PERFOMANCE FABRIC

&
SMART TEXTILES
S MART TEMPE RATURE C O NTRO L S LEEP I NG BAG

GROUP 1:
AMSAVENI
ARCHITHA ARUN
AYUSHI SHARMA
KHUSHI AWASTHI
KRITHIKA J
CONTENT
1. ABOUT SLEEPI N G BAG S
2. PAR TS AND FE ATURE S OF A S LEEP I NG
BAG
3. MAR KET STUDY
4. CLI ENT STUDY
5. DYBODY MAPPI N G
6. PR I NTI NG T E C H N I QUE
7. CHALLENGE S FAC E D AND S O LUTI O NS
8. I MPLEMENT ATI ON I N S LEEP I NG BA G
9. FI N AL SKET C H E S
INTRODUCTION
TO SLEEPING
BAG
WHAT IS A SLEEPING
BAG AND USES
A sleeping bag is an insulated covering for a person, essentially a
lightweight quilt that can be closed with a zipper or similar means to
form a tube, which functions as lightweight, portable bedding in
situations where a person is sleeping outdoors (e.g. when camping,
hiking, hill walking or climbing).
TYPES OF SLEEPING
BAGS
We've grouped them into eight categories:

Rectangular
Semi-rectangular
Mummy-style
Double
Quilts
Elephant's foot
Zipless
Woman-specific
MATERIALS USED OF
SLEEPING BAGS
Hollow fibres, which have excellent insulating properties, are
widely used in bedding and sleeping bags. Fibres used for this
purpose are commonly bonded using self-cross-linking styrene
co-polymers, which have good chemical resistance and good
ageing properties.

Nylon, polyester, taffeta – used across all ranges of sleeping

bags, from high end to budget, these materials are soft on the
skin and breathable. Taffeta is the highest quality. Polycotton –
very comfortable against the skin, but takes longer to dry,
making it less suitable for cooler climates.
PARTS AND
FEATURES OF A
SLEEPING BAG
PARTS AND FEATURES
OF A SLEEPING BAG
Shell: The sleeping bag's exterior is covered in the fabric known as
the shell. The shell fabric usually lasts longer than the lining fabric
and sometimes has water-resistant or waterproof breathable
technology.

Lining: The sleeping bag's lining is the fabric on the inside. It

typically has moisture-wicking technology and is soft and
comfortable.

Anatomical Hood: An insulated sleeping bag hood works to keep

your body and the sleeping bag from losing heat. A hood that is
"anatomical" is one that is made to fit the shape of your neck and
head for better comfort and better use of heat.
Pillow pocket: To cushion and support your head, stuff the pillow
pocket with clothes or a camp pillow.

Stash pockets: Some sleeping bags come with stash pockets on the
hood, chest, or other parts of the bag. When you know you need to
get up early the next day for a climb, a hood pocket is ideal for
keeping your watch nearby. Music storage is a breeze in a chest
pocket.

Draft collar: An insulated collar that goes around the hood is the
draft collar, also known as a "head gasket." The sleeping bag's draft
collar prevents heat from escaping. Typically, a drawcord can be
used to adjust it.
Baffle: Notice the seams that run across your sleeping bag's shell?
Those are confusions. They are required to prevent the insulation
from clumping or shifting. Baffles minimize heat loss and cold spots
by holding the insulation in place.

Draft tube - A protected cylinder that runs along and behind the
zipper to prevent cold drafts from getting in and warm air from
getting out.

Two-way zippers: For temperature control, two-way zippers let you

close or open different parts of the sleeping bag.
Pad loops: On the sides of some sleeping bags, there are pad loops
designed to connect to your sleeping bag and hold it in place while
you sleep.

