11 LTE Radio Network Planning Introduction

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LTE Radio Network Planning Introduction

www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Agenda
1 2 3 4 LTE RNP Overview LTE RNP Dimensioning LTE Co-location Solution LTE Deployment Strategy
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Huawei Confidential
Page 2
Huawei LTE Radio Network Planning Main Steps

Dimensioning
Inputs: Coverage, Capacity & Service Requirement Outputs: eNodeB coverage radius and site numbers based on capacity calculation
Preplanning
Inputs: Calculated coverage radius, digital

map and subscriber distribution information
Detailed Planning
Outputs: Preliminary eNodeB numbers
Inputs: Coverage target and site survey result Outputs: Actual site location and engineering parameters
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Detail LTE Radio Network Planning

Preparation
Agreement achieved by the operator and Huawei
n Coverage area (Dense urban, Urban, Suburban ) n Quality objective (QoS criteria) n Capacity requirement (Subscriber, traffic model) n Link budget parameters (Penetration loss, Propagation model)
Huawei deliver
nBackground Interference Test (optional) n Propagation model tuning (optional) n Link budget n Capacity dimensioning n Site numbers/configuration n Cell radius in each morphology n Network development solution
The output of dimensioning is important criteria to assess RNP solution
n Site location/ RF parameters configurations n Search ring specifications n prediction & Simulation n Cluster definition for project management
Nominal Planning
The operator provides: Naming conventions Existing sites information
Detailed Planning
n Site survey/candidate site search n Neighbor cell configuration nCell parameters configuration n Algorithm configuration
Network Deployment
Huawei Confidential
Page 4
LTE RNP Output Overview

Input
Coverage Requirement
-- Coverage Area -- Polygon Definition -- Cell Edge Throughput -- Coverage Probability
Output
Site Type
Power/Channel
eNodeB Number
Capacity Requirement
-- Frequency bandwidth -- Subscriber forecast -- Traffic Model
Active Users
S1&X2 Throughput
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
Agenda
1 2 LTE RNP Overview LTE RNP Dimensioning
Coverage Dimensioning Capacity Dimensioning Active User Dimensioning S1&X2 Dimensioning
3 4
LTE Co-location Solution LTE Deployment Strategy

Huawei Confidential Page 6
LTE Radio Network Dimensioning Flow

Start Coverage Requirement Link Budget Cell Radius Capacity Requirement Capacity Dimensioning
Satisfy Capacity Requirement? Yes Active User/S1&X2 Dimensioning eNodeB Amount&Configuration End
No
Adjust eNodeB Number
Huawei Confidential
Page 7
Agenda
3 4

LTE Coverage Dimensioning Flow

n Aim of coverage dimensioning
- to obtain the cell radius - to estimate eNodeB number for coverage requirement
Start Link Budget Propagation Model Cell Radius eNodeB Coverage Area
Total Coverage Area/ eNodeB Coverage Area
eNodeB Number End

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Huawei Confidential Page 9
LTE Link Budget Procedure Uplink

Tx Power Other Gain UE Antenna Gain Slow fading margin Interference margin Body Loss
Gain Margin Loss
EIRP
Max. Allowed Path Loss
Power level
Penetration Loss
Path Loss Cable Loss BTS Ant Gain
Rx Sensitivity
Link segments
LTE Link Budget Procedure Downlink
Tx Power
Other Gain Cable Loss BTS Ant Gain
Slow fading margin
Gain Margin Loss
Interference margin
Max. Allowed Path Loss
EIRP
Power level
Path Loss
Objective: Max. Allowed Path Loss
Penetration Loss
Rx Sensitivity
Body Loss
UE Ant Gain
Link segments
Coverage Comparison b/w HSPA+ and LTE

