Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length i.

e 1/f (in metre). The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre (D).

Frequently Asked Questions on Light: Reflection and Refraction
Q1
Refractive index of diamond is 2.42 and that of carbon disulphide is 1.63.
Calculate refractive index of diamond with respect to carbon disulphide?
Refracitve index of diamond with respect to carbon disulphide will be 1.48.
Q2
An object kept at 20 cm from a spherical mirror gives rise to an image 15 cm
behind the mirror. What is the focal length of the mirror?
The focal length of the mirror is 60 cm.
Q3
A 3 cm high object is placed at a distance of 80 cm from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the size of the
image formed.

Question 1.
Which of the following can make a parallel beam of light when light from a point source is incident on it?
(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens
(b) Convex mirror as well as concave lens
(c) Two plane mirrors placed at 90° to each other
(d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens
Answer
Answer: (a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens

Question 2.
A 10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the awl pin is formed at
30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this mirror is
(a) -30 cm
(b) -20 cm
(c) -40cm
(d) -60 cm
Answer
Answer: (b) -20 cm

Question 3.
Under which of the following conditions a concave mirror can form an image larger than the actual object?
(a) When the object is kept at a distance equal to its radius of curvature
(b) When object is kept at a distance less than its focal length
(c) When object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature
(d) When object is kept at a distance greater than its radius of curvature
Answer
Answer: (c) When object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature
Question 4.
The diagrams showing the correct path of the ray after passing through the

(a) II and III only

(b) I and II only
(c) I, II and III
(d) I, II and IV
Answer
Answer: (c) I, II and III

Question 5.
A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in figure. The refractive index of medium B relative to A will
be

(a) greater than unity

(b) less than unity
(c) equal to unity
(d) zero
Answer
Answer: (a) greater than unity

Question 6.
Beams of light are incident through the holes A and B and emerge out of box through the holes C and D respectively
as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?

(a) A rectangular glass slab

(b) A convex lens
(c) A concave lens
(d) A prism
Answer
Answer: (a) A rectangular glass slab

Question 7.
A beam of light is incident through the holes on side A and emerges out of the holes on the other face of the box as
show in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?

(a) Concave lens

(b) Rectangular glass slab
(c) Prism
(d) Convex lens
Answer
Answer: (d) Convex lens

Question 8.
Which of the following statements is true?
(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(b) A convex lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(c) A concave lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(d) A concave lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m.
Answer
Answer: (a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m

Question 9.
Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted in vehicles
(a) is less than one
(b) is more than one
(c) is equal to one
(d) can be more than or less than one depending upon the position of the object in front of it.
Answer
Answer: (a) is less than one

Question 10.
Rays from Sun converge at a point 15 cm in front of a concave mirror. Where should an object be placed so that size
of its image is equal to the size of the object?
(a) 15 cm in front of the mirror
(b) 30 cm in front of the mirror
(c) between 15 cm and and 30 cm in front of the mirror
(d) more than 30 cm in front of the mirror
Answer
Answer: (b) 30 cm in front of the mirror

Question 11.
A full length image of a distant tall building can definitely be seen by using
(a) a concave mirror
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a plane mirror
(d) both concave as well as plane mirror
Answer
Answer: (b) a convex mirror

Click here to get an answer to your question   Round off the decimal 11.047 to the nearest tenth.
Question 12.
In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles the bulb is placed
(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector
(b) very near to the focus of the reflector
(c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the reflector
(d) at the centre of curvature of the reflector
Answer
Answer: (b) very near to the focus of the reflector

Question 13.
The laws of reflection hold good for
(a) plane mirror only
(b) concave mirror only
(c) convex mirror only
(d) all mirrors irrespective of their shape
Answer
Answer: (d) all mirrors irrespective of their shape

Question 14.
The path of a ray of light coming from air passing through a rectangular glass slab traced by four students are shown
as A, B, C and D in figure. Which one of them is correct?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
Answer
Answer: (b) B

Question 15.
You are given water, mustard oil, glycerine and kerosene. In which of these media a ray of light incident obliquely at
same angle would bend the most?
(a) Kerosene
(b) Water
(c) Mustard oil
(d) Glycerine
Answer
Answer: (d) Glycerine

Question 16.
Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the ray of light incident on a concave mirror as shown in figure?

(a) Fig. A
(b) Fig. B
(c) Fig. C
(d) Fig. D
Answer
Answer: (d) Fig. D

Question 17.
Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the ray of light incident on a lens shown in figure?

(a) Fig. A
(b) Fig. B
(c) Fig. C
(d) Fig. D
Answer
Answer: (a) Fig. A

Question 18.
A child is standing in front of a magic mirror. She finds the image of her head bigger, the middle portion of her body of
the same size and that of the legs smaller. The following is the order of combinations for the magic mirror from the
top.
(a) Plane, convex and concave
(b) Convex, concave and plane
(c) Concave, plane and convex
(d) Convex, plane and concave
Answer
Answer: (c) Concave, plane and convex

Question 19.
In which of the following, the image of an object placed at infinity will be highly diminished and point sized?
(a) Concave mirror only
(b) Convex mirror only
(c) Convex lens only
(d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and convex lens
Answer
Answer: (d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and convex lens

Question 20.
Light travel fastest in
(a) Water
(b) Air
(c) Glass
(d) Diamond
Answer
Answer: (b) Air
Question 21.
A student used a device (X) to obtain/focus the image of a well illuminated distant building on a screen (S) as shown
alongside in the diagram. Select the correct statement about the device (X).

(a) This device is a concave lens of focal length 8 cm.

(b) This device is a convex mirror of focal length 8 cm.
(c) This device is a convex lens of focal length 4 cm.
(d) This device is a convex lens of focal length 8 cm.
Answer
Answer: (d) This device is a convex lens of focal length 8 cm.

Question 22.
A student obtains a sharp image of the distant window (W) of the school laboratory on the screen (S) using the given
concave mirror (M) to determine its focal length. Which of the following distances should he measure to get the focal
length of the mirror?

(a) MW
(b) MS
(c) SW
(d) MW- WS
Answer
Answer: (b) MS

Question 23.
The mirror having reflection surface curved outward
(a) plane mirror
(b) concave mirror
(c) convex mirror
(d) cylindrical mirror
Answer
Answer: (c) convex mirror

Question 24.
The mirror having reflecting surface curved inwards
(a) plane mirror
(b) convex mirror
(c) cylindrical mirror
(d) concave mirror
Answer
Answer: (d) concave mirror

Question 25.
The mirror used as rear-view mirror in vehicles
(a) convex mirror
(b) plane mirror
(c) cylindrical mirror
(d) concave mirror
Answer
Answer: (a) convex mirror

Question 26.
The deviation of light ray from its path when it travels from one transparent medium to another transparent medium is
called
(a) reflection
(b) refraction
(c) dispersion
(d) scattering
Answer
Answer: (b) refraction

Question 27.
Convex lens is also known as
(a) converging lens
(b) diverging lens
(c) radial lens
(d) axial lens
Answer
Answer: (a) converging lens

Question 28.
The image which is formed behind the mirror
(a) real image
(b) virtual image
(c) blue image
(d) partial image
Answer
Answer: (b) virtual image
Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 MCQ With Answers Pdf Question 1. An object is placed at a distance of
0.25 m
in front of a plane mirror. The distance between the object and image will be
(a) 0.25 m
(b) 1.0 m
(c) 0.5 m
(d) 0.125 m
Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:
(c) Distance between object and image = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 m

MCQ On Light Class 10 Question 2. The angle of incidence for a ray of light having zero reflection angle is
(a) 0
(b) 30°
(c) 45°
(d) 90°
Answer/Explanation
Answer: a
Explanation:
(a) For reflecting surface ∠i = ∠r

MCQ Questions On Light Class 10 Question 3. For a real object, which of the following can produce a real image?
(a) Plane mirror
(b) Concave mirror
(c) Concave lens
(d) Convex mirror
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) Only concave mirror can produces a real image for the any position of object between its focus and infinity.

MCQ On Reflection Of Light Class 10 Question 4. Which of the following mirror is used by a dentist to examine a
small cavity?
(a) Convex mirror
(b) Plane mirror
(c) Concave mirror
(d) Combination of convex and concave mirror
Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:
(c) Concave mirror forms erect and enlarged image when held close to the cavity.

MCQ On Reflection And Refraction Of Light With Answers Pdf Question 5. An object at a distance of 30 cm from a
concave mirror gets its image at the same point. The focal length of the mirror is
(a) – 30 cm
(b) 30 cm
(c) – 15 cm
(d) +15 cm
Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:
(c) When object is placed at 2F, the image formed by concave mirror is also at 2F.
So 2F = -30 or F = -15 cm.

Light Class 10 MCQ With Answers Question 6. An object at a distance of + 15 cm is slowly moved towards the pole
of a convex mirror. The image will get
(a) shortened and real
(b) enlarged and real
(c) enlarge and virtual
(d) diminished and virtual
Answer/Explanation
Answer: d
Explanation:
(d) Convex mirror always formed virtual and diminished image.

MCQ Of Chapter Light Class 10 Question 7. A concave mirror of radius 30 cm is placed in water. It’s focal length in
air and water differ by
(a) 15
(b) 20
(c) 30
(d) 0
Answer/Explanation
Answer: d
Explanation:
(d) The focal length of spherical mirror does not depends on the surrounding medium.

Reflection And Refraction Questions And Answers Question 8. A concave mirror of focal length 20 cm forms an
image having twice the size of object. For the virtual position of object, the position of object will be at
(a) 25 cm
(b) 40 cm
(c) 10 cm
(d) At infinity
Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:
(c) For virtual image,

Multiple Choice Questions On Light Reflection And Refraction Question 9. The image formed by concave mirror is
real, inverted and of the same size as that of the object. The position of object should be
(a) at the focus
(b) at the centre of curvature
(c) between focus and centre of curvature
(d) beyond centre of curvature
Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:
(c) When object lies at C of a concave mirror, image is also formed at ‘C’ and having same size real and inverted.

Multiple Choice Questions On Light Class 10 Question 10. The nature of the image formed by concave mirror when
the object is placed between the focus (F) and centre of curvature (C) of the mirror observed by us is
(a) real, inverted and diminished
(b) virtual, erect and smaller in size
(c) real, inverted and enlarged
(d) virtual, upright and enlarged
Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Explanation:
(c) When object lies between C and F, the real, inverted and enlarged image is formed beyondC.

Light Chapter Physics Class 10 MCQ Question 11. The nature of image formed by a convex mirror when the object
distance from the mirror is less than the distance between pole and focal point (F) of the mirror would be
(a) real, inverted and diminished in size
(b) real, inverted and enlarged in size
(c) virtual, upright and diminished in size
(d) virtual, upright and enlarged in size
Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Explanation:
(c) Convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect diminished image irrespective of the position of object in front of it.

Reflection Of Light MCQ Pdf Question 12. If a man’s face is 25 cm in front of concave shaving mirror producing erect
image 1.5 times the size of face, focal length of the mirror would be
(a) 75 cm
(b) 25 cm
(c) 15 cm
(d) 60 cm
Answer/Explanation
Answer: a
Explanation:
(a) In concave shaving mirror, virtual erect and large size image, behind the mirror is obtained, using

Hence, focal length of concave mirror is 75 cm.

Multiple Choice Questions On Light Class 10 Question 13. As light travels from a rarer to a denser medium it will
have
(a) increased velocity
(b) decreased velocity
(c) decreased wavelength
(d) both (b) and (c)
Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Explanation:
(d) When light ray travel from rarer to denser medium, its velocity and wavelength both decrease as v = vλ.

MCQ On Refraction Of Light Question 14. The angle of incidence i and refraction r are equal in a transparent slab
when the value of i is
(a) 0°
(b) 45°
(c) 90°
(d) depend on the material of the slab
Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Explanation:
(a) When the incident ray falls normally on the glass slab, it will refracted without deviation, i.e. along the normal in
the glass slab. So, ∠i = ∠r = 0

Light Reflection And Refraction Class 10 Questions Question 15. The refractive index of transparent medium is
greater than one because
(a) Speed of light in vacuum < speed of light in tansparent medium (b) Speed of light in vacuum > speed of light in
tansparent medium
(c) Speed flight in vacuum = speed of light in tansparent medium
(d) Frequency of light wave changes when it moves from rarer to denser medium
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:

MCQs On Light Question 16. The refractive index of water is 1.33. The speed of light in water will be
(a) 1.33 × 108 m/s
(b) 3 × 108 m/s
(c) 2.26 × 108 m/s
(d) 2.66 × 108 m/s
Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:

Light Multiple Choice Questions And Answers Question 17. You are given three media A, B and C of refractive index
1.33, 1.65 and 1.46. The medium in which the light will travel fastest is
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) equal in all three media
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
So, the light will travel faster in a medium having lower refractive index.

MCQ Of Light Reflection And Refraction Class 10 Question 18. Light from the Sun falling on a convex lens will
converge at a point called
(a) centre of curvature
(b) focus
(c) radius of curvature
(d) optical centre
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) The parallel ray coming from the sun, after refraction through the convex lens converge at its focus.

Light MCQ Class 10 Question 19. Large number of thin stripes of black paint are made on the surface of a convex
lens of focal length 20 cm to catch the image of a white horse. The image will be
(a) a zebra of black stripes
(b) a horse of black stripes
(c) a horse of less brightness
(d) a zebra of less brightness
Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:
(c) Complete image of the white horse is formed but of less intensity, the light falling on the curved portion will not
react at the image position.

Light Reflection And Refraction Class 10 Solutions Question 20. A divergent lens will produce
(a) always real image
(b) always virtual image
(c) both real and virtual image
(d) none of these
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) Diverging (concave) lens will always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image.

