poll.gif"
width='<?php echo(100*round($no/($no+$yes),2)); ?>'
height='20'>
<?php echo(100*round($no/($no+$yes),2)); ?>%
</td>
</tr>
</table>
The value is sent from the JavaScript, and the following happens:
1. Get the content of the "poll_result.txt" file

2. Put the content of the file in variables and add one to the selected variable
3. Write the result to the "poll_result.txt" file
4. Output a graphical representation of the poll result
The Text File
The text file (poll_result.txt) is where we store the data from the poll.
It is stored like this:
0||0
The first number represents the "Yes" votes, the second number represents the "No" votes.
Note: Remember to allow your web server to edit the text file. Do NOT give everyone access,
just the web server (PHP).
UNIT-III
Introduction to web service:

A web service makes software application resources available over networks
using standard technologies. Because web services are based on standard
interfaces, they can communicate even if they are running on different
operating systems and are written in different language.
A web service supports communication among numerous apps with HTML,
XML, WSDL, SOAP, and other open standards. XML tags the data, SOAP
transfers the message, and WSDL describes the service’s accessibility.
SOAP WSDL UDDI:
SOAP defines a uniform way of passing XML-encoded data.
♦ WSDL allows service providers to specify what a web service can do, where
it resides, and how to invoke it.
♦ UDDI provides a mechanism for clients to dynamically find other Web
services.
In SOAP messages, the name of the service request and the input
parameters take the form of XML elements.
WSDL describes the data types and structures for Web services, and
tells how to map them into the messages that are exchanged.
UDDI provides a repository for Web-services descriptions. An
UDDI registry can be searched on various criteria to find all kinds of services
offered by businesses.
WSDL:
 WSDL is an XML-based protocol for information exchange in decentralized

and distributed environments.
 WSDL definitions describe how to access a web service and what
operations it will perform.
 WSDL is a language for describing how to interface with XML-based
services.
 WSDL is an integral part of Universal Description, Discovery, and
Integration (UDDI), an XML-based worldwide business registry.
 WSDL is the languagethat UDDI uses.
Example:
<definitionsname="HelloService"
targetNamespace="http://www.examples.com/wsdl/HelloService.wsdl"
xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/"
xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/"
xmlns:tns="http://www.examples.com/wsdl/HelloService.wsdl"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
................................................
</definitions>
UDDI:
UDDI is an XML-based standard for describing, publishing, and
finding web services. UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery, and
Integration. ... UDDI is an open industry initiative, enabling businesses to
discover each other and define how they interact over the Internet.
UDDI has two sections −

 A registry of all web service's metadata, including a pointer to the WSDL
description of a service.
 A set of WSDL port type definitions for manipulating and searching that
registry.
Example:
<businessEntitybusinessKey="uuid:C0E6D5A8-C446-4f01-99DA-
70E212685A40"
operator="http://www.ibm.com"authorizedName="John Doe">
<name>Acme Company</name>
<description>
We create cool Web services
</description>
<contacts>
<contactuseType="general info">
<description>General Information</description>
<personName>John Doe</personName>
<phone>(123) 123-1234</phone>
<email>[email protected]</email>
</contact>
</contacts>
<businessServices>
...
</businessServices>
<identifierBag>
<keyedReferencetModelKey="UUID:8609C81E-EE1F-4D5A-B202-
3EB13AD01823"
name="D-U-N-S"value="123456789"/>
</identifierBag>
<categoryBag>
<keyedReferencetModelKey="UUID:C0B9FE13-179F-413D-8A5B-
5004DB8E5BB2"
name="NAICS"value="111336"/>
</categoryBag>
</businessEntity>
Why web service is important:

Web services technology represents an important way for businesses to
communicate with each other and with clients as well. ... Instead, Web
services share business logic, data and processes through a programmatic
interface across a network. The applications interface with each other, not
with the users.
The evaluation of web applications:
A web application is software application that runs on a
remote server. In most cases, Web browsers are used to access Web
applications, over a network, such as the Internet. Some web
applications are used in intranets, in companies and schools.
– Global approach. Web applications are published centralized in one place
and the whole world can see them. Any user who has access to the Internet
can access Web applications from a home computer.
– Simultaneous work of a large number of users. In general, traditional
desktop applications are used by one user at a certain time,
Ability to work on multiple platforms. Most clients of Web applications are
Web readers who play the role of a universal interface between the user and
the system for displaying data of any format and can be run on any computer
with the Internet access
Web services and enterprise:
Enterprise web services can be considered to be a set of consistent, persistent,
secure and REST full web services that allow developers to integrate and link
applications and web pages that contain essential business systems. These
services include application and software development that are serving
businesses.
These APIs allow systems from across the UW to access data on demand in a
scalable, real-time, and highly available architecture. The primary purpose for
providing this data via APIs is to reduce duplicate shadow systems and the
proliferation of sensitive business data.
The lingua franca of web services:
XML is a standard for data mark-up backed by the World Wide Web
Consortium, which has been branded “the universal format for structured
documents and data on the Web.”[1] The entire XML suite of standards,
models, and processing technologies have been under development since 1998
with the initial XML specification, and has since been augmented by several
additional supporting standards and notes that have brought XML to its
current rich state. In fact, though XML is undeniably a richly specified
technology, it has retained its simplicity and the entire XML platform can be
profiled as follows.
XML:
XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language,XML is a markup language
much like HTML it was designed to store and transport data.XML was
designed to be self-descriptive is a W3C Recommendation.
Syntax:
<note>
<date>2015-09-01</date>
<hour>08:30</hour>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
XML file:
In the XML file structure, the first line is the declaration that
contains the document information like version information, character set,
etc.Declaration must come first in the document.Every opening tag should
have a closing tag.Each XML document has a root element.
Syntax:
<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
Example:
<?xml version = “1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> ----Declaration
<users> --------------------------------Root Element

