Getting Started

“ Why is it important to study about

statistics”
 Getting Started

Statistics and Probability

Learning Objectives
After this online discussion, we should be able to;
• Define some basic vocabularies of statistics.
• Define sample and Population
• Classify a variable into qualitative or quantitative
and as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.
 Getting Started

“ What is meaning of statistics”

What is Statistics?
• Statistics is the study of how to collect organize,
analyze and interpret numerical information and data

• Statistics is both science of uncertainty and

technology of extracting information from data.

• Statistics is used to help us make decisions. This is

specially important in health care and public health.
Example:
• In this pandemic, scientists collect samples from
an infected individual and analyze the blood
samples for testing to create a vaccine.

• They extract more information and propose a

recommendation or what should be done to
prevent the virus from spreading.
 Individuals and Variables
Meaning Outside Statistics Meaning in Statistics
Individuals are people Individuals are people or
• We expect 100 people to objects in a study.
be infected CoVid every • 100 people, 100 reports or
second. 100 recorded events.
A variable is factor that can A variable is a characteristic of
vary, possible causing a the individual to be measured
problem. or observed.
• The time a delivery boy can • Age of a person
deliver the ordered goods is • Listed diagnosis of a cancer
unexpected. patient.
Examples:

Individual Variables
Kidney dialysis patient Number of blood
transfusions
Baby born to a mother Birthweight
who smoke cigarettes
Post – menopausal Compliance with
woman health screening
recommendations
 Sample vs. Population

“ What is the difference between parameter

and statistic”
What is a population?
• A population is a group of people Example:
or objects with a common Theme: Health Department of the
theme. Philippines

• When every member of that group Population:

is considered, it is a population List of government health workers

• In statistics, we denote the total

population as “N”
What is a sample?
• A sample is a small portion of the Example 1:
population. Every 20 burgers in fast - food
• A representative of the restaurants will be submitted for
population taste test.
Example 2:
At least 5 riders of each Rider’s
• In statistics, we denote the sample company will be evaluated for the
population as “n” time of items to be delivered in the
households.
Population data Sample Data
• In population data, data In sample data, data is
from individual in the only available from some
population is available. of the individuals in the
population.
• Entire population = Census In sample data, is often
used in experimental
research studies.
Other terms
A target population is a particular group of interest .
A sample population is a group from which the sample
is taken.
A sampling frame is a physical lists of all members of
the sample population.
 Parameter vs. Statistic

What is the difference between a parameter and

a statistic?
Parameter Statistic
• A parameter is a measure the • A statistic is a measure that
describes the entire population describes only a sample of a
population
Examples of Parameter and Statistic

Parameter Statistics
Senior High School Graduates Number of HUMSS Graduates
University of San Carlos USC – South
Students of USC – South Grade 11 students in Stat 01
Campus of USC – South Campus
Descriptive Statistics vs Inferential Statistics

What is the difference between descriptive

and inferential statistics?
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
Descriptive statistics involve methods Inferential Statistics involves
of organizing, picturing, and methods of using information from
summarizing information from a sample to draw conclusions
samples and populations regarding the population.
Identifying the Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Identify the descriptive and inferential statistics used in this excerpt from
their article.
In a news report on the state of the media by Tom Rosentiel and Amy
Mitchell, they write the following:

“AOL had 900 journalists, 500 of them at its local patch news operation… By
the end of 2011, Bloomberg expects to have 150 journalists and analysts for
its new Washington operation, Bloomberg Government”

Source: Rosentiel, Tom and Michell. “Overview.” The State of the News Media: Annual Report on American
Journalism. Pew Research Center Project for Excellence in Journalism. 2021
Two Types of Variable and its meaning.

What are the two types of variable and

their descriptions?
Classifying the Different types of Variables

Qualitative Variables Quantitative Variables

Qualitative refers to a quality or Is a numerical measurement of

categorical characteristic. different sources or application.
 Quantitative Variables

What are the two classifications of

quantitative data or variable and their
differences?
 Quantitative Variables

Discrete means the Continuous means

measurement is there is an interval
countable. distance between to
whole numbers
expressed in decimals.
 Classifying the Levels Measurement

What are the four levels of measurement

and their definitions
 Classifying the Levels Measurement

The level of measurement of a variable

describes the amount of information that
variable contains. (NOIR)
• Nominal data
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
 Nominal Level of Measurement

Data at the nominal level of measurement

are qualitative data consisting of labels or
names.
Examples:
1. Suppose all students in STAT 01 class were asked
what pizza topping is their favorite. Explain why
these data are at the nominal level of measurement.

2. Suppose instead that you wish to know the number

of students whose favorite pizza topping is sausage.
Explain why this data is not at the nominal level.
 Ordinal Level of Measurement

Data at the ordinal level of measurement

are qualitative data that can be arranged in
a meaningful order, but calculations such as
addition or division do not make sense.
Examples:
Determine whether the data are nominal or ordinal.

1. The seat numbers on your flight ticket, such as F4

and F5.
2. The genres of the music performed at the 2013
Grammys.
 Interval Level of Measurement

Data at the interval level of measurement

are quantitative data that can be arranged
in a meaningful order, and differences
between data entries are meaningful.
 Example

The birth years of your classmates are

collected. What level of measurement are
these data?
 Ratio Level of Measurement

Data at the interval level of measurement

are quantitative data that can be ordered,
differences between data entries are
meaningful and the zero point indicates the
absence of something.
 Example:

Consider the ages in whole years of

Philippine Presidents when they were
inaugurated. What level of measurement
are these data?
 Levels of Measurement

Ratio
Interval Has absolute
zero
No absolute
Ordinal zero
Order
Nominal
Names

Qualitative Quantitative