MCQ Of Light Class 10 Question 21. When object moves closer to convex lens, the image formed by it shift
(a) away from the lens
(b) towards the lens
(c) first towards and then away from the lens
(d) first away and then towards the lens
Answer/Explanation
Answer: a
Explanation:
(a) As object moves from infinity towards optical centre of the convex lens image is shifted away from its focal point
and towards infinity.

22. When object moves closer to a concave lens the image by it shift
(a) away from the lens on the same side of object
(b) toward the lens
(c) away from the lens on the other side of lens
(d) first towards and then away from the lens
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) When object infinity, image is formed at the focus of concave lens of object is moved towards lens, the image is
also moved from its focus towards lens and its size increase.

23. A magnified real image is formed by a convex lens when the object is at
(a) F
(b) between F and 2F
(c) 2F
(d) only (a) and (b) both
Answer/Explanation
Answer: d
Explanation:
(d) When object is at 2F, real inverted and same size image is formed by convex lens. So, according to question
option (a) and (b) both are correct.
24. The distance between the potical centre and point of convergence is called focal length in which of the following
cases?

Answer/Explanation
Answer: c
Explanation:
(c) Parallel rays after refiracting meet at the focus of a convex lens.

25. A10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the awl pin is formed
at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this mirror is [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) – 30 cm
(b) – 20 cm
(c) – 40 cm
(d) – 60 cm
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) Given h0 = +10 mm = + 0.1 cm
h2 = – 5 mm = -0.5 cm
for real image, v = – 30 cm
26. Figure shows a ray of light as it travels from medium A to medium B. Refractive index of the medium B relative to
medium A is [NCERT Exemplar Problems]

Answer/Explanation
Answer: a
Explanation:
(a) Here, ∠i = 60°, ∠r = 45°
Using Snell’s law of refraction, refractive index of medium B with respect to medium A.

27. A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in figure. The refractive index of medium B relative to A
will be [NCERT Exemplar Problems]

(a) greater than unity

(b) less than unity
(c) equal to unity
(d) zero
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) In medium B, light ray bends away from the normal. It indicates that medium B is optically rarer than medium A.
Hence speed of light in medium B is more than that in medium A.
Now, refractive index
28. Beams of light are incident through the holes A and B and emerge out of box through the holes C and D
respectively as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box? [NCERT Exemplar Problems]

(a) A rectangular glass slab

(b) A convex lens .
(c) A concave lens
(d) A prism
Answer/Explanation
Answer: a
Explanation:
(a) Figure shows that emergent ray are parallel to the incedent ray and shifted side ward slightly. This can be done
by the rectangular glass slab only.

29. A beam of light is incident through the holes on side A and emerges out of the hole on the other face of the box
as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box? [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) Concave lens
(b) Rectangular glass slab
(c) Prism
(d) Convex lens

Answer/Explanation
Answer: d
Explanation:
(d) From figure, it is clear that parallel rays converge at a point and emerges from face B. So convex lens would be
possible inside the box.

30. Which of the following statements is/are true? [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(b) A convex lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(c) A concave lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(d) A concave lens has – 4 dioptre having a focal 0.25 m
Answer/Explanation
31. Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted in vehicles [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) is less than one
(b) is more than one
(c) is equal to one
(d) can be more than or less than one depending upon the position of the object in front of it.
Answer/Explanation
Answer: a
Explanation:
(a) Convex mirror is used as rear view mirror and alway forms virtual, erect and diminished inage. So magnification
produced by a rear view mirror is less than one.

32. A full length image of a distant tall building can definitely be seen by using [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) a concave mirror
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a plane mirror
(d) both concave as well as plane mirror
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) Convex mirror has a wide field of view as it forms virtual, erect and diminished image. Hence, fall length of image
of distance tall building can definitely be seen by using it.

33. In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles the bulb is placed [NCERT Exemplar Problems]
(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector
(b) very near to the focus of the reflector
(c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the reflector
(d) at the centre of curvature of the reflector
Answer/Explanation
Answer: b
Explanation:
(b) When source of light is placed verg near to the focus of the reflector which are concave in shape, the reflected
light becomes parallel to the principal axis
Q1) When a plane mirror is rotated through a certain angle, the reflected ray turns through twice as much and the
size of the image:
(a) is doubled
(b) is halved
(c) becomes infinite
(d) remains the same
Correct Answer: Option (d)
Q2) If an object is placed symmetrically between two plane mirrors, inclined at an angle of 72 degrees, then the total
no. of images formed is:
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) infinite
Correct Answer: Option (b)
Q3) Which statement is true for the reflection of light?
(a) The angle of incidence and reflection are equal.
(b) The reflected light is less bright than the incident light.
(c) The sum of the angle of incidence and reflection is always greater than 900.
(d) The beams of the incident light, after reflection, diverge at unequal angles.
Correct Answer: Option (a)
Q4) The focal length of a plane mirror is
(a) 0
(b) infinite
(c) 25 cm
(d) -25 cm
Correct Answer: Option (b)
Q5) The image shows the path of incident rays to a concave mirror.

Where would the reflected rays meet for the image formation to take place?
(a) Behind the mirror
(b) Between F and O
(c) Between C and F
(d) Beyond C
Correct Answer: Option (c)
Q6) A beam of light incident on a plane mirror forms a real image on reflection. The incident beam is:
(a) parallel
(b) convergent
(c) divergent
(d) not certain
Correct Answer: Option (b)
Q7) An object is placed at a distance of 40cm in front of a concave mirror of a focal length of 20 cm.
The image produced is:
(a) virtual and inverted
(b) real and erect
(c) real, inverted and of the opposite size as that of the object
(d) real, inverted and of the same size as that of the object
Correct Answer: Option (d)
Q8) A student conducts an experiment using a convex lens. He places the object at a distance of 60 cm in front of
the lens and observes that the image is formed at a distance of 30 cm behind the lens. What is the power of the
lens?
(a) 0.005 dioptre
(b) 0.05 dioptre
(c) 5 dioptre
(d) 50 dioptre
Correct Answer: Option (c)
Q9) An image of an object produced on a screen which is about 36 cm using a convex lens. The image produced is
about 3 times the size of the object. What is the size of the object?
(a) 12 cm
(b) 33 cm
(c) 39 cm
(d) 108 cm
Correct Answer: Option (a)
Q10) Image formed by a convex spherical mirror is:
(a) virtual
(b) real
(c) enlarged
(d) inverted
Correct Answer: Option (a)
Q11) A student studies that a convex lens always forms a virtual image irrespective of its position. What causes the
convex mirror to always form a virtual image?
(a) Because the reflected ray never intersects
(b) Because the reflected ray converges at a single point
(c) Because the incident ray traces its path back along the principal axis
(d) Because the incident ray of a convex mirror gets absorbed in the mirror
Correct Answer: Option (a)
Q12) A 10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front pin is formed at 30cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of
this mirror is:
(a) -30 cm
(b) -20 cm
(c) -40 cm
(d) -60 cm
Correct Answer: Option (b)
Q13) Rahul conducts an experiment using an object of height of 10 cm and a concave lens with a focal length of 20
cm. The object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from the lens. Can the image be formed on a screen?
(a) Yes, as the image formed will be real
(b) Yes, as the image formed will be erect
(c) No, as the image formed will be virtual
(d) No, as the image formed will be inverted
Correct Answer: Option (c)
Q14) Magnification produced by a rearview mirror fitted in vehicles:
(a) is less than one
(b) is more than one
(c) is equal to one
(d) can be more than or less than one, depending upon the position of the object in front of it
Correct Answer: Option (a)
Q15) A student conducts an activity using a concave mirror with a focal length of 10 cm. He placed the object 15 cm
from the mirror. Where is the image likely to form?
(a) At 6 cm behind the mirror
(b) At 30 cm behind the mirror
(c) At 6 cm in front of the mirror
(d) At 30 cm in front of the mirror
Correct Answer: Option (d)
Q16) The image of an object placed in front of a convex mirror is formed at
(a) the object itself
(b) twice the distance of the object in front of the mirror
(c) half the distance of the object in front of the mirror
(d) behind the mirror
Correct Answer: Option (d)
Q17) A full length of the image of a distant tall building can definitely be seen using:
(a) a concave mirror
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a plane mirror
(d) both concave as well as plane mirrors
Correct Answer: Option (b)
Q18) A student conducts an activity using a flask of height 15 cm and a concave mirror. He finds that the image
formed is 45 cm in height. What is the magnification of the image?
(a) -3 times
(b) -1/ 3 times
(c) 1/ 3 times
(d) 3 times
Correct Answer: Option (d)
Q19) Which of the following can make a parallel beam of light from a point source incident on it?
(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens
(b) Convex mirror as well as concave lens
(c) Two plane mirrors placed at 90degree to each other
(d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens
Correct Answer: Option (a)
Q20) A student studies that the speed of light in air is 300000 km/sec, whereas that of speed in a glass slab is about
197000 km/sec. What causes the difference in the speed of light in these two media?
(a) Difference in density
(b) Difference in temperature
(c) Difference in the amount of light
(d) Difference in the direction of wind flow
Correct Answer: Option (a)
Q. No. 1) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

i. The angle of incidence from air to glass at point O on the hemispherical glass slab is _____.
a. 45°
b. 0°
c. 90°
d. 180°
Ans. Option (b)
ii. Rays from the sun converge at a point 15 cm in front of a concave mirror. Where should an object be placed so
that the size of its image is equal to the size of the object?
a. 30 cm in front of the mirror
b. 15 cm in front of the mirror
c. Between 15 cm and 30 cm in front of the mirror
d. More than 30 cm in front of the mirror
Ans. Option (a) [Sun rays converge at 15 cm means the focal length is 15 cm. So image is placed at 2f = 2 x 15 = 30
cm]
iii. Examine the below figure and state which of the following option is correct?
(one small box in the figure is equal to 1 cm)
a. The mirror has a focal length of -6 cm and will produce an image of magnification +1.
b. The mirror has a focal length of -3 cm and will produce an image of magnification -1
c. The mirror has a focal length of -3 cm and will produce an image of magnification +1
d. The mirror has a focal length of -6 cm and will produce an image of magnification -1
Ans. Option (b)

iv. While looking at the below diagram, Nalini concluded the following:
The image of the object will be a virtual one.
The reflected ray will travel along the same path as the incident ray but in opposite direction.
The image of the object will be inverted.
This is a concave mirror and hence the focal length will be negative.
Which one of the above statements is correct?
a. I and II
b. I and III
c. II, III and IV
d. I, II, III and IV
Ans. Option (c)
v. Which of the following mirror is used by a dentist to examine a small cavity in a patient’s teeth?
a. Convex mirror
b. Plane mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. Any spherical mirror
Ans. Option (c)

vi. In the diagram shown below, a light ray is incident on a convex mirror.
Through which point will the ray travel after reflecting off the mirror?
a. C
b. F
c. X
d. Z
Ans. Option (c)
vii. Which of the following can make a parallel beam of light when light from a point source is incident on it?
a. Concave mirror as well as a convex lens.
b. Convex mirror as well as a concave lens.
c. Two plane mirrors placed at 90° to each other.
d. Concave mirror as well as a concave lens.
Ans. Option (a)
viii. Magnification produced by a rearview mirror fitted in vehicles
a. Is less than 1
b. Is more than 1
c. Is equal to one
d. Can be more than or less than 1 depending upon the position of the object in front of it
Ans. Option (a)
ix. In the diagram shown below, a beam of light is traveling from inside a glass slab to air. Which of the marked paths
will the ray of light take as it emerges from the glass slab?
a. P
b. Q
c. R
d. None of them as light splits into its many colors
Ans. Option (c)

x. The figure below shows a ray of light as it travels from medium A to medium B. Refractive index of medium B
relative to medium A is
a. √3/√2
b. √2/√3
c. 1/√2
d. √2
Ans. Option (a)
[∠i=60°, ∠r=45°
∴ Refractive index of B w.r.t A (nBA) = sin i/sin r = sin 60°/sin 45° = (√3/2)/(1/√2) = √3/√2]
xi. In the below diagram light is traveling through different media. It is noted by a scientist that ∠1 = ∠3 = ∠4 but ∠2
= ∠1. Which of the following statement would be correct?
a. Medium 1 is denser than medium 3 but its density is equal to medium 2.
b. Medium 2 is the rarest medium.
c. Medium 3 is denser than medium 1.
d. Medium 1 and 3 are essentially the same medium, but medium 2 is denser than 1 and 3.
Ans. Option (d)
xii. As a ray of light entered medium P from medium Q, its velocity increased.
What can be said about the refractive index of medium P as compared to that of medium Q?
a. It is lower.
b. It is higher.
c. It is the same.
d. Nothing can be said without knowing what medium P and medium Q are.
Ans. Option (a) [More refractive index means less speed and vice-versa]
xiii. The refractive index of flint glass is 1.65 and that for alcohol is 1.36 with respect to air. What is the refractive
index of the flint glass with respect to alcohol?
a. 0.82
b. 1.21
c. 1.11
d. 1.01
Ans. Option (b)
[Refractive index of flint glass w.r.t alcohol = RI of flint glass/RI of alcohol = 1.65/1.36 = 1.21]
xiv. Consider these indices of refraction:
Glass: 1.52
Air: 1.0003
Water: 1.333
Based on the refractive indices of three materials, arrange the speed of light through them in decreasing order.
a. The speed of light in water > the speed of light in air > the speed of light in glass
b. The speed of light in glass > the speed of light in water > the speed of light in air
c. The speed of light in air > the speed of light in water > the speed of light in glass
d. The speed of light in glass > the speed of light in air > the speed of light in water
Ans. Option (c)
xv. No matter how far you stand from this spherical mirror, your image always appears erect. The mirror may be:
a. Plane
b. Convex
c. Concave
d. Either plane or convex
Ans. Option (d)
xvi. A small electric lamp is placed at the focus of a convex lens. When the lamp is switched on, the lens will produce:
a. Converging beam of light
b. A parallel beam of light
c. A diverging beam of light
d. A diffused beam of light
Ans. Option (b)

xvii. The below lens has a focal length of 10 cm. The object of height 2 mm is placed at a distance of 5 cm from the
pole. Find the height of the image.
a. 4 cm
b. 6.67 mm
c. 4 mm
d. 3.33 mm
Ans. Option (c)

xviii. If the real image of a candle flame formed by a lens is three times the size of the flame and the distance
between the lens and image is 80 cm, at what distance should the candle be placed from the lens?
a. -80 cm
b. -40 cm
c. -40/3 cm
d. -80/3 cm