<user> ----------------------------Child Element
<firstname>Brad</firstname>---Sub
<lastname>Traversy</lastname>
<email>[email protected]</email>---Child
<phone>555-555-5555</phone> ------ Elements
</user>
<user gender=”male”>
<firstname>John</firstname>
<lastname>Doe</lastname>
<email>[email protected]</email>
<phone>444-444-4444</phone>
</user>
</users>
XML Document:
An XML document is a basic unit of XML information composed of elements
and other markup in an orderly package. An XML document can contains wide
variety of data. For example, database of numbers, numbers representing
molecular structure or a mathematical equation.
XML Document Example:
<?xml version ="1.0"?>

<contact-info>
<name>Tanmay Patil</name>
<company>TutorialsPoint</company>
<phone>(011) 123-4567</phone>
</contact-info>
XML namespace:
XML namespace. XML namespaces are used for providing uniquely named
elements and attributes in an XML document. They are defined in a W3C
recommendation. An XML instance may contain element or attribute names from
more than one XML vocabulary.
Example
Employee document:
<employee>
<personInfo>
<empID>E0000001</empID>
<secID>S001</secID>
<name>John Smith</name>
</personInfo>
<personInfo>0
<empID>E0000002</empID>
<secID>S002</secID>
<name>Ichiro Tanaka</name>
</personInfo>
・
・
・
</employee>
Explicit and default namespace:

URIs are used simply because they are globally unique across
the Internet. Namespaces can be declared either explicitly or by default. With
an explicit declaration, you define a shorthand, or prefix, to substitute for the full
name of the namespace. You use this prefix to qualify elements belonging to
that namespace.
Example:
<BOOKS>
<bk:BOOK xmlns:bk="urn:example.microsoft.com:BookInfo"
xmlns:money="urn:Finance:Money">
<bk:TITLE>Creepy Crawlies</bk:TITLE>
<bk:PRICE money:currency="US Dollar">22.95</bk:PRICE>
</bk:BOOK>
</BOOKS>
Attributes and namespace:

An attribute is a characteristic. In HTML, an attribute is a characteristic of a
page element, such as font size or color. Attributes are used to amplify a tag.
When a Web browser interprets an HTML tag, it will also look for
its attributes so that it can display the Web page's elements properly.
XML schema:
XML Schema is commonly known as XML Schema Definition (XSD). It is used
to describe and validate the structure and the content of XML data. XML
schema defines the elements, attributes and data types. ... It is similar to a
database schema that describes the data in a database.
Example :
<?xml version ="1.0" encoding ="UTF-8"?>
<xs:schemaxmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xs:elementname="contact">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:elementname="name"type="xs:string"/>
<xs:elementname="company"type="xs:string"/>
<xs:elementname="phone"type="xs:int"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
XML schema and namespace:

When using prefixes in XML, a namespace for the prefix must be defined.
The namespace can be defined by an xmlns attribute in the start tag of an element.
... The xmlns attribute in the second <table> element gives the f: prefix a
qualified namespace.
<root>
<h:tablexmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">
<h:tr>
<h:td>Apples</h:td>
<h:td>Bananas</h:td>
</h:tr>
</h:table>
<f:tablexmlns:f="https://www.w3schools.com/furniture">
<f:name>AfricanCoffeeTable</f:name>
<f:width>80</f:width>
<f:length>120</f:length>
</f:table>
</root>
Implementing xml schema types:

The elements contained within a document are processed and the type and instance
information from the document is exposed to the consuming software agent. After
validation, the information is contained in an XML Document that's called a post
schema-validation Infoset (usually referred to as just Infoset).
Infosets make it possible to reflect over the logical contents of a
document, just as in some object-oriented programming languages, revealing the
power of XML Schema as a platform-independent type system. To demonstrate,
let's start to build some types and see how the (logical) type system works with the
(physical) document.
Example:
<simpleType name="PostcodeType"
<restriction base="string">
<pattern value="(GIR 0AA)|((([A-Z][0-9][0-9]?)
|(([A-Z][A-HJ-Y][0-9][0-9]?)|(([A-Z][0-9][A-Z])|
[A-Z][A-HJ-Y][0-9]?[A-Z])))) [0-9][A-Z]{2})"/>
</restriction>
</simpleType>
The any element:
Inheritance:
The inheritance features in XML Schema allow you to create type
hierarchies that capture the data models of the underlying software
systems that XML is designed to support.
Syntax:
class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
{
//methods and fields
}
Example:
xs:complexType name="MonitorType"
<xs:simpleContent>
<xs:extension base="xs:string">
<xs:attribute name="flatscreen" type="xs:boolean"/>
</xs:extension>
</xs:simpleContent>
</xs:complexType>
Substitution group:
A substitution group is a feature of XML schema that allows you to specify

