THE MALAY COLLEGE KUALA KANGSAR

HERBARIUM

NAME : Muhammad Zafirul Asyraf Bin Noor Helmi

Class : 5 Science 3

Teacher : Ms Noriahwana
2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank my family who have helped me throughout making this
project. Their help in recording the videos and helping me finding the materials for
the project has helped me a lot in completing this task.
Other than that, I would also like to thank my friends who shared useful
resources on how to make this project. Their support and opinions have given me
lots of motivation to complete this project. Lastly, I would like to give special thanks
to my teacher who has guided me a lot to make this project. Without her guidance,
this project would not be a success.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
• Problem Statement
- Some plant species are getting extinct and new generations are not able to learn
about them

• Importance of Project
- Documents floras around the world
- Provide permanent record of various types of plants for the future generations

• Objective
- To conduct research on taxonomy of plants collected
- To observe and describe the morphology of plants collected

• Method
- Herbariums are made by pressing and drying the plants collected to be pasted on a
piece of paper.
- Informations on the plant are written down and pasted on the same piece of paper.
- Herbarium should display the morphology and taxonomy of plant collected.

• Conclusion
- Making a herbarium is important so that we can keep a record of plants around the
world.
- Without herbarium we are not able to learn about the morphology and the
taxonomy of endangered plants.
4.0 MATERIAL AND APPARATUS
• Material
- Plants, paper towel, A4 papers, glue, cellophane tape, and sticky note

• Apparatus
- Scissors and iron

5.0 METHODOLOGY
• Procedures
1. Choose plants to turn into a herbarium (monocot/dicot/woody/herbaceous)
2. Place the plant on a piece of paper towel gently
3. Cover the plant with another paper towel
4. Press the plant down with an iron until it is flattened and dried properly
5. Apply some glue onto the hind part of the plant
6. Paste the plant on a piece of A4 paper
7. Prepare the information of the plant
8. Paste the information of the plant next to plant on the same A4 paper

• Precaution
- Cut the plant carefully to ensure no parts of the plant is damaged and avoid injuries
- Plant must be dried properly to ensure the plant will not rot

• Budget
- A4 paper: RM0.10 x 6 = RM0.60
- Glue: RM1.00 x 1 = RM1.00
- Sticky note: RM 2.00 x 1 = RM2.00
- Cellophane tape: RM0.50 x 1 = RM0.50
- Total budget: RM4.10
6.0 RESULT AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Observation
Pandan Tree
• Taxonomy
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Tracheophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Pandanales
- Family: Pandanaceae
- Genus: Pandanus
- Species: Pandanus Tectorius
• Morphology
- Long dark green leaves
- Leaves of plant have parallel vein
• Ecology
- Pandan tree grows well in coastal regions which are swampy
- Generally pandan tree are best grown in a well drained soil with high exposure to
sunlight
- Pandan tree are widely use by humans in making food as its leaves have a very nice
scent which adds flavour to the dish
- Humans also use pandan leaves to make traditional handicrafts such as mats and
baskets

• Geography of Plant
- Most pandan trees grow in tropical regions and is especially found in Asia, Africa
and Oceania
- Pandan trees are commonly found in coastal ecosystems which are humid and full
of sunlight
Paper flower
• Taxonomy
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Magnoliophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Caryophyllales
- Family: Nyctaginaceae
- Genus: Bougainvillea
- Species: Bougainvillea Glabra

• Morphology
- Leaves are light green in colour
- Stem of plant is solid and green in colour
- Leaves of plant have netted veins

• Ecology
- Paper flowers grow well in drained sandy dessert soils with high amount of sunlight
- Paper flowers are generally tolerant of limited water, hence not much water is
needed to grow a paper flower
- Interactions of paper flowers are majorly related to humans as paper flowers are
widely used in decorations for parties as it has beautiful and colourful flowers

• Geography of Plant
- Paper flowers grow in the biome of the Amazon Rainforest in South America which
consists of countries like Brazil, Peru and Colombia but now can be found in many
parts of the world, specifically in tropical regions
Roses
• Taxonomy
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Magnoliophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Rosales
- Family: Rosaceae
- Genus: Rosoideae
- Species: Rosa L (Wild Rose)

• Morphology
- The rose is an ornamental shrub/bush with upright or climbing stems usually prickly
- Leaves are alternate, compound, oddly pinnate with stipules adherent to the leaf
stalk.
- Flowers are solitary (single) or in corymbs (cluster).
- Petals & Sepals are generally five; however Rosa sericea has only four petals and
sepals.
-Carpels are many, inserted at the base of the calyx tube and with simple projecting
style and stigma..

