1. Representation of geographical features.

A. Give short answers.

1. What is a map?
 A map is a representation of any area of the earth on a flat surface.
2. What is a map’s scale?
 A scale of the map shows the relation between the distance on the map and the corre-
sponding distance on the ground.
3. What are topographical maps?
 Topographic map is a large-scale map showing both natural and man-made features.
4. What do we call a net of lines that helps us locate features on a map?
 A net of vertical and horizontal lines that help us locate features on a map is called grid.
5. Which colour is most commonly used to show water bodies in maps?
 The most commonly used colour to show water bodies in the map is blue.
6. Which colour is used to show gridlines and their numbers in topographic maps?
 Red colour is used to show grid lines and their numbers in topographic map.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Large-scale and small-scale maps.
 Large-scale maps, like tourist maps, show much smaller areas on relatively large sized
papers.
 Small-scale maps, like the ones generally found in an atlas, show large area of the
earth.
2. Easting and northing.
Eastings are vertical lines drawn on a topographic map.
Northings are horizontal lines drawn on a topographic map.
3. Areas coloured green and areas coloured yellow on a topographic map.
 Areas coloured green on a topographic map present forested areas.
 The areas which are coloured in yellow on a topographic map suggest cultivated land.
4. Water bodies coloured blue and water bodies coloured black on a topographic map.
 Water bodies and wells that contain water are shown in blue colour on a topographic
map.
 While those water bodies that are dry are shown in black colour on a topographic map.

C. Explain in brief.
1. What are the different ways of showing scale on a map?
 There are three different ways of indicating the scale of the map.
 By statement, for example 1 cm to 100 kilometre.
 By a graduated straight line, known as a linear scale or graphical scale.
 By the representative fraction, that is, the ratio between the map distance and the
ground distance.
2. A map scale is given thus: 1 cm to 500m. What is the RF of this map?
 If the map scale of the map is 1 cm to 500m. Then the RF of this map is 1: 50,000.
3. How do we find the directions on the map if no direction shown?
 Some maps have neither the north line nor a compass rose. In such maps, the upper part
is taken as north; lower part is thus the south.
 and left and right side represent the directions west and east respectively.
4. Why is the grid of a topographic map not made up of parallels and Meridian as in atlas
maps?
 Topographic maps cover much smaller areas. Most of them cover less than 1`of latitude
and longitude.
 Hence, in these maps there not enough meridians or parallels to form the grid.
5. What are conventional symbols?
 Because of the limited space, we do not show the actual shapes and size of trees, build-
ings, villages etc. on the map.
 We show these features with the help of various agreed symbols. These symbols are
called conventional symbols.
 These symbols make it easier to draw and read maps.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1. Linear scale
2. North line
3. north east
4. south western
5. green
6. key

E. Choose the correct option.

1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b, 5-c, 6-b, 7-d.

G. Study the key of figure 1.8 and match the following.

1-e, 2-f, 3-b, 4-c, 5-d, 6-g, 7-h, 8-a.