elements that can replace another element in documents generated from that
schema. The replaceable element is called the head element and must be defined in
the schema’s global scope. The elements of the substitution group must be of the
same type as the head element or a type that is derived from the head element’s
type.
Syntax:
<element name="widget" type="xsd:string" />
<element name="woodWidget" type="xsd:string"
substitutionGroup="widget" />
Example
<complexType name="widgetType">
<sequence>
<element name="shape" type="xsd:string" />
<element name="color" type="xsd:string" />
</sequence>
</complexType>
<complexType name="woodWidgetType">
<complexContent>
<extension base="widgetType">
<sequence>
<element name="woodType" type="xsd:string" />
</sequence>
</extension>
</complexContent>
</complexType>
<complexType name="plasticWidgetType">
<complexContent>
<extension base="widgetType">
<sequence>
<element name="moldProcess" type="xsd:string" />
</sequence>
</extension>
</complexContent>
</complexType>
<element name="widget" type="widgetType" />
<element name="woodWidget" type="woodWidgetType"
<element name="plasticWidget" type="plasticWidgetType"
<complexType name="partType">
<sequence>
<element ref="widget" />
</sequence>
</complexType>
<element name="part" type="partType" />
Global and local type declaration:

As with classes in object-oriented programming, you need to create instances of
XML Schema types to do real work such as moving XML-encoded messages
between web services. In this section, we'll examine two means of creating
instances of types: using global types and declaring local types
Syntax:
<xs:element name="credit-card" type="CardType
minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
elementFormDefault="qualified"
attributeFormDefault="unqualified">

<xs:complexType name="CardType">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="card-type">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:string">
<xs:enumeration value="Visa"/>
<xs:enumeration value="MasterCard"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="expiry">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:pattern value="[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="number">
<xs:simpleType name="CardNumberType">
<xs:pattern
value="[0-9]{4} [0-9]{4} [0-9]{4} [0-9]{4}"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="holder" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element name="debit-card">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="CardType">
<xs:attribute name="issue"
type="xs:positiveInteger"/>
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

<xs:element name="wallet">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="credit-card" type="CardType"

<xs:element name="debit-card" ref="debit-card"
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
Managing schema:
A schema is a collection of database objects. A schema is owned by a database
user and shares the same name as the user. Schema objects are logical structures
created by users. Some objects, such as tables or indexes, hold data. Other objects,
such as views or synonyms, consist of a definition only.
Example
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION scott
CREATE TABLE dept (

deptno NUMBER(3,0) PRIMARY KEY,
dname VARCHAR2(15),
loc VARCHAR2(25))
CREATE TABLE emp (

empno NUMBER(5,0) PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR2(10),
mgr NUMBER(5,0),
hiredate DATE DEFAULT (sysdate),
sal NUMBER(7,2),
comm NUMBER(7,2),
deptno NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT dept_fkey REFERENCES dept)
CREATE VIEW sales_staff AS
SELECT empno, ename, sal, comm

FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 30
WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT sales_staff_cnst
GRANT SELECT ON sales_staff TO human_resources;
Schemas and instance:

The Schema and Instance are the essential terms related to databases. The major
difference between schema and instance lies within their definition
where Schema is the formal description of the structure of database
whereas Instance is the set of information currently stored in a database at a
specific time
 The physical schema is the lowest level of a schema which describes how
the data stored on the disk or the physical storage.
 The logical schema is the intermediate level of a schema which describes the
structure of the database to the database designers. It also specifies what
relationship exists between the data.
 The external schema or subschema is the highest level of a schema which
defines the views for the end users.
An instance is the information collected in a database at some specific moment,

and it is also known as state or extension. It is a snapshot where the current state
or occurrence of a database is framed at that moment.
Processing XML SAX:

SAX is a streaming interface for XML, which means that applications
using SAX receive event notifications about the XML document
being processed an element, and attribute, at a time in sequential order starting at
the top of the document, and ending with the closing of the ROOT element.
 Reads an XML document from top to bottom, recognizing the tokens that
make up a well-formed XML document.
 Tokens are processed in the same order that they appear in the document.
 Reports the application program the nature of tokens that the parser has
encountered as they occur.
 The application program provides an "event" handler that must be registered
with the parser.
 As the tokens are identified, callback methods in the handler are invoked
with the relevant information.
Syntax:
ublic class SAXLocalNameCount {

static public void main(String[] args) {
// ...
}
}
Example:
package sax;
import javax.xml.parsers.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class SAXLocalNameCount {