Ans. Option (d)

xix. Rajan takes the following two photographs of the text in a book, first while keeping a circular piece of glass on the
book and then while holding it at some distance above the book.
Which of the following statements is true about the piece of glass?
a. It is a convex lens as the text is not inverted.
b. It is a concave lens as the text is diminished in size.
c. It is a plane glass disc as there is no difference in the text.
d. It cannot be predicted based on the given information.
Ans. Option (b)
xx. If the power of a lens is – 4.0 D,  then it means that the lens is a _____.
a. concave lens of focal length – 50 m
b. convex lens of focal length + 50 cm
c. concave lens of focal length – 25 cm
d. convex lens of focal length – 25 m

Ans. Option (c)
xxi. The following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions by
selecting the appropriate options given below:
Assertion (A): Refractive index has no units.
Reason (R):  The refractive index is the ratio of two similar quantities.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
Ans. Option (a)
xxii. Assertion (A): A convex mirror is used as a rearview/driver’s mirror.
Reason (R): Convex mirrors have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. They also give an erect, though
the diminished image.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
Ans. Option (a)
Q. No. 2) Case-Based Questions
A. Noor, a young student, was trying to demonstrate some properties of light in her science project work. She kept ‘X’
inside the box (as shown in the figure) and with the help of a laser pointer made light rays pass through the holes on
one side of the box. She had a small butter paper screen to see the spots of light being cast as they emerged.
i. What could be the ‘X’ that she placed inside the box to make the rays behave as shown?
a. converging lens
b. parallel-sided glass block
c. plane mirror
d. triangular prism
Ans. Option (b)
ii. She measured the angles of incidence for both the rays on the left side of the box to be 48.6°. She knew the
refractive index of the material ‘X’ inside the box was 1.5. What will be the approximate value of the angle of
refraction?
a. 45°
b. 40°
c. 30°
d. 60°
(Use the value sin 48.6° = 0.75)
Ans. Option (c).
[ Refractive index = sin i/ sin r
⇒1.5 = sin 48.6°/sin r
⇒1.5 = 0.75/sin r
⇒sin r = 0.75/1.5 = ½ = sin 30
⇒r = 30]
iii. Her friend noted the following observations from this demonstration:
 Glass is optically rarer than air.
 Air and glass allow light to pass through them with the same velocity.
 Air is optically rarer than glass.
The speed of light through a denser medium is faster than that of a rarer medium.
 The ratio of the sin of the angle of incidence in the first medium to the ratio of the sin of the angle of refraction in the
second medium gives the refractive index of the second material with respect to the first one.
Which one of the following combinations of the above statements given below is correct?
a. II, IV, and V are correct.
b. III and IV are correct.
c. I, IV, and V are correct.
d. III and V are correct.
Ans. Option (d)
iv. If the object inside the box was made of a material with a refractive index less than 1.5 then the
a. Lateral shift of the rays would have been less
b. Lateral shift of the rays would have been more
c. Lateral shift of the rays would remain the same as before
d. There is not enough information to comment on any of the above statements
Ans. Option (a)
B. Sumati wanted to see the stars of the night sky. She knows that she needs a telescope to see those distant stars.
She finds out that the telescopes, which are made of lenses, are called telescopes and the ones which are made of
mirrors are called reflecting telescopes.
So she decided to make a refracting telescope. She bought two lenses L1 and L2 out of which L1 was bigger and
L2 was smaller. The larger lens gathers and bends the light, while the smaller lens magnifies the image. Big, thick
lenses are more powerful. So to see far away, she needed a big powerful lens. Unfortunately, she realized that a big
lens is very heavy.

Heavy lenses are hard to make and difficult to hold in the right place. Also since the light is passing through the lens,
the surface of the lens has to be extremely smooth. Any flaws in the lens will change the image. It would be like
looking through a dirty window.
i. Based on the diagram shown, what kind of lenses would Sumati need to make the telescope?
a. Concave lenses
b. Convex lenses
c. Bifocal lenses
d. Flat lenses
Ans. Option (b)
ii. If the powers of the lenses L1 and L2 are in the ratio of 4:1, what would be the ratio of the focal length of L1 and
L2?
a. 4:1
b. 1:4
c. 2:1
d. 1:1
Ans. Option (b)
iii. What is the formula for magnification obtained with a lens?
a. Ratio of the height of the image to the height of object
b. Double the focal length
c. The inverse of the radius of curvature
d. The inverse of the object distance
Ans. Option (a)
iv. Sumati did some preliminary experiments with the lenses and found out that the magnification of the eyepiece (L2)
is 3. If in her experiment with L2, she found an image 24 cm from the lens, at what distance did she put the object?
a. 72 cm
b. 12 cm
c. 8 cm
d. 6 cm
Ans. Option (c) [m=v/u]
v. Sumati bought not-so-thick lenses for the telescope and polished them. What advantages, if any, would she have
with her choice of lenses?
a. She will not have any advantage as even thicker lenses would give clearer images.
b. Thicker lenses would have made the telescope easier to handle.
c. Not-so-thick lenses would not make the telescope very heavy and also allow a considerable amount of light to
pass.
d. Not-so-thick lenses will give her more magnification.
Ans. Option (c)
Q. No. 3) Under what condition in an arrangement of two plane mirrors, incident ray and reflected ray will always be
parallel to each other, whatever may be the angle of incidence? Show the same with the help of a diagram.

Ans. When two plane mirrors are placed at a right angle to each other then the incident and reflected rays will always
be parallel to each other.
Q. No. 4) Both a spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have a focal length of -15 cm. What type of mirror and lens
are these?
Ans.  Concave mirror and concave lens.
Q. No. 5) A man standing in front of a spherical mirror, finds his image having a very small head, a fat body, and legs
of normal size. What types of mirrors are used in this part?
Ans. A very small head: convex mirror
A fat body: concave mirror
Legs of normal size: plane mirror.
Q. No. 6) The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be real, inverted, and larger than the object. Where is
the object placed?
Ans. Between the principal focus and the center of curvature.
Q. No. 7) Rohit wants to have an erect image of an object using a converging mirror of focal length 40 cm.
a. Specify the range of distance where the object can be placed in front of the mirror. Justify.
b. Will the image be smaller or larger than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
c. Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 80 cm in front of the mirror?
d. State one use of the mirror based on the above kind of image formation.
Ans. a. The object has to be placed at a distance between 0-40 cm. This is because when the object is placed
between F and P, the image formed is virtual, erect, and magnified.
b. Image will be larger than the object.

c. The image will be formed at C.

d. Uses of a concave (converging) mirror:
Used as a shaving mirror.
Used by dentists to get an enlarged image of teeth.
Used in solar furnaces to concentrate sunlight.
Used in torches, searchlights, and vehicle headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light.
Q. No. 8) Name the mirror that
i. Can give a real as well as a virtual image of an object.
ii. Will always give a virtual image of the same size as the object.
iii. Will always give a virtual and diminished image of an object.
iv. Is used by a doctor in examining teeth.
Ans. i. Concave mirror
ii. Plane mirror
iii. Convex mirror
iv. Concave mirror.
Q. No. 9) The image of an object formed by a mirror is real, inverted, and is of magnification -1. If the image is at a
distance of 30 cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Find the position of the image if the object is now
moved 20 cm toward the mirror. What is the nature of the image obtained? Justify your answer with the help of a ray
diagram.
Ans.
Nature of image: Virtual, erect, and magnified.

Q. No. 10) Sunita takes a mirror that is depressed at the center and mounts it on a mirror stand. An erect and
enlarged image of her face is formed. She places the mirror on a stand along a meter scale at the 15 cm mark. In
front of this mirror, she mounts a white screen and moves it back and forth along the meter scale till a sharp, well-
defined inverted image of a distant tree is formed on the screen at the 35 cm mark.
i. Name the mirror and find its focal length.
ii. Why does Sunita get a sharp image of the distant building at the 35 cm mark?
Ans. i. Concave mirror.
Focal length (f) = 35-15 = 20 cm.
ii. Sunita gets a sharp image of the distant building at the 35 cm mark because the incident rays parallel to each other
after reflection from the concave mirror meet at focus and produce a sharp image at focus.
Q. No. 11) An object of height h is kept at point P in front of a mirror as shown below. The height of the image
produced is h’. In the diagram, F is the focus and C is the center of curvature.

i. If the object is now moved to point C, will the height of the image now produced be less than, equal to, or greater
than h’? Give a reason for your answer.
ii. If the focal length of the mirror is 20 cm and the distance between points P and C is 10 cm, determine the distance
between the images produced when the object is kept at P and C.
Ans. i. The height of the image produced when the object is at C will be less than h’. The magnification is more when
the object is at point P than at C.
ii. Given, f = 20 cm = OF = FC
PC = 10 cm
FP = FC – PC = 20 – 10 = 10 cm
Finding Image distance when the object is at P,
u = OP = OF + FP = 20 + 30 = (-) 30 cm
f = -20 cm
By mirror formula,
1/v + 1/u = 1/f
⇒ 1/v = 1/f – 1/u
⇒ 1/v = 1/-20 – 1/-30 = 1/-20 + 1/30 = -3+2/60  = -1/60
⇒ v = – 60 cm
Finding Image distance when the object is at C,
u = OC = 2f = 2 x 20 = (-) 40 cm
f = -20 cm
By mirror formula,
1/v’ + 1/u = 1/f
⇒ 1/v’ = 1/f – 1/u
⇒ 1/v’ = 1/-20 – 1/-40 = 1/-20 + 1/40 = -2+1/40  = -1/40
⇒ v’ = – 40 cm
∴ Required difference = (-60) – (-40) = -60 + 40 = (-) 20 cm [Note: here answer can be given in positive or negative]
Q. No. 12) Write the laws of refraction of light. Explain the same with the help of a ray diagram, when a ray of light
passes through a rectangular glass slab.
Or,
Why does a light ray incident on a rectangular glass slab immersed in any medium emerges parallel to itself? Explain
using a diagram.
Ans. Laws of refraction of light:
i. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.
ii. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a
given color and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction. (This is true for angle
0° < i < 90°)
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,
sin i/sin r = constant
This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first.

Refraction of light through a rectangular glass slab:

In a rectangular glass slab, the emergent rays are parallel to the incident ray because the extent of bending of the ray
of light at the opposite parallel faces of the rectangular glass slab are equal and opposite, so the emergent ray is
parallel to the incident ray.
Q. No. 13) For the same angle of incidence in media A, B, and C, the angles of refraction are 20°, 30 °, and 40 °
respectively. In which medium will the velocity of light be maximum? Give a reason in support of your answer.
Ans. From Snell’s law,
n = sin i/sin r = c/v
Since c and sin i are constant, therefore, sin r ∝ v.
Therefore velocity of light is maximum in medium C.
Q. No. 14) Consider the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of
incidence.
i. Which one is greater: the angle of incidence or the angle of emergence?
ii. What happens to the emergent angle on increasing the incident angle at the air-glass interface?
iii. State the conditions when no bending occurs.
Ans. i. ∠i = ∠e.
ii. Angle of emergence also increases.
iii. No bending occurs when:
The light ray falls along the normal (i.e., ∠i = 0°), Or,
The refractive index of the two optical media is equal.
Q. No. 15) A coin placed at the bottom of a tank appears to be raised when water is poured into it. Explain.
Ans.

This occurs due to the refraction of light. Here, the ray of light from the coin travels from a denser medium to a rarer
medium. In this process, it bends away from the normal. The point from which the refracted rays appear to come
gives the apparent position of the coin. As the rays appear to come from a point above the coin, so, the coin seems
to be raised.
Q. No. 16) i. On entering a medium from the air, the speed of light becomes half of its value in the air. Find the
refractive index of that medium with respect to air.
ii. A glass slab made of a material of refractive index n1 is kept in a medium of refractive index n2.
A light ray is incident on the slab. Draw the path of the rays of light emerging from the glass slab, if
a. n1 > n2
b. n1 = n2
c. n1 < n2
Ans. i. Refractive index of a medium (n) = Velocity of light in vacuum (c)/Velocity of light in the medium (v)
Given, v = c/2
Therefore, n = c/v = c/(c/2) = 2

ii. a. The ray moves towards the normal.

b. The ray moves undeviated.

c. The ray moves away from the normal.

