UNIT ONE

VERB TO BE PRESENT AND PAST

I am I was

He is He was

She is She was

We are We were

You are You were

They are They were

Translate these sentences

I am a teacher I am in English class

You are a student You are in class

He is an Engineer He is at the University

She is a biology She is in the Laboratory

It is a big city It´s in the center of Bolivia

We are biochemical students We are at the Hospital

You are good students You are in English class

They are Scientists They are in the Laboratory

Simón Bolivar was the libertador of Bolivia ……………………………………………………

Cleopatra was the Queen of Egypt ……………………………………………………

Marilyn Monroe was a beautiful film star ……………………………………………………

We were at the University last month ……………………………………………………

They were in the Laboratory yesterday ……………………………………………………

John was good student last year ……………………………………………………

THERE IS - THERE ARE

There is a computer on the desk ……………………………………………..

There are many books on the shelf ……………………………………………..

Is there a telephone on the table? Yes, there is ……………………………………………..

Are there any books on the shelf? No, there aren´t …………………………………………….

Is there a computer in the room? Yes, there is ……………………………………………..

THERE WAS - THERE WERE

There was a fire yesterday. ……………………………………………..

There was a fight last night. ……………………………………………..

There was an earthquake in 1973. ……………………………………………..

There were two crashes a few minutes ago. ……………………………………………..

There were two accidents in this bend. ……………………………………………..

There were four robberies in that store. ……………………………………………..

There were two muggins an hour ago. ……………………………………………..

Millions of years ago, there were many dinosaurs on earth.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

I am doing my chemical practice ……………………………………………………..

He is going to the hospital ……………………………………………………..

She is working at the hospital ……………………………………………………..

We are studying English in class ……………………………………………………..

Neg. I am not learning mathematics ……………………………………………………..

He isn´t working in the Laboratory …………………………………………………….

Are you watching the news on TV? Yes, I am / No, I am not

Is she smoking in class? Yes, she is / No, she isn´t

Are we working with new methods? …………………………………………………………….

Are they going to the hospital? …………………………………………………………….

Is Mary eating vegetables? …………………………………………………………….

Jhon isn´t working at the University …………………………………………………………….

They aren´t going to the Lawyer Career …………………………………………………………..

UNIT TWO

FUTURE TENSES

am, is, are + going to I am going to study chemistry tonight

Will I will study chemistry tonight

We use will to give or ask for information about the future. Also we use will to predict the future.

Now translate these sentences

I will work in the laboratory ………………………………………………………………

You will need help ………………………………………………………………

We will be here at 7:00 ………………………………………………………………

She will arrive at 9:00 ………………………………………………………………

He will help children ………………………………………………………………

It will be spring soon ………………………………………………………………

One day you will be old ………………………………………………………………

We will need the money for to buy a new computer ……………………………………………..

She won´t study in Bolivia. She will study in EEUU ……………………………………………..

I won´t give her my keys. ………………………………………………………………

Will all the family be at the wedding? Yes, they will. / No, they won´t

Will your friends arrive for Christmas? …………………………………

Will Katherine work in LaPaz? …………………………………

What will happen in the future? …………………………………

We use going to when we talk about plans, decisions and intentions.

Now translate these sentences

We are going to get a new car soon. ……………………………………………………...

I am going to study English tonight. ……………………………………………………...

Jane is going to study music in EEUU. ……………………………………………………..

Max is going to do many exercises math for his exam. …………………………………………….

This summer Jane is going to start her own business. ……………………………………………..

We are going to finish our classes in December …………………………………………................

Alice is going to have a baby. ……………………………………………………...

The car isn´t going to stop. ……………………………………………………..

It´s going to rain look at those clouds! ……………………………………………………..

Next year is going to be different. I promise study more. ……………………………………………

Tomorrow we will have an English class ……………………………………………..

I am going to study Criminal law next year ……………………………………………..

I will study Civil law tonight ……………………………………………………...

He is going to work hard tomorrow ……………………………………………………..

She will have an exam tomorrow ……………………………………………………..

We are going to travel abroad next month ……………………………………………………..

We will travel to Oruro next month ……………………………………………………..

You are going to buy a new computer ……………………………………………………..

You will work in court next year ……………………………………………………..

Will Janneth study in Japan next year? Yes, she will study in Japan

No, she won´t study there

Will your friends arrive for Christmas? Yes, ……………………….

Is Michael going to be here later? ……………………….......

Are you going to buy a new computer? …………………………..

 PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

I I work? Yes, you do

You work do not work Do you work? Yes, I do

We don´t we work? No, we don´t

They they work? No, they don´t

He he work? Yes, he does

She works does not Does she work? No, she doesn´t

It doesn´t it work? Yes, It does

TASK: Complete the paragraph using these verbs in present simple tense

like/likes have/has work/works drink/drinks eat/eats go/goes

Alison Miller .…………… in a hospital. She is a biochemist, and she is married to an English doctor
Arthur Miller, they ……………..two children, David and Jessica. The children ………… to the school
near their house. Alison and her husband like doing different things. She likes ………….. in a
laboratory, Arthur prefers to stay at home in his free time. But on Fridays evenings they …………. to
the restaurant where they ……….. health food and …………. red wine. They like relax and talk about
interesting topics like music, books or films.

TASK: Answer the following questions.

1. Do you eat healthy food?

…………………………………………………………………………..

2. Does he work at the hospital?

…………………………………………………………………………..

3. Do they go to the restaurant?

…………………………………………………………………………..
4. Do I have to come back?

…………………………………………………………………………..

5. Does she practice in Court?

…………………………………………………………………………..

6. Does the microscope detect bacteries?

…………………………………………………………………………..

7. Do we help poor people?

…………………………………………………………………………..

8. Does Llallagua have university?

……………………………………………………………………………..