Downlink Cell Edge Throughput Comparison
8000 7056
Cell Edge Throughput(kbps)
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 256 643 512 2690 1397 3634 2528 1024
LTE 2.6G has much better coverage in DL than HSPA+ 2.1G; But HSPA+ 2.1G has better coverage in UL than LTE 2.6G. LTE can reuse existing 3G sites, no additional LTE alone sites are required at the beginning of LTE deployment.
Uplink Cell Radius Comparison
HSPA+2.1G@5MHz 0 LTE2.6G@5MHz LTE2.6G@20MHz 0.90(km) 0.56(km) 0.36(km)
0.7 0.6
0.67 0.59 0.46 0.46 0.49 0.41 0.41 0.35 0.35
Cell Radius Cell Radius(km)
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
HSPA+2.1G@5MHz 0 LTE2.6G@5MHz LTE2.6G@20MHz 128kbps 256kbps 512kbps
Cell Edge Throughput
Huawei Confidential
Page 12
Agenda
3 4

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Flow

Start Configuration Analysis Cell Average Throughput Calculation
Traffic Model Analysis
Subscribers Supported per Cell eNodeB Number

(initialized by Coverage Dimensioning)
Total Subscribers
Satisfy Capacity Requirement? Yes eNodeB Number
No
Adjust eNodeB Number
End
Huawei Confidential
Page 14
LTE Cell Average Throughput Calculation Input

Scenario Parameters
Output
Morphology Sectorization Bandwidth
MC Parameters snapshot numbers Schedule Strategy
Cell Average Throughput
Cell Parameters Carrier Frequency Carrier power
MonteCarlo Simulation
Huawei Confidential
Page 15
LTE Cell Average Throughput

n LTE 2600MHz Cell Average Throughput with different bandwidth
Frequency Bandwidth Scenario Urban Suburban Urban Suburban Urban Suburban 20MHz Urban Suburban Cell Average Throughput Peak ThroughputMulti-users DL(Mbps) 8.173 6.266 16.918 12.971 25.546 19.587 34.344 26.332 UL(Mbps) 4.715 3.342 9.761 6.918 14.739 10.446 19.814 14.044 DL(Mbps) 43 43 86 86 129 129 172 172 UL(Mbps) 39 39 55 55 126 126 165 165
5MHz
10MHz 2600MHz 15MHz
n Capacity comparison with different frequency band

LTE Cell Average Throughput (Urban) Frequency Band (MHz) 2600 1800 800 Bandwidth (MHz) 20 20 20 DL (Mbps) 34.344 34.719 35.218 UL (Mbps) 19.814 21.675 24.704
Huawei Confidential
Page 16
Capacity Comparison b/w HSPA+ and LTE

UL Cell Average Throughput(Mbps)
20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 HSUPA 10ms HSUPA 2ms HSUPA 16QAM LTE 5 MHz LTE 10MHz LTE 20MHz
DL Cell Average Throughput(Mbps)

LTE 20MHz 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 HSPA (16QAM) HSPA+ (64QAM) HSPA+ (MIMO) HSPA+ (MIMO+64QAM) HSPA+ (DC+64QAM) LTE 5MHz LTE 10MHz
HSPA+ (DC+16QAM)
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
Traffic Model Analysis

UL Traffic Parameters Bearer Rate (Kbps) 26.90 62.53 62.53 15.63 62.53 140.69 250.11 PPP Session Time(s) 108 36 1800 7 1800 600 1200 PPP Session Duty Ratio 0.6 1 1 0.2 0.05 1 1 BHSA 0.2 5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 BLER 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% Bearer Rate (Kbps) 26.90 62.53 62.53 15.63 250.11 750.34 750.34 DL PPP Session Time(s) 108 36 1800 7 1800 600 1200 PPP Session Duty Ratio 0.6 1 1 0.2 0.05 1 1 BLER 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
VoIP Video Phone Video Conference IMS Signalling Web Browsing File Transfer P2P file sharing User Behavior Video Conference IMS Signalling Web Browsing File Transfer Email P2P file sharing Total
Traffic Penetration Ratio 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 20.00% 10.00% 20.00% -
Busy Hour Throughput Per User (bps) UL 6316 31 632 4737 395 33685 8355 DL 6316 31 2526 25264 632 101055 27853
Traffic Model varies from different operators which is mainly used to calculate Busy Hour Throughput per User.
Traffic Model Comparison b/w LTE and UMTS

