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    Special Senses

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    Kaye Valenzuela
    This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human senses, including special senses like vision, hearing, smell, and taste. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eye, ear, nose, and tongue. It explains how each sense works from the sensory receptors to the pathways in the brain. Common disorders of each sense are also outlined.

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    Special Senses

    Uploaded by

    Kaye Valenzuela
    54 views24 pages
    This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human senses, including special senses like vision, hearing, smell, and taste. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eye, ear, nose, and tongue. It explains how each sense works from the sensory receptors to the pathways in the brain. Common disorders of each sense are also outlined.

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    Special Senses(1)

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    This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human senses, including special senses like vision, hearing, smell, and taste. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eye, ear, nose, and tongue. It explains how each sense works from the sensory receptors to the pathways in the brain. Common disorders of each sense are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views24 pages

    Special Senses

    Uploaded by

    Kaye Valenzuela
    This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human senses, including special senses like vision, hearing, smell, and taste. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eye, ear, nose, and tongue. It explains how each sense works from the sensory receptors to the pathways in the brain. Common disorders of each sense are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    FBRC Wesleyan University Philippines College of Nursing and Allied Medical Sciences AY 2021-22
    SENSES
    ➢ability to perceive stimuli
    ➢Sensation: conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons
    ➢Sensory receptors
    a. General senses:
    ➢Somatic senses
    ➢ Visceral senses

    b. Special senses
    SPECIAL SENSES
    ➢Sight/Vision
    ➢Smell/Olfaction
    ➢Taste
    ➢Hearing and Balance
    THE EYE: VISION
    ➢Eye – a sphere that measures about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter
    ➢Orbits – bony cavities where the eyes are housed
    Accessory Structures
    ➢Eyebrows
    ➢Eyelids
    ➢ Blinking

    ➢Conjunctiva
    ➢ Conjunctivitis – inflammation of the conjunctiva

    ➢Lacrimal Apparatus
    ➢ Lacrimal gland
    ➢ Lacrimal canaliculi
    ➢ Lacrimal duct

    ➢Extrinsic Eye Muscles: 4 rectus muscles & 2 oblique muscles


    Internal Structures of the Eye
    ➢3 Tunics
    ➢Fibrous tunic – outermost layer; sclera
    and cornea
    ➢Vascular tunic – contains most of the
    blood vessels of the eye; choroid, ciliary
    body, lens, iris, pupil
    ➢Nervous tunic – innermost tunic; retina
    Fibrous Tunic
    ➢Outermost layer
    ➢Sclera – “white of the eye”; maintains the shape of the eye
    ➢Cornea – “window”; permits light to enter
    ➢The only tissue in the body that is transplanted from one person to another
    without the worry of rejection.
    Vascular Tunic
    ➢Middle layer
    REGIONS:
    a. Choroid – contains a dark pigment; absorbs light so that it is not
    reflected inside
    b. Ciliary body – responsible for accommodation
    ➢Lens – flexible, biconvex, transparent disc
    c. Iris – colored part of the eye; regulates diameter of the pupil
    ➢Pupil – controls the amount of light entering the eyes
    Sensory/Nervous Tunic
    ➢Retina – covers the posterior 5/6 of the eye
    ◦ Pigmented retina – keeps light from reflecting back into the eye
    ◦ Sensory retina – contains photoreceptors which respond to light
    a. Rods
    • Rhodopsin – photosensitive pigment; breaks down into opsin (colorless protein) and retinal (yellow
    pigment)
    b. Cones
    • Red, Blue, Green – major types of color sensitive opsin
    • Total Color blindness
    • Partial color blindness
    Lens
    ➢a flexible biconvex crystal-like structure
    a. Anterior chamber (Aqueous)
    ◦ Aqueous humor – watery fluid that helps maintain pressure within the eye
    b. Posterior chamber (Vitreous)
    ◦ Vitreous humor – transparent, jelly-like substance that helps maintain pressure within
    the eye
    ➢Ophthalmoscope and Tonometer
    ➢Cataract
    ➢Glaucoma
    Physiology of Vision
    Visual
    Pathways
    to the
    Brain
    Eye Diseases and Disorders
    Emmetropia – normal vision
    ➢Hemianopia – loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes
    ➢Myopia – nearsightedness; occurs when the parallel light rays from distant
    objects are focused in front of the retina
    ➢Hyperopia – farsightedness; occurs when the parallel light rays from distant
    objects are focused behind the retina
    ➢Astigmatism - unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens
    Eye Reflexes
    ➢Convergence
    ➢Photopupillary Reflex
    ➢Accomodation Pupillary Reflex

    ➢Eyestrain
    THE EAR: HEARING AND BALANCE
    ➢allows us to hear an extraordinary range of sound
    ➢keeps our nervous system continually up to date on the position and movements
    of the head
    ➢Hearing receptors
    ➢Mechanoreceptors
    Hearing
    1. External Ear
    ➢ Auricle/Pinna
    ➢ External auditory canal/Acoustic meatus
    ➢ Ceruminous glands: cerumen (earwax)
    ➢ Tympanic membrane/Eardrum

    2. Middle Ear
    ➢ Pharyngotympanic tube
    ➢ Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes

    3. Internal Ear
    ➢ Bony labyrinth: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
    canals
    ➢ Perilymph and Endolymph
    Physiology of Hearing
    Equilibrium
    ➢Vestibular apparatus – equilibrium receptors of inner ear
    1. Static Equilibrium
    ◦ Maculae
    2. Dynamic Equilibrium
    ◦ Semicircular canals
    Motion Sickness
    Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
    ➢Deafness: hearing loss of any degree
    a. Conduction deafness
    b. Sensorineural deafness
    ➢Presbycusis
    ➢Ménière’s syndrome
    CHEMICAL SENSES: SMELL
    OLFACTION
    ➢sense of smell
    ➢occurs in response to odorants
    ➢olfactory receptors are located in nasal cavity and hard palate
    ➢Olfactory epithelium: olfactory cells, olfactory hairs

    ➢Anosmia
    CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE
    ➢taxare – “to touch, estimate, or
    judge”
    ➢Taste buds – sensory structures
    that detect taste
    ➢Papillae – enlargements on the
    surface of the tongue
    • Circumvallate; Fungiform; Foliate
    ➢Gustatory cells
    ➢Gustatory hairs
    ➢Cranial nerves: VII, IX, X
    Taste Sensations
    1. Sweet – sugars, saccharine, alcohols
    2. Sour – hydrogen ions
    3. Salty – metal ions
    4. Bitter – alkaloids
    5. Umami (delicious)
    • amino acids: glutamate and aspartate

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