H. Study figure 1.8 and answer the following.

1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b.
5. Give four figure grid references for the following.
a- 2123
b- 2221
c- 2021
d- 1923
e- 1825
f- 1922
g- 2126
6. Name the following.
a- Burari Khera
b- Temple, settlement, metalled Road.
c- Dry tank
d- Open scrub
e- Canal
f- Dry stream, cultivable land
2. The atmosphere.
A. Give short answers.
1. What is the atmosphere?
 Atmosphere is the blanket of air surrounding the earth.
2. What are the chief constituent of the atmosphere?
 Chief constituents of atmosphere are 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon di-
oxide and 0.97% other gases.
3. Name the five main layers of the atmosphere in order of distance from the ground.
 The five main layers of atmosphere in order of their distance from the ground are:
 Troposphere.
 Stratosphere.
 Mesosphere.
 Thermosphere.
 Exosphere
4. In which part of the atmosphere does the ozonosphere lie?
 Ozonosphere lies in the stratosphere layer of the atmosphere.
5. What is insolation?
 Insolation means the incoming solar energy received by the earth.
6. What is air-pollution?
 Any harmful change in the composition of air is known as air-pollution.
 This may happen if the process of regulating the composition of it is disturbed or if
harmful substances are added to the air.
7. Name one natural and one man made agent of air-pollution.
 Volcanoes release huge amount of poisonous gases, dust and ash therefore they are nat-
ural agents of air-pollution.
 Industrial areas and auto mobiles are man-made agents of air-pollution.
8. Name two sources of CFCs.
 Many kinds of sprays and cooling gases used in refrigerator and air-conditioners release
CFC gases.
9. Why is the depletion of atmospheric ozone bad for us?
 Ozone depletion allows more of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays to reach us.
 These can give us sunburns and skin cancers and can also damage or eyes. Therefore,
ozone depletion is bad for us.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Troposphere and tropopause.
 The lowest and the densest layer of the atmosphere is known as troposphere.
 Within the troposphere, the temperature decreases as we move up.
 The upper limit of the troposphere is marked by the tropopause.
 Where the general decrease in temperature with altitude stops.
2. Ozonosphere and ionosphere.
 A part of the stratosphere is known as Ozonosphere, it has the maximum concentration
of Ozone in the atmosphere.
 Ozonosphere protects us by absorbing the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Also
Ozonosphere becomes quite warm by absorbing these rays.
 There is a layer in the atmosphere in which the molecules of the atmospheric gases are
broken into charged particles called ions that layer is called Ionosphere.
 It reflects or sends back, radio waves towards the earth and this helps in radio transmis-
sion.
3. Insolation and terrestrial radiation.
 The solar energy received by the earth is called incoming solar radiation or insolation.
This energy is chiefly responsible for heating the earth surface.
 The heated surface of the earth in turn radiates heat, this is called terrestrial radiation.
 The atmosphere is heated mainly by terrestrial radiation.
4. Greenhouse effect and global warming.
 Greenhouse effect means the trappings of heat due to the reflection of terrestrial radia-
tion towards the earth, mainly by atmospheric carbon dioxide.
 A gradual rise in temperature across the world is called as global warming.

C. Answer with brief explanations.

1. How did the troposphere get its name?
 The troposphere gets its name from the Greek word ‘topos’, which means turning.
 This is because all the weather changes that we experience take place in the tropo-
sphere.
2. Why is the Atmosphere important?
 That Atmosphere is essential for life on earth.
 Atmosphere gives us oxygen that we breathe.
 The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere helps plants to manufacture food in the presence
of sunlight.
 Atmosphere stops the sun's rays from heating the earth beyond certain level.
 The atmosphere protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
 Nitrogen is required in various forms to keep the soil fertile.
 Atmosphere gives us rain.
 Atmosphere prevents meteors from hitting the earth surface.
3. How does the Atmosphere get heated?
 The sun is the chief source of heat and light for the earth. It radiates energy in all direc-
tions.
 The earth receives only a very small fraction of this energy. This is called insola-
tion this energy is chiefly responsible for heating the earth's surface.
 The earth surface is heated and this in turn radiates the heat which is called terraced real
radiation.
 Atmosphere is heated mainly by terrestrial radiation.
4. What is the greenhouse effect? How does it help us or harm us?
 Greenhouse effect means the trapping of heat due to the reflection of terrestrial radia-
tion towards the earth, mainly by atmospheric carbon dioxide.
 Without this trapping of heat, the earth would have been very cold at night when there
is no insolation to replace the heat lost through terrestrial radiation.
 In fact, it would have been so cold that we would not have survived.
 But at the same time too much of it can be harmful. if it goes on increasing, it would
cause global warming.
5. Why is global warming bad? Give any three reasons.
 Continue global warming may produce several ill effects they are:
 It could cause much of the ice at the poles and on mountains to melt this in turn would
cause the water level of the oceans to rise, and many islands and coastal areas would go
under water.
 Climate and rainfall pattern may change.
 The general rise in temperature may change seasonal behaviour of some plants and an-
imals this could ultimately cause extinction of many creatures.
 Change in climate and rainfall pattern may result in droughts and floods.
6. How do our activities lead to global warming? How can we control it? Mention any
three ways.
 We are increasing the emission of carbon dioxide by building factories and using vehi-
cles and at the same time we are clearing forests to use land for buildings, agriculture
and industries.
 This is gradually increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and in turn, the
greenhouse effect. As a result global temperature on the land and in the ocean is rising.
 Here are the ways with which we can check global warming:
 We can plant trees, this helps reduce global warming.
 We can try to save electricity as power generation uses fuels and increases global
warming.
 We can reuse and recycle things to save energy used in factories to make these things.
7. What is an ozone hole? Why does one form over the South Pole every spring?
 CFCs released in the troposphere gradually move up to the stratosphere.
 They there stick to the ice clouds that form over Antarctica during the intensely cold
and continuously dark winter.
 When sunlight returns in spring the clouds melt and the CFCs on the cloud surfaces re-
act to produce chlorine, rapidly destroying ozone.
 Therefore, ozone hole is formed over the South Pole every spring.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Gravity
2) Troposphere
3) ozone
4) mesosphere
5) wind
6) conduction
7) global warming
8) pollutants
9) CFCs.