Standard UMTS Traffic Model
Service type Voice CS64 PS64 PS128 PS384 CS over HSPA VoIP over HSPA HSPA Unit Erl/BH Erl/BH Kbit/BH Kbit/BH Kbit/BH Erl/BH Erl/BH Kbit/BH UL Throughput 0.0400 0.000320 460.80 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 5299.20 DL Throughput 0.0400 0.000320 69.12 1105.92 207.36 0.0000 0.0000 15897.60 VOIP Video Phone Other PS Traffic Total UL Traffic Total DL Traffic
Standard LTE Traffic Model

Unit mErl/BH mErl/BH Kbps Kbps Kbps Value 40 10 50 11.27 41.27
n UMTS traffic model is much more complex than that of LTE because there are many
kinds of CS and PS services in UMTS. n There are only PS services (even VOIP and Video Phone) in LTE so that LTE traffic model can be very simple;
Huawei Confidential
Page 19
LTE Capacity Dimensioning Case Study

Step 1
DL Cell Average Capacity
a 34.344Mbps/cell
Step 2
Designed DL Cell Loading
b 50% Cell loading assumed
Step 3
Designed DL Cell Capacity
c = a x b =17.127Mpbs
Assumptions: S111 20MHz 20kbps per user in DL Peak to Average Ratio 20% in BH
Step 4
Peak to Average Ratio
d 20%
Step 5
Average DL BH Throughput/sub.
e 20kbps
Step 6
Sector number per site
f 3 sectors
Step 7
Subscribers supported in a site
g = c * f / (1+d)/e = 2140 subscribers
Huawei Confidential
Page 20
Agenda
3 4

Active User Dimensioning

Active User Definition
Active users is also called RRC-Connected Users which refer to the users having a RRC connection with the network Directly influences eNodeB quotation and controlled by software license
PPP Session
Data call (session) WWW Data call (session) WWW
time
BHCA: Busy Hour Session Attempt PPP Time: Duration of PPP Session Ratio of RRC to PPP: Percentage of RRC during one PPP session Number of User: Number of users using service i
RRC_Connected (Active User)
RRC3
RRC
RRC1
RRC2 RRC_Idle
time
Packets
Packet2 Packet1 Packet3
time
Number _ ActiveUser _ i = BHSA * PPP _ Session _ Time * RatRrcToPPP * Number _ User / 3600
Total _ Number _ ActiveUser = Number _ ActiveUser _ i * Percentage _ Service _ i
i
Huawei Confidential
Page 22
Active User Dimensioning Case Study

User Parameter DL Ave data rate in packet( kbps) 128 500 300 50 220 300 UL Ave data rate in packet(k bps) 128 100 100 50 100 100
scene
UE Type
BHCA
PPPTime (s)
Percenta ge
RatRrcT oPPP
RatPack ToRrc
RatRrcT oPPP
RatPack ToRrc
Handset Dense Urban Data Card Wireless DSL Handset Urban Data Card Wireless DSL
1.4 2.5 1 1.3 2 0.8
300 300 2400 80 300 1800
70% 20% 10% 50% 30% 20%
1 0.8 0.9 1 0.8 0.6
0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.7
1 0.8 0.9 1 0.4 0.3
0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7
Dense Urban Parameter Throughput/User/BH (kbps) number of subscribers in one Site Num Active User Active Ratio Ave data rate /Active User (kbps) DL 31.9 398 70 0.18 181.5 43.5 UL 7.6 DL 17.4
Urban UL 3.6 800 82 0.10 169.8 34.8
=Min (Total number of Subscribers / Total number of eNodeBs, maximum subscribers supported considering traffic requirement)
Huawei Confidential
Page 23
Active User Dimensioning Case Study

