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    CHE201 Ch9 Skeletal Notes SP23

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    Reade YT
    The document discusses molecular structure and bonding. It begins by explaining the octet rule, where atoms are stabilized by having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form ions or share electrons to form covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve two atoms sharing electrons. Lewis structures are used to show the arrangement of atoms in covalent molecules and use dashes to represent shared electron pairs. Exceptions to the octet rule and drawing Lewis structures for different types of molecules are also discussed.

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    CHE201 Ch9 Skeletal Notes SP23

    Uploaded by

    Reade YT
    28 views46 pages
    The document discusses molecular structure and bonding. It begins by explaining the octet rule, where atoms are stabilized by having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form ions or share electrons to form covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve two atoms sharing electrons. Lewis structures are used to show the arrangement of atoms in covalent molecules and use dashes to represent shared electron pairs. Exceptions to the octet rule and drawing Lewis structures for different types of molecules are also discussed.

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    CHE201 Ch9 skeletal notes SP23

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    The document discusses molecular structure and bonding. It begins by explaining the octet rule, where atoms are stabilized by having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form ions or share electrons to form covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve two atoms sharing electrons. Lewis structures are used to show the arrangement of atoms in covalent molecules and use dashes to represent shared electron pairs. Exceptions to the octet rule and drawing Lewis structures for different types of molecules are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views46 pages

    CHE201 Ch9 Skeletal Notes SP23

    Uploaded by

    Reade YT
    The document discusses molecular structure and bonding. It begins by explaining the octet rule, where atoms are stabilized by having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form ions or share electrons to form covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve two atoms sharing electrons. Lewis structures are used to show the arrangement of atoms in covalent molecules and use dashes to represent shared electron pairs. Exceptions to the octet rule and drawing Lewis structures for different types of molecules are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 46

    Chapter 9: Molecular Structure

    Octet Rule: An atom is stabilized by


    having its valence energy level filled.

    Noble gases fulfill the octet rule.


    Other atoms fulfill the octet rule by:
    • gaining or losing electrons (ions).
    • sharing electrons.
    Covalent Molecules
    Covalent bonds:
    Two atoms share electrons
    Occur between nonmetal atoms

    Octet rule:
    Atoms are stabilized by having 8 electrons in the valence shell
    2 electrons
    shared
    =

    Lewis structures:
    Show the arrangement of covalently bonded atoms
    Use a dash to represent two shared electrons
    Covalent double bonds:

    Covalent triple bonds:

    =
    In most molecules, atoms follow the octet rule.
    In most molecules, atoms follow the octet rule.
    Exceptions to the Octet Rule
    incomplete octet

    expanded octet

    Complete octet Expanded octet


    Drawing Lewis Structures
    1. Add up all the valence electrons.
    2. Frame the structure.
    3. Fill octets on outer atoms first.
    4. Fill the octet on the central atom.
    • any remaining electrons on central atom
    • use double/triple bonds if needed
    Draw a Lewis structure for nitrogen trichloride, NCl3.
    Formaldehyde, CH2O, is commonly used to manufacture plastics.
    Draw the Lewis structure for a formaldehyde molecule.
    Molecules and Charge
    polyatomic ions groups of atoms with an overall charge
    formal charges a method of identifying charged sites
    Inga Spence / Alamy Stock Image
    Automotive air bags contain sodium azide, NaN3. The Lewis
    structure for the azide ion (without charges) is shown. Calculate
    the formal charge on each atom in this structure. What is the
    overall charge of the azide ion?
    Drawing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions

    • Similar to neutral molecules


    • Consider charge when finding the
    number of valence electrons

    How many valence electrons are in a hydroxide ion?


    Draw a Lewis structure for the nitrite ion, NO2–. Show all
    nonzero formal charges.
    What is the best structure for phosgene, COCl2?
    Lewis Structures for Sulfate and Phosphate

    SO42− PO43−
    Draw Lewis structures for each of these.  Include formal charges.

    SCl2 AsCl5 HCN CO32−


    Resonance Structures

    Incorrect

    Correct
    Resonance Structures
    • a set of structures that show how electrons are distributed.
    • used when a single Lewis structure is insufficient.
    Ions with resonance structures spread charges over multiple atoms.

    NO3– SO42–
    NO2– CO32–
    PO43– C2H3O2–

    Only 2nd bonds and lone pairs change in resonance structures.


    The nitrate ion (NO3-) has three major resonance structures. Draw
    each structure. Based on these structures, what is the average
    charge on each oxygen atom?
    Structures for Oxyacids
    Draw Lewis structures for CO32−, HCO3−, and H2CO3
    Drawing Larger Covalent Molecules

    Valence  Electrons  Covalent 


    Atom
    electrons needed bonds formed
    H 1
    C 4
    N 5
    O 6
    F 7
    Draw Lewis structures for each of these formulas, 
    Atom Bonds
    following the guidelines for the normal number of 
    bonds. H 1

    CH4O C2H4O2 C 4
    N 3
    O 2
    C 3H 7N C3H6 F 1
    These are all the same molecule
    Quiz 8:  Friday, April 28
    Fill in any missing charges on these substances.
    Simplifying Structures for Large Molecules
    Skeletal Structures
    (Not on Test)

    Estrogen Testosterone
    Skeletal Structures
    1. Each vertex and each endpoint represents a single carbon. 
    2. The hydrogens bonded to carbon are not drawn.
    3. Double and triple bonds:  double and triple lines.

    Lewis structure Skeletal structure
    Skeletal Structures
    1. Each vertex and each endpoint represents a single carbon. 
    2. The hydrogens bonded to carbon are not drawn
    3. Double and triple bonds:  double and triple lines.

    Lewis structure Skeletal structure
    Skeletal Structures
    4. Atoms other than C, H are shown with their atomic symbol.
    5. Hydrogens bonded to other atoms shown as 
    condensed structures.

    H H H
    H
    H C N C
    C C C H
    H C C O
    O C H
    H
    Lewis structure Skeletal structure
    Bloomberg/Getty Images
    This structure is the commercial pain medicine ibuprofen. Redraw
    this molecule using a complete Lewis structure.
    Bond Energy
    Bond Energy The energy required to break 1 mole of bonds

    Cl2(g)  2 Cl(g)  ΔH = 243 kJ


    HCl(g)  H(g) + Cl(g)  ΔH = 431 kJ
    Energy
    Bond Energy
    For many common bonds, we use average bond energies.

    H3C−H(g)  H3C(g) + H(g)  ΔH = 438 kJ


    Cl3C−H(g)  Cl3C(g) + H(g)  ΔH = 401 kJ
    Estimating the Energy of a Reaction
    using Average Bond Energies

    ΔHrxn = Σ(ΔH bonds broken) + Σ(ΔH bonds formed)

    positive negative
    Estimate the ΔH for this reaction using the bond energies given in the table.

    Bond Energy 
    Bond (kJ/mol)
    C‐H 414
    C‐Cl 339
    Cl‐Cl 243
    H‐Cl 431
    Draw Lewis Structures for each molecule in this equation. 
    Estimate the ΔH for this reaction using the bond energies given in the table.
    N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

    Bond Energy 
    Bond (kJ/mol)
    H‐H 436
    N‐N 163
    N=N 418
    N≡N 946
    N‐H 389

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