ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

NAME: Gouransh Chhabra

CLASS: BBA-E2
ENROLLMENT NO: 08921101721
SUBMITTED TO: MR TARUN KUMAR
QUESTION 1: What is research? What are the various steps
(process) involved in research?
ANSWER:
It is an unbiased structured and sequential method of enquiry directed
towards a clear implicit and explicit business objective. This enquiry
might lead to validating existing postulated or arriving at new theory or
models.
Research process contains a series of closely related activities which has
to carry out by a researcher. Research process requires patients. There is
no measure that shows your research is the best.  It is an art rather than a
science. Following are the main steps in social or business research
process.
 Selection of Research Problem
 Extensive Literature Survey
 Making Hypothesis
 Preparing the Research Design
 Sampling
 Data collection
 Data Analysis
 Hypothesis Testing
 Generalization and Interpretation
 Preparation of Report

Selection of Research Problem

The selection of topic for research is a difficult job. When we select a
title or research statement, then other activities would be easy to
perform. So, for the understanding thoroughly the problem it must have
to discuss with colleagues, friend, experts and teachers. The research
topic or problem should be practical, relatively important, feasible,
ethically and politically acceptable.
Literature Review or Extensive Literature Survey
After the selection of research problem, the second step is that of
literature mostly connected with the topics. The availability of the
literature may bring ease in the research. For this purpose academic
journals, conference and govt. reports and library must be studied.

Making Hypothesis
The development of hypothesis is a technical work depends on the
researcher experience. The hypothesis is to draw the positive & negative
cause and effect aspects of a problem. Hypothesis narrows down the
area of a research and keep a researcher on the right path.

Preparing the Research Design

After the formulation of the problem and creating hypothesis for it,
research Design is to prepare by the researcher. It may draw the
conceptual structure of the problem. Any type of research design may be
made, depend on the nature and purpose of the study. Daring R. Design
the information about sources, skill, time and finance is taken into
consideration.

Sampling
The researcher must design a sample. It is a plan for taking its
respondents from a specific areas or universe. The sample may be of two
types:

 Probability Sampling
 Non-probability Sampling

Data collection
Data collection is the most important work, is researcher. The collection
of information must be containing on facts which is from the following
two types of researcher.

Primary Data Collection: Primary data may be from the following.

 Experiment
  Questionnaire
 Observation
 Interview
Secondary data collection: it has the following categories:
 Review of literature
 Official and non-official reports
 Library approach

Data Analysis
When data is collected, it is forwarded for analysis which is the most
technical job. Data analysis may be divided into two main categories.

Data Processing: it is sub-divided into the following.

Data editing, Data coding, Data classification, Data tabulation, Data
presentation, Data measurement

Data Exposition: Date Exposition has the following sub-categories.

Description, Explanation, Narration, Conclusion/Findings,
Recommendations/Suggestions

Hypothesis Testing
Research data is then forwarded to test the hypothesis. Do the hypothesis
are related to the facts or not? To find the answer the process of testing
hypothesis is undertaken which may result in accepting or rejecting the
hypothesis.

Generalization and Interpretation

The acceptable hypothesis is possible for researcher to arrival at the
process of generalization or to make & theory. Some types of research
has no hypothesis for which researcher depends upon on theory which is
known as interpretation.

Preparation of Report
A researcher should prepare a report for which he has done is his work.
QUESTION 2: What are the qualities of good research? Also
explain Type I & Type II error.

ANSWER:

QUALITIES OF GOOD REASEARCH:

 Good research is replicable, reproducible, and transparent:

Replicability, reproducibility, and transparency are some of the
most important characteristics of research. The replicability of a
research study is important because this allows other researchers to
test the study’s findings. Replicability can also improve the
trustworthiness of a research’s findings among readers 

 Good research has external validity:

Good research has external validity if its results or findings can be
applied to the real world (Glen, 2015). If your research findings
can be generalized to other situations or applied to a broader
context, your study has high external validity.

 Good research is guided by logic:

One of the distinguishing characteristics of research is that the
entire process is guided by logic. Using logic, for instance, can
help researchers determine what kind of data they need for
answering their research question. Being guided by logic
throughout the research process also helps researchers spot
fallacies and inconsistencies in their claims and findings.

 Good research uses relevant, empirical data and proper data

analysis methods:
One of the most important qualities of a good research study is that
it deals with empirical data. Empirical data is data that has been
 collected by researchers themselves through observation,
experience, or experimentation (Bradford, 2017).

TYPE I ERROR:

A type1 error appears when the null hypothesis (H0) of an experiment is

true, but still, it is rejected. It is stating something which is not present or
a false hit. A type I error is often called a false positive (an event that
shows that a given condition is present when it is absent). In words of
community tales, a person may see the bear when there is none (raising a
false alarm) where the null hypothesis (H0) contains the statement:
“There is no bear”.
The type I error significance level or rate level is the probability of
refusing the null hypothesis given that it is true. It is represented by
Greek letter α (alpha) and is also known as alpha level. Usually, the
significance level or the probability of type i error is set to 0.05 (5%),
assuming that it is satisfactory to have a 5% probability of inaccurately
rejecting the null hypothesis.

TYPE II ERROR:
A type II error appears when the null hypothesis is false but mistakenly
fails to be refused. It is losing to state what is present and a miss. A type
II error is also known as false negative (where a real hit was rejected by
the test and is observed as a miss), in an experiment checking for a
condition with a final outcome of true or false.
A type II error is assigned when a true alternative hypothesis is not
acknowledged. In other words, an examiner may miss discovering the
bear when in fact a bear is present (hence fails in raising the alarm).
Again, H0, the null hypothesis, consists of the statement that, “There is
no bear”, wherein, if a wolf is indeed present, is a type II error on the
part of the investigator. Here, the bear either exists or does not exist
within given circumstances, the question arises here is if it is correctly
identified or not, either missing detecting it when it is present, or
identifying it when it is not present.