User Behavior VoIP Video Phone Video Conference Real Time Gaming Streaming Media IMS Signalling Web Browsing File Transfer Email P2P File Sharing Traffic Penetration Ratio 100.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 20.00% 10.00% 20.00% BHSA 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 PPP Session Time(s) 108 36 1800 1800 3600 7 1800 600 50 1200 RatRrcToP PP 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Active Time 108.00 36.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 576.00 19.20 0.80 76.80
Active Time per Subscriber Active Factor per Subscriber Max. Subscriber Number Supported per Site Actual Subscriber Number per Site Active User Number per Site
816.80 0.23 860.00 135.00 30.63
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Agenda
3 4

S1&X2 Interface of LTE

2G/3G: Legacy Architecture LTE: Flat Architecture
MSC/SGSN/GGSN
BSC
RNC
BTS
BTS
NodeB
NodeB
Huawei Confidential
Page 26
S1&X2 Dimensioning Case Study (1)

Traffic Ratio of UL == Traffic Ratio of UL 1/(1+4) = 20%
x
Traffic Ratio of DL == Traffic Ratio of DL 4/(1+4) = 80%
1) Uplink and downlink busy hour data traffic volume per subscriber is 25kbps 2) Traffic data ratio for uplink and downlink is 1:4 3) Peak to average traffic ratio is 1.2 4) Number of subscribers per eNodeB is 1000 5) Assuming IPV4 and IPsec with tunnel mode is used for IP over Ethernet transmission 6) Assuming the packet size is 300 bytes which means the ER is 1.37
Data Traffic Throughput/Subs. In Mac layer = Data Traffic/Subs *ER = 5 * 1.37 = 6.85(UL) Data Traffic Throughput/Subs. In Mac layer = Data Traffic/Subs *ER = 20 * 1.37 = 27.4kbps(DL) BH Data Traffic/Subs. (UL) Data Traffic/Subs. (UL) Data Traffic/Subs. (UL) == Data Traffic ofall QCI type/Subs. * * Data Traffic of all QCI type/Subs. = BH Data Traffic/Sub.*Traffic Ratio of UL Traffic Ratio of UL Traffic Ratio of UL = 25kbps * 20% =5kbps
x
BH Data Traffic/Subs. Data Traffic/Subs. (DL)(DL) Data Traffic/Subs. (DL) == Data Traffic ofall QCI type/Subs. * * Data Traffic of all QCI type/Subs. =BH Data Traffic/Subs.*Traffic Ratio of DL Traffic Ratio of DL Traffic Ratio of DL = 25kbps * 80% = 20kbps
Traffic Peak Ratio = 1.2 T_UL_Data Traffic/Subs. = 6.85*1.2 = 8.22kbps Subs/Site = 1000 T_UL_user plane/site = T_UL_Data Traffic/Subs. * Subs/site = 8.22 * 1000 = 8.22Mbps T_DL_user plane/site = T_DL_Data Traffic/Subs. * Subs/site = 32.88 * 1000 = 32.88Mbps T_DL_Data Traffic/Subs. = 27.4*1.2 = 32.88kbps
T_Total_user plane/site = T_UL_user plane/site + T_DL_user plane/site = 8.22 + 32.88 = 41.1Mbps
Huawei Confidential
Page 27
S1&X2 Dimensioning Case Study (2)

Control Plane
T _ control plane = T _ Total _ user _ Plane / Site * 2 = 41.1* 2% = 0.82Mbps
S1 Bandwidth
T _ S1 / Site = T _ control _ Plane / Site + T _ Total _ user _ plane / Site = 0.82 + 41.1 = 41.92 Mbps
X2 Bandwidth
T _ X 2 / Site = T _ S1 / Site * 3% = 41.92 * 3% = 1.26Mbps
Huawei Confidential
Page 28
Comparison between Iub and S1 Bandwidth