READING COMPREHENSION
1. I usually get up at 7 a. m. I start work at 8 o´clock and finish at 6:30 with a break for
lunch. I have a dinner at 7:00 and then I relax in front of the television. I sometimes go to the pub on
Saturdays where I meet with some friends and we talk about our job, we all like our job, but we think
is hard because we have to prepare the lessons, practices, we have to review exams, we have to go to
classes, every day in the morning and in the afternoon, on weekends we also have to work. You must
have a lot of patience especially with students.
2. John never gets up before 3 p.m. when he works at night. He has his main meal at teatime.
In the evening he goes out with his girlfriend, they usually go to the cinema. He tries to relax and
forget about work, patients and especially from exhausting night shifts in emergencies. His job is very
demanding and delicate because he has to deal with a lot of pressure.
Who is Who two people talk about their jobs and daily activities. Choose from the list and write.
a nurse a university professor a doctor a lawyer an engineer
UNIT THREE

SIMPLE PAST TO BE

I Was I?

He was was not Was he?

She wasn´t Was she?

It Was it?

We Were we?

You were were not Were you?

They weren´t Were They?

READING COMPREHENSION
In the Sixties and early Seventies, hippies were young people mainly from the middle
classes who were against many things materialism in society, the boring routine of eight –
hour work, conventional family life, and especially war. Their slogan was “Make Love, not
War “ so they abandoned schools and jobs, their comfortable, middle class homes and lived
in communes, mainly in the countryside, where they cultivated vegetables.
They were also at open air pop concerts and protest marches against the war in Vietnam.
Their shocking lifestyle was really different, as well as their appearance.
Woodstock, the greatest rock concert of all times was in 1969, Woodstock was the name
of a town in the state of New York. There were 500,000 young men and women at the
concert, which was free. They were famous rock stars there. They songs were about peace,
love and freedom. Woodstock was a surprise people remember and talk about Woodstock
even today.

1. What were Hippies against?

R.
2. What was Woodstock?
R.
3. Which was the hippie’s slogan?
R.
4. Was the name Woodstock comes from a place in New York City?
R.
5. Were hippies from poor, non-educated families?
R. No, they were from the middle class
6. Were they against Vietnam War?
R. Yes, they were
7. Was Woodstock a five day rock concert with great musicians?
R. Yes, it was
8. Were their songs about love and peace?
R. Yes, they were

PAST SIMPLE TENSE

I had an exam yesterday ……………………………………………………………..

You didn´t have an exam yesterday …………………………………………………………….

He found a good job …………………………………………………………….

She didn´t find a good job ……………………………………………………………..

We studied French last term ……………………………………………………………..

They didn´t study French last term ……………………………………………………………..

Mary lived in Italy last year ……………………………………………………………..

We make negative forms and questions using did, did not, (didn´t)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

We worked hard We didn´t work hard Did we work hard?

She saw a film She didn´t see a film Did she see a film?

They had a big house They didn´t have a big house Did they have a big house?

Did I have an exam yesterday? Yes, you did

Did you have an exam yesterday? Yes, I did

Did he find a good job? ………………………..

Did she find a good job? ………………………..

Did we study Civil law last term? ……………………….

Did you study Criminal law Last year? ……………………….

Did they study English last term? ……………………….

Did Jhon write a good poem? ……………………….

Yes, No Questions
Did you study for your test? Yes, …………………
Did your parents have money? ………………………
Did Ana have a lunch today? ……………………….
Did Gabriel visit Gina? ………………………

Information Questions
What did you do yesterday? I studied for my English Exam
Where did you play soccer? …………………………………………………………………..
When did she arrive here? …………………………………………………………………..
Who did he go with? …………………………………………………. ……………….

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

I was having dinner when the police arrived

Jim´s parents were living in Germany when the Second World War started

The boss was working in the computer, but it broke down.

We were watching the news on TV when we saw the accident.

Nancy was doing her homework when someone phoned her.

I was cooking at home, when my children arrived.

You were going to the University, when the pandemic started.

What were you doing when the lights went out? We were playing cards.

Where was Susan going when you met her? ……………………………………………

How were they travelling round Europe? ……………………………………………

READING COMPREHENSION

AN ACCIDENT REPORT

Sergeant Parker is reporting a car crash which happened yesterday morning.

At 11:45 a. m. on March 22nd, I was walking down Bridge Street when I noticed two cars going along
the street. An Englishman was driving a Roll-Royce, and a foreign student was driving a V W. The
Englishman was driving slowly and carefully. The student wasn´t driving carefully. He was looking
at a beautiful young girl who was wearing a mini-skirt. The traffic lights turned red, so the Englishman
driver stopped, but the student wasn´t paying attention and didn´t brake on time. I heard a terrible
noise as the V W. crashed into the Rolls-Royce. I ran to a telephone box and an ambulance came
quickly.

1. Who was driving the Roll-Royce?

R.

2. Who wasn´t driving carefully?

R.

3. What was the student looking at?

R.

4. What was the girl like?

R.

5. What was she wearing?

R.
6. What happened when the traffic lights changed?

R.

7. What did the policeman do?

R.

8. What time did the accident happen?

R.
 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE PAST PARTICIPLE

arrive arrived arrived

answer answered answered

ask asked asked

avoid avoided avoided

breathe breathed breathed

care cared cared

change changed changed

clean cleaned cleaned

complain complained complained

cover covered covered

detect detected detected

divide divided divided

examine examined examined

explain explained explained

fill filled filled

finish finished finished

head headed headed

identify identified identified

improve improved improved

increase increased increased

inject injected injected

injure injured injured

join joined joined

kill killed killed

like liked liked

listen listened listened

live lived lived

manage managed managed

measure measured measured

mix mixed mixed

manage managed managed

need needed needed

produce produced produced

protect protected protected

provide provided provided

remain remained remained

remove removed removed

sign signed signed

smell smelled smelled

smoke smoked smoked

sneeze sneezed sneezed

spray sprayed sprayed

store stored stored

supply supplied supplied

support supported supported

touch touched touched

test tested tested

try tried tried

use used used

IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE PAST PARTICIPLE

be was – were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bleed bled bled

break broke broken

bring brought brought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cut cut cut

do did done

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

freeze froze frozen

find found found

forbid forbade forbidden

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known

leave left left

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

prove proved proven

read read read

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

send sent sent

show showed shown

sleep slept slept

smell smelt smelt

speak spoke spoken

take took taken

teach taught taught

think thought thought

understand understood understood

wake woke woken

wet wet wet

win won won

write wrote written

UNIT FOUR

PRESENT PREFECT TENSE

Present Perfect is an action that happened in the past and continues in the present.