E. Choose the correct option.

1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c, 5-b, 6-b, 7-a, 8-b, 9-d.
3. Weather and climate.

A. Give short answers.

1. Name five elements of weather.
 The five elements of weather are: temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, precipi-
tations, cloud cover, wind speed and direction.
2. Name two scales used for measuring temperature.
 The two most commonly used scales for the measurement of temperature are the Celsi-
us and the Fahrenheit scales.
3. What is atmospheric pressure?
 The weight of the atmosphere pushing down on a unit of area on the earth’s surface is
called atmospheric pressure.
4. How is wind named?
 Wind is named after the direction from which it is blowing.
 For example, wind blowing from the north is called a north wind.
5. Name an instrument used for measuring relative humidity.
 Relative humidity can be measured with the help of hygrometer.
6. Name two forms of precipitation.
 Rain and snow two forms of precipitation.
7. What is the use of rain gauge?
 The amount of rainfall at a place over a particular period is measured with the help of a
rain gauge.
8. What is meteorology?
 The scientific study of weather condition is called Meteorology.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Weather and climate.
 Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and at a particular time.
 It may change within a very short time.
 It relates to a small area.
 Climate is the regular pattern of weather conditions at a place over a long period.
 It remains unchanged over a long period of time.
 It relates to a fairly large area.
2. Regular Thermometer and six's maximum and minimum Thermometer.
 Air temperature is a measure of how hot or cold air is. Air temperature is measured
with the help of a Thermometer.
 Thermometer is generally a narrow glass tube filled with mercury or alcohol.
 A special type of Thermometer is used to measure the maximum and minimum temper-
atures during a day. It is called six's maximum and minimum Thermometer.
 This thermometer is a U shaped tube with a separate indicator in each limb.
One indicator shows the maximum temperature and other shows the minimum tempera-
ture.
3. Mercury barometer and Aneroid barometer.
 Mercury barometer is a simple barometer consists of a long, mercury filled glass tube
inverted over a cup of mercury. The pressure of air on the mercury in the cup pushes up
the mercury in the tube. Atmospheric pressure is measured in terms of the height of the
mercury column.
 Aneroid barometer is more commonly used, It does not use any liquid, and is therefore,
easier to handle. It has a metal box, which is partially emptied of air.
The box is very sensitive to vibration in the air pressure. It expands when the pressure
is low and gets compressed when the pressure is high. The box is connected to a pointer
which movies over a scale to indicate the atmospheric pressure.
4. Isotherm and Isohyets.
 Isotherm is a line drawn on a map to join places where the temperature at sea level is
the same at a given time.
 Isohyet is a line drawn on a map to join places that have the same mean annual rainfall.