// ...
}
SAX:
SAX (Simple API for XML) is an application program interface (API) that allows
a programmer to interpret a Web file that uses the Extensible Markup Language
(XML) - that is, a Web file that describes a collection of data. SAX is an alternative
to using the Document Object Model (DOM) to interpret the XML file. As its name
suggests, it's a simpler interface than DOM and is appropriate where many or very
large files are to be processed, but it contains fewer capabilities for manipulating
the data content.
SAX is an event-driven interface. The programmer specifies an event that may
happen and, if it does, SAX gets control and handles the situation. SAX works
directly with an XML parser.
SAX local name:

static public void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
String filename = null;
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {

filename = args[i];
if (i != args.length - 1) {
usage();
}
}
if (filename == null) {
usage();
}
}
public class SAXLocalNameCount {
private static String convertToFileURL(String filename) {
String path = new File(filename).getAbsolutePath();
if (File.separatorChar != '/') {
path = path.replace(File.separatorChar, '/');
}
if (!path.startsWith("/")) {
path = "/" + path;
}
return "file:" + path;
}
// ...
}
private static void usage() {
System.err.println("Usage: SAXLocalNameCount <file.xml>");
System.err.println(" -usage or -help = this message");
System.exit(1);
}
Document object model:

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platformand language-
independent interface that treats an XML or HTML document as a tree
structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The
DOM represents a document with a logical tree. Each branch of the tree ends in a
node, and each node contains objects. DOM methods allow programmatic access
to the tree; with them one can change the structure, style or content of a document.
Nodes can have event handlers attached to them. Once an event is triggered, the
event handlers get executed.
To render a document such as a HTML page, most web browsers use an internal
model similar to the DOM. The nodes of every document are organized in a tree
structure, called the DOM tree, with the topmost node named as "Document
object". When an HTML page is rendered in browsers, the browser downloads the
HTML into local memory and automatically parses it to display the page on screen
1. Window Object: Window Object is at always at top of hierarchy.

2. Document object: When HTML document is loaded into a window, it
becomes a document object.
3. Form Object: It is represented by form tags.
4. Link Objects: It is represented by link tags.
5. Anchor Objects: It is represented by a href tags.
6. Form Control Elements:: Form can have many control elements such as text
fields, buttons, radio buttons, and checkboxes, etc.
Methods of document object:

1. write(“string”): writes the given string on the document.
2. getElementById(): returns the element having the given id value.
3. getElementsByName(): returns all the elements having the given name value.
4. getElementsByTagName(): returns all the elements having the given tag
name.
5. getElementsByClassName(): returns all the elements having the given class
name.
Example:
<Table>
<ROWS>
<TR>
<TD>Car</TD>
<TD>Scooter</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>MotorBike</TD>
<TD>Bus</TD>
</TR>
</ROWS>
</Table>
Example:
<html>
<head>
<title>DOM Tests</title>
<script>
functionsetBodyAttr(attr, value){
if(document.body) document.body[attr]= value;
elsethrownewError("no support");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div style="margin:.5in;height:400px;">
<p><b><tt>text</tt></b></p>
<form>
<select onChange="setBodyAttr('text',
this.options[this.selectedIndex].value);">
<option value="black">black</option>
<option value="red">red</option>
</select>
<p><b><tt>bgColor</tt></b></p>
<select onChange="setBodyAttr('bgColor',
<option value="white">white</option>
<option value="lightgrey">gray</option>
</select>
<p><b><tt>link</tt></b></p>
<select onChange="setBodyAttr('link',
<option value="blue">blue</option>
<option value="green">green</option>
</select>
<small>
<a href="http://some.website.tld/page.html"id="sample">
(sample link)
</a>
</small><br />
<input type="button"value="version"onclick="ver()"/>
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
XSLT:
XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language for

transforming XML documents into other XML documents, or other formats such
as HTML for web pages, plain text or XSL Formatting Objects,
Example:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match="/">
<html>
<body>
<h2>My CD Collection</h2>
<table border="1">
<tr bgcolor="#9acd32">
<th>Title</th>
<th>Artist</th>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select="catalog/cd">
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select="title"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="artist"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
XPATH:
XPath is a W3C Recommendation that is used for identifying elements, attributes,
text and other nodes within an XML document. ... In XSLT, XPath is used to
match nodes from the source document for output templates via the match attribute
of the xsl:template tag
XPath expressions can also be used in JavaScript, Java, XML Schema, PHP,
Python, C and C++, and lots of other languages.
Syntax:
<xsl:template match="SOME_XPATH">
XPath is also used in the xsl:value-of tag to specify elements, attributes and text to
decide what to output.
<xsl:value-of select="SOME_XPATH"/>
Example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="XPaths.xsl"?>
<BusinessLetter>
<Head>
<SendDate>November 29, 2011</SendDate>
<Recipient>
<Name Title="Mr.">
<FirstName>Joshua</FirstName>
<LastName>Lockwood</LastName>
</Name>
<Company>Lockwood & Lockwood</Company>
<Address>
<Street>291 Broadway Ave.</Street>
<City>New York</City>
<State>NY</State>
<Zip>10007</Zip>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Address>
</Recipient>
</Head>
<Body>
<List>
<Heading>
Along with this letter, I have enclosed the
following items:
</Heading>
<ListItem>
two original, execution copies of the Webucator
Master Services Agreement
</ListItem>
<ListItem>
two original, execution copies of the Webucator
Premier Support for
Developers Services Description between
Lockwood & Lockwood and Webucator, Inc.
</ListItem>
</List>
<Para>Please sign and return all four original, execution copies to
me at
your earliest convenience. Upon receipt of the executed copies,
we will
immediately return a fully executed, original copy of both
agreements
to you.</Para>
<Para>
Please send all four original execution copies to my attention as follows:
<Person>
<Name>
<FirstName>Bill</FirstName>
<LastName>Smith</LastName>
</Name>
<Address>
<Company>Webucator, Inc.</Company>
<Street>4933 Jamesville Rd.</Street>
<City>Jamesville</City>
<State>NY</State>
<Zip>13078</Zip>
<Country>USA</Country>
</Address>
</Person>
</Para>
<Para>If you have any questions, feel free to call me at
<Phone>800-555-1000 x123</Phone> or e-mail me at
<Email>[email protected]</Email>.</Para>
</Body>
<Foot>
<Closing>
<Name>
<FirstName>Bill</FirstName>
<LastName>Smith</LastName>
</Name>
<JobTitle>VP of Operations</JobTitle>
</Closing>
</Foot>
</BusinessLetter>
UNIT-IV
SOAP:
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a message protocol that allows
distributed elements of an application to communicate.SOAP can be carried over a
variety of lower-level protocols, including the web-related Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
WSDL:
WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language. It is the standard format for
describing a web service. WSDL is a language for describing how to interface with
XML-based services the language that UDDI uses.
The SOAP Model:

SOAP Message:
SOAP provides the Messaging Protocol layer of a web services protocol stack
for web services. It is an XML-based protocol consisting of three parts:
an envelope, which defines the message structure and how to process it. a set of
encoding rules for expressing instances of application-defined datatypes.
Example:

<SOAP-ENV:Envelopexmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-
envelope"
SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-encoding">
<SOAP-ENV:Header>
...
...
</SOAP-ENV:Header>
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
...
...
<SOAP-ENV:Fault>
...
...
</SOAP-ENV:Fault>
...
</SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP_ENV:Envelope>
SOAP Envelope:
The SOAP envelope contains two parts: An optional header providing information
on authentication, encoding of data, or how a recipient of a SOAP message should
process the message. The body that contains the message.
Example
<?xmlversion="1.0"?>
<soap:Envelope
xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope/"
soap:encodingStyle="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-encoding">
...
Message information goes here
...
</soap:Envelope>
SOAP Header:
The SOAP <Header> is an optional element in a SOAP message. It is used to
pass application-related information that is to be processed by SOAP nodes along
the message path. The immediate child elements of the <Header> element are
called header blocks.
Example:

<SOAP-ENV:Envelope
xmlns:SOAP-ENV=" http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope"
SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle=" http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-encoding">
<SOAP-ENV:Header>
<t:Transaction
xmlns:t="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/transaction/"
SOAP-ENV:mustUnderstand="true">5
</t:Transaction>
</SOAP-ENV:Header>
...
...
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
SOAP Body:
The SOAP body is a mandatory element that contains the application-defined
XML data being exchanged in the SOAP message. ... The body is defined as a
child element of the envelope, and the semantics for the body are defined in the
associated SOAP schema.
Example
?xml version ="1.0"?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
........
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
<m:GetQuotationxmlns:m="http://www.tp.com/Quotation">
<m:Item>Computers</m:Item>
</m:GetQuotation>
</SOAP-ENV:Body>
SOAP Faults:
The optional SOAP Fault element is used to indicate error messages. The SOAP
Fault element holds errors and status information for a SOAP message. If
a Fault element is present, it must appear as a child element of the Body element.
A Fault element can only appear once in a SOAP message.
Example:
<?xmlversion="1.0"?>
<soap:Envelope
xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope/"
<soap:Header>
...
</soap:Header>
<soap:Body>
...
<soap:Fault>
...
</soap:Fault>
</soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
SOAP ENCODNG:
SOAP Encoding is an extension of the SOAP framework specification that
defines how a data value should be encoded in an XML format. SOAP Data
Model is defined as an adjunct in SOAP 1.2 specification. SOAP encoding offers
the following rules to convert any data value defined in SOAP data model into
XML format.
Example:
<?xml version ='1.0' encoding ='UTF-8'?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope
xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:getPriceResponse
xmlns:ns1="urn:examples:priceservice"
<returnxsi:type="xsd:double">54.99</return>
</ns1:getPriceResponse>
</SOAP-ENV:Body>
SOAP RPC :
RPC stands for Remote Procedure Call. XML-RPC is among the
simplest and most foolproof web service approaches that makes it easy for
computers to call procedures on other computers.
XML-RPC consists of three relatively small parts:
 XML-RPC data model : A set of types for use in passing parameters,
return values, and faults (error messages).
 XML-RPC request structures : An HTTP POST request containing
method and parameter information.
 XML-RPC response structures : An HTTP response that contains return
values or fault information.
POST /sayHello HTTP/1.1