Have / has + Part. Past

I have been here since 8 o clock ……………………………………………………

Carlos and Ana have started a big project ……………………………………………………

The children have gone to school for two years ……………………………………………………

One of the girls has looked everywhere for the thieves ……………………………………………

I have taught English for ten years …………………………………………………….

It has rained all day long …………………………………………………….

He has been the best student in my class …………………………………………………….

Her mother has gone to China ……………………………………………………..

The children have used this textbook since January …………………………………………………

Mary has seen the accident ……………………………………………………..

You have finished the practice already ……………………………………………………..

We have studied English for two years ……………………………………………………..

They have arrived here at nine ……………………………………………………..

He has begun his studies yet ……………………………………………………..

She has been to Europe yet ……………………………………………………..

The computer has worked all night …………………………………………………….

You have worked all night with the project. ……………………………………………………

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Had + Part. Past

They had arrived here before the war started. ……………………………………………….

She ´d had two jobs when she became the manager. ………………………………………………

He hadn´t finished his studies until he was thirty years old. ………………………………………

We hadn´t begun the exam when the fire alarm rang. ……………………………………………
I had left my job at the factory just before it closed. ……………………………………………

The concert had started and we were still trying to get the tickets. …………………………………

Analogue computers had been in use long before the digital appeared. …………………………….

We use some expressions, when we use Perfect Tenses.

Since We have studied English since 2016

For She has studied English for 5 years

Yet He hasn´t been to Europe yet

Already Have you finished your homework already? Yes, I have already finished

We have lived in this town since 1998 …………………………………………………….

Jim had already driven 200 hundred miles when his car broke down ………………………………

David has read The Lord of the Ring twice …………………………………………………….

I had worked in a factory, until It is closed. …………………………………………………….

Had you worked? Yes, I had / No I hadn´t

He had not worked in that store. …………………………………………………….

The lesson started already, when I had arrived. ……………………………………………………

She told me she had worked in France and Germany ……………………………………………….

He arrived late, he hadn´t realized the roads would be so icy. ……………………………………….

She was upset because Andrew hadn´t telephoned. ………………………………………………….

UNIT FIVE

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present Am/is/are + past English is spoken in all the world

participle
Simple Past Was/were + past Pencillin was discovered by Alexander
participle Flemming in 1928
Present Is/are + being + past English is being spoken in all the world
Continuous participle
Past Continuous Was/were + being + past Pencillin was being discovered by
participle alexander Flemming
Present Perfect Has/have + been + past Pencillin has been discovered by
participle Alexander Flemming
Past Perfect Had + been + past Pencillin had been discovered by
participle Alexander Flemming
Future Tense Will be + past participle English will be spoken in all the world

Present Simple butter is made from milk

Many accidents are caused by drunk drivers

Past Simple penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928

All flights were cancelled because of bad weather

Continuous Tense A new laboratory is being built next to the library

The classroom is being repaired and painted

Perfect Tenses The problems at University have been solved

The problems at University had been solved

Modal Verbs The instructions should be read carefully

The laboratories must not be used without supervision

Active voice: They are repairing the laboratory

Passive voice: This Laboratory is being repaired by them

Active voice: They are repairing this microscope

Passive voice: This microscope is being repaired (by them)

My grandfather planted this tree 20 years ago.

This tree was planted (by him) 20 years ago. ………...
They teach English in that institute. ……………………………………………………………..
English is taught in that Institute. ……………………………………………………………..
Learning Note. The Passive Voice is often used in written English where an impersonal
effect is necessary to express objective ideas and where the person who executes the
action is less important than the action itself.

The report about the experiment was sent yesterday.

(The report is more important than the people who wrote it)
-The Passive Voice is formed by the verb BE in the appropriate tense plus the
PAST PARTICIPLE of the main verb.
Alexander Fleming discovers the penicillin.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………
The penicillin is discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………
Alexander Fleming is discovering the penicillin.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………
The penicillin is being discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………….
Alexander Fleming discovered the penicillin.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………….
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………….
Alexander Fleming was discovering the penicillin.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………
The penicillin was being discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………
Alexander Fleming will discover the penicillin.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………….
The penicillin will be discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………….
Alexander Fleming is going to discover the penicillin.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………….
The penicillin is going to be discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
Alexander Fleming has discovered the penicillin.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
The penicillin has been discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
Alexander Fleming had discovered the penicillin.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
The penicillin had been discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
Alexander Fleming must discover the penicillin.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………
The penicillin must be discovered by Alexander Fleming.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
A new laboratory is built next to the library.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
A new laboratory is being built next to the library
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
A new laboratory was built next to the library.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
The classrooms are being painted and repaired.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
The instructions should be read carefully.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………….
Laboratories must not be used without supervision.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

The problems at university have been solved.

T. …………………………………………………………………………………..

Butter is made from milk

T. …………………………………………………………………………………...
UNIT SIX
CONDITIONALS

The Zero Conditional is used to express the idea that something always happens in a given condition.
Conditional clause Main Clause
Present Present
If water boils for a long time, It evaporates.
When the Computer system crashes, you lose the stored data.

The first Conditional is used when we want to express the idea that something will certainly happen
in the future as a result of a given condition.

Conditional Clause Main Clause

If we do not take care of our planet, we will risk our survival of earth.
Unless we find new sources of energy, oil supplies will run out.

The second Conditional is used when we suppose something is not true now and It is uncertain to
occur in the future.
Conditional Clause Main Clause
If rich countries consumed less resource, there would be less waste and pollution
If you didn´t copy pirated software, you wouldn´t have viruses.

Zero Conditional

1. If it rain, the people stay at home.

2. You have to practice a lot, If you want to read in English.
3. When the body temperature rises, you are with infection
4. Children are not allowed inside the museums, unless they are with adults.
5. When a virus infects the hard disc, it affects the stored data.

First Conditional

1. If you give me the money, I will buy an ice cream for you.
2. If we study more, we will pass our exams.
3. If the Authorities of the University solve the problems, the students will return to the classroom.
4. If I decide travel to Tarija, I will have a holiday.
5. If I cook spaghetti, the children will come to eat with me.