Q. No. 17) How is the refractive index of a medium related to the speed of light? Obtain an expression for the
refractive index of a medium with respect to another in terms of the speed of light in these two media.
Ans. The refractive index of a medium (n) = Velocity of light in vacuum (c)/Velocity of light in the medium (v)
n = c/v
n1 = refractive index of the first medium
n2 = refractive index of the second medium
v1 = velocity of light in the first medium
v2 = velocity of light in the second medium
For the first medium, n1 = c/v1
For the second medium, n2 = c/v2
n21 = n2/n1 = c/v2/c/v1 = v1/v2
Q. No. 18) Refractive index of two material mediums X and Y are 1.3 and 1.5 respectively. In which of the two, the
light would travel faster?
Ans. In medium X because of the lower value of the refractive index.
Q. No. 19) The refractive indices of three media are given below:
Medium Refractive index

A 1.6

B 1.8

C 1.5
A ray of light is traveling from A to B and another ray is traveling from B to C.
(a) In which of the two cases the refracted ray bends towards the normal?
(b) In which case does the speed of light increase in the second medium?
Give reasons for your answer.
Ans. (a) When light travels from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium it moves toward the normal.
Since nB > nA hence the light ray will bend towards the normal on passing from medium A to B.
(b) The speed of the light will increase when the light travels from B to C, Since nc < nB and v=(c/n), the speed of the
light ray will increase in the second medium (C).
Q. No. 20) (i) Explain why the refractive index of any material with respect to air is always greater 1.
(ii) In the figure below a light ray travels from the air into the semi-circular plastic block. Give a reason why the ray
does not deviate at the semi-circular boundary of the plastic block.

(iii) Complete the ray diagram of the above scenario when the light ray comes out of the plastic block from the top flat
end.
Ans. (i) The refractive index of a medium with respect to air is given by Speed of light in air/Speed of light in the
medium. Since the speed of light in the medium is always less than the speed of light in air, hence the above ratio is
always greater than 1.
ii. The ray of light is undergoing normal incidence at the air-plastic block interface. And for normal incidence, there is
no deviation.
iii.
Q. No. 21) Refractive index of diamond with respect to glass is 1.6 and the absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5.
Find out the absolute refractive index of the diamond.
Ans. Refractive index of diamond with respect to glass (ndg) = Absolute refractive index of diamond (nd)/Absolute
refractive index of glass (ng)
⇒ 1.6 = nd/1.5
⇒ nd = 1.6 x 1.5 = 2.4
Q. No. 22) A ray of light enters benzene from the air. If the refractive index of benzene is 1.50, by what percent does
the speed of light reduce on entering the benzene?

Ans.
Q. No. 23) i. Name the part of a lens through which a ray of light passes without suffering any deviation.
ii. A girl was playing with a thin beam of light from a laser torch by directing it from different directions on a convex
lens held vertically. She was surprised to see that in a particular direction, the beam of light continues to move along
the same direction after passing through the lens. State the reason for her observation. Draw a ray diagram to
support your answer.
Ans. i. Optical center.

ii.
The girl must have directed the ray of light along the direction of the optical center of the lens because the ray of light
passes straight through the optical center of the lens.
Q. No. 24) Can a convergent lens in one medium become divergent in another medium?
Ans. Yes, when the refractive index of the medium is greater than the refractive index of the material of the lens.
Q. No. 25) An object is placed 80 cm from a converging lens of focal length 25 cm. What is the nature of the image?

Ans.
The image is real, inverted, and diminished as the object is placed beyond 2F.
Q. No. 26) A lens produces a magnification of -0.5. Is this a converging or diverging lens? If the focal length of the
lens is 6 cm, draw a ray diagram showing the image formation in this case.
Ans. The image will be real and inverted since the magnification has a negative value. The lens that can produce a
real and inverted image is a converging lens (convex lens).
Q. No. 27) i. One half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with black paper. Can such a lens produce an
image of a complete object placed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
ii. A 5 cm tall object is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 50 cm at a distance of 40 cm from
it. Find the nature, position, and size of the image.
Ans. i. Yes, the lens will produce a complete image of the object but the brightness/intensity of the image will be less.

ii.

Q. No. 28) Rohit focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a convex lens. He noted down the
position of the candle, screen, and lens as under:
Position of candle = 26.0 cm
Position of convex lens = 50.0 cm
Position of screen = 74.0 cm
i. What is the focal length of the convex lens?
ii. Where will the image be formed if he shifts the candle towards the lens at a position of 38 cm?
iii. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in case (ii) as said above?
Ans. i. u = 50 – 26 = 24 cm
v = 74 – 50 = 24 cm
Since, u = v, therefore object is placed at 2F
⇒ 2f = 24
⇒ f = 12 cm.
ii. u’= 50-38 = 12 cm
i.e., the object (candle) is at focus ⇒ the image will be formed at infinity.

iii.
Q. No. 29)

The above images are that of a specialized slide projector. Slides are small transparencies mounted in sturdy frames
ideally suited to magnification and projection since they have a very high resolution and a high image quality. There
is a tray where the slides are to be put into a particular orientation so that the viewers can see the enlarged erect
images of the transparent slides. This means that the slides will have to be inserted upside down in the projector tray.
To show her students the images of insects that she investigated in the lab, Mrs. Iyer brought a slide projector. Her
slide projector produced a 500 times enlarged and inverted image of a slide on a screen 10 m away.
a. Based on the text and data given in the above paragraph, what kind of lens must the slide projector have?
b. If v is the symbol used for image distance and u for object distance then with one reason state what will be the sign
for v/u in the given case.
c. A slide projector has a convex lens with a focal length of 20 cm. The slide is placed upside down 21 cm from the
lens. How far away should the screen be placed from the slide projector’s lens so that the slide is in focus?
d. When a slide is placed 15 cm behind the lens in the projector, an image is formed 3 m in front of the lens. If the
focal length of the lens is 14 cm, draw a ray diagram to show image formation.
Ans. a. Since the image formed is enlarged and inverted means the lens is a convex lens.
b. u is always negative, v is positive in this case (imagine from ray diagram)
Therefore, v/u is negative.
Or,
Since the image is inverted, means m = v/u will be negative.
c. f = 20 cm, u = -21 cm, v = ?
By lens formula,
1/f = 1/v – 1/u
⇒ 1/20 = 1/v + 1/21
⇒ 1/v = 1/20 – 1/21 = 1/420
⇒ v = 420 cm

d.
Q. No. 30) A lens forms a blurred image of an object on the screen as shown below:

What changes can you make to the following to form a sharp and in-focus image on the screen?
i. Object distance
ii. Focal length of the lens.
Ans. i. Decrease the object distance.
ii. Increase the focal length.
Q. No. 31) If the image formed by a lens formed for all positions of an object placed in front of it is always erect and
diminished, what is the nature of this lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
Ans. This is a concave lens.

With a concave lens, the image is always diminished, erect and

virtual
Q. No. 32) Find the position of the object of height 5 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 20 cm to get the
image at a distance of 15 cm from the lens. Also, find the height and nature of the image formed.
Ans.
Q. No. 33) A student focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a convex lens. He noted down the
position of the candle screen and the lens as under.
Position of candle = 12 cm
Position of convex lens = 50 cm
Position of the screen = 88 cm
i. What is the focal length of the convex lens?
ii. Where will the image be formed if he shifts the candle towards the lens at a position of 31 cm?
iii. What will be the nature of the image formed if he further shifts the candle towards the lens?
iv. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in case (iii) as said above.
Ans. i. u = 50 – 12 = (-) 38 cm [Negative because u is always taken as negative]
v = 88-50 = 38 cm
Since, u = v, therefore the object is placed at 2F
⇒ 2f = 38
⇒ f = 19 cm.
ii. u’= 50-31 = -19 cm
Since the object is placed at focus, therefore the image will be formed at infinity.
iii. If the object is placed within focus, the image formed will be virtual, erect, and magnified.

iv.
Q. No. 34) Define the power of a lens. What is its unit? One student uses a lens of a focal length of 50 cm and
another of -50 cm. What is the nature of the lens and its power used by each of them?
Ans. The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
P = 1/f (in m) = 100/f (in cm)
Unit of power is dioptre (D).
The lens is convex in the first case and concave in the second case.
P1 = 100/50= 2 D
P2 = 100/(–50)= – 2 D
Q. No. 35) Define one dioptre of power of a lens. You have three lenses L1, L2, and L3 of powers +10D, +5D, and -
10D respectively. State the nature and focal length of each lens. Explain which of the three lenses will form a virtual
and magnified image of an object placed 15 cm from the lens. Draw the ray diagram in support of your answer.
Ans. Power of a lens is 1 D if the focal length of the lens is 1 m.
For L1: f1 = 100/10 = 10 cm (convex lens)
For L2: f2 = 100/5 = 20 cm (convex lens)
For L3: f3 = 100/(-10) = -10 cm (concave lens)
Lens L2 will form a virtual and magnified image because its focal length is 20 cm and the object is placed at 15 cm
i.e., with the focus of the lens.

The refractive index of glycerin is 1.46. What is the speed of light in air if its speed in glycerin  is 2.05 × 108 m/s ?
 
The refractive index of glass is 1.6 and that of diamond is 2.4. Calculate refractive index of diamond with respect to
glass.
 
The refractive index of glass is 1.6 and that of diamond is 2.4. What is the refractive index of glass w.r.t. diamond ?
 
A ray of light is traveling from glass to air. The angle of incidence in glass is 35°, and angle of refraction in air is 60°.
What is the refractive index of glass w.r.t. air ?
 
A ray of light is traveling from air to water. What is the angle of incidence in air, if angle of refraction in water is 41° ?
Take refractive index of water = 1.32.
 
The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is 4 times the length of the object. If the focal length of
the lens is 20 cm, calculate the object and image distances.
 
A needle placed 45 cm from a lens forms an image on the screen placed 90 cm on the other side of the lens. Identify
the type of the lens and determine its focal length.  What is the size of the image if the size of needle is 5.0 cm ?
 
The image of a small electric bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained on the opposite wall 3 m away by
means of a large convex lens. What is the maximum possible focal length of the lens required for the purpose ?
 
Calculate the distance at which an object should be placed in front of convex lens of focal length 10 cm to obtain an
image of double its size.
 
The image of a needle placed 10 cm from a lens is formed on a wall 20 cm on the other side of the lens. Find focal
length of the lens and size of image, formed, if the size of object needle is  2.5 cm.
 
Answer:

Here,  

From    

              
              = 2.99 × 108 m/s.
 

 = 1.5
 

 
Here, i = 35°, r = 60°,  ang = ?

From 
 
Here,  i = ?, r = 41°,   anw = 1.32

From   

             
                    
Using tables of natural sines; I = 60°
 

Here,    
              f = 20 cm,     u = ?,      v = ?

As            

          
          u = –15 cm
          v = 4u = 4(–15) = –60 cm.
 
Here, 
          

From 

          
          f = 30 cm
As f is positive, the lens must be convex.

From   

As h2 is negative, the image is inverted.

 
Here, distance between the object and image
          u + v = 3 m.
focal length of lens, f = ?
As maximum distance between an object and image in case of convex lens = 4 f
∴ 4 f = 3 metre

            = 0.75m.
 
Here, f = 10 cm, object distance, u = ?
In a convex lens, the image can be real as well as virtual.

∴ magnification, 
          

As     

∴     

or      

or      
∴     u = –5 cm
∴     u = –15 cm         
     
Here,   u = –10 cm,    v = 20 cm,    f = ?
          

As     

           6.67 cm.

Also, 

            h2 = –5 cm. As h2 is negative is inverted.

Question 1.
The laws of reflection hold true for
(a) plane mirrors only
(b) concave mirrors only
(c) convex mirrors only
(d) all reflecting surface
Answer:
(d) The laws of reflection holds true for all reflecting surface.
Question 2.
List four characteristics of the images formed by plane mirrors. (Delhi 2015, AI2011)
Answer:
Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are
(i) imagedistanceissameasthatofobjectdistance
(ii) image formed is virtual and erect
(iii) image formed is of the same size as that of the object
(iv) image formed is laterally inverted (left appears right and right appears left).
Question 3.
State the two laws of reflection of light. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Laws of reflection of light states that
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
Question 4.
When an object is kept within the focus of a concave mirror, an enlarged image is formed behind the mirror. This
image is
(a) real
(b) inverted
(c) virtual and inverted
(d) virtual and erect (2020)
Answer:
(d) When an object is placed between the principal focus and pole of a concave mirror, an enlarged virtual and erect
image is formed behind the mirror.
Question 5.
What is the magnification of the images formed by plane mirrors and why? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Magnification of images formed by plane mirrors is unity because for plane mirrors, the size of the image formed is
equal to that of the object.
Question 6.
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an incident ray of light parallel to
the principal axis of a convex mirror. Mark the angle of incidence and angle of reflection on it. (AI 2019)
Answer:

Question 7.
If the image formed by a spherical mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always erect and
diminished , what type of mirror is it? Draw a labelled ray diagram to support your answer. (2018)
Answer:
If the image formed by a spherical mirror is always erect and diminished then it is convex mirror.

Question 8.
An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Write four characteristics
of the image formed by the mirror. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Four characteristics of the image formed by the given convex mirror are :
(i) Virtual
(ii) Erect
(iii) Diminished
(iv) Image is always formed behind the mirror between pole and focus.
Question 9.
An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. List four
characteristics of the image formed by the mirror. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Radius of curvature (R) = 30 cm, object distance is 12 cm in front of the mirror. Thus we can say that object is placed
between focus and pole. Four characteristics of the image formed by die given concave mirror when object is placed
between pole and focus are:
(i) Virtual
(ii) Erect
(iii) Enlarged
(iv) Image is formed behind the mirror
Question 10.
A ray of light is incident on a convex mirror as shown. Redraw the diagram and complete the path of this ray after
reflection from the mirror. Mark angle of incidence and angle of reflection on it. (Delhi 2016)

Answer:

Question 11.
Name the type of mirrors used in the design of solar furnaces. Explain how high temperature is achieved by this
device. (AI 2016)
Answer:
Concave mirrors are used in the designing of solar furnaces.
When a solar furnace is placed at the focus of a large concave mirror, it focuses a parallel beam of light on the
furnace. Therefore, a high temperature is attained at the point after some time.
Question 12.
“The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -3”. List four informations you obtain from this statement about
the mirror/ image. (AI 2016)
Answer:
Negative sign of magnification indicates that the image is real and inverted. Since the image is real and inverted, the
mirror is concave and magnification of -3 indicates that the image is magnified.
Question 13.
AB and CD, two spherical mirrors, from parts of a hollow spherical ball with its centre at O as shown in the diagram. If
arc AB = 12 arc CD, what is the ratio of their focal lengths? State which of the two mirrors will always form virtual
image of an object placed in front of it and why? (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Focal length of a mirror is given by
Focal length = Radiusofcurvature2
Since both the mirrors have same radius of curvature, therefore focal length of the two mirrors will be same, i.e.,
f1f2 = 11
Since virtual image is always formed by convex mirror. The mirror AB will always form virtual image.
Question 14.
List two properties of the images formed by convex mirrors. Draw ray diagram in support of your answer. (Foreign
2016)
Answer:
Convex mirrors always form diminished, virtual and erect images.