Hanging loops: sleeping bag has loops on the bottom, they are for
hanging the bag to dry. Insulation loft can be maintained by drying
your bag on a hanger instead of flat.
MUMMY
SLEEPING BAG
Mummy sleeping bags are the most
thermally efficient shape. The
"mummy" shape allows for far less
dead air space than any other shape,
which restricts heat loss. Because
they use less material than other
sleeping bags, mummy bags also
typically weigh less. Another benefit
for warmth is the insulated hood that
comes with mummy bags.
SEMI-
RECTANGULAR
SLEEPING BAG
Semi-rectangular sleeping bags are a
hybrid of mummy and rectangular
sleeping bags. They have a slight
taper to their foot box and head and
are wide at the shoulder and hips.
Mummy bags are smaller and lighter
than semi-rectangular sleeping bags.
Additionally, they lack mummy bags'
hoods.
RECTANGULAR
SLEEPING BAG
Rectangular sleeping bags are not
ideal for backpacking or cold
conditions because they are bulkier
and less thermally efficient than
mummy bags. However, they are an
excellent option for individuals who
feel constrained by mummy sleeping
bags' shape. Additionally, they tend
to be cheaper.
LAYERS OF SLEEPING BAG
 MARKET
ANALYSIS
HEATED COTTON FLANNEL LINED
SLEEPING PAD
The first option I would like to start with isn’t exactly a sleeping bag.
Instead, it’s a Heated Cotton Flannel Lined Sleeping Pad that you put
inside a sleeping bag. This pad or liner is made for those who already
have a sleeping bag and don’t want to pay for another heated one. So,
simply go for this pad and insert it inside any sleeping bag for a toasty
warm feeling.
The pad has four heating plates placed vertically from the top to the
bottom of the pad. Four plates isn’t a bad number, but the way they’re
distributed could be better. The pad works with a USB port where you
can connect it to a power bank to turn it on. There are three
temperature degrees as well. Above all, this pad is 100% cotton, so
you’ll get a warm and cozy sleep.
PROS CONS
100% cotton Heating plates don’t cover the
Affordable price whole pad
Three adjustable temperature The power bank isn’t included
ratings
Waterproof outer layer
AGEMORE HEATED SLEEPING BAG
FOR ADULTS
Coming with five heating plates, AGEMORE Heated Sleeping Bag for
Adults is another affordable option for very cold camping sites. The
sleeping bag is suitable for all weather conditions as you can use it with
or without the heating functionality. Just connect it with a power bank
or any 5V electric power supply to turn it on. The bag has an interior
pocket to place the power bank inside. Alternatively, you can connect
the sleeping bag to any other power source by using the second longer
USB cable within the package.
If you want to use this sleeping bag for hiking, it’s applicable as it is
relatively lightweight. The sleeping bag also has a head hood with a
drawstring to cover your whole body. Hence, it’s a very good option for
all purposes.
PROS CONS
Long USB cable Not enough heat in the foot box
Big size
Double-sided zippers
Lightweight
LANGBO CAMPING SLEEPING
BAGS
LANGBO Camping Sleeping Bags don’t have heated plates. However, we
consider it one of the best heated sleeping bags for a reason. This sleeping
bag is enormous and filled with down material for warmth. In addition, it
has one of the best isolation features so that you won’t feel any cold
inside this sleeping bag, just like heated ones.
Furthermore, the sleeping bag comes with a very cozy blanket. When you
feel very cold, use the blanket as a liner inside the sleeping bag or just
wrap yourself with the blanket to feel warm. In brief, this sleeping bag has
everything except the heating plates. Thus, it can be a reliable cold
weather sleeping bag.
PROS CONS
Thick down filling No heating plates
Durable zippers
Comes with a blanket
AXCUDS LIGHTWEIGHT HEATED
SLEEPING BAG
Axcuds Lightweight Heated Sleeping Bag combines two main things
travelers need in their sleeping bags. It’s lightweight and warm at the
same time. Axcuds weighs less than two kilograms with 190 cm x 75
cm dimensions. It’s very easy to carry while camping or trekking.
Moreover, it comes with a compression sack to ease storing and
carrying the bag.
On the other side, the bag has five heating plates to produce heat
when it’s too cold. It uses a power bank to operate, but you need to
get your power supply as it isn’t included. Moreover, the sleeping
bag is double-filled for more warmth even if you aren’t using the
heating plates.
PROS CONS
Lightweight No operation instructions
Compression sack included
Double fill technology
GEAR DOCTORS – SELF INFLATING
SLEEPING PAD
Another sleeping pad for those who already have a bag but need
extra warmth for extreme weather conditions is the Gear Doctors
– Self Inflating Sleeping Pad. It comes with detailed instructions on
inflating and using it when you need to feel toasty warm. The
sleeping pad doesn’t have heating plates, but it comes with
specialized thermo-insulation foam for heating the pad and
maintaining the heat inside.
Apart from the warmth you get, this pad is very comfortable and
relaxing. The cushioning is thick and comfy, whereas the outer
shell is skin-friendly besides being UV and water-resistant. Above
all, this pad is very easy to clean as you just need to wipe it off to
get everything neat and clean.
PROS CONS
Very comfy Heavier than similar products
UV and water-resistant
Easy to clean
Easy to use
 KINGCAMP ELECTRIC HEATED
SLEEPING BAG
KingCamp Electric Heated Sleeping Bag has four heating plates, and
each one applies a different temperature according to the heating
zone. For example, the shoulder plates have slightly higher
temperatures than the foot area. In the end, the goal is to make you
feel warm as needed. In addition, it has three adjustable heating
temperatures. If you don’t need this warm feeling, simply remove the
liner and use it as a traditional sleeping bag with no heating plates.
Regarding the sleeping bag itself, it’s big enough for side sleepers.
Also, it comes with a carry bag but not a compression sack. So, it might
take some space in your luggage bag. As for the weight, it’s considered
a lightweight sleeping bag. Thus, it’s suitable for hikers.
PROS CONS
Adjustable heating temperatures Not very warm
Spacious A bit bulky
Removable liner
Lightweight
CLIENT STUDY
WHO USES SLEEPING BAG?