POST: api.example.com
Content-Type: application/json
{"name": "Racey McRacerson"}
Using alternative SOAP encoding :
The way in which alternative SOAP encodings are handled is straightforward.
Instead of encoding header or body content according to the SOAP Data
Model, we simply encode according to the rules and constraints of our data
model and schema. In essence, we can just slide our own XML documents
into a SOAP message, providing we remember to specify
the encodingStyle attribute (and of course ensuring that the intended recipients
of the message can understand it). This style of SOAP encoding is known as
literal style and naturally suits the interchange of business-level documents
based on their existing schemas.
Example
xml version ='1.0' encoding ='UTF-8'?>

<SOAP-ENV:Envelope
xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:getPriceResponse
xmlns:ns1="urn:examples:priceservice"
<returnxsi:type="xsd:double">54.99</return>
</ns1:getPriceResponse>
</SOAP-ENV:Body>
SOAP Web service:

SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It is a XML-based protocol
for accessing web services.SOAP is a W3C recommendation for
communication between two applications.SOAP is XML based protocol. It is
platform independent and language independent. By using SOAP, you will be
able to interact with other programming language applications.
REST Architecture:
Representational state transfer (REST) is a software architectural style that
defines a set of constraints to be used for creating Web services. Web services
that conform to the REST architectural style, called RESTful Web services,
provide interoperability between computer systems on the Internet.
A Restful system consists of a:

 client who requests for the resources.
 server who has the resources.
Difference between soap 1.1 and soap 1.2:
The SOAP 1.2 specification introduces several changes to SOAP 1.1. This
information is not intended to be an in-depth description of all the new or
changed features for SOAP 1.1 and SOAP 1.2. Instead, this information
highlights some of the more important differences between the current
versions of SOAP.
SOAP 1.1 request:
POST /WSShakespeare.asmx HTTP/1.1

Host: www.xmlme.com
Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: length
SOAPAction: "http://xmlme.com/WebServices/GetSpeech"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
<soap:Body>
<GetSpeech xmlns="http://xmlme.com/WebServices">
<Request>string</Request>
</GetSpeech>
</soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
SOAP 1.2 request:
POST /WSShakespeare.asmx HTTP/1.1

Host: www.xmlme.com
Content-Type: application/soap+xml; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: length
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<soap12:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:soap12="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
<soap12:Body>
<GetSpeech xmlns="http://xmlme.com/WebServices">
<Request>string</Request>
</GetSpeech>
</soap12:Body>
</soap12:Envelope>
WSDL Structure:
A WSDL document defines services as collections of network endpoints, or
ports . In WSDL, the abstract definition of endpoints and messages is
separated from their concrete network deployment or data format bindings. ...
Binding – a concrete protocol and data format specification for a particular
port type.
Example:
Example:

<definitions
name="Guru99Service"
targetNamespace=http://example.org/math/
xmlns=http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/>

<types> ...
<message> ...
<portType> ...


<binding> ...
<service> ...
</definition>
The stock quote WSDL interface:
The types:
Element
Binding
Service
Managing WSDL description
Extending WSDL
ELEMENT:
The HTML <content> element—an obsolete part of the Web Components
suite of technologies—was used inside of Shadow DOM as an insertion point,
and wasn't meant to be used in ordinary HTML. ... The HTML
<frameset> element is used to contain <frame> elements.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
BINDING:
Binding is a process that allows an Internet user to manipulate Web page

elements using a Web browser. It employs dynamic HTML (hypertext
markup language) and does not require complex scripting or programming.
Syntax:
<ul data-bind="foreach: photos">
<li><img data-bind="attr: {src: $data.get('url')}"/></li>

</ul>
Example:
module.exports = classEditCompanyViewextendsBackbone.View
template: require "./templates/companies/edit"
initialize: () ->
@view = new EditCompanyViewModel()
@render()
render: () ->
$(@el).html(@template())
ko.applyBindings(@view, @el)
setData: (company) =>

@view.company(company)
classEditCompanyViewModel
constructor: ->
# let’s instantiate it with default company for bindings to work
@company = ko.observable(new Company())
@companyName = ko.computed
read: => @company.get('name')
write: (value) => @company.set('name': value)
@companyState = ko.computed
read: => @company.get('state')
write: (value) => @company.set('state': value)
@companyWebsite = ko.computed
read: => @company.get('url')
write: (value) => @company.set('url': value)
@saveCompany = () =>
@company.save()
SERVICE:
Web services are XML-based information exchange systems that use the
Internet for direct application-to-application interaction.
A web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for
exchanging data between applications or systems.
Managing WSDL description:
WSDL is often used in combination with SOAP and XML Schema to provide
web services over the Internet. A client program connecting to a web
service can read the WSDL to determine what functions are available on the
server. Any special datatypes used are embedded in the WSDL file in the
form of XML Schema.
Example:


<definitions
name="Guru99Service"
targetNamespace=http://example.org/math/
xmlns=http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/>

<types> ...
<message> ...
<portType> ...