Question 15.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +3. Analyse this value and state the (i) type of mirror and
(ii) position of the object with respect to the pole of the mirror. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in
this case. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Positive value of the magnification indicates that image is virtual and erect.
(i) Since the image is magnified, the mirror is concave.
(ii) The object is between pole and focus of the mirror as shown

The image produced in second case will be real and inverted.

Question 16.
List four specific characteristics of the images of the objects formed by convex mirrors. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 8
Question 17.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an incident ray which is directed towards
the principal focus of a convex mirror. Mark on it the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:

Question 18.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an incident ray which is directed parallel to
the principal axis of a convex mirror, Mark on it the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Refer to answer 6
Question 19.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an incident ray of light parallel to the
principal axis of a concave mirror. Mark the angle of incidence and angle of reflection on it. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:

Question 20.
List two possible ways in which a concave mirror can produce a magnified image of an object placed in front of it.
State the difference if any between these two images. (AI2014)
Answer:
A concave mirror can produce a magnified image of an object when object is placed:
(1) In between its pole and its focus
(2) In between its focus and its centre of curvature.
Difference,between these two images:
The image produced in first case will be virtual and erect.
The image produced in second case will be real and inverted.
Question 21.
The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should the
position of the object be relative to the mirror? Draw ray diagram to justify your answer. (AI 2014)
Answer:
The position of the object should be between P and F

Question 22.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +1/3. Analysing this value state the (i) type of mirror and (ii)
position of the object with respect to the pole of the mirror. Draw any diagram to justify your answer. (AI 2014,
Foreign 2014)
Answer:
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Between infinity and the pole of the mirror.

Question 23.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -1. Analysing this value state the (i) type of mirror and (ii)
position of the object with respect to the pole of the mirror. Draw any diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
(i) Concave mirror because the image is real, inverted.
(ii) Object is placed at C.

Question 24.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -1/5. Analysing this value state the (i) type of spherical
mirror and (ii) the position of the object with respect to the pole of the mirror. Draw ray diagram to justify your answer.
(Foreign 2014)
Answer:
(i) Concave mirror
(ii) Object is placed beyond C.

Question 25.
Draw ray diagrams for the following cases when a ray of light:
(i) passing through centre of curvature of a concave mirror is incident on it.
(ii) parallel to principal axis is incident on convex mirror.
(iii) is passing through focus of a concave mirror incident on it. (2020)
Answer:
(i) Ray of light passing through centre of curvature of concave mirror, after reflection

(ii) Ray of light parallel to the principal axis is incident on a convex mirror after reflection appear to diverge from the
principal focus of a convex mirror.

(iii) Ray of light passing through focus of a concave mirror after reflection will emerge parallel

Question 26.
A concave mirror is used for image formation for different positions of an object. What inferences can be drawn about
the following when an object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from the pole of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm?
(a) Position of the image
(b) Size of the image
(c) Nature of the image
Draw a labelled ray diagram to justify your inferences. (2020)
Answer:
Given, f = -15 cm, u = -10 cm.
Thus the object is placed between the principal focus and pole of the mirror.
(a) The position of the image will be behind the mirror.
(b) The size of the image will be highly enlarged.
(c) The nature of the image will be virtual and erect.

Question 27.
A concave mirror has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a 4 cm tall object be placed so
that it forms an image at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror? Also calculate the size of the image formed. (AI 2019)
Answer:
Given f = -20 cm v = -30 cm u = ?
Using 1v + 1u = 1f
1u = 1f – 1v = 1−20 – 1−30 = −3+260
⇒ u = -60 cm
∴ Object placed at 60 cm from the mirror.
Also magnification, m = h′h = −vu
⇒ h’ = −(−30)−60 × 4 = -2 cm
∴ The size of the image is 2 cm.
Question 28.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from a mirror is formed on a screen placed in front of the
mirror at a distance of 60 cm from its pole. What is the nature of the mirror? Find its focal length. If the height of the
flame is 2.4 cm, find the height of its image. State whether the image formed is erect or inverted. (Delhi 2017)
Given:
Object distance, u = – 30 cm, image size, h’ = ?
Image distance, v = – 60 cm,
Object size ,h = 2.4 cm,
Focal length, f = ?
Using mirror formula,
1f=1v+1u or 1f=−1−260=−360=−120
or f = – 20 cm
Hence, focal length is 20 cm
Also, magnification, m = h′h = −vu
or, m = (−60)(−30) = -2 or h′h = -2
h’ = – 2 × 2.4 = – 4.8 cm
As the image formed is real, therefore the mirror is concave.
The height of the image is 4.8 cm.
The image formed is enlarged and inverted.
Question 29.
An object 4 cm in height, is placed at 15 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. At what distance from
the mirror should a screen be placed to obtain a sharp image of the object. Calculate the height of the image. (Delhi
2017)
Answer:
Given : object distance, u = -15 cm,
object height, h = 4 cm, focal length f = -10 cm;
Image distance, v = ?
Using mirror formula,
1v+1u=1f⇒1v+1(−15)=1−10⇒1v=115−110
or 1v=10−15150=−5150=−130 or v = -30
In order to obtain a sharp image of the object on the screen, screen should be placed at a distance of 30 cm in front
of the mirror.
Also, magnification, m = h′h=−vu
or h′4=−(−30)(−15) or h’ = −(30)×4(15) = -2 × 4
or h’ = -8 cm
Thus, the height of the image is 8 cm.
Question 30.
Draw the following diagram in which a ray of light is incident on a concave/convex mirror, on your answer sheet.
Show the path of this ray, after reflection, in each case.

Answer:
The path of the rays are shown in figure.

Question 31.
The image of an object formed by a mirror is real, inverted and is of magnification -1. If the image is at a distance of
40 cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Where would the image be if the object is moved 20 cm towards
the mirror? State reason and also draw ray diagram for the new position of the object to justify your answer. (AI 2016)
Answer:
Since the image formed by the mirror is real and inverted, therefore the mirror is concave and magnification of the
mirror will be
m = –vu ⇒ -1 = –vu ⇒ v = u
i.e., object and image both are formed at the centre of curvature, i.e., 40 cm from the mirror.
Now, if the object is moved 20 cm towards the mirror, the object will be at the focus of the mirror and therefore the
image will be formed at infinity.

Question 32.
The image formed by a spherical mirror is real, inverted and its magnification is -2. If the image is at a distance of 30
cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Find the focal length of the mirror. List two characteristics of the
image formed if the object is moved 10 cm towards the mirror. (AI 2016)
Answer:
Since the image formed is real and inverted, the mirror is concave.
Magnification, m = −vu ⇒ -2 = −vu ⇒ v = 2u
Now, if v = – 30 cm then u = – 15 cm
As focal length of the mirror is
f = uvu+v=−15×−30−15−30=f=450−45 = -10 cm
If the object is shifted 10 cm towards the mirror, then the object is between principal focus and the optical centre and
the image formed will be virtual and erect.
Question 33.
If the image formed by mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always virtual and diminished, state
the type of the mirror. Draw a ray diagram in support of your answer. Where are such mirrors commonly used and
why? (Foreign 2016, AI 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 7.
Convex mirrors are widely used as rear view mirrors in cars, motorcycles etc. It produces an erect image that is
smaller in size than the object hence giving a wide view.
Question 34.
To construct a ray diagram we use two rays of light which are so chosen that it is easy to determine their directions
after reflection from the mirror. Choose these two rays and state the path of these rays after reflection from a
concave mirror. Use these two rays to find the nature and position of the image of an object placed at a distance of
15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. (Delhi 2015, AI 2012)
Answer:
We use two rays of light, one passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, and another is parallel to
the principal axis. After reflection, the ray passing through the centre of a concave mirror is reflected back along the
same path and the ray parallel to the principal axis will pass through the principal focus.
u = -15 cm, f= -10 cm

From ray diagram, v = -30 cm, i.e., beyond C Nature of image is real, inverted and magnified.
Question 35.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray in each of the following cases. A ray of light incident on a
convex mirror :
(a) strikes at its pole making an angle 0 from the principal axis.
(b) is directed towards its principle focus.
(c) is pardllel to its principal axis. (Foreign 2015)
Answer:

(b) Refer to answer 17.

(c) Refer to answer 6.
Question 36.
A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1 on a screen placed at a distance of 50 cm from the mirror.
(a) Write the type of mirror.
(b) Find the distance of the image from the object.
(c) What is the focal length of the mirror?
(d) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Delhi 2014, AI 2014)
Answer:
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Magnification, m = –vu or v = u
∴ Distance of the image from the object is, v – u = 0
(c) As the image is formed at centre of curvature i.e., v = R.
∴ focal length of the mirror, f = −502 = -25 cm
(d) Refer to answer 23(ii).
Question 37.
A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1 on a screen placed at a distance of 40 cm from the mirror.
(i) Write type of mirror.
(ii) What is the nature of the image formed?
(iii) How far is the object located from the mirror?
(iv) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(i) This is a concave mirror.
(ii) The image is real and inverted and of same size.
(iii) As m = – 1
∴ m = –vu ⇒ -1 = −vu ⇒ u = v
Hence, object is located at centre of curvature i.e., at distance of 40 cm from the pole of the mirror,
(iv) Refer to answer 23(ii).
Question 38.
A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1.0 on a screen placed at a distance of 30 cm from the pole
of the mirror.
(i) Write the type of mirror in this case.
(ii) What is the focal length of the mirror?
(iii) What is the nature of the images formed?
(iv) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(i) The mirror is concave mirror.
(ii) Distance the image from the mirror = – 30 cm
Magnification, m = −vu
Here m = – 1 and v = – 30 cm
-1 = –(−30)u
∴ u = – 30 cm
As v = u, object is placed at centre of curvature. Therefore, focal length of the mirror,
f = −302 = – 15 cm
(iii) Image formed is real and inverted and of the same size of the object.
(iv) Refer to answer 23(ii).
Question 39.
A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 48 cm in front of a mirror by keeping the flame at
a distance of 12 cm from its pole.
(a) Suggest the type of mirror he should use.
(b) Find the linear magnification of the image produced.
(c) How far is the image from its object?
(d) Draw ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (AI 2014)
Answer:
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Linear magnification,
m = −vu = −(−48)−12 = -4
(c) The distance between the image and the object
= 48 – 12 = 36 cm

Question 40.
A student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of 12 cm focal length. What should be
the range of distance of the candle flame from the mirror? State the nature and size of the image he is likely to
observe. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
To obtain an erect image, the object is placed in between pole and the focus of the concave mirror. So range of
distance of the candle llame from the mirror is in between 12 cm.
Nature of the image = Virtual and erect.
Size of the image = Enlarged

Question 41.
A student wants to obtain an erect image of a candle flame using a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. What
should be the range of distance of the candle flame from the mirror?
State the nature and size of the image he is likely to observe. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this
case. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
To obtain an erect image of an object, the object should be placed in between pole and focus. Range of distance of
the candle flame from the mirror is in between 15 cm.
Nature of the image = Virtual and erect
Size of the image = Enlarged
For ray diagram, refer to answer 40.
Question 42.
A student has a concave mirror of 20 cm focal length and he wants to see an erect image of his face in the mirror.
What should be the range of distance of the mirror from his face? State the nature and size of the image he is likely
to observe. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
Focal length of a concave mirror = 20 cm Range will be in between 20 cm.
Nature of the image = Virtual and erect
Size of the image = Enlarged
For ray diagram, refer to answer 40.
Question 43.
Mention the types of mirrors used as (i) rear view mirrors, (ii) shaving mirrors. List two reasons to justify your answer
in each case. (Delhi 2013, Delhi 2012)
Answer:
(i) Convex mirror is used as rear view mirror because
(a) it gives erect image.
(b) it gives diminished image thus provides wider view of traffic behind the vehicle.
(ii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror because
(a) it gives erect image when mirror is close to the face.
(b) it gives enlarged image of the face so that a person can shave safely.
Question 44.
Calculate the magnification of the image of an object placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave mirror of
focal length 15 cm. The object is at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Given, focal length of concave mirror,
f = -15 cm
Object distance, u = -20 cm
Image distance, v = ?
Using mirror formula,

Using magnification formula,

m = –vu = -(−60−20) or m = -3
So, the magnification, m = -3.
Question 45.
To construct ray diagram we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know their directions after
reflection from the mirror. List these two rays and state the path of these rays after reflection. Use these rays to
locate the image of an object placed between centre of curvature and focus of a concave mirror. (AI2012)
Answer:
A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the principal focus in case of a concave mirror or
appear to diverge from the principal focus in case of a convex mirror.
A ray passing through the centre of a curvature of a concave mirror or directed in the direction of the centre of
curvature of a convex mirror, after reflection, is reflected back along the same path. The light rays come back along
the same path because the incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the reflecting surface.