C. Give reasons for the following.

1. Information about the weather is very useful.
 Weather affects our daily lives in many ways.
 For example, you take your raincoat to school on a rainy day. And if there is a storm
warning, Fisherman do not go out to sea and flight timings may be changed.
 Information about the weather is very useful, as it enables us to take precautions against
bad weather.
2. Mercury and alcohol are often used in thermometers.
 Mercury and alcohol are the liquids that do not stick to the wall of a glass tube. Hence,
they rise and fall in a thermometer's tube according to the rise and fall in the air tem-
perature. Therefore, these liquids are used.
3. Thermometer is never kept in direction sunlight.
 While recording air temperature we must not keep the thermometer in direction sun-
light because the temperature is to be recorded is of the air and not of the rays of the
sun.
4. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.
 The atmosphere is dense near the earth surface. As one climbs higher, it becomes less
dense and exerts less pressure.
 Therefore, atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.
5. Atmospheric pressure increases with a fall in air temperature.
 Air becomes dense and heavy when its temperature decreases. Cold air exerts more
pressure and it sinks, or flows downwards.
 Therefore atmospheric pressure increases with a fall in air temperature.
6. We feel sticky and uncomfortable on a hot and humid day.
 On a hot day with a high relative humidity, the weather will be sultry and uncomforta-
ble. This is because we shall sweat a lot but the sweat will not easily change to vapour.
 When relative humidity of air at a given temperature is 100% the air cannot hold any
more water vapour at that particular temperature that is why the sweat does not change
to vapour.
7. Rain gauge is kept in an open space away from trees and buildings.
 The rain gauge is kept in the open, level space away from trees and buildings. This pre-
vents rain water collected on the trees and buildings from falling into the rain gauge.

D. Answer with brief explanations.

1. How does climate affect us?
 Climate affects our lives in various ways.
 It determines what kind of clothes we wear.
 Climate determines what crops we grow and what we eat.
 Sometimes, climate influences the designs of our houses.
 It also determines the kind of plants and animals we see around us.
2. What does wind speed depend on? Explain how wind speed is measured.
 The speed of wind depends on the pressure difference between two regions.
 When the difference is high, wind rushes from the high pressure region to the low-
pressure region at a great speed.
 An anemometer is an instrument which is used to measure the speed of wind.
 It consists of three or four cups attached to a rotating shaft by thin roads. When wind
blows, the cups and the shaft rotate. The speed of the wind is read using a metre similar
to a car's speedometer attached to the shaft.
3. What does a relative humidity of 60% mean?
 A relative humidity of 60% means that the air holds 60% of the water vapour. it is ca-
pable of holding at this temperature.
4. What is precipitation? How does it occur?
 Rise in temperature causes evaporation. Warm air can hold more water vapour then
cold air can.
 As warm air rises, it cools down and can no longer hold all the water vapour it is carry-
ing. The excess vapour then condenses into tiny droplets of water.
If temperature is low enough, the vapour may change into tiny crystals of ice.
 These droplets or crystals are so light that they float in the air, when they bump into
each other and stick together, form large droplets or crystals.
 Then they are too heavy to float. Thus they fall as rain or snow. The falling of con-
densed water vapour is called precipitation.

