Diagestive, Urinary and Reproductive System

INGLÉS MÉDICO
MEDICAL ENGLISH
TEACHER: GEORGIA PACHECO TORREBLANCA M.Sc.

Sistema Digestivo - Digestive System
Sistema Digestivo - Digestive System
The digestive system is made up of the

gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI
tract or digestive tract—and accessory
organs, includes, the teeth, tongue,
salivary glands, the liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder.
The hollow organs that make up the GI

tract are:
ü Mouth
ü Pharynx
ü Esophagus
ü Stomach
ü Small intestine
ü Large intestine
ü Anus
The
Layers Of The GI Tract And The Omentum
The
Mouth
The
Salivary Glands
The
Teeth
Stomach
During the cephalic The presence of During the intestinal phase of
phase of digestion, food in the stomach digestion, food is digested in the
salivary glands secrete causes the gastric small intestine. In addition,
phase of digestion, gastric motility and gastric
saliva and gastric glands which promotes
secrete gastric juice in gastric juice secretion decrease in order to
order to prepare the secretion and slow the exit of chyme from the
mouth and stomach for gastric motility. stomach, which prevents the
food that is about to be small intestine from being
eaten overloaded with more chyme
than it can handle
Diseases related to the Digestive System
There are temporary conditions and long-term, or chronic, diseases and disorders that affect
the digestive system.
Short-term or temporary conditions that affect the digestive system include:
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Heartburn
• Hemorrhoids
• Stomach flu (gastroenteritis)
• Ulcers
• Gallstones
Common digestive system diseases (gastrointestinal diseases) and disorders include:
• GERD (chronic acid reflux)

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Lactose intolerance
• Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
• Cancer
• Crohn’s disease
• Celiac disease
SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Gastroenterologist
• Proctologist
• Gastrointestinal doctor
Gut check: How to keep your digestive system healthy
https://youtu.be/0Iyuzl-Hgcg
Sistema Urinario - Urinary System
Sistema Urinario - Urinary System
The organs of the urinary

system include:
ü Kidneys
ü Ureters
ü Urinary bladder
ü Urethra.
Structure of the Kidneys
The Nephron
The nephron is the functional unit of
the kidney.
A nephron consists of:
ü A renal corpuscle (glomerulus and

glomerular [Bowman’s] capsule)
ü A renal tubule (proximal convoluted

tubule, descending limb of the
nephron loop, ascending limb of the
nephron loop, and distal
convoluted tubule).
Each nephron also has its own blood

supply.
The distal convoluted tubules of several

nephrons empty into a common
collecting duct.
Transportation,
Storage, and
Elimination of Urine
Diseases related to the Urinary System
This could be due to various disorders and diseases that can affect the urinary
system.
To urinate normally, the urinary tract needs to work

together in the correct order.
Some urologic conditions last only a short time, while others

are long-lasting
• Bladder infections (cystitis)

• Enlarged prostate
• Incontinence
• Kidney infections
• Kidney stones
SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE URINARY SYSTEM
• Urologist
• Nephrologists
Sistema Reproductivo - Reproductive System
Sistema Reproductivo - Reproductive System
Sexual reproduction is the

process of producing
offspring by the union of
gametes (oocytes and sperm).
The organs of reproduction

are grouped as:
ü Gonads (produce
gametes)
ü Ducts (transport and store
gametes)
ü Accessory sex glands
(produce materials that
support gametes)
ü Supporting structures.
Sistema Reproductor Masculino - Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system includes:
Ø Testes
Ø Epididymis
Ø Ductus deferens
Ø Ejaculatory ducts
Ø Urethra
Ø Seminal vesicles
Ø Prostate
Ø Bulbourethral glands
Ø Scrotum
Ø Penis
The scrotum is a sac that supports and regulates the temperature of the testes.
The male gonads include:
• The testes, oval-shaped organs in the scrotum that contain the seminiferous tubules, in which sperm
cells develop
• Sustentacular cells, which nourish sperm cells and produce the hormone inhibin
• Interstitial cells, which produce the sex hormone testosterone.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and
consists of:
ü Meiosis I
ü Meiosis II
ü Spermiogenesis
It results in the formation of four haploid

sperm cells from a primary spermatocyte.
ü Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) stimulates
anterior pituitary secretion of
luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
ü LH stimulates interstitial cells to

produce testosterone.
ü FSH and testosterone initiate

spermatogenesis.
The penis consists of three parts:
• the root of the penis

• the body of the penis
• the glans penis.
It functions to introduce sperm into the

vagina.
Expansion of its blood sinuses under

the influence of sexual excitation is
called erection.
Sistema Reproductor Femenino - Female Reproductive System
The female organs of

reproduction include:
Ø Ovaries
Ø Uterine tubes
Ø Uterus
Ø Vagina
Ø Vulva.
The mammary glands

are also considered
part of the
reproductive system.
ü Oogenesis (production of
haploid secondary oocytes)
begins in the ovaries.
ü The oogenesis sequence

includes meiosis I and
meiosis II.
ü Meiosis II is completed only

after an ovulated secondary
oocyte is fertilized by a
sperm cell.
q The uterus is an organ the size and shape of an inverted pear that functions in
menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during
pregnancy, and labor.
The vulva, a collective term
for the external genitals of
the female, consists of:
ü Mons pubis,
ü Labia majora,
ü Labia minora,
ü Clitoris
ü Vaginal orifice
ü Urethral orifice
ü The mammary glands of the female breasts are modified sweat glands located over the
pectoralis major muscles.
ü Mammary gland development depends on estrogens and progesterone.
ü Milk production is stimulated by prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone; milk ejection is
stimulated by oxytocin.
Diseases related to the Reproductive System
Any of the diseases and disorders that affect the human reproductive system. They include
abnormal hormone production by the ovaries or the testes or by other endocrine glands, such
as the pituitary, thyroid, or adrenals.
Such diseases can also be caused by genetic or congenital abnormalities, infections, tumors,
or disorders of unknown cause.
• Reproductive tract infection (RTI)

• Congenital abnormalities
• Kallmann syndrome
• Androgen insensitivity
• Syndrome Intersexuality
• Cancers
• Prostate, Breast Ovarian,Penile, Uterine, Testicular, Cervical, Benign prostatic hypertrophy
• Functional problems
• Impotence
• Hypogonadism
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Female sexual arousal disorder
• Premature ejaculation
• Dysmenorrhea
• Endocrine
SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Gynecologist
• Reproductive Endocrinologist
• Urologists
• Andrologists
• Reproductive Surgeons
• Reproductive Immunologists

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INGLÉS MÉDICO

TEACHER: GEORGIA PACHECO TORREBLANCA M.Sc.

The digestive system is made up of the

The hollow organs that make up the GI

Short-term or temporary conditions that affect the digestive system include:

Common digestive system diseases (gastrointestinal diseases) and disorders include:

• GERD (chronic acid reflux)

The organs of the urinary

A nephron consists of:

ü A renal corpuscle (glomerulus and

ü A renal tubule (proximal convoluted

Each nephron also has its own blood

The distal convoluted tubules of several

To urinate normally, the urinary tract needs to work

Some urologic conditions last only a short time, while others

• Bladder infections (cystitis)

Sexual reproduction is the

The organs of reproduction

The male reproductive system includes:

The male gonads include:

It results in the formation of four haploid

ü LH stimulates interstitial cells to

ü FSH and testosterone initiate

• the root of the penis

It functions to introduce sperm into the

Expansion of its blood sinuses under

The female organs of

The mammary glands

ü The oogenesis sequence

ü Meiosis II is completed only

• Reproductive tract infection (RTI)

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