Question 46.
State the types of mirrors used for (i) headlights and (ii) rear view mirrors, in motorcycles. Give reason to justify your
answer in each case. (AI 2012)
Answer:
(i) Concave mirrors are used in headlights of cars to get powerful beams of light.
(ii) Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors of vehicle to get a wider field of view and and erect image of traffic
behind.
Question 47.
An object is placed between infinity and the pole of a convex mirror. Draw a ray diagram and also state the position,
the relative size and the nature of the image formed. (AI 2011)
Answer:

Position: Image is formed between pole and principal focus of the mirror.
Relative size : Image formed is diminished.
Nature : Image formed is virtual and erect.
Question 48.
With the help of a ray diagram explain why a convex mirror is preferred for rear view mirrors in the motor cars.
(Foreign 2011)
Answer:
Convex mirror is preferred for rear view mirrors in motor cars because no matter where the object is located in front
of convex mirror, it always gives erect and diminished image of the object, so that driver is able to see the large traffic
view in small area and the image is erect. This can be interpreted from the following diagram.

Question 49.
An object 4.0 cm in size, is placed 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm.
(i) At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image?
(ii) Find the size of the image.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case. (2020)
Answer:
(i) Given, h = 4 cm,
u = -25 cm (concave mirror), f = -15 cm
Using mirror formula,

Thus, the image is real and inverted.

Question 50.
(a) A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm can produce a magnified real as well as virtual image of an object placed
in front of it. Draw ray diagrams to justify this statement,
(b) An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex mirror of focal length 10 cm. The distance of
the object from the pole of the mirror is 10 cm. Find the position of the image formed. (2020)
Answer:
(a) A magnified real image is produced in a concave mirror when the object is placed between principal focus and
centre of curvature.

A magnified virtual image is produced in a concave mirror when the object is placed between the pole and the
principle focus of the mirror.

(b) Given, f = +10 cm (convex mirror) and u = -10 cm

From mirror formula,

Question 51.
(a) A security mirror used in a big showroom has radius of curvature 5 m. If a customer is standing at a distance of 20
m from the cash counter, find the position, nature and size of the image formed in the security mirror.
(b) Neha visited a dentist in his clinic. She observed that the dentist was holding an instrument fitted with a mirror.
State the nature of this mirror and reason for its use in the instrument used by dentist. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Given radius of curvature of the mirror,
R=5m
∴ Focal length, f = R/2 = 2.5 m (convex mirror) and u = -20 m
From mirror formula,
1f=1v+1u or 1v=1f−1u
= 12.5−1−20=−20−2.5−20×2.5
∴ v = 2.22 m
Thus, the image is formed 2.22 m behind the mirror. The image is diminished, virtual and erect.
(b) Concave mirrors are used by dentist. Dentist use it as it is a converging mirror and when used at close range
forms a highly enlarged, virtual and erect image of the object.
Question 52.
(a) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know their directions after
reflection from the mirror. Use these two rays and draw ray diagram to locate the image of an object placed between
pole and focus of a concave mirror.
(b) A concave mirror produces three times magnified image on a screen. If the objects placed 20 cm in front of the
mirror, how far is the screen from the object? (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
(a) Two lights rays whose path of reflection are priorly known are :
(i) When the incident ray passes through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, it gets reflected in the same
path.
(ii) When the ray is incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards the pole of mirror, it gets reflected back by making
equal angles with the principal axis (laws of reflections).
Suppose an object is placed between focus and pole of the concave mirror. Then by using the above two rays, the
image of the object can be located as

Image formed is virtual, erect, magnified and it is formed behind the mirror.
(b) Given : Magnification, m = – 3
Object distance, u = – 20 cm
Magnification, m = −vu or -3 = −v−20
or v = -60 cm
The screen is placed in front of the mirror at a distance of 60 cm from the pole.
Thus, the screen is placed 40 cm (= 60 cm – 20 cm) away from the object.
Question 53.
(a) If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always diminished, erect and
virtual, state the type of the mirror and also draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. Write one use such mirrors are
put to and why?
(b) Define the radius of curvature of spherical mirrors. Find the nature and focal length of a spherical mirror whose
radius of curvature is +24 cm. (AI2017)
Answer:
(a) If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always diminished, erect and
virtual then the mirror is convex mirror.
The ray diagrams for the formation of image by a convex mirror for the first position when the object is at infinity and
the second position when the object is at a finite distance from the mirror are shown.

Use of Convex Mirrors

Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles because they always give an erect,
though diminished image. Also, they have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors
enable the driver to view a large area.
(b) Radius of Curvature: The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part, is
called the radius of curvature of the mirror. It is represented by the letter R.
∵ The radius of curvature is equal to twice the focal length.
∴ R = 2f
If R = +24 cm ∴ f = R2 = 242 = 12 cm
Since the radius of curvature is positive, the mirror is convex mirror. Hence the nature of the image is virtual and
erect.
Question 54.
(a) Define the following terms in the context of spherical mirrors:
(i) Pole
(ii) Centre of curvature
(iii) Principal axis
(iv) Principal focus
(b) Draw ray diagrams to show the principal focus of a
(i) Concave mirror (ii) Convex mirror
(c) Consider the following diagram in which M is a mirror and P is an object and Q is its magnified image formed by
the mirror.
State the type of the mirror M and one characteristic property of the image Q. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Pole : The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point called the pole. It lies in the surface of
the mirror and its represented by the letter P.
(ii) Centre of curvature: The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a part of a sphere which has a centre. This point
is called the centre of curvature of spherical mirror and is represented by the letter C.
(iii) Principal axis : An imaginary line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror and
normal to the mirror at its pole is called principal axis.
(iv) Principal focus : Incident rays parallel to principal axis, after reflection either converge to as appear to diverge
from a fixed point on the principal axis known as principal focus of the spherical mirror.

(c) The object is placed between focus and pole of the mirror and a magnified image is formed behind the mirror.
∴ The mirror is concave and image formed is virtual and erect.
Question 55.
It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm.
(i) What should be the range of distance of a , object placed in front of the mirror?
(ii) Will the image be smaller or larger than the object? Draw ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case.
(iii) Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 24 cm in front of the mirror? Draw ray diagram for this
situation also to justify your answer.
Show the positions of pole, principal focus and the centre of curvature in the above ray diagrams. (AI2016)
Answer:
Given : focal length of the concave mirror f = 12 cm
(i) If the object is placed between the pole and focus of the concave mirror, then the image formed is virtual and
erect. Iheretore, the range of distance of the object should be 0 < u <. 12 cm.
(ii) The image formed will be enlarged as shown below.

(iii) If the object is placed 24 cm in front of the mirror i.e., at the centre of the curvature then the image will also be
formed at the centre of the curvature.

Question 56.
Suppose you have three concave mirrors A, B and C of focal lengths 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm. For each concave
mirror you perform the experiment of image formation for three values of object distances of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30
cm. By giving reason, answer the following:
(a) For the three object distances, identify the mirror/mirrors which will form an image of magnification -1.
(b) Out of the three mirrors, identify the mirror which would be preferred to be used for shaving purposes/make up.
(c) For the mirror B draw ray diagram for image formation for object distances 10 cm and 20 cm. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Given fa = 10 cm, fb = 15 cm, fc = 20 cm
ua = 10 cm, ub = 20 cm, uc = 30 cm
(a) Magnification of -1 implies that size of image is same as that of object or image is formed at the same distance as
of the object. This is the case when the object distance, u = 2f, i.e., when the object is at the centre of the curvature.
For fa, ub and for fb, uc, we get magnification – 1.
(b) Concave mirror forms virtual, erect and magnified image when the object is between focus and pole of the mirror,
i.e., direct distance should be less than the focal length of the mirror.
For object distance 10 cm, mirrors of focal length fb = 15 cm and fc = 20 cm can be used.

Question 57.
A student has focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a concave mirror. The situation is a given
below:
Length of fhe flame = 1.5 cm
Focal length of the mirror = 12 cm
Distance of flame from the mirror = 18 cm
If the flame is perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror, then calculate the following:
(a) Distance of the image from the mirror
(b) Length of the image
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, then what would be observed on the screen?
Draw ray diagram to justify your answer from this situation. (Foreign 2015)
Answer:
Given: focal length of the concave mirror, f = – 12 cm
Length of the flame, h = 1.5 cm
Distance of flame from the mirror, u = -18 cm
(b) Let h’ be the length of the image.
∵ Magnification, m = h′h = −vu
∴ h’ = −v×hu=−(−36)×1.5−18 = -3 cm
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, then
1v=1f−1u=1−12−1−10=160
∴ v = 60 cm
Hence, image is formed behind the mirror.

Question 58.
A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on the walls of school laboratory by using a mirror.
(a) Which type of mirror should he use and why?
(b) At what distance in terms of focal length ‘f’ of the mirror should he place the candle flame so as to get the
magnified image on the wall?
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case.
(d) Can he use this mirror to project a diminished image of the candle flame on the same wall? State ‘how’ if your
answer is ‘yes’ and ‘why not’ if your answer is ‘no’ (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
(a) He should use concave mirror to get image of candle flame on the walls of school laboratory. Because concave
mirror is a converging mirror and produce real image.
(b) He should place the candle flame in between centre of curvature C and principal focus F of the mirror to get the
magnified image on the wall.
(d) Yes, he can use concave mirror to project a diminished image of the candle flame on the same wall. He has to
place the candle flame beyond centre of curvature to get diminished image.
Question 59.
Define the following terms in case of a concave mirror:
(a) Pole
(b) Radius of curvature
(c) Principal axis
(d) Principal focus
Suppose you want to observe an erect image of a candle flame using a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. State
the range of distance of the candle flame from the mirror. List two other characteristics of the observed image. Draw
a ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 54(a) (i).
(b) Refer to answer 53(b).
(c) Refer to answer 54(a) (iii).
(d) Refer to answer 54(a) (iv).
If we want to get an erect image of a candle flame using concave mirror of focal length 20 cm, then we must place
the object between a pole and focus of the mirror. If u is the image distance, then 0 < u < 20 cm
Other two characteristics of the observed image are
(i) Image is virtual and erect
(ii) Image is enlarged
The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as follows:

Question 60.
List the sign conventions for reflection of light by spherical mirrors. Draw a diagram and apply these conventions in
the determination of focal length of a spherical mirror which forms a three times magnified real image of an object
placed 16 cm infront of it. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors : While dealing with the reflection of light by spherical mirrors, we
shall follow a set of sign conventions called the New Cartesian Sign Convention, the conventions are as follows:
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror
from the left-hand side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as positive while those measured to
the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along +y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along-y-axis) are taken as negative.

Given that m = -3 (real image), u = -16 cm

Magnification, m = −vu

Question 61.
List the new Cartesian sign convention for reflection of light by spherical mirrors. Draw a diagram and apply these
conventions for calculating the focal length and nature of a spherical mirror which forms a 1/3 times magnified virtual
image of an object placed 18 cm in front of it. (AI 2012)
Answer:
Refer to answer 60.
Given that m = +13 (virtual image), u = -18 cm
Magnification, m = –vu
13 = −v−18 ⇒ v = 6 cm
mirror formula 1v + 1u = 1f
16 – 118 = 1f ⇒ 3−118 = 1f ⇒ f = 9 cm
As the value of focal length is positive, the mirror used is convex mirror.
Question 62.
Name the type of mirror used in the following situations
(i) Headlights of a car
(ii) Rear-view mirror of vehicle
(iii) Solar furnace
Support your answer with reason. (Foreign 2012)
Answer:
(i) Refer to answer 46(i).
(ii) Refer to answer 46(ii).
(iii) Concave mirrors are used in solar furnaces to concentrate sunlight to produce heat.
Question 63.
What is meant by power of a lens? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Power is the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens.
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
i.e., P = 1f
Question 64.
An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. List four characteristics (nature,
position, etc.) of the image formed by the lens. (AI2017)
Answer:
Given : Object distance, u = – 15 cm
Focal length, f = + 20 cm
Using lens formula, As |u| < |f|
The object is placed between F and optical centre of lens.
Thus, the four characteristics of the image formed by the convex lens are:
(i) Erect
(ii) Virtual
(iii) Enlarged image,
(iv) Image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object.
Question 65.
What is meant by power of a lens? What does its sign (+ve or -ve) indicate? State its S.I. unit related to focal length
of a lens. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Refer to answer 63.
Positive sign (+) of power indicates that lens is convex and negative sign (-) of power indicates that lens is concave.
If focal length (f) is expressed in metres, then, power is expressed in dioptres. The SI unit of power is dioptre. Thus, 1
dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is 1 metre. 1 D = 1 m-1
Question 66.
The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. If speed of light in glass is 2
× 108 m/s, find the speed of light in water. (AI 2016)
Answer:

Question 67.
The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively. If the speed of light in glass is 2 ×
108 m/s, calculate the speed of light in (i) vacuum, (ii) water. (AI 2015)
Answer:
Given that: ng = 43, nw = 32, vg = 2 × 108 m/s
Absolute refractive index of a medium, nm = cv
where, c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in medium.

Note: The values given in question are not correct as the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s
Question 68.
“A ray of light incident on a rectangular glass slab immersed in any medium emerges parallel to itself.” Draw labelled
ray diagram to justify the statement”. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:

Question 69.
The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 1.5 and 1.33 respectively. In which medium does light travel
faster? Calculate the ratio of speeds of light in the two media. (Delhi 2013 C)
Answer:
Given : refractive index of glass, ng = 1.5
Refractive index of water, nw = 1.33
Since, refractive index of medium,

For glass ng = cvg ……… (i)

For water nw = cvw ……… (ii)
Since velocity of light in medium is inversely proportional to its refractive index, the light will travel faster in optically
rarer medium i.e., water.
Dividing (i) by (ii),

So, the ratio of vg and vw is 1.33 : 1.5.