Iub Bandwidth
Input
Subscribers
Subs per NodeB
S1 Bandwidth
Output
Iub Bandwidth
Iub Dimensioning
CS Iub Bandwidth
Input
Uplink and downlink data Traffic per subs. Extension Ratio (ER)
S1 User Plane Dimensioning
Output
CS Traffic
Voice Traffic VP Traffic
PS Iub Bandwidth HSPA Iub Bandwidth
GoS Requirements
Throughput at Mac layer/Subs.
S1 user Plane Throughput
PS Traffic
PS64 Throughput PS128 Throughput PS384 Throughput
Bandwidth for Traffic Common Channel Bandwidth Signalling Bandwidth O&M Bandwidth
PS Retransmission
Peak to Average Ratio
Peak Throughput at Mac layer/Subs.
HSPA Traffic
Subscribers Per eNodeB
Peak Throughput at Mac layer/Site
IubTotal = Max [ IubCS _ Peak , ( IubPS + IubCS _ Average + IubHSPA )] + IubSignalling + IubCCH + IubO& M
S 1 = T _ user plane + T _ control plane = (1 + 2%) * T _ user plane
Huawei Confidential
Page 29
Agenda
Huawei Confidential
Page 30
LTE Co-location General Consideration

Co-existing Systems Interference
Guard band & isolation requirement
Installation Space Tower Load Impact on existing network

Coverage performance, optimization
Civil Work & Maintenance Cost

Reuse & replacing
etc
Huawei Confidential
Page 31
Typical Co-location Scenario - Separate Antenna & Feeder

Just taking wide-band for example Single-band 2600 (K80010541)
Advantages
No impact on the performance of existing network. Independent tilt and azimuth, independent network planning and optimization.
Disadvantages
Require more installation space for both antenna and feeder. Require higher tower load. Too many antennas, causing vision pollution.
Recommendation
The highest priority of 2G/3G 2G/3G LTE 2600 consideration
Existing equipments
Existing 2G/3G
2G/3G + LTE
Huawei Confidential
New equipments
Page 32
Typical Co-location Scenario - Separate Antenna, Shared Feeder

Advantages
Single-band 2600 (K80010541) Reusing existing feeder, no need additional space for new feeder. Independent tilt and azimuth, independent network planning and optimization.
Disadvantages
Require more antenna installation Combiner is required. space and higher tower load. Additional diplexer cost. Additional diplexer loss, negative impact on existing network Too many antennas, causing vision pollution.
Recommendation
2G/3G Applicable to impossible 2G/3G LTE additional feeder Existing equipments
Existing 2G/3G
2G/3G + LTE
Huawei Confidential
New equipments
Page 33
Typical Co-location Scenario - Shared Antenna, Separate Feeder

Multi-band without interior combiner (K80010544/ K80010622)
Advantages
No need additional space for new antenna . No or Small impact on performance of existing network.
Disadvantages
Require more feeder installation space. Replacing new antenna. Independent tilt but same azimuth, partly independent network planning and optimization.
Recommendation
New antenna should keep same beam width and gain for least 2G/3G 2G/3G LTE negative impact on existing network. Existing equipments
Existing 2G/3G
2G/3G + LTE
Huawei Confidential
New equipments
Page 34
Typical Co-location Scenario - Shared Antenna & Feeder (1)

Multi-band without interior combiner (K80010544/ K80010622)
Advantages
No need additional space for new antenna and feeder. Reusing existing feeder.
Disadvantages
Replacing new antenna. Independent tilt but same azimuth, partly independent network planning Combiner is required. and optimization. Additional diplexer cost and loss, negative impact on existing network.
Recommendation
New antenna should keep same beam width for least negative impact on existing network. 2G/3G RRU installed near the antenna. 2G/3G LTE Thicker feeder (optional). Existing equipments
Existing 2G/3G
2G/3G + LTE
Huawei Confidential
New equipments
Page 35
Typical Co-location Scenario - Shared Antenna & Feeder (2)

Advantages
Wide-band (K80010621) No need additional space for new antenna and feeder. Reusing existing feeder.
Disadvantages
Replacing new antenna or existing antenna is wide band. Combiner is required. Same tilt & azimuth, impossible independent network planning and optimization. Additional diplexer cost and loss, negative impact on existing network.
Recommendation
New antenna should keep same beam width for least negative impact on existing network. 2G/3G 2G/3G LTE It s not recommended if other solution is applicable. Existing equipments
Existing 2G/3G
2G/3G + LTE
Huawei Confidential
New equipments
Page 36
Agenda
Huawei Confidential
Page 37
LTE Multi-band Deployment Strategy