<binding> ...
<service> ...
</definition>
Extending WSDL:
Web services have received significant attention recently as many companies
including Microsoft are pushing this technology. Web services have many
attractive features such as using standard protocols including SOAP,WSDL
and UDDI.
Example:
class formatDate extends Date {
getFormattedDate() {
const months = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun',
'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'];
return `${this.getDate()}-${months[this.getMonth()]}-
${this.getFullYear()}`;
}
console.log(new formatDate('August 19, 1975

23:15:30').getFormattedDate());
// expected output: "19-Aug-1975"
Using SOAP and WSDL:
It is used to access Web pages or to surf the Net. HTTP ensures that you do
not have to worry about what kind of Web server -- whether Apache or IIS or
any other -- serves you the pages you are viewing or whether the pages you
view were created in ASP.NET or HTML.
SOAP Request:
Host: www.bookshop.org
Content-Length: nnn
<soap:Envelope
xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope"
<soap:Body xmlns:m="http://www.bookshop.org/prices">
<m:GetBookPrice>
<m:BookName>The Fleamarket</m:BookName>
</m:GetBookPrice>
</soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
SOAP response:
Host: www.bookshop.org
Content-Length: nnn
<soap:Envelope
xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope"
<soap:Body xmlns:m="http://www.bookshop.org/prices">
<m:GetBookPriceResponse>
<m: Price>10.95</m: Price>
</m:GetBookPriceResponse>
</soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
WSDL:
WSDL is a document that describes a Web service and also tells you how to access
and use its method
Example
<?xml version="1.0" enco
ding="UTF-8"?>
<definitions name ="DayOfWeek"
targetNamespace="http://www.roguewave.com/soap
worx/examples/DayOfWeek.wsdl"
xmlns:tns="http://www.roguewave.com/soapworx/ex
amples/DayOfWeek.wsdl"
xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/
"
xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/">
<message name="DayOfWeekInput">
<part name="date" type="xsd:date"/>
</message>
<message name="DayOfWeekResponse">
<part name="dayOfWeek" type="xsd:string"/>
</message>
<portType name="DayOfWeekPortType">
<operation name="GetDayOfWeek">
<input message="tns:DayOfWeekInput"/>
<output message="tns:DayOfWeekResponse"/>
</operation>
</portType>
<binding name="DayOfWeekBinding" type="tns:Da
yOfWeekPortType">
<soap:binding style="document"
transport="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/http"/
>
<operation name="GetDayOfWeek">
<soap:operation soapAction="getdayofweek"/>
<input>
<soap:body use="encoded"
namespace="http://www.roguewave.com/soapw
orx/examples"
encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soa
p/encoding/"/>
</input>
<output>
<soap:body use="encoded"
namespace="http://www.roguewave.com/soapw
orx/examples"
encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/so
ap/encoding/"/>
</output>
</operation>
</binding>
<service name="DayOfWeekService" >
<documentation>
Returns the day-of-week name for a given date
</documentation>
<port name="DayOfWeekPort" binding="tns:DayO
fWeekBinding">
<soap:address location="http://localhost:8090/day
ofweek/DayOfWeek"/>
</port>
</service>
</definitions>
UNIT-V
UDDI:
UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration. Is an
XML-based standard for describing, publishing, and finding web services.
UDDI is an open industry initiative, enabling businesses to discover each
other and define how they interact over the Internet.
The UDDI Business Registry:
The UDDI Business Registry (UBR) is a global implementation of
the UDDI specification. The UBR is a single registry for Web services. A
group of companies operate and host UBR nodes, each of which is an
identical copy of all other nodes.
The UDDI under covers:
As such the data structures used by UDDI provide not only technical interface
information about a service itself, but also information necessary to classify,
manage, and locate services. depicts the interrelationships between the core
UDDI data structures.
 Business Identification - Multiple names and descriptions of the business,

comprehensive contact information, and standard business identifiers such as
a tax identifier.
 Categories - Standard categorization information (for example a D-U-N-S
business category number).
 Service Description - Multiple names and descriptions of a service. As a
container for service information, companies can advertise numerous
services, while clearly displaying the ownership of services.
The bindingTemplate information describes how to access the service.
 Standards Compliance - In some cases it is important to specify
compliance with standards. These standards might display detailed
technical requirements on how to use the service.
 Custom Categories - It is possible to publish proprietary specifications
(tModels) that identify or categorize businesses or services.
Example:
<bindingTemplateserviceKey="uuid:D6F1B765-BDB3-4837-828D-
8284301E5A2A"
bindingKey="uuid:C0E6D5A8-C446-4f01-99DA-70E212685A40">
<description>Hello World SOAP Binding</description>
<accessPointURLType="http">http://localhost:8080</accessPoint>
<tModelInstanceDetails>
<tModelInstanceInfotModelKey="uuid:EB1B645F-CF2F-491f-811A-
4868705F5904">
<instanceDetails>
<overviewDoc>
<description>
references the description of the WSDL service definition
</description>
<overviewURL>
http://localhost/helloworld.wsdl
</overviewURL>
</overviewDoc>
</instanceDetails>
</tModelInstanceInfo>
</tModelInstanceDetails>
</bindingTemplate>
Accessing UDDI:
UDDI is itself a Web service and as such, applications can communicate with an
UDDI registry by sending and receiving XML messages. This makes the access
both language and platform independent.
Although it's possible, it is unlikely that programmers will deal with the low-level
details of sending and receiving XML messages.
UDDI Overview:
UDDI is an XML-based standard for describing, publishing, and