• Ecology
- Most grow in sunny to half-shady areas, such as fallow land or areas bordering
woods, roads and rivers; but Rosa virginiana more commonly known as the Prairie
rose and smooth roses, are found in scree-covered slopes.
- Roses are native primarily to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

• Geography of Plant
- Roses are native primarily to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Many roses are cultivated for their beautiful flowers, which range in colour from
white through various tones of yellow and pink to dark crimson and maroon, and
most have a delightful fragrance, which varies according to the variety and to
climatic conditions.
- Most rose species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers being native to North
America and a few to Europe and northwest Africa. Roses from different regions of
the world hybridize readily, giving rise to types that overlap the parental forms, and
making it difficult to determine basic species. Fewer than 10 species, mostly native
to Asia, were involved in the crossbreeding that ultimately produced today’s many
types of garden roses.
7.0 DISCUSSION
• Explanation of Concepts

• Herbarium
A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens that have been stored
appropriately, databased and arranged systematically to ensure quick access to
students, researchers and the general public for scientific research and education.
They provide the comparative material that is essential for studies in taxonomy,
systematics, ecology, anatomy, morphology, conservation biology, biodiversity,
ethnobotany, and paleobiology, as well as being used for teaching and by the
public.

Paper flower
A genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees belonging to the four o' clock
family, Nyctaginaceae with 18 known species originating in South America. The word
'glabra' comes from Latin and means "bald". Its common name, paper flower, is
given based on the flower's paper-like texture.

Leaf structure:
- The leaf is ovate-rounded shape and branches out alternately
- Comprises netted veins
- Length of leaf is around 5 to 11 centimetres long

Flower structure:
- Small and cream-coloured surrounded by colourful papery triangular bracts
- Usually clustered in groups of three and surrounded by 3 to 4 bracts

Pandan tree
A genus of monocots with some 750 accepted species. They are classified in the
order Pandanales, family Pandanaceae. The greatest number of species are found in
Madagascar and Malaysia. Their common names include pandan, screw palm, and
screw pine. The word 'pandanus' originates from the Malayan name 'pandang' which
refers to the screw pine.

Leaf structure:
- Has long and linear leaves
- Comprises parallel veins
- Filled with numerous spines along the edges

Fruit structure:
- Arranged in a spiral pattern around a central core
- Small and contains a hard, woody seed surrounded by a layer of sweet, juicy pulp
Roses Flower
A rose is a plant that is a member of the genus Rosa, which consists of some 100
species of perennial shrubs in the rose family. Many roses are cultivated for their
beautiful flowers, which range in colour from white through various tones of yellow
and pink to dark crimson and maroon. A rose hip is the rose plant’s fleshy,
berrylike Floral Cup, or hypanthium. It contains the plant’s seeds, and it usually
ranges from red to orange in colour. Many species, particularly the rugosa rose,
produce edible rose hips, which are a rich source of vitamin C and are sometimes
used in preserves.

Leaf structure:
- The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound (i.e., feather-formed), usually
with oval leaflets that are sharply toothed.

Flower structure:
-The flowers of wild roses usually have five petals, whereas the flowers of cultivated
roses are often double (i.e., with multiple sets of petals). Rose flowers’ size ranges
from tiny miniatures 1.25 cm (0.5 inch) in diameter to hybrid flowers measuring
more than 17.5 cm (7 inches) across. The rose plant’s fleshy, sometimes edible,
berrylike “fruit” (actually the floral cup) is known as a hip and usually ranges from
red to orange in colour.

8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Textbook
- Form 5 Biology textbook

• Internet
Youtube
https://youtu.be/n189HxQ2qog
https://youtu.be/S3SXISZRRus

People
- Family
- Friends

Google
Rose | Description, Species, Images, & Facts | Britannica