E. Fill in the blanks.

1) Six's maximum and minimum Thermometer
2) Freezing, boiling
3) 1012.3 milibars
4) air pressure
5) high ,low
6) low
7) total
8) thunderstorms

F. Choose the correct option.

1-b, 2-d, 3-d, 4-c, 5-a, 6-d, 7-b, 8- b, 9-a,
4. Weathering and soil formation.
A. Give short answers.
1. Name the four realms of the earth.
 The four realms of earth are: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
2. Name the three concentric layers of the earth.
 The three concentric layers of the earth the crust, the mantle and the core.
3. What is the asthenosphere?
 The soft layer within the upper mantle is called as asthenosphere.
4. What is weathering? Name four agents of weathering.
 Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, not involving transport of the broken frag-
ments.
 The four agents of weathering are heat and cold, water, ice, wind, waves and even
plants and animals.
5. What kind of weathering is caused by the freezing of water in cracks in rocks?
 Frost wedging is caused by the freezing of water in cracks in rocks.
6. How does spheroidal weathering affect boulders?
 When exfoliation acts on boulders and make them rounded it is spheroidal weathering.
7. Name three types of processes that result in chemical weathering.
 Chemical weathering takes place mainly by solution, hydrolysis, and oxidation.
8. Give a few examples of human activities that expose rocks to weathering.
 Human activities such as mining, quarrying and ploughing expose rock to weathering.
9. What is soil?
 Soil is the relatively loose material on the earth's surface consisting of fine particles and
organic matter.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Crust and lithosphere.
 The uppermost layer of the lithosphere is known as crust. The crust is very thin with an
average thickness of about 35 km.
 The uppermost solid layer of the earth formed of rocks and soil is known as the litho-
sphere. Out of the total area of lithosphere, about 71% consists of ocean floors, which
lie under the water. The remaining 29% consist of land masses which rise above the
surface of water.
2. Magma and lava.
 Deep below the earth surface, rocks are in a molten state called magma.
 Magma which has come out onto the earth’s surface is called lava.
3. Extrusive igneous rock and intrusive igneous rock.
 Extrusive Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies on reaching the
surface.
 Rocks formed in this manner have a fine grained texture.
 Basalt and rhyolite are examples of extrusive igneous rock.
 The slow cooling of magma beneath the earth’s surface forms intrusive igneous rock.
 The slow cooling allows large crystals of minerals to form.
 Granite and Gabbro are example of such rocks.
4. Weathering and erosion.
 Weathering is breaking down of rocks, not involving transport of the broken fragments.
 Erosion means the combined action of transportation and breaking down of rocks.
5. Mechanical weathering and chemical weathering.
 Mechanical weathering means the breaking down of rocks without any change in the
chemical composition of the rock forming minerals.
 Chemical weathering means the breaking down of rocks due to the changes in the
chemical composition of the rock forming minerals.
6. Residue soil and transported soil.
 Soil formed from weathered material that remains at its place of origin is called residual
soil.
 Soil formed from rock particles that are brought to and deposited at a place by agents of
erosion such as rivers, glaciers and wind is called transported soil.
7. Sandy soil and clayey soil.
 Sandy soils are coarse and allow water to seep through easily.
 Soils which have greater proportion of clay, are fine and do not allow water to sleep
through easily.

