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    Differentiation of Brain Vesicles Diencephalon PDF

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    Cony Figueroa
    1. The document summarizes the segmentation and regionalization of the developing brain vesicles/neural tube in various model organisms like mouse. 2. Key organizing centers are discussed that determine the rostrocaudal patterning of the brain including the anterior neural ridge, zona limitans, and isthmic organizer. 3. Dorsoventral patterning is also described which is regulated by factors like BMPs, Sonic hedgehog, and retinoic acid to establish the roof plate, alar plate, basal plate, and floor plate.

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    Differentiation of Brain Vesicles Diencephalon PDF

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    Cony Figueroa
    56 views27 pages
    1. The document summarizes the segmentation and regionalization of the developing brain vesicles/neural tube in various model organisms like mouse. 2. Key organizing centers are discussed that determine the rostrocaudal patterning of the brain including the anterior neural ridge, zona limitans, and isthmic organizer. 3. Dorsoventral patterning is also described which is regulated by factors like BMPs, Sonic hedgehog, and retinoic acid to establish the roof plate, alar plate, basal plate, and floor plate.

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    1. The document summarizes the segmentation and regionalization of the developing brain vesicles/neural tube in various model organisms like mouse. 2. Key organizing centers are discussed that determine the rostrocaudal patterning of the brain including the anterior neural ridge, zona limitans, and isthmic organizer. 3. Dorsoventral patterning is also described which is regulated by factors like BMPs, Sonic hedgehog, and retinoic acid to establish the roof plate, alar plate, basal plate, and floor plate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views27 pages

    Differentiation of Brain Vesicles Diencephalon PDF

    Uploaded by

    Cony Figueroa
    1. The document summarizes the segmentation and regionalization of the developing brain vesicles/neural tube in various model organisms like mouse. 2. Key organizing centers are discussed that determine the rostrocaudal patterning of the brain including the anterior neural ridge, zona limitans, and isthmic organizer. 3. Dorsoventral patterning is also described which is regulated by factors like BMPs, Sonic hedgehog, and retinoic acid to establish the roof plate, alar plate, basal plate, and floor plate.

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    of 27

    Differentiation of brain

    vesicles
    Compiled by:

    András Csillag
    Scheme of segmental development
    (based on mouse model)

    Puelles et al, Trends in Neurosci, 2013.


    Rostral (anterior)
    Differentiation and early segmentation of the neural plate

    Neural plate Neural plate


    Sulcus
    Notochordal
    Prochordal neuralis Prosencephalon
    process Prochordal and mesencephalon
    plate
    plate

    Rhombecephalon
    D D

    Spinal
    cord

    BMPs from ectoderm determine migration into surface ectoderm


    1. Planar induction by
    Primitive node – anti-BMP factors – migration to surface prevented, neural plate forms
    2. Vertical induction
    - Rostrally by the prochordal plate (mesendoderm)
    After Larsen, 2003
    - Caudally by the notochord (mesoderm)
    Rostrocaudal regionalization of neural tube
    Early formation of prosencephalon and
    mesencephalon

    ANR – anterior neural ridge (crista neuralis anterior)


    Important organizer area emitting signals of rostralization, necessary for
    the development of secondary prosencephalon and its derivatives
    (telencephalon, optic vesicle, hypothalamus)
    Main secondary organizing centres determining rostrocaudal
    regionalization in the brain

    ANR – anterior neural ridge (defines ant. border of neural plate, antagonizes ‘caudalization’
    signals, e.g. Wnt, and promotes prosencephalic factor Six3)

    ZLI – zona limitans anterior (defines border P2/P3)


    IsO – isthmic organizer (defines prosencephalic/rhombencephalic border, produces Fgf8 for
    r1 – cerebellar development and Wnt1 for mesencephalon – development of colliculi)
    Echevarría et al., 2003
    ‘The isthmic organizer’
    anr (ant. neural ridge) and Iso (isthmic organizer)

    Otx2 → caudal
    Fgf8 (fiber growth factor 8) Morphogenetic gradient
    Gbx2 → rostral principle

    Martínez-Ferre és Martínez, Front. Neurosci, 2012. Aroca és Puelles, 2005.


    Organotypic culture technique
    Mouse neural tube explants

    Echevarría et al, Int. J. Dev. Biol., 2001


    Scheme of rostrocaudal subdivisions of the neural tube

    Martínez et al., 2012


    Dorsoventral regionalization of neural tube

    Transcription factors:
    BMPs from non-neural ectoderm
    Sonic hedgehog (Shh) from notochord (N) and floor plate (F)
    Retinoic acid from somites (S)
    Pax 3,7 from roof plate and then from alar plate
    Nk2 (Nkx), then Pax 6 from basal plate

    Sadler, 2007
    Dorsoventral regionalization of neural tube

    D – Expression of Shh in a sagittal


    section of neural tube from mouse
    Abbreviations:
    aep – anterior entopenduncular area
    Di – diencephalon
    Mes – mesencephalon
    mge – medial ganglionic eminence
    A – Fusion of neural tube, rostral aspect Pros – prosencephalon
    B – Expression of Shh in the floor plate Rh – rhombencephalon
    C – The four principal dorsoventral units of neural tube (roof Sec. Pros. – secondary prosencephalon
    plate – RP; alar plate – AP; basal plate – BP; floor plate – FP) p1-3 – prosomeres
    Martínez et al., 2012 Puelles et al., 2004
    Developmental models of the CNS

    Topology vs topography

    In early phase of
    development, the
    dorsoventral plane (red
    line) is nearly parallel to the
    alar-basal boundary
    In later phases of
    development, this
    relationship is no longer
    valid

    NC – notochord
    PP – prechordal plate
    p1-6 prosomeres
    Puelles, 2001 r1-11 rhombomeres
    Neuromeric model by His 1895

    Midbrain

    Telencephalon,
    eye and part of the Isthmus
    hypothalamus
    Diencephalon
    proper

    Metencephalon
    Myelencephalon
    Columnar model by Herrick

    Four parts of diencephalon are distinguished in a dorsoventral sequence:


    Epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, hypothalamus.
    The new prosomeric model follows a longitudinal order (marked by the red line),
    and the parts do not fully coincide with those of Herrick

    Abbreviations: MTg – mesencephalic tegmentum; POA – preoptic


    area; PT – pretectum; rf – roof plate
    Adapted by Dong 2008
    Hypothalamus – a modern interpretation
    Correctly: „hypotelencephalon”?
    His 1893 – floor plate theory
    Not part of diencephalon!
    Ariens Kappers 1947 – prosencephalic
    True diencephalic parts:
    model
    pretectum, thalamus, prethalamus
    Herrick – columnar organisation
    (along a rostrocaudal axis)

    Phy: peduncular hypoth.


    THy: terminal hypoth.

    Puelles et al, 2011. The Mouse Nervous System, Elsevier


    Thalamus, prethalamus
    p1 – pretectum Zona limitans: Wnt8b required for activation of Shh →
    Fasc. retroflexus Early subdivisions of prosencephalon: rostral
    p2 – thalamus (secondary telencephalon) és caudal (diencephalon)
    Zona limitans
    p3 - prethalamus
    Development of prosencephalon

    p1: pretectum (Pt); p2: thalamus (Th) and epithalamus (Ept); p3 prethalamus (Pth) and prethalamic eminence (Emt). The
    principal subdivisions of telencephalon: pallium (P) and subpallium (Sp). Rostral prosencephalic regions: hypothalamus,
    alar (Ha) and basal (Hb) and the subpallium. After Medina et al., 2011.
    Development of prosencephalon

    Abbrev: DPall, dorsal pallium; CSPall, central supallium


    fi, fimbria; is, isthmus; M, mesencephalon; m1…2, mesomers 1…2; MPall, medial pallium; opt, optic tract; p1…3,
    prosomers 1…3; p2A, alar division of prosomer 2; p2B, basal division of prosomer 2; p3A, alar division of prosomer 3;
    p3B, basal division of prosomer 3; p3R, roof plate of prosomer 3; PH, pontine rhombencephalon; PHyA, alar division of
    peduncular hypothalamus; PHyB, basal division of peduncular hypothalamus; PMH, pontomedullary rhombencephalon;
    POA, preoptic area, alar plate; PPH, prepontine rhombencephalon; r1…5, rhombomers 1…5; TelR, roof plate of
    telencephalon; THyA, alar division of terminal hypothalamus; THyB, basal division of terminal hypothalamus.

    http://developingmouse.brain-map.org
    Pallium – cortical development

    Pallium consists of:


    • ventral pallium (olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex,
    VEP – ventr. endopiriform nucl.)
    • lateral pallium (insula, claustrum)
    • medial pallium (hippocampus)
    • pallial amygdala
    RGC: radialis glia, IPC: intermed. progenitor sejt
    • dorsal pallium (all other cortical areas)

    From neuroepithelial cells to complex cortical structures


    1.Anatomical és functional modules (Waddingon 1956. ‘Epigenetic landscape’)
    2.Cell proliferation (radial glia as neural progenitor – Dehay és Kennedy 2007)
    3.Growing complexity – Radial and tangential migration - the majority of cortical GABAergic
    interneurons immigrates from basal ganglia; Cajal - Retzius cells derive from ventral
    pallidum and septum.
    Developmental models of cortical areas:
    1.protomap-model (Rakic 1988 – cortical arealization induced by intrinsinc molecular
    signals of cortex)
    2.protocortex-model (O’Leary 1989, van der Loos és Woolsey 1973 – developmental signals
    provided by thalamocortical afferents)
    Divisions of pallium and subpallium in mammals and
    birds
    Pallium - subpallium

    Subpallium: rostral to telencephalon,


    bordering on the hypothalamus

    Preoptic area: the rostralmost region


    of telencephalon
    Scheme of segmental development
    (based on mouse model)

    Puelles et al, Trends in Neurosci, 2013.


    Ventral surface of diencephalon, Hypothalamus

    1. optic chiasm

    2. infundibulum 5 1
    2
    3. tuber cinereum 4
    3
    4. optic tract 5

    5. mamillary body 7 6

    7. cerebral peduncle 8
    8. pons
    Position of diencephalon
    Diencephalon, aspect from the third ventricle

    Levels of diencephalon
    (classic description)

    • Thalamus

    • Epithalamus

    • Metathalamus

    • Subthalamus

    • Hypothalamus

    1 – fornix
    2 – commissura ant.
    3 – thalamus
    4 – tela choroidea ventriculi tertii
    5 – corpus callosum
    6 – commissura habenularum
    7 – pars tecta columnae fornicis
    8 – adhaesio interthalamica
    9 – foramen interventriculare (Monroi)
    10 – corpus mammillare
    11 – chiasma opticum
    12 – corpus pineale
    13 – commissura posterior
    14 – septum pellucidum
    15 – lamina tecti
    The walls of third ventricle

    Lateral: thalamus, hypothalamus


    Anterior: column of fornix, ant commissure,
    lamina rostralis, lamina terminalis
    Posterior epithalamus
    Inferior: hypothalamus (optic chiasm,
    infundibulum, mamillary body,
    cerebral peduncle
    Superior: tela choroidea of third ventricle
    FORNIX The recesses of third ventricle
    CORPUS CALLOSUM
    Triangular recess

    optic recess
    CA
    infundibular recess

    suprapineal recess
    pons
    hypophysis
    pineal recess

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