Question 70.
To construct a ray diagram we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know their directions after
refraction from the lens. List these two rays and state the path of these rays after refraction. Use these two rays to
locate the image of an object placed between ‘f’ and ‘2f’ of a convex lens. (Foreign 2012)
Answer:
The two rays are :
(i) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from a convex lens, passes through the
principal focus on the other side of the leps and in case of concave lens, a ray appears to diverge from the principal
focus located on the same side of the lens.

(ii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without any deviation.
When object is placed between F and 2F.

Question 71.
(a) Water has refractive index 1.33 and alcohol has refractive index 1.36. Which of the two medium is optically
denser? Give reason for your answer.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a ray of light passing obliquely from water to alcohol.
(c) State the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction in the above case. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Here, alcohol is optically denser medium as its refractive index is higher than that of water. When we compare the
two media, the one with larger refractive index is called the optically denser medium than the other as the speed of
light is lower in this medium.
(b) Since light is travelling from water (rarer medium) to alcohol (denser medium), it slows down and bends towards
the normal.

where i = angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction.

(c) According to Snell’s law,
sinisinr=μalcohol μwater =1.361.33 = 1.0225
∴ sin i = 1.0225 × sin r
Question 72.
The refractive index of a medium V with respect to a medium ‘y’ is 2/3 and the refractive index of medium ‘y’ with
respect to medium ‘z’ is 4/3. Find the refractive index of medium ‘z with respect to medium V. If the speed of light in
medium ‘x’ is 3 × 108 m s-1, calculate the speed of light in medium ‘y’. (2020)
Answer:
Given, refractive index of medium x with respect to y,
yµx = 23
Refractive index of medium y with respect to z,
zµy = 43
∴ Refractive index of medium x with respect to z,
zµx = yµx . zµy = 23 × 43 = 89
∴ Refractive index of medium z with respect to x,
xµy = 1zµx = 98
Now speed of light in x = 3 × 108 m/s
Speed of light in y, vy = ?
⇒ vy = 23 × 3 × 108 = 2 × 108 m/s
Question 73.
A real image 2/3rd of the size of an object is formed by a convex lens when the object is at a distance of 12 cm from
it. Find the focal length of the lens. (AI 2019)
Answer:
Given, h’ = 23h, u = -12 cm

∴ Focal length of the convex lens = 4.8 cm

Question 74.
State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive index of a medium’ and write an expression
to relate it with the speed of light in vaccum. (2018)
Answer:
(a) Laws of refraction of light:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given
colour and for the given pair of media.
This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
sinisinr = constant,
where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
This constant value is called refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first when the light travels
from first medium to second medium.
⇒ constant = n21 = v1v2 ∴sinisinr = v1v2
If n is the absolute refractive index of the medium, c is the velocity of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in a
given medium, then n = cl v.
Question 75.
What is meant by power of a lens? Write its SI unit. A student uses a lens of focal length 40 cm and another of -20
cm. Write the nature and power of each lens. (2018)
Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
Given that: Focal length of lens A, fA = +40 cm
Focal length of lens B, fB = -20 cm
Lens A is converging. Lens B is diverging.

Question 76.
Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of three times magnified (a) real, and (b) virtual image of an object by a
converging lens. Mark the positions of O, F and 2F in each diagram. (AI 2017)
Answer:

(b) Ray diagrams of an object placed between F1 and optical centre O of lens can be drawn as follows:

(i) The image formed is virtual and erect.

(ii) Image is formed in front of the lens.
(iii) Image formed is enlarged.
Question 77.
(a) Draw a diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass slab and mark angle of refraction and the lateral
shift suffered by a ray of light while passing through the slab.
(b) If the refractive index of glass for light going from air to glass is 3/2, find the refractive index of air for light going
from glass to air. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 68.
(b) Refractive index of glass w.r.t air is 3
gna = 32
Now, refractive index of air w.r.t glass will be
ang = 1gna = 1(3/2) = 23
Question 78.
The image of an object formed by a lens is of magnification -1. If the distance between the object and its image is 60
cm, what is the focal length of the lens? If the object is moved 20 cm towards the lens, where would the image be
formed? State reason and also draw a ray diagram in support of your answer. (AI2016)
Answer:
Magnification of -1 indicates that the image is real and inverted and is of the same size as of the object. The object
must be at 2f and image also at 2f on the other side.
Total distance between image and object
Also 4f = 60 cm ⇒ f = 15 cm
If object is moved 20 cm towards the lens, then the object will be between focus and optical centre of the lens and
image formed will be virtual and erect and on the same side of the lens.

Question 79.
(a) Define focal length of a spherical lens.
(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 30 cm. At what distance should an object of height 5 cm from the optical
centre of the lens be placed so that its image is formed 15 cm away from the lens? Find the size of the image also.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above situation. (AI 2016)
Answer:
(a) Distance between the optical centre and the focus of the lens is known as the focal length of the lens.
(b) Given f = -30 cm, v = -15 cm, h = 5 cm From the lens formula,

Object should be placed 30 cm from the optical centre.

Also m = h′h = vu ⇒ h’ = h(vu)
or h’ = 5 × −15−30 = 2.5 cm
Size of image formed is 2.5 cm

Question 80.
If the image formed by a lens for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always virtual, erect and diminished,
state the type of the lens. Draw a ray diagram in support of your answer. If the numerical value of focal length of such
a lens is 20 cm, find its power in new cartesian sign conventions. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image for all positions of the object.

Focal length of the concave lens

f = -20 cm = −20100 m
Power of the lens, P = 1f(inm) = −10020m = -5D
Question 81.
State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s, find the absolute refractive index of
a medium in which light travels with a speed of 1.4 × 108 m/s. (Foreign 2015)
Answer:
Laws of refraction: Refer to answer 74.
The speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
The speed of light in a medium = 1.4 × 108 m/s
∴ Absolute refractive index

Question 82.
State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m s-1, find the speed of light in a
medium of absolute refractive index 1.5. (Delhi 2014, AI 2014)
Answer:
Refer to answer 74.
The speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
Absolute refractive index =1.5
∴ The speed of light in a medium

Question 83.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 40 cm from a spherical lens is formed on a screen placed on the
other side of the lens at a distance of 40 cm from the lens. Identify the type of lens and write its focal length. What will
be the nature of the image formed if the candle flame is shifted 25 cm towards the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify
your answer. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
Given : u = -40 cm, v = 40 cm
1f=140+140=240 ⇒ f = 20 cm
Type of lens : Convex lens
Focal length = 20 cm
Nature of the image will be virtual and erect if the candle flame is shifted 25 cm towards the lens.

Question 84.
An object of height 6 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 5 cm. Use lens
formula to determine the position, size and nature of the image if the distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm.
(Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Focal length of given concave lens, f= – 5 cm
Distance, u = -10 cm, object size, h = 6 cm
Image distance, v = ?
Using lens formula, 1f = 1v – 1u
1v=1f+1u=1−5+1−10=−310
v = –10u = -3.33 cm
So, the image is located 3.33 cm from the lens. Magnification (m) of lens is given by
m = vu = −103−10=13 = 0.33
m is positive implies that image is virtual and erect. Also, magnitude of m is less than one implies that image is
diminished.
Since m = vu = h′h ⇒ 13 = h′6 or h’ = 2 cm
Question 85.
Draw ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in each of the following cases. A ray of light incident on a
concave lens
(i) is parallel to its principal axis, (ii) is passing through its optical centre and (iii) is directed towards its principal focus.
(Delhi 2013 C)
Answer:
(i) A ray of light incident on a concave lens is parallel to its principal axis, the diagram can be drawn as follows:

The refracted ray appears to pass through focus on the same side of the lens.
(ii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is passing through its optical centre then the refracted ray will go
without deviation.

(iii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is directed towards its principal axis then it will go parallel to principal
axis.

Question 86.
What is the principle of reversibility of light? Show that the incident of light is parallel to the emergent ray of light when
light falls obliquely on a side of a rectangular glass slab. (AI 2011)
Answer:
Principle of reversibility of light states that the light will follow exactly the same path if the direction is reversed.
Using Snell’s law of refraction, sinisinr1=sinesinr2
Since r1 = r2, so i = e
so PQ is parallel to RS.
So, we conclude that incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray.
Question 87.
What is understood by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate it with the help of a diagram. List any two factors on
which the lateral displacement in a particular substance depends. (Foreign 2011)
Answer:
When a ray of light is incident obliquely on a parallel sided glass slab, the emergent ray shifts laterally. The
perpendicular distance between the direction of the incident ray and emergent ray is called lateral shift.
Diagram : Refer to answer 68.
Tire factors on which the lateral displacement depends are:
(i) thickness of the refracting material.
(ii) the refractive index of the material.
Question 88.
Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases to show the formation of image, when the object is placed:
(i) between optical centre and principal focus of a convex lens.
(ii) anywhere in front of a concave lens.
(iii) at 2F of a convex lens.
State the signs and values of magnifications in the above mentioned cases (i) and (ii). (2020)
Answer:
(i) When an object is placed between Fj and optical centre, O of a convex lens, it forms a virtual and erect image. The
ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as follows:

In case (i), the magnification, m is given by,

m = vu = −v−u = positive
i.e., the image formed virtual and erect.
In case (ii), the magnification,
m = vu = −v−u = positive
i.e., the image formed is virtual and erect.
Question 89.
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Power of lens
(ii) Principal focus of a concave mirror
(b) Write the relationship among the object distance (u), image distance (v) and the focal length (f) of a
(i) Spherical lens
(ii) Spherical mirror
(c) An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from optical centre of a convex lens of focal length 15 cm. Draw a
labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case. (2020)
Answer:
(a) (i) Refer to answer 63.
(ii) Refer to answer 54(a)(iv).
(b) (i) for a spherical lens, according to lens formula,
1f = 1v + 1u
where f is the focal length of the lens, v is the image distance and u is the object distance.
(ii) For a spherical mirror, according to mirror formula,
1f = 1v + 1u
where f is the focal length of the mirror, v is the image distance and u is the object distance.
(c) Given focal length, f = +15 cm (convex lens) and u = -10 cm

Question 90.
Rishi went to a palmist to show his palm. The palmist used a special lens for this purpose.
(i) State the nature of the lens and reason for its use.
(ii) Where should the palmist place/hold the lens so as to have a real and magnified image of an object?
(iii) If the focal length of this lens is 10 cm, the lens is held at a distance of 5 cm from the palm, use lens formula to
find the position and size of the image. (2020)
Answer:
(i) The lens used here is a convex lens and it is used as a magnifying glass because at close range, i.e., when the
object is placed between optic centre and principal focus it forms an enlarged, virtual and erect image of the object.
(ii) When this lens is placed such that the object is between the centre of curvature and the principal focus, the
palmist obtain a real and magnified image.
(iii) Given focal length, f = 10 cm and u = -5 cm According to lens formula,

Thus, the image will be formed at 10 cm on the same side of the palm and the size of the image will be enlarged.
Question 91.
An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30 cm.
(i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from the lens
(ii) List four characteristics of the image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this case
(iii) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of pair (ii) . (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
(i) Given, f = -30 cm, u = -60 cm, v = ?
Using lens formula,
(ii) (a) The image is virtual in nature.
(b) The image is formed at a distance of 20 cm on the left from the concave lens.
(c) Magnification, m = vu
Here, v = – 20 cm; u = – 60 cm
So, m = 2060 = 13 = + 0.3
Since value of magnification is less than 1, therefore, the image is diminished.
(d) The plus sign for the magnification shows that the image is erect.

Question 92.
(a) A 5 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. The distance
of the object from the lens is 30 cm. Find the position, nature and size of the image formed.
(b) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing object distance, image distance and focal length in the above case. (AI
2019)
Answer:
(a) Given, h = 5 cm, f = 20 cm, u = -30 cm
Using lens formula, 1v – 1u = 1f
1v=1u+1f=1−30+120=−2+360=160
⇒ v = 60 cm
Now, magnification, m = h′h = vu
⇒ h’ = vu × h = 60−30 × 5 = -10 cm
Hence, the image formed at 60 cm, which is real and magnified.

Question 93.
Analyse the following observation table showing variation of image distance (v) with object distance (u) in case of a
convex lens and answer the questions that follows, without doing any calculations :
S. No. Object distance u (cm) Image distance v (cm)
1 -90 + 18
2 -60 + 20
3 -30 + 30
4 -20 + 60
5 – 18 + 90
6 – 10 + 100
(a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give reason in support of your answer.
(b) Write the serial number of that observation which is not correct. How did you arrive at this conclusion?
(c) Take an appropriate scale to draw ray diagram for the observation at S. No. 4 and the approximate value of
magnification. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
(a) When an object placed at 2F from a convex lens, then its image is formed on the other side of the lens at the
same distance from the lens. Thus from S. No.(3) we can say that.
f = v/2 ⇒ f = 302 = + 15 cm
Thus, the focal length is + 15 cm.
(b) In this case S.No. (6) is incorrect as the object distance is between focus and pole, for such case, the image
formed is virtual and on the same side as the object, hence image distance is negative.
(c) The approximate value of magnification for object distance -20 cm and image distance +60 cm is -3

Question 94.
Analyse the following observation table showing variation of image-distance (v) with object-distance (u) in case of a
convex lens and answer the questions that follow without doing any calculations.
S. No. Object Distance w(cm) Image Distance v(cm)
1 -100 +25
2 -60 +30
3 -40 +40
4 -30 +60
5 -25 +100
6 -15 +120
(a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give reason to justify your answer.
(b) Write the serial number of the observation which is not correct. On what basis have you arrived at this
conclusion?
(c) Select an appropriate scale and draw a ray diagram for the observation at S. No. 2. Also find the approximate
value of magnification. (AI 2017)
Answer:
(a) When an object is placed at 2F from the convex lens, then its image is formed on the other side of the lens at the
same distance from the lens. Thus from S.No. (3), we can say that
∴ f = v2 = 402 = 20 cm
(b) In this case, S. No. (6) is incorrect as the object distance is between focus and optical centre for such cases, the
image formed is virtual and image distance is negative.