finding web services. UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery, and
Integration. UDDI is a specification for a distributed registry of web services.
... UDDI uses Web Service Definition Language(WSDL) to describe interfaces
to web services.
 UDDI white pages: basic information such as a company name, address, and phone
numbers, as well as other standard business identifiers like Dun & Bradstreet and
tax numbers.
 UDDI yellow pages: detailed business data, organized by relevant business
classifications. The UDDI version of the yellow pages classifies businesses
according to the newer NAICS (North American Industry Classification System)
codes, as opposed to the SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) codes.
 UDDI green pages: information about a company's key business processes, such as
operating platform, supported programs, purchasing methods, shipping and billing
requirements, and other higher-level business protocols.
Example:
POST /save_business HTTP/1.1
Host: www.XYZ.com
Content-Type: text/xml; charset ="utf-8"
Content-Length: nnnn
SOAPAction:"save_business"
<?xml version ="1.0" encoding ="UTF-8"?>

<Envelope xmlns ="http://schemas/xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
<Body>
<save_business generic="2.0" xmlns ="urn:uddi-org:api_v2">
<businessKey ="">
</businessKey>
<name>
XYZ,PvtLtd.
</name>
<description>
Companyis involved in giving Stat-of-the-art....
</description>
<identifierBag>...</identifierBag>
...
</save_business>
</Body>
</Envelope>
Web services:
A Web service is a software service used to communicate between two
devices on a network. More specifically, a Web service is a software
application with a standardized way of providing interoperability between
disparate applications. It does so over HTTP using technologies such as
XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI.
Components of Web Services:

 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
 UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration)
 WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
Web services conversation language:

Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL) Web Services
Conversation Language (WSCL) allows the business level conversations or
public processes supported by a Web service to be defined. WSCL specifies
the XML documents being exchanged, and the allowed sequencing of these
document exchanges
.
WSCL Interface components:
Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL) allows the business
level conversations or public processes supported by a Web service to be
defined. WSCL specifies the XML documents being exchanged, and the
allowed sequencing of these document exchanges.
Example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xs:schema

xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
elementFormDefault="qualified" xmlns:m="http://money.example.org"
targetNamespace="http://money.example.org"><xs:complexType
name="money"><xs:sequence><xs:element name="currency"
type="xs:string"/><xs:element name="value"
type="xs:decimal"/></xs:sequence></xs:complexType><xs:element
name="money" type="m:money"/></xs:schema
Relationship between WSDL and WSCL:
WSCL is a capable, if minimal interface description language. It is based on
the notion of being able to represent a conversation as a state machine, which
is then itself represented in an XML form.
The protocols used to enable the sending and receipt of messages.Services:
The concrete service implementation that provides a network accessible
address for a particular protocol at which the given message set is
understood—i.e., the location of an instance of the Web service.
Business process management:
Business Process Management (BPM) is a new IT framework for
visualizing, improving, and executing new or existing processes. Fujitsu has
introduced Web-service integration technology for this new framework. This
paper introduces Web-service integration technology.
Workflow:
Workflows can also have more complex dependencies; for example if a document
is to be translated into several languages, a translation manager could select the
languages and each selection would then be activated as a work order form for a
different translator. Only when all the translators have completed their respective
tasks would the next task in the process be activated. It is process management
from top level to lower level.
Workflow management system:
Workflow management systems provide a n t o mat ed framework for
managing intra- a nd inter- enterprise business processes,There are two
types of tasks in the system: transactional and non-transactional .
Business process execution language for web services:

BPELWS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) is
a process modeling language. It supersedes XLANG (Microsoft) and
WSFL(IBM). It is built on top of WSDL. Today BPEL represents the widely
accepted standard in web service composition.

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SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE

(Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Course: MCA Year:II Semester:IV

Course Material on:

Ms.S.Lavanya, MCA., M.Phil.,

Month & Year: MARCH – 2020

Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.

A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

<h1>My first PHP page</h1>

Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).

Note: However; all variable names are case-sensitive!

Comments can be used to:

 Let others understand your code

PHP supports several ways of commenting:

Syntax for single-line comments:

# This is also a single-line comment

Syntax for multiple-line comments:

Using comments to leave out parts of the code:

Variables are "containers" for storing information.

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

Think of variables as containers for storing data.

Rules for PHP variables:

Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!

The following example will output the sum of two variables:

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

PHP Variables Scope:

PHP has three different variable scopes:

Variable with global scope:

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

Variable with local scope:

// using x outside the function will generate an error

PHP The global Keyword

The example above can be rewritten like this:

PHP The static Keyword

Note: The variable is still local to the function.

Create a variable named txt and assign the value "Hello".

PHP echo and print Statements

PHP echo and print Statements

echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

The PHP print Statement

print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

PHP supports the following data types:

A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".

An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.

Rules for integers:

 An integer must have at least one digit

A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

// show object properties

Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.

Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:

Flow control in PHP

echo "Enter a number: ";

while ($i < 5) {

$seasons = ["Spring", "Summer", "Autumn", "Winter"];

while (list($idx , $val) = each($seasons)) {

$days = [ "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday",

Exponentiation $x $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th