C. Answer with brief explanations.

1. Briefly describe the layers of the earth.
 The uppermost layer of the lithosphere is known as the crust.
 The crust is very thin with an average thickness of about 35 km.
 The surface of the crust is quite uneven and has different landforms.
 The mantle lies below the crust.
 It extends up to the depth of 2900 km.
 Both the temperature and the density of the mantle increases with increasing depth to-
wards the centre of the earth.
 The mental has two parts the upper mantle and the lower mantle.
 The innermost layer of the earth is called the core. It is about 3500 km thick.
 It is the densest layer as it is made up of heavy metals like iron and nickel.
 The temperature at core are high, outer part of the core is molten and the innermost part
is solid due to the pressure of all the above layers.
2. What are the three main types of rock? How are they formed?
 The three main types of rocks are: Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic
rocks.
 Igneous rocks are formed due to cooling, solidification and crystallisation of lava.
 Running water, wind and moving ice, carry very small particles of rock they're called
sediments. Sediments are deposited in layer; they harden over the years because of the
weight of the above layers in the presence of cementing material like lime. Rocks
formed by the deposition and hardening of layers of sediment are called sedimentary
rocks.
 The word metamorphosis means change of form. Igneous and sedimentary rocks
change their form under very high temperature or pressure.
Such changed rocks are known as metamorphic rocks.
3. Give two examples of fossil fuels. What kind of rock are they? Why are fossil fuels so
called?
 Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels.
 Organisms, plants which got buried under the earth surface with other sediments, mil-
lions of years ago, are converted into carbon due to high pressure and temperature.
 These remains of plants and animals trapped within layers of rock are called fossils.
Hence, petroleum and coal are called fossil fuels.
4. How do living beings contribute to weathering?
 Burrowing animals loosen and mix rocks particles, thus expose them to weathering.
 Living organisms and decaying organic matter in soil produce organic acids and cause
chemical weathering.
 Human activities such as mining, quarrying, ploughing also expose rocks to weather-
ing.
 Besides the gases released into the air by our factories and automobiles, and chemicals
that we add to the soil and water, cause chemical weathering.
5. How is soil formed? Draw a diagram to show the layers of the soil.
 The first step in the process of soil formation is weathering, weathering breaks up rocks
into smaller and still smaller pieces until they turn into fine powder.
 Natural agent carry away weathered rock fragments over long distances. Soil formed
from weathered material that remains at its place of origin is called residual soil. Soil
formed from rocks particles that are brought to and deposited at place by agents of ero-
sion is called transported soil.
 Besides rock particles, soil contains organic matter.
 The below mentioned diagram sug-
gests various layers of the soil.

Top soil

Subsoil

Weathered rock

Bedrock

Layers of rocks
 Mention three ways to protect soil from erosion. Why should we protect soil from ero-
sion?
 There are various ways with which we can protect soil from erosion.
 Planting trees on slopes.
 Constructing earthen embankments called bunds across the slopes can reduce soil ero-
sion.
 Farming on terraces cut into hill slopes also protects the soil.
 Soil forms very slowly, it may take thousands of years for the formation of a layer of
soil only a few centimetres thick.
 Therefore we should conserve soil from getting destroyed so that it can be used by fu-
ture generations.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1). Mountain, ocean
2). primary
3). Basalt, Granite
4). sedimentary
5). marble
6). exfoliation
7). humus
8). soil profile.

E. Choose the correct option.

1-b 2-a 3-b 4-c 5-c 6-d 7-d 8-c
5. Industries.
A. Give short answers.
1. What is meant by industry?
 Any economic activity whose aim is to produce or supply goods or to provide services
is called an industry.
2. Give two examples of primary products.
 Timber and mineral are two primary products.
3. What is tertiary industry? Give an example.
 Tertiary industry does not produce goods, instead it provide services such as banking,
insurance, education, information, healthcare, entertainment, security, transportation,
hospitality and so on. It also includes trading.
4. What is a cottage industry? Name one product made by this kind of industry.
 Village or cottage industries produce on a very small scale and require very little in-
vestment. They are attached to the home, and often employ only family members.
 They produce goods such as handloom clothes, handicrafts, (pottery, pickles, and so
on.)
5. What is corporative sector industry? Name one cooperative sector unit in India.
 An industry owned and run by a group of people who produce or supplying raw materi-
al for that industry is called a cooperative sector industry.
 The Gujarat cooperative milk marketing Federation Ltd is a cooperative of milk pro-
ducers which sells its products under the label Amul.
6. Name any five countries that are major producers of steel.
 At present China, Japan, India, the USA, and Russia are some of the largest producers
of steel in the world.
7. Why has SAIL been set up?
 The steel authority of India Ltd (SAIL) has been set up to promote the steel industry in
India.
8. What is information technology?
 Information technology includes everything that is necessary to process, store or trans-
fer information in a digital form.
 Thus, it includes computers, software, and different devices, like modern, telephone
services for transfer of information, and so on.
9. What is Khadi?
 Khadi or Khaddar is a kind of handloom cloth woven from home spun cotton yarn.
10. Name any five products of fishing industry.
 Products made by processing fish include fish oil, fish sauce, fish glue and fish meal or
farmed fish and sometimes a fertiliser.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Primary and secondary industry.
 Primary industry does an activity, aimed at obtaining a product directly from nature.
For e.g. farming
 Secondary industry is an industry that processes primary products to produce secondary
products; also called manufacturing industry. For e.g. textile industry
2. Large-scale and small-scale industry.
 Large-scale industry is an industry that produces on large-scale, employs many people
and involves a huge investment.
 Small-scale industry is an industry that produces on small-scale, does not employ many
people and does not involve a huge investment.
3. Public sector industry and private sector industry.
 Public sector industry is an industry which is owned and managed by the government.
 Private sector industry is an industry which is owned and managed by individual or a
group of individuals.
4. Agro-based industry and mineral-based industry.
 Agro-based industry is an industry that uses agricultural products as raw material. For
example sugar industry.
 Mineral-based industry is an industry that uses minerals as their raw materials. For ex-
ample iron and steel industry.
5. Capital goods industry and consumer goods industry.
 Capital goods industry is an industry whose products are used by other industries; it is
also known as a basic industry.
 Consumer goods industry is an industry that produces things required for use in daily
life.