The approximate value of magnification for object distance -60 cm and image distance +30 cm is -1/2.
Question 95.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a convex lens when an object is placed in front of the lens
between its optical centre and principal focus.
(b) In the above ray diagram mark the object distance (u) and the image distance (v) with their proper sign (+ve or -ve
as per the new Cartesian sign convention) and state how these distances are related to the focal length (f) of the
convex lens in this case.
(c) Find the power of a convex lens which forms a real and inverted image of magnification -1 of an object placed at a
distance of 20 cm from its optical centre. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 88(i).
(b) The lens formula is given as
1v – 1u = 1f
(c) Magnification of the lens is given by
m = vu ⇒ -1 = −v20 [u = -20 cm]
∴ v = 20 cm
As v = u then
∴ f = 202 cm = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Power of the lens, P = 1f(inm) D = 10.1 D = 10 D
Question 96.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a concave lens when an object is placed in front of it.
(b) In the above diagram mark the object distance (u) and the image distance (v) with their proper sign (+ve or -ve as
per the new Cartesian sign convention) and state how these distances are related to the focal length (/) of the
concave lens in this case.
(c) Find the nature and power of a lens which forms a real and inverted image of magnification -1 at a distance of 40
cm from its optical centre. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 88(ii).
(b) The lens formula is given by
1v – 1u = 1f
(c) Since, the nature of the image is real and inverted therefore the lens is convex.
Now magnification of the lens is
m = vu ⇒ -1 = vu ⇒ v = -u
Now, from lens formula,

Question 97.
(a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens.
(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance should an object of height 4 cm from the optical
centre of the lens be placed so that its image is formed 10 cm away from the lens. Find the size of the image also.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in above situation. (AI 2016)
Answer:
(a) Optical centre is the central part of the lens through which a ray of light passes without suffering any deviation. It
is usually represented by the letter O.
(b) Given f = – 20 cm, h = 4 cm, v = – 10 cm
From lens formula,
1v – 1u = 1f
⇒ 1u = −110 + 120 ⇒ u = -20 cm
Also, magnification of the lens,
m = h′h = vu ⇒ h’ = 1020 × 4 ⇒ h’ = 2 cm

Question 98.
(a) Define focal length of a divergent lens.
(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 30 cm forms the image of an object of size 6 cm on the same side as the
object at a distance of 15 cm from its optical centre. Use lens formula to determine the distance of the object from the
lens and the size of the image formed.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above situation. (AI 2016)
Answer:
(a) Distance between the principal focus and the optical centre is known as the focal length of the lens.
(b) Given, f = -30 cm, v = -15 cm, h = 6 cm
Now, from lens formula,

Question 99.
At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm a 6 cm tall object be placed so as to obtain its image at
15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size of the image formed. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer for the
above situation and label it. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Focal length of concave lens, f = -20
cm Height of the object, h = 6 cm
Image distance, v = -15 cm
From lens formula,

Question 100.
At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 25 cm a 10 cm tall object be placed so as to obtain its image at
20 cm from the lens. Also calculate the size of the image formed. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer for the
above situation and label it. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Focal length of concave lens f = – 25 cm
Image distance, v = -20 cm
Height of the object, h = 10 cm
Now, from lens formula,

Question 101.
“A convex lens can form a magnified erect as well as magnified inverted image of an object placed in front of it”.
Draw ray diagram to justify this statement stating the position of the object with respect to the lens in each case. An
object of height 4 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a concave lens of focal length 10 cm. Use lens formula to
determine the position of the image formed. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Magnified erect image:
Magnified inverted image:

Given that h = 4 cm, u = -20 cm, f = -10 cm

Lens formula:
1v – 1u = 1f ∴ 1v – 1(−20) = 1(−10)
or 1v=−110−120=−2−120=−320 or v = −203 cm
Question 102.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from a spherical lens is formed on a screen placed on the
other side of the lens at a distance of 60 cm from the optical centre of the lens. Identify the type of lens and calculate
its focal length. If the height of the flame is 3 cm, find the height of its image. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Given that u = -30 cm, v = 60 cm, h = 3 cm
Lens Formula:
1v – 1u = 1f ∴ 160 – 1(−30) = 1f
⇒ 1+260=1f=360=120 or f = 20 cm
As focal length is positive, hence lens is convex lens.
Magnification, m = vu = h′h
∴ 60−30 = h′3 or h’ = −60×330 = -6 cm
⇒ The height of image is 6 cm and negative sign shows that the image is real and inverted.
Question 103.
(a) State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive index of a medium and write an
expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum.
(b) The absolute refractive indices of two media A and B are 2.0 and 1.5 respectively. If the speed of light in medium
B is 2 × 108 m/s, calculate the speed of light in
(i) vacuum
(ii) medium A (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 74.
(b) Given that nA = 2.0, nA = 1.5, vA = 2 × 108 m/s
(i) nB = cvB, where c is the speed of light in vacuum

Question 104.
What is meant by power of a lens? Define its S.I. unit.
You have two lenses A and B of focal lengths + 10 and -10 cm respectively. State the nature and power of each lens.
Which of the two lenses will form a virtual and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the lens? Draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer. (AI 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
Given that:
Focal length of lens A, fA = +10 cm
Focal length of lens B, fB = -10 cm
Lens A is convex lens . Lens B is concave lens,
Power of lens A = 100fA(incm) = 10010 = +10 D
Power of lens B = 100fB(incm) = 100−10 = -10 D
Lens A will form a virtual and magnified image.

Question 105.
One half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with a black paper. Can such a lens produce an image of
a complete object placed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
A 4 cm tall obj ect is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. The distance
of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image. (AI 2015)
Answer:
Yes, the lens will produce an image of complete object.
Given that h = 4 cm, f = 20 cm, u = -15 cm
Lens formula: = 1v – 1u = 1f
∴ 1v – 1(−15) = 120 or 1v = 120 – 115 = −160
⇒ v = -60 cm
Magnification, m = vu = −60−15 = 4
Nature of image: Virtual, erect and enlarged Position of image : In front of lens 60 cm from the lens
Size of image : Four times of object, i.e.,
(4 × 4) cm = 16 cm
Question 106.
What is meant by the power of a lens ? What is its S.I. unit ? Name the type of lens whose power is positive. The
image of an object formed by a lens is real, inverted and of the same size as the object. If the image is at a distance
of 40 cm from the lens, what is the nature and power of the lens? Draw ray diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign
2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
Convex lens has positive power. Since the image of an object formed by a lens is real, inverted and of the same size
as the object.
Given: Size of object = Size of image and h’ = -h
∴ Magnification, m = h′h = −hh = -1
∴ -1 = vu or v = -u
Focal length of the lens,

Question 107.
(a) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses:
(i) optical centre
(ii) centres of curvature
(iii) principal axis (iv) aperture
(v) principal focus (vi) focal length
(b) A converging lens has focal length of 12 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the lens
so that it forms an image at 48 cm on the other side of the lens. (AI 2014)
Answer:
(a) (i) Optical centre : The centre point of a lens is known as the optical centre. It always lies inside the lens. A light
beam passing through the optical centre without any deviation.
(ii) Centre of curvature : It is defined as the centre of the sphere of which the lens is originally a part of. Because the
spherical lens consists of two spherical surfaces, the lens has two centre of curvature.
(iii) Principal axis : A straight line passing through the optical centre and principal focus of a spherical lens. This line
is called the principal axis.
(iv) Aperture : The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical lens is called its aperture.
(v) Principal focus : A number of rays parallel to the principal axis are falling on a lens.
These rays, after refraction from the lens, are appearing to converge to or diverge from a point on the principal axis.
This point on the principal axis is called the principal focus of the lens.
(vi) Focal length: The distance between the optical centre and the principal focus of a spherical lens is called the
focal length. It is represented by the letter f.
(b) Given f = 12 cm, v = 48 cm, u = ?

Question 108.
(i) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses
(a) Centres of curvature (b) Principal axis
(c) Optical centre (d) Principal focus
(ii) At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, should a 6 cm tall object be placed so that it forms an
image at 15 cm from the lens? Also determine the size of the image formed. (AI 2014)
Answer:
(i) Refer to answer 107(a).
(ii) Refer to answer 99.
Question 109.
What is meant by power of a lens? Name and define its S.I. unit.
One student uses a lens of focal length +50 cm and another of -50 cm. State the nature and find the power of each
lens. Which of the two lenses will always give a virtual and diminished image irrespective of the position of the
object? (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
A convex lens has the focal length +50 cm.
∴ power = 1f = +10050 = +2 D
A concave lens has the focal length -50 cm.
∴ power = 1f = −10050 = -2 D
Concave lens always gives a virtual, erect and diminished image irrespective of the position of the object.
Question 110.
(a) State the laws of refraction of light. Give an expression to relate the absolute refractive index of a medium with
speed of light in vacuum.
(b) The refractive indices of water and glass with respect to air are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively. If the speed of light in
glass is 2 × 108 m s-1, find the speed of light in (i) air, (ii) water. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 74.
(b) Refer to answer 66.
Question 111.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 45 cm from a spherical lens is formed on a screen placed at a
distance of 90 cm from the lens. Identify the type of lens and calculate its focal length. If the height of the flame is 2
cm, find the height of its image. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Given that u = -45 cm, v = +90 cm, h = 2 cm
(as the image is formed on the screen, the image is real and hence image is formed by convex lens on the other side
of the lens).
Type of the lens used : Convex lens
Lens formula
1v – 1u = 1f
∴ 190−1(−45)=1f=390 or f = 30 cm
Focal length, f = 30 cm
Magnification, m = h′h = vu
∴ h′2 = 90−45 or h’ = -4 cm
⇒ height of image = 4 cm (inverted)
Question 112.
State the law of refraction of light that defines the refractive index of a medium with respect to the other. Express it
mathematically. How is reffactive index of any medium ‘A’ with respect to a medium ‘B’ related to the speed of
propagation of light in two media A and A? State the name of this constant when one medium is vacuum or air.
The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to vacuum are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. If the speed of light in
glass is 2 × 108 m/s, find the speed of light in (i) vacuum, (ii) water. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Refer to answer 74 and 66.
Question 113.
A 4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of convex lens of focal length 24 cm. The distance of
the object from the lens is 16 cm. Find the position, size and nature of the image formed, using the lens formula. (AI
2012, Foreign 2012)
Answer:
Given that :u = -16 cm, f = 24 cm, h = 4 cm

Nature of image : virtual and erect, enlarged

Question 114.
With the help of a ray diagram state what is meant by refraction of light. State Snell’s law for refraction of light and
also express it mathematically.
The refractive index of air with respect to glass is 2/3 and the refractive index of water with respect to air is 4/3. If the
speed of light in glass is 2 × 108 m/s, find the speed of light in (a) air, (b) water. (AI 2012)
Answer:
When travelling obliquely from one medium to another, the direction of propagation of light in the second medium
changes. This phenomenon is known as refraction of light.
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour
and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as snell’s law of refraction.

sinisinr = constant,
Where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
Given that: nag = 2/3, nwa = 4/3, vg = 2 × 108 m/s
(a) Refer to answer 66.
(b) Va = nga × vg
= 1nag × Vg = 32 × 2 × 108 = 3 × 108 m/s
Question 115.
List the sign conventions that are followed in case of refraction of light through spherical lenses. Draw a diagram and
apply these conventions in determining the nature and focal length of a spherical lens which forms three times
magnified real image of an object placed 16 cm from the lens. (Foreign 2012)
Answer:
For lenses, we follow sign convention, similar to one used for spherical mirrors. We apply the rules for signs of
distances, except that all measurements are taken from the optical centre of the lens.
For sign convention of mirror : refer to answer 60.

u = -16 cm, m = -3 (real)

or f = 12 cm
Spherical lens is convex lens or converging lens of focal length 12 cm.
Question 116.
(a) What is meant by ‘power of a lens?’
(b) State and define the S.I unit of power of a lens.
(c) A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal length 10 cm are placed in close contact with
each other. Calculate the lens power of this combination. (AI 2011)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 63.
(b) Refer to answer 65.
(c) Power of convex lens of focal length 25 cm is
p1 = 10025(inm) = 4 D
Power of concave lens of focal length 10 cm is 100
p2 = 100−10(inm) = -10 D
∴ Power of the combination = P = P1 + P2
∴ P = 4 – 10 = -6D
Question 117.
(a) Under what condition with a glass lens placed in a transparent liquid become invisible.
(b) Describe and illustrate with a diagram, how we should arrange two converging lenses so that a parallel beam of
light entering one lens emerges as a parallel beam after passing through the second lens.
(c) An object is placed at a distance of 3 cm from a concave lens of focal length 12 cm. Find the (i) position and (ii)
nature of the image formed. (Foreign 2011)
Answer:
(a) If the refractive index of glass lens is equal to the refractive index of liquid then the glass lens placed in a
transparent liquid will become invisible.
(b) Suppose we have two converging lens of focal lengths f1 and f2. We will keep the two converging lens at a
distance of f1 +f2 so that a parallel beam of light entering one lens emerges as a parallel beam after passing through
the second lens.

Here the focus of the two lenses should coincide,

(c) (i) Focal length of concave lens, f = -12 cm
Object distance, u = -3 cm Image distance, v = ?
Using lens formula,

So, the image is formed at 2.4 cm from the concave lens.

(ii) Using magnification formula,
m = vu = −2.4−3 = + 0.8
  

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