High frequency for capacity enhancement Low frequency for nation wide coverage
Throughput
l l l
Area
Urban/Hot Spot
GSM900, GSM1800 UMTS2100 LTE2600, LTE1800
l l l
Suburban
GSM900, GSM1800 UMTS2100 LTE1800
l l l
Rural/Remote
GSM900, GSM1800 UMTS2100 LTE900
Initiate LTE 2600, refarm GL1800/900 from urban to rural
Huawei Confidential
Page 38
LTE Multi-band Deployment Strategy

Shifting Voice Traffic to LTE
Shifting DATA Traffic to LTE
Shifting Voice Traffic to UMTS
Year X
Year X+1
Year X+2 Huawei Confidential
Year X+3 Page 39
LTE Deployment Strategy Case

Phase
Year X Year Y Year Z
Deployment Strategy
Description
Continuously cover Dense Urban area and some hotspots in Urban area such as CBD, malls, resorts, VIP area, Rich area and so on.
Extend to all Suburban area and Continuously cover all cities in Rural/Desert populated spots, as Urban area. Perform optimization well as highway to cover whole and introduce indoor DAS based country. Continue optimization on existing coverage area. and indoor DAS coverage.
Number of Sites
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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LTE Radio Network Planning Introduction

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Huawei LTE Radio Network Planning Main Steps

Inputs: Calculated coverage radius, digital

Outputs: Preliminary eNodeB numbers

Detail LTE Radio Network Planning

The output of dimensioning is important criteria to assess RNP solution

The operator provides: Naming conventions Existing sites information

LTE RNP Output Overview

LTE Co-location Solution LTE Deployment Strategy

LTE Radio Network Dimensioning Flow

Adjust eNodeB Number

LTE Co-location Solution LTE Deployment Strategy

LTE Coverage Dimensioning Flow

Total Coverage Area/ eNodeB Coverage Area

eNodeB Number End

LTE Link Budget Procedure Uplink

Gain Margin Loss

Path Loss Cable Loss BTS Ant Gain

LTE Link Budget Procedure Downlink

Other Gain Cable Loss BTS Ant Gain

Slow fading margin

Gain Margin Loss

Max. Allowed Path Loss

Objective: Max. Allowed Path Loss

Coverage Comparison b/w HSPA+ and LTE

Cell Edge Throughput(kbps)

HSPA+2.1G@5MHz 0 LTE2.6G@5MHz LTE2.6G@20MHz 0.90(km) 0.56(km) 0.36(km)

0.67 0.59 0.46 0.46 0.49 0.41 0.41 0.35 0.35

Cell Radius Cell Radius(km)

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

HSPA+2.1G@5MHz 0 LTE2.6G@5MHz LTE2.6G@20MHz 128kbps 256kbps 512kbps

Cell Edge Throughput

LTE Co-location Solution LTE Deployment Strategy

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Flow

Traffic Model Analysis

Subscribers Supported per Cell eNodeB Number

Satisfy Capacity Requirement? Yes eNodeB Number

Adjust eNodeB Number

LTE Cell Average Throughput Calculation Input

Morphology Sectorization Bandwidth

MC Parameters snapshot numbers Schedule Strategy

Cell Average Throughput

Cell Parameters Carrier Frequency Carrier power

LTE Cell Average Throughput

10MHz 2600MHz 15MHz

n Capacity comparison with different frequency band

Capacity Comparison b/w HSPA+ and LTE

DL Cell Average Throughput(Mbps)

Traffic Model Analysis

Traffic Penetration Ratio 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 20.00% 10.00% 20.00% -

Traffic Model Comparison b/w LTE and UMTS

Standard LTE Traffic Model

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Case Study

DL Cell Average Capacity

Designed DL Cell Loading

b 50% Cell loading assumed

Designed DL Cell Capacity