C. Answer with brief explanations.

1. What are value added products? Why are they so called?
 When a primary product is processed into a secondary product, its utility and value in-
creases.
 For example, a jute bag is more useful and expensive than raw jute. Because of the ad-
dition in value, secondary products are often called value added products.
2. Why are industries important?
 The industries are very essential for our lives in the following manner.
 Most of the things we use in our daily life are products of some kind of industry.
 Industries produce goods and services by using different resources as raw materials.
Thus, they help in proper utilisation of resources.
 Industries create jobs for people.
 Industries improve people’s standard of living.
 Industries improve agriculture and promote other industries.
 Some industries produce things that can be sold to other countries they help increase
country’s wealth.
 Some industries produce war machines such as guns and tanks. They are used for de-
fending the country.
3. Why are capital goods industries important for the development of a country?
 Capital goods industries produce things like iron and steel, heavy machinery, engineer-
ing goods, cement etc.
 Their products are used by other industries hence; basic industries play a major role in
the development of a country.
4. State the main factors that encourage the growth of industries in an area.
 The factors that encourage the growth of industries in an area are;
 Raw material.
 Power supply.
 Labour supply.
 Water resources.
 Land and climate.
 Market.
 Transport facilities.
 Capital.
 Government policies.
5. What are the conditions required for the IT industry to thrive? Why does this industry
thrive in India even though the conditions here are not ideal?
 The conditions required for IT industries to thrive are as follows:
 IT industry is idea driven industry therefore it needs visionaries with ideas on how to
use IT to change the way we live and work.
 IT industries also need those who are willing to risk their money to develop an idea into
working product.
 This industry also requires trained people in engineering, computers and related fields.
 Availability of telecommunication facilities, relatively experienced and inexpensive
manpower also helps in IT activities.
 IT industry thrives in India even though the conditions here are not ideal because India
has a large supply of trained manpower and the Indian companies can develop software
at a much lower cost.
6. Why should sugar mills be located near sources of raw materials?
 Sugar mills are usually located in an area where sugarcane is grown. This is mainly
because the sucrose content of sugarcane starts declining rapidly soon after the cane is
harvested.
 So any delay in the supply of sugarcane to the mills lowers the quality of sugar
produced.
 Also the sugarcane is far more bulky than the sugar produced from it, hence, it is much
more expensive to transport cane over long distance in its original form.
7. How do industries harm the environment?
 Industries harm the environment in various ways:
 Factories pollute the air by giving out fumes containing harmful gases. These gases are
greenhouse gases, while some are toxic.
 Waste water from factories contains many harmful things, such as toxic chemicals, and
grease and oil. This water is usually discharged into nearby water bodies, and it pollutes
the water.
 When factory waste containing harmful substances is buried in the ground, the soil gets
polluted.
 Long exposure to loud noise is bad for our health. The machines used in factories are
extremely noisy and thus, harmful for people and animal living in surrounding.
8. Mention any four things that can be done to control industrial pollution.
 Some of the measures that can be taken to control industrial pollution are as follows.
 Industries, especially the more polluting once, should not be set up in densely populated
areas.
 There should be proper arrangement for storing handling and disposing polluting and
dangerous material which is discharged from industries.
 Harmful exhaust gases produced in factories should be stored properly to preven
leakages.
 Planting trees around the factory helps, to some extent, to clean the air-pollution.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Agriculture
2) joint
3) corporative
4) basic
5) iron and steel
6) automobile
7) Bengaluru
8) yarn, cloth
9) Brazil, India.