Second Conditional

1. If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.

2. I was wondering, if you would like to meet me for lunch.
3. If the governments spend more money in education, poverty would reduce significantly.
4. If we installed fax machine, we would be able to send letters more quickly.
5. If the economic situation weren´t too bad, we would not have a lot of unemployed people.
6. If you were rich people, I would marry with you.
7. If I was in Europe, I would buy souvenirs of all the counties.
8. If I had studied for my test, I would have passed it.
9. If I had gone to the party, I would have met that nice girl.
10. If I found one-hundred-dollar bill, I would give to the poor.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

A Relative Clause, like an adjective, adds extra o essential information to a noun, and tells us more
precisely what something or someone is. A Relative Clause is a group of words with a subject and a
verb which contain important or additional information about a person, a thing a place, etc. to help
us to identify who or what we are referring to. The Relative Clause is linked to the main clause by
who or that for people and which or that for tings.

Examples:
I am reading a book. It is about biology.
I am reading a book which / that is about biology.
An ecologist is an specialist who / that studies the environment.
People: who – that
An archeologist is a researcher. He studies ancient cultures.
An archeologist is a researcher who / that studies ancient cultures.
Things and animals: which – that
Computers are machines. Many students use for virtual classes.
Computers are machines that many students use to virtual classes.
A microscope is an instrument. It detects infections.
A microscope is an instrument which detects many infections.
Teachers are professionals. They teach to the students many years.
Teachers are professionals who teach to the students for many years.

Make good sentences from this table, use the words WHO - WHICH

1. There are many people ……… is considered a computer genius.

2. Einstein was a remarkable scientist. ..……. protects the earth from the sun.
3. Bill Gates is an American Millionaire Who ..……. can be dangerous for health.
4. The ozone layer is formed by a colourless gas ..……. is played with sixteen pieces.
5. The internet is a world-side web which ………. developed the Theory of Relativity.
6. Smoking is an awful habit ..……. was killed in the USA in 1980.
7. Chess is a game for two people ……… provides thousands of information
items.
8. John Lennon was a great rock musician ……… have seen UFOs.

CONECTORS

OPINION SEQUENCE ADDITION EMPHASIS CONTRAST CONCLUSION

I think Firstly and Especially However To conclude

I believe Secondly also/too Notably Nevertheless In conclusión
In my opinión Then In addition Significantly Despite this Finally
In my view Next Furtheremore In paticular On the contrary Sumarizing
As far as know Previously As well as In spite of

TIME SEQUENCE CAUSE AND EFFET

Later There for
After So
Before Because
Then Due to
Soon As a result
Consequently

MORE CONECTORS
Hence =
Thus =
There for =
And so on =
Although =
Unlike =
Instead of =

for instance por ejemplo there for por lo tanto

any more ya no mas because of debido a
that´s why de modo que due to debido a
in fact de hecho so that de modo que
as well también in orther to para
so es por eso in addition to además
however sin embargo as well as tanto así como
in spite de cualquier forma as well también
hence de ahí que more over más aun
thus así besides ademas

TASK: Translate these sentences into Spanish

1. Mary arrived after Alex left.

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. You don´t need to go unless you want to.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. They can listen to music provided they disturb nobody.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. We can not go on holiday, because we don´t have enough money.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I won´t go to the party though I was invited.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. While she was walking I was running.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. He had climbed many mountains, When he was a boy.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. You are very late so that we can not start the lesson.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Although he was sick, he still went to work.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. She studied hard, so she passed the math exam.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Even if Jhon earned a big salary, he would not buy a fast car.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Before I have breakfast, I always have a shower.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. They can go wherever they want.
T. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. Although she loves her job, she decided to quiet the job.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Nuclear power is relatively cheap, on the other hand, you could argue that It´s not safe.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. You think you are clever; on the contrary I assure that you are very foolish.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. He was very tired; nevertheless, he went on walking.
T. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. Reading books help to learn new information, furtheremore, it helps to keep the brain cells fresh.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19. My mother was talking to my father, meanwhile my son was making lunch.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. The teacher is explaying the lesson, thus the students must pass the exam.
T. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

TÉCNICAS DE TRADUCCION

La traducción consiste en la actividad consistente en comprender el significado de un texto para

producirlo en otro idioma, pero teniendo el mismo significado.

La traducción consiste en transmitir el mismo mensaje de un idioma a otro teniendo en cuenta la

cultura, el espacio y el tiempo del idioma de origen y del idioma de empleo.

Existe una diferencia entre lo que son las técnicas de traducción y los métodos de traducción. Los
métodos son aplicados para la totalidad del texto, mientras que las técnicas de traducción aplican
distintas metodologías dentro del texto.

1. La modulación es una técnica de traducción en la que el mensaje varía mediante un cambio de

perspectiva o un cambio semántico. Por ejemplo:
Don´t get so excited = tranquilízate
2. La Transposición consiste en realizar un cambio en la estructura gramatical de la fase sin alterar
su significado, sin cambiar el mensaje. Por ejemplo:
I won´t be late = no tardaré
He learns quickly = es velóz para aprender
3. La traducción literal es una técnica de traducción del texto que se realiza de forma literal sin
alterar ni la estructura ni el significado del mismo.
4. El calco es una técnica de traducción muy similar a la traducción literal, aunque el calco consiste
en tomar una expresión del idioma de origen y trasladarla al idioma de destino sin necesidad de
respetar su estructura, evitando utilizar préstamos. Por ejemplo:
Handball = balón mano
Football = balón pie
5. El préstamo consiste en utilizar una palabra o expresión del texto de origen en el texto de destino.
Es cuando al traducir al español se permite dejar alguna palabra inglesa tal cual como proviene,
generalmente está en formato cursiva para identificar este tipo de técnica de traducción. Por
ejemplo las palabras relacionadas con la tecnología.
Software, hardware, e mail, internet, chip, wifi
6. La equivalencia consiste en traducir un texto utilizando diferentes recursos estructurales y
estilísticos del idioma de origen, siempre y cuando transmitan el mismo mensaje. Por ejemplo:
It´s raining cats and dogs = llueve a cántaros
7. La técnica de adaptación se conoce también como sustitución, consiste en remplazar un elemento
del texto original por otro que se adapte de mejor manera en la cultura del idioma al que va a
traducirse. Por ejemplo:
Tomar el té en Inglaterra se conoce como tomar el café en España
8. La adición se utiliza cuando se añade un elemento gramatical al traducir al español para lograr
la coherencia deseada. Por ejemplo:
He was beaten for death = el fue golpeado hasta morir
UNIT SEVEN

HOMELESS UNWANTED EVERYWHERE

Every night an army of invisible people disappear into the streets and abandoned buildings of Austin
Texas. They are the city´s homeless. In USA there are about 1,200,000 homeless, including 200,000
children. The unemployment rate has also risen dangerously. For instance, the City of Los Angeles
has recently advertised 100 low-paid jobs for cleaners and 5,000 people have applied. Also, every
day 27 children commit suicide, most of them from poor families.

In more than 80 cities across the USA, the homeless have to confront new laws banishing them from
the streets. In Austin the city council has just approved a law to ban camping in any public place. In
New Orleans they have proposed a similar law to control the homeless youths who occupy the public
parks. Peggy Wilson, the city council´s president, has said: The general public is tired. The people
should be able to use public spaces, but when the homeless come and build cardboard tents, the area
becomes inaccessible for everyone else. Besides they make no effort to clean up.

The city´s new anti-camping law has included fines as high as $ 600. At the same time, the council´s
task force for the homeless has proposed $ 3.5 millions to build a campus for the poor.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ARTICLE

1. What happen every night in Austin Texas?

R.

2. How many Homeless are there in USA?

R.

3. How many children homeless are there?

R.

4. How many law-paid jobs advertised?

R.

5. How many people have applied?

R.

6. What happen with children every day?

R.

7. Where the homeless have to confront new laws?

R.

8. What did the city council approve in Austin?

R.

9. How much is the fines anti-camping law?

R.

10. How much the council´s task force proposed for the homeless?
R.
 CRIMINAL LAW

Concept .- criminal law is a discipline that has its own objectives, purposes and methods, referring to
the realization of the penalty or sanction imposed on the individual, who has committed an illegal act,
which in legal terms constitutes the crime.
Elements of criminal law.- in the oldest laws penalties were associated with two fundamental
elements. Crime pain.
Today most of the criminal codes adopt a tripartite position taking into account
• Crime
• Pain
• Offender
Auxiliary sciences of criminal Law
The criminalist: classify the crime by seeking human identification through fingerprints.
The criminalist: determines the states criminal policy and collects the numbers of crimes committed.
Legal Medicine: uses all medical sciences to answer legal questions.
Forensic Psychiatrist: is the study of the psyche of the accused or the victim of a crime.
Legal Chemistry: applied to the analysis of the existence of poisons or others.
Penology: it is the science of sorrows, which understands both the theoretical face of it and the
practice that is of great interest today.
The Criminal Policy: it is the science of criminal law, through it the state determines in what ways
it should perform in its punitive laws for the best fulfillment of its purposes.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

1. What is criminal Law?

R.
2. Which in legal terms is called, when somebody has committed crime?
R.
3. What are the elements of the criminal law?
R.
4. What is the legal medicine do in criminal law?
R.
5. How is called when applied to the analysis of poisons or others?
R.
6. What is the criminal policy?
R.
 PIONERS
Blaise Pascal
This brilliant mathematician and physicist was born in France in 1623. His father wanted to educate
the child by himself and decided to remove all mathematics books from the house. Blaise´s curiosity
was stimulated by this fact and he started to work on geometry at the age of 12. When he was only 16
years old, he published his Essay on Conic Sections and he was already working in advanced areas
of mathematics, such as projective geometry at that time.
In 1640, the family moved to Rouen, were his father worked as fax collector for the government. There
Blaise invented the first digital calculator to help his father with his tax calculations. He worked on
it for three years, between 1642 and 1645. The device called the Pascaline, could do additions and
subtractions and it resembles a mechanical calculator of the 1940s. This part of this scientific work
is now remembered by the computer programming language – Pascal – named after him. At that time,
he also began a series of experiments on atmospheric pressure.
In 1647 he proved that vacuums existed, but he had a polemical discussion with other scientists who
did not believe in vacuum, among them, the famous mathematician Descartes who in a letter to a
friend, wrote to him; “ … has too much vacuum in his head”. Very soon, he would realise that Blaise
was right.
In 1643 he worked on his Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids, in which he explained the law of
pressures. A critic said of this work “It is a complete outline of a system of hydrostatics and the first
in the history of science”. He also used the sequence of numbers now called Pascal´s triangle not for
fun, but to develop a new branch of mathematics known as probability theory which deals with the
chances that events might happen, such as: How likely is rain today? or What are the probabilities
of someone winning the lottery?
Blaise Pascal was very religious, and at the age of 32, he retired to a monastery where he died in
1662.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. When and where was he born?
R.
2. When did he die?
R.
3. What was his main achievement?
R.
4. How did he contribute to the development of science?
R.
5. What was the name of the digital calculator invented by Pascal?
R.
6. What could it do? (calculator)
R.
7. What did Pascal publish when he was 16?
R.
8. Which of Pascal´s discoveries led to discussions among scientists?
R.
9. Was the Pascal´s triangle the beginning of a new branch of mathematics?
R.
10. Was Pascal invented projective geometry when he was very young?
R.
Decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F) according to the text.

1. Pascal´s triangle was the beginning of a new branch of mathematics. T F

2. Pascal invented the programming language which has his own name. T F
3. The probability theory which Pascal invented is not in use nowadays. T F
4. Pascal invented projective geometry when he was very young. T F
5. Pascal proved that vacuums existed. T F
Blaise Pascal wasn´t very religious, and at the age of 32, he retired to a monastery where he died in
1668.
T F
Do you know?

1. penicillin a ……… Germany

2. electric cell b ……… Spain
3. X ray c ……… Argentina
4. pneumatic tire d ……… Sweden
5. photocopier e ……… Italy
6. sign language f ………. England
7. dynamic g ……… Ireland
8. ball point pen h ……….The USA
Albert Einstein
The man who would change the face of science in the 20th century was born in 1879 in Ulm. Germany
in a Jewish family. He contributed more than any other scientist to the modernization of physical
reality. His theory of Relativity is considered as human notion of the highest quality. However, the
beginning of his academic life was not successful. In 1895 he failed an exam for an electrical
engineering degree at the University of Zurich. Very disappointed, he confessed in a letter to a friend
“my disposition for the abstract and mathematical world and my lack of imagination and practical
ability for everyday life”.
In 1900 he succeeded in graduating as a teacher of mathematics and physics, but he had great
difficulty in finding a job as a teacher. Instead, he worked as a technical expert in Bern from 1902 to
1909 in a patent office.
During the time, he managed to complete a great variety of theoretical physics publications written
in his free time and without contact with books or colleagues. He also managed to earn a doctorate
from the University of Zurich in 1905. In his first pages, he examined the electromagnetic radiation
of light. He also described the phenomenon according to which electromagnetic energy seems to be
emitted from radiating objects in discrete quantities. The energy of these quanta was directly
proportional to the frequency of the radiation, all of which seemed to contradict classical theories.
Einstein used the quanta hypothesis to describe the electromagnetic radiation of light. He also
showed that mass and energy are equivalent.
Later, he proposed what is today called the special Theory of Relativity where he assumed that the
speed of light remains constant in all frames of reference.
But Einstein´s main contribution to science was to unify important parts of classical mechanics and
electrodynamics. In 1921 he received the Novel Prize, not for relativity but for his work on the
photoelectric effect.
In 1932 during a visit to the USA, he was offered a post a Princeton University as a temporary
professor. He left Germany for a provisional visit of five months but the Nazis come to power in
Germany and he never returned to his country, he died in New Jersey in 1955.
A week before his death, he agreed to sign a manifesto urging all nations to stop nuclear weapons .
So the last act of his life was for international peace.
This extract of an interview will give us an idea of his character. He said to a journalist “ If I give
you ten cents , you will be ten cents richer and I will be ten cents poorer. But If I give you an idea you
will have a new idea but I will have it, too”.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT

1. What did Einstein first want to study?
R.
2. What problem did Einstein investigate in the research for his doctorate?
R.
3. How is his theory of Relativity considered?
R.
4. How did he describe the phenomenon?
R.
Decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F) according to the text.
------ Einstein did not pass the exam to enter University.
------ Einstein thought of himself as unimaginative and unable to deal with practical things.
------ Einstein received the Novel Prize for his Theory of Relativity.
------ Einstein used the quanta hypothesis to describe the electromagnetic radiation of light.
------ Einstein´s main contribution to science was to unify important parts of classical mechanics
and electrodynamic.
------ Einstein never returned to Germany due to social and political problems.
--------He didn´t contribute more than any other scientist to the modernization of physical reality and
the energy.

READING COMPREHENSION

BOLIVIA: GENERAL LAW FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY, on March 2, 2012

LAW OF MARCH 2, 2012

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY PLURINACIONAL, IT DELIVERS A JUDMENT:

GENERAL LAW FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY

THE FIRST CHAPTER

General Dispositions

Article 1ro (Object) The object of the present law is to guarantee the persons with disability, the full
exercise of its rights and duties on equal terms and opportunities comparison, preferable dealing under
a system of integral protection.

Article 2do (Ends) There constitute ends of the present Law, the following ones:

- To promote, to protect and to assure the full use, in conditions of equality, of all the human rights
and fundamental freedoms for all the persons with disability and to promote the respect of its dignity.

- To achieve the effective social inclusion of the persons with disability in the public entities of the
State in its levels, Central, Departmental, Regional, Municipal and Indigenous Rural Native and in
the private institutions.

- To establish the inclusion to the Institutions deprived in social, cultural, environmental and
economic policies for persons with disability.

- To establish public politics and social strategies destined for the prevention of causes that could
provoke shortcomings, disability and major grades of disability.
- To promote public politics in the ambiences of health, education, sport, recreation, employment,
economic, cultural, political and social development in favour of the persons with disability.

- To improve the quality of life of the persons with disability, reducing the indexes of poverty and
social exclusion.

- To promote the human rights and the fundamental freedoms of the girls, children, young people and
women with disability in equal opportunity in all the spheres of the life.

Article 3 (AMBIENCE OF APPLICATION). The present law is applicable in the whole territory of
the State Plurinacional and of obligatory fulfilment for all the organs of the state, as well as for the
institutions; be these public, private, cooperative and/or of mixed economy.

Article 4 (GENERAL BEGINNING). The present law in congruity with the international agreements
and the Political Constitution of the State, is ruled by the following beginning:

1. Equality in dignity. As that the persons with disability have the same dignity and rights that the
rest of the human beings.

2. Not Discrimination. It is not annulled or affects the recognition, use or full exercise of the rights
based on any form of distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference, founded on reason of its
person´s situation with disability.

Decide if these sentences are True or False according to the text

1. Article 1ro The object of the present law is to guarantee the persons with disability, the full exercise
of its rights and duties on equal terms and opportunities, under a system of integral protection.

T F

Article 2do

2. To promote, to protect and to assure the full use, in conditions of equality, of all the human rights
and fundamental freedoms for all the persons with disability and to promote the respect of its dignity.

T F

3. To achieve the effective social inclusion of the persons with disability in the public entities of the
State in its levels, only in Central, Departmental, Regional and Municipal.

T F

4. To establish the inclusion to the Institutions deprived in social, cultural, environmental and
economic policies for persons with disability.

T F

5. To establish public politics and social strategies destined for the prevention of causes that could
provoke shortcomings, disability and major grades of disability.
 T F

6. To promote public politics in the ambiences of health, education, sport, recreation, employment,
economic, cultural, political and social development in favour of the persons with disability.

T F

7. To improve the quality of life of the persons with disability, reducing the indexes of poverty and
social exclusion. T F

8. To promote the human rights and the fundamental freedoms only for children and young people
with disability in equal opportunity in all the spheres of the life.

T F

Article 3

9. The present law is applicable in the whole territory of the State Plurinacional and of obligatory
fulfilment for all the organs of the state, and not for the institutions.

T F

Article 4

10. The present law in congruity with the international agreements and the Political Constitution of
the State. T F

11. Equality in dignity. As that the persons with disability have the same dignity and rights that the
rest of the human beings. T F

MATCH THESE WORDS WITH THE SENTENCES

1. Article 1ro Object a. ……… is applicable in the whole territory of the State
Plurinacional and of obligatory fulfilment for all the organs of the
state.

2. Article 2do Ends b. ………. is to guarantee the persons with disability, the full
exercise of its rights and duties on equal terms and opportunities

3. To promote and to protect c. ……….. the inclusion to the Institutions deprived in social,
cultural, environmental and economic policies for persons with
disability.

4. To establish d. ………. There constitute ends of the present Law, the following

5. To improve e. ……….. The present law in congruity with the international

agreements and the Political Constitution of the State
6. Article 3, ambience of application f. ………. the full use, in conditions of equality, of all the
human rights and fundamental freedoms for all the persons with disability

7. Article 4, general beginning g. ……….. the quality of life of the persons with disability,
reducing the indexes of poverty

NEGLIGENCE

This section deals with the law of negligence as it applies in the school setting. It reviews the most
fundamental concepts which have evolved through case law but does not analyse the law or deal with
the various exceptions to the basic concepts. The reader may find the following texts useful for their
detailed analysis of negligence law as it pertains to schools (see bibliography): W. H. Giles´ Schools
and Students and A. Wayne MacKay´s Education Law in Canada.

The fear of being sued is prominent in the minds of many principals and teachers. A little fear is
perhaps a good thing because it forces us to take a preventative approach. However, an unreasonable
or unfounded fear not only creates stress, but also results in limitations upon the programs which are
conducted in our schools. We tend to hear of the high-profile cases where a board and its employees
have been found negligent and a large award in damages has resulted. We do not hear of the lower
profile cases which are often successfully defended. The hundreds of reported school negligence cases
show that if a teacher has taken normal precautions and has used common sense in the instruction and
supervision of students, the court is not likely to make a finding of negligence if an accident happens.

There is no duty to predict every conceivable accident. There is no duty to supervise every student
every minute of the school day. There is, however, a general duty to act as a careful parent and to
foresee the risks that a careful parent would foresee. In the gym, shop, laboratory, outdoors, etc. there
are obviously special dangers to be guarded against and any competent teacher will be aware of these
dangers.

1. DEFINITION OF NEGLIGENCE

“Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those
considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something
which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. The defendants might have been liable for
negligence, if, unintentionally, they omitted to do that which a reasonable person would have done,
or did that which a person taking reasonable precautions would not have done.

2. ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE

As a general rule, a person will not be found liable for negligence unless the plaintiff is able to prove
four essential elements. The onus of proof on the plaintiff is to prove his case upon a “balance of
probabilities”, rather than “beyond a reasonable doubt”.

(1) There must be a duty of care on the part of the defendant.

(2) There must be a breach of the duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff.
(3) There must be actual damage or loss.

(4) The breach of duty must be the proximate cause of the damage or loss. In other words, the damage
must be the result of the breach of duty.

3. DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES

The fact that a teacher permits his or her students to participate in a potentially dangerous activity is
not, in itself, negligence. However, the standard of care taken must be appropriate to the activity.
Whether it be sports, outdoor education, laboratory experiment, or whatever. In each case, the teacher
is expected to guard against reasonably foreseeable dangers.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT

1. What is law of negligence in schools?

R.

2. What do you think about the fear of being sued principals and teachers?

R.

3. When the court is not likely to make a finding of negligence?

R.

4. How do you define “Negligence”?

R.

5. How many essential elements of negligence have a person?

R.

6. When is it considered a dangerous activity?

R.
PRACTICE 1
STRANGE STORY

One day a taxi driver, Jim Morton, finished work about nine o´clock in the evening. He was tired and
cold and he only wanted to get home quickly. On his way home it started to rain heavily, when
suddenly he saw a girl under a tree near the road. The next village was five kilometers away.
“Perhaps she wants a lift in my taxi, “ Jim thought. So he stopped the taxi and asked the young girl,
“ Do you want to lift home? “ Thank you, ”she answered, “but I don´t have any money for the taxi.”
“That´s okay. I don´t want any money from you, “Jim told her.
“ I live in the house on the hill, “she explained. Then she got into the car and Jim drove her home.
When they arrived, Jim went to the house and knocked on the door. An old woman came to open it.
“I found your daughter on the road – here she is, “ he said.
“What? My daughter died ten years ago under the tree!” the woman replied angrily. Then she closed
the door in Jim´s face. He looked round to ask the girl some questions, but she wasn´t there …. Jim
never saw her again.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What about is the story?

a) a romantic encounter under the rain? b) a strange meeting which cannot be explained rationally?

c) An old woman and her problems with her teenage daughter.

2. Was the taxi driver happy to finish work because he was very hungry?

R.

3. Who was he met when he was going home?

R.

4. What did the girl tell him about money?

R.

5. Who opened the door when they arrived to her home?

R.

6. What did the old woman say to Jim?

R.

7. What happened when he looked round to ask the girl?

R.

8. Did Jim saw her again?

 RIHGT TO ATTEND SCHOOL

(a) Elementary Pupils

The basic right to attend school is provided in subsections 31(1) of the Education Act., which
essentially provides that a person has a right to attend school without payment of a fee if he is qualified
to be a resident pupil. Subsection 31 (2) gives the board the discretion to admit other residents within
their jurisdiction as pupils, without payment of a fee and subject to section 48 (6), if it appears they
would otherwise be denied the right to attend school. The fundamental determination required by
section 31(1) is whether the person is “qualified to be a resident pupil”. The two essential
requirements in order to be qualified as a resident pupil are: age requirement, and residency or tax
assessment requirement. It should be noted, however, that a person does not actually become a
resident pupil until he is actually enrolled (s.32(4)).

Age requirement

Ages six to twenty-one, subject to the other requirements of the Education Act, a person is qualified
to attend public or separate school in September of the year in which he attains the age of six years.
He remains qualified until the end of June in the year in which he reaches the age of 21 years (s 32).

Exceptions

(1) Kindergarten: If the board operates a kindergarten, a person may enter school at the age of 5 (i.e.,
one year younger than the basic requirement), if living in the attendance area of the school (s.33(1)).

(2) Junior Kindergarten: If the board operates a junior kindergarten, a person may enter school at the
age of 4 (i.e., two years younger than the basic requirement), if living in the attendance area of the
school (s.33(2)).

(3) Beginner´s Class: If the board operates a beginner´s class (January start-up) and if the person lives
in an attendance area designated by the board, a person whose birthday is on or after the 1st day of
January and before the first day of July and who is eligible to be admitted to an elementary school or
kindergarten as the case may be on the first day of September may become a resident pupil in the
beginner´s class (s.33(3)).

Residency Requirement

In order to qualify as a resident public or separate school pupil, the person must either:

(1) Reside in school section or separate school zone (i.e., within the jurisdiction of the board) in which
his parent or guardian resides. The parent or guardian must be a public or separate school supporter,
as the case may be, or

(2) The person or his parent or guardian must be assessed for public or separate school purposes, as
the case may be, as (a) owner of property; or (b) for business assessment; or (c) as an owner and for
business assessment.
Reference should be made to the pertinent sections of the Education Act. Public School Supporters _
s. 32 (1) Separate School Supporters _ s. 32 (2).

Residency Requirement

To qualify as a resident pupil in respect of a secondary school district, a person must comply with
one of the following requirements:

(1) Person and his parent or guardian reside in the secondary school district (s.39(1)(a)).

(2) Person or his parent or guardian is assessed for taxes as an owner or for business assessment, or
both (s.39(1)(b)).

(3) Person resides in the secondary school district and is the owner or tenant of property that is
separately assessed (s.39(1)(c)).

(4) Person is over 18 years of age and has resided in the secondary school district for the 12 months
immediately preceding his admission (s.39(1)8d)).

TASK ONE

DECIDE IF THESE SENTENCES ARE TRUE OR FALSE (according to the text)

1. A person has a right to attend school without payment of a fee if he is qualified to be a resident
pupil. T F

2. If it appears they would otherwise be denied the right to attend school. T F

3. The fundamental determination required by section 31(1) is whether the person is “qualified to be
a resident pupil”. T F

4. The two essential requirements in order to be qualified as a resident pupil are: age requirement,
and residency or tax assessment requirement. T F

5. a person does not actually become a resident pupil until he is actually enrolled. T F

MATCH THESE WORDS

1. Elementary pupils a. …….. a person who is admitted to an elementary school

2. Kindergarten b. …….. if living in area of school

3. Age requirement c. ……… primary school students (resident pupil)

4. Junior kindergarten d. ……… approved

5. Beginner´s class e. ………. date of birth

6. Attendance area f. ……… a person may enter school at the age of 5

7. Qualified g. ……… two years younger than kindergarten

8. Birthday h. ……… a person who is qualified to attend public school

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT

1. What age a person is qualified to attend public or separate school?

R.

2. What age can a person enter school (Kindergarten), if living in the attendance area of the school?

R.

3. How should a person enter the beginners class?

R.

4. What requirements must a person meet to qualify as a resident public or separate school pupil?

R.
 LAW ON LEGAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND ADOLECENTS

Articles modified

Neglect of girl child: Who abandonare to a girl child shall be punished with imprisonment of three to six years.
If the neglect is serious bodily injury or death the penalty of pricidio is 15 to 20 years.

Rape in a state of un consciousness: Who had carnal intercourse penetration o introdujere objects to a person
of one another sex will be punished with imprisonment from 10 to 15 years.

Rape: Who through seduction or deceit had carnal access with a person of one or another sex over 14 years and
less than 18 years will be punished with deprivation of freedom from 3 to 6 year.

Dishonest abuse: Whoever performs libidinous act not constituting carnal access, will be punished with
deprivation of liberty from 1 to 4 years, if the last one is under 14 years the penalty will be from 10 to 15 years.

Own rapture: Those who with lascivious purposes and through violence, serious threats or deception subtrajere
reverts a person who has not reached puberty, will occur the penalty of imprisonment from 4 to 8 years.

Corruption of child or adolescent girl: Anyone who through libidinous acts or by any other means corrupts
or contributes to corrupt a person under the age of 18 years, will be punished with imprisonment from 3 to 8
years.

Procuring: Who through deception violence or threat by any other means of intimidation or coercion to satisfy
the wishes of other or with a profit, comes from facilitating or contributing to the prostitution of one person or
another, the penalty of deprivation of liberty shall be from 5 to 10 years.

Human trafficking: Who induces promotes or favours the trafficking or favours exit of the country or transfer
within it of people to exercise prostitution in case of being under 18 years of age, the deprivation of liberty of
6 to 10 years will be applied.

Pornography of children girls or adolescents: Who provides facilitates or induces by any means one or more
of these to perform sexual acts with the object due to record them filming them, will be sanctioned with private
penalty from 10 to 15 years.

He cheated people unable: The one who in order to obtain for himself or for others, some advantage by abusing
the needs, would incur deprivation of liberty from 3 to 8 years.

Decide if these sentences are True or False according to the Text.

1. Neglect of girl child. Who abandonare to a girl child shall be punished with imprisonment of three
to six years. T F

2. Rape. Who through seduction or deceit had carnal access with a person of one or another sex over
14 years and less than 18 years. T F

3. Dishonest abuse. Whoever performs libidinous act not constituting carnal access, will be punished
with deprivation of liberty from 1 to 4 years. T F

4. Own rapture. Those who whit lascivious purposes and through violence, serious threats or
deception subtrajere reverts a person who has not reached puberty. T F
5. Corruption of child or adolescent girl Anyone who through libidinous acts or by any other means
corrupts or contributes to corrupt a person under the age of 18 years. T F

6. Human trafficking. Who induces promotes or favours the trafficking or favours exit of the country
or transfer within it of people to exercise prostitution in case of being under 18 years of age. T F

7. Pornography of children girls or adolescents. will be sanctioned with private penalty from 10 to 15
years. T F

8. Pornography of children girls or adolescents. Who provides facilitates or induces by any means
one or more of these to perform sexual acts with the object due to record them filming them. T F