A sleeping bag is an insulated covering for a person,

essentially a lightweight quilt that can be closed with a
zipper or similar means to form a tube, which functions as
lightweight, portable bedding in situations where a person
is sleeping outdoors.
Sleeping bags are most commonly used by Astronauts,
Climbers, Trekkers, Hikers, for sleeping outdoors.
Occasions - Camping, Climbing, Hiking, Hill walking,
Trekking, in Space
Sleeping bags keep you warm by trapping the warm air
around you; your body creates heat and the warm air is
trapped in the filling the same as a duvet on your bed. Air is
a poor heat conductor but a great insulator.
WHY?
Space has no "up" or "down,"
but it does have microgravity.
As a result, astronauts are
weightless and can sleep in any
orientation. However, they
have to attach themselves so
they don't float around and
bump into something. Space
station crews usually sleep in
sleeping bags located in small
crew cabins. Each crew cabin is
just big enough for one person.
WHY?
These come in a variety of designs and sizes, and high-
quality items can keep you quite warm when the
temperature gets way too low. They are well insulated,
have hoods, which protect your head against cold, and
zippers, which make them very convenient. They are
lightweight and therefore easy to transport.
Products differ in type and quality of materials they are
made of, as well as in the level of insulation, which is
specified by each item’s EN/ISO and temperature ratings
This type of item is good for winter camping. You can
climb and lie snugly inside, completely protected against
the slightest draft.
PRINTED
HEATERS
WHAT ARE PRINTED
HEATERS?
Printed heaters are warming elements that are screen printed
onto flexible materials. These printed heaters are created
from a full range of conductive, resistive, or positive
temperature coefficient inks, and are combined with flexible
substrates. Once these heaters are printed, they are capable
of being implemented into just about anything. They can also
be made to specific operating temperatures and can be self-
regulating, meaning there is no possibility of them
overheating.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRINTED HEATERS
PRINTED HEATERS ARE FLEXIBLE

Flexible printed heaters pack a lot of heat in a compact,

lightweight, and formable package. They’re easy to incorporate
into applications because they can adhere to any type and size
of material. The screen-printing process allows them to stretch
and bend with the substrate.
Printed heaters warm things up by utilizing a range of
conductive and resistive inks, which act as heating elements.
The inks are deposited on flexible substrates using screen
printing techniques. Through their pattern and deposition, the
inks enable engineers to tailor flexible heaters for specific
operating parameters.
PRINTED HEATERS ARE BATTERY-POWERED

Lightweight rechargeable lithium batteries can power flexible

printed heaters, making them ideal for on-the-go applications
like wearables. The battery packs differ in weight depending on
capacity requirements, but typical sizes range from a coin cell
battery to a mobile phone.

PRINTED HEATERS ARE WASHABLE

By design, wearable flexible heaters are well-suited for active

pursuits. The materials that comprise most circuits can handle
getting wet and a bit of agitation, making wearables suitable for
washing.
Traditional wired heaters typically are not water-resistant and
cannot withstand being washed.
PRINTED HEATERS ARE SAFE

Some heaters can be made with positive temperature

coefficients (PTC) materials that increase their electrical
resistance when their temperatures are raised. In terms of
printed heaters, as the temperature increases, the electrical
resistance of the heating element also increases, ultimately
limiting current flow.
This means that the flexible heaters are self-regulating. This
ensures safety because they don’t require a power outlet to
operate and they cannot overheat. However, PTC heaters are
still flexible but not stretchable.
What’s more, the production of flexible printed heaters is fast
and efficient. They can be manufactured in high volumes using
print processes like flatbed screens, rotary screens, and roll-to-
roll techniques. The manufacturing method depends on the type
of heater and materials used.
BENEFITS OF
PRINTED HEATERS
Printed heaters could also be designed for use with
sleeping bags for camping. The printed heater can be
bonded to the fabric of the sleeping bag. Since the
battery for the printed heater is small and portable, it
would eliminate the need for an outlet as opposed to the
traditional “heated blanket” that involves both an outlet
and bulky wires.
PRINTING
PROCESS
PRINTING
TECHNIQUE USED
Conductive inks are formulated for various deposition methods,
including screen, flexographic, inkjet, gravure printing, or aerosol
jetting.

SCREEN PRINTING

Screen printing is the most commonly used process to make

electronics for wearables because it can lay down different viscosities
and formulations of conductive pastes and inks in different
thicknesses to achieve specified properties. Many screen-printing
companies are also accustomed to working with garments and
textiles. Conductive inks are printed onto a substrate (base fabric). An
insulating layer is typically added to protect the printed circuit
INK USED FOR
PRINTING
Conducting inks composed of PEDOT:PSS, AgNPs and graphene as
the core thermoelectric materials.

PEDOT:PSS - POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE

Polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a polymer mixture of two ionomers.
PEDOT:PSS is an intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) that can be coated on
various substrates and nanostructures like fullerenes (C60) to form composites with
high electrochemical properties for applications like low-cost printed electronics

AgNP : Silver Nano Particles

It is known that silver has very high electrical conductivity. Silver has been widely
used as a conductor wire in circuits that require low dissipation, and high
conductivity.
 CHALLENGES
FACED DURING
PRINTING
SINTERING

The tiny, discrete silver particles in the fluid must be thermally joined
(“sintered”) into solid, unbroken printed lines that allow electricity to
flow freely.

Sintering, which is also called 'frittage,' is the process of forming a

solid mass of material through heat and pressure without melting to
the point of liquefaction. This process involves the atoms in materials
diffusing across the particle boundaries and fusing together into one
piece.

DRYING

The inks also must be quickly dried so they do not smear, and all
additives must be removed to optimize the conductivity. The ink
drying, chemical removal, and sintering processes all require heat,
which can be problematic when manufacturing electronics on heat-
sensitive films.
 FINAL
PRODUCT
COMFORT HEAT
MAP
Specialized sensory receptors called thermoreceptors are responsible
for temperature sensitivity. These thermoreceptors are located in the
dermis of the skin. A cold environment results to lesser blood flow
near the surface of the skin. Thus, the body feels colder.

RECEPTOR SITES

Most of body area is covered with skin which is normally sensitive to

heat and cold. The most sensitive heat receptors are found on the
elbows, nose, and fingertips. Meanwhile, cold receptors are found on
the chest, chin, nose, fingers, and the upper lip. Hence, the nose has
both sensitive heat and cold receptors which is why it is generally the
most receptive sense
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE
The printed heater shows a linear relationship between the input
voltage and the temperature difference across a wide strain range.

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ACHIEVED 40°F or 21°C

MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE ACHIEVED 125°F or 51°C
REGULAR BODY TEMPERATURE 37°C

In printed heaters, the rate of cooling is faster than the rate of heating

Input voltage: 5 to 300 V (AC or DC).

Drive current: 3 A max at startup and 1 A max at steady state.
Max power density: Between 1.0 to 1.9 W/in2 and PTC ink
setpoint from 80° to 185°F
Operating Temp: -40° to 180°F
 Solder pads

Battery

Screen printed
conductive ink

SUBSTRATE ( Base
fabric) Jersey structure
knit - 80% polyester,
20% cotton
 Solder pads
Insulating/encapsulating
layer for protection

Screen printed
conductive ink

SUBSTRATE ( Base fabric)

Jersey structure knit - 80%
polyester, 20% cotton
 OF THE

HEATER
PRINTED
PLACEMENT

SKIN

LINING 1

POLYCOT FABRIC WITH SCREEN

PRINTED HEATER

MOISTURE
BARRIER

LINING 2

OUTER
SHELL
FINAL PRODUCT ON & OFF switch, temperature
regulator and LED screen to
display temperature inside the
sleeping bag
THANK YOU
GROUP 1:
AMSAVENI
ARCHITHA ARUN
AYUSHI SHARMA
KHUSHI AWASTHI
KRITHIKA J