D. Choose the correct option.

1b, 2b, 3b, 4c, 5a, 6-d, 7b, 8-b.
6. Energy and power resources.
A. Give short answers.
1. What form of useful energy is called power?
 Electricity, often called power, is the most common form of useful energy.
2. Name two substances from which atomic power is generated.
 Uranium and thorium are the two substances from which atomic power is generated.
3. Mention two conventional and two non-conventional sources of energy.
 Wood and fossil fuels are two conventional sources of energy and wind and solar ener-
gy are two non-conventional sources of energy.
4. Give two examples of inexhaustible energy resources.
 Resources such as sunlight and wind are inexhaustible.
5. Give two examples of non renewable energy resources.
 Wood and fossil fuel are examples of non-renewable energy resources.
6. Name two countries that are major producers of hydroelectricity. Name two of India's
important hydroelectric projects.
 Two countries that are major producers of hydroelectricity are China and Brazil.
 Two of India's important hydroelectric projects are Bhakhra Nangal project and Cham-
bal Valley project.
7. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of wind power.
 Wind power is a clean and inexhaustible source of energy.
 One disadvantage of wind power is, it is not very dependable, as it does not blow with
equal force at all times.
8. Name two states of India where wind farms have been set up.
 The two States of India where wind farms are set up are Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.
9. What kind of power do the power stations at Talcher and Ramagundam generate?
 Power stations at Talcher and Ramagundam generate Thermal power.
10. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of nuclear Power.
 One advantage of nuclear power is, a small amount of fuel produces a huge amount of
energy.
 One disadvantage of nuclear energy is that it is non renewable as the ores of Uranium
and thorium will ultimately get used up.
11. Name two kinds of fuel widely used in Indian villages. Why are cleaner fuels not
used?
 In Indian villages, firewood and dung cakes are widely used as fuel for cooking and
heating.
 The kind of fuels such as LPG and electricity are hard to get therefore low income
households in villages use smaller amounts and more polluting forms of energy.
12. Give one reason why you think rural electrification is necessary in India.
 Rural electrification will help rural people to use cleaner sources of energy which are
not accessible to them now.

B. Distinguish between the following.

1. Thermal Power and hydel power.
 Running water is widely used energy resource in most part of the world. Electricity
generated from it is called hydroelectricity or hydel power.
 It is eco-friendly as it does not cause much pollution.
 A large share of the power generated in the world comes from thermal power plants;
This power is generated with the help of heat which is obtained by burning fossil fuels.
 It causes pollution.
2. Conventional and nonconventional sources of energy.
 Conventional resources are the resources that have been traditionally used.
 for example wood and fossil fuel are conventional sources of energy
 Non-conventional sources are those resources that are used as an alternative to tradi-
tional resources.
 Sunlight and wind are nonconventional sources of energy.
3. Renewable and non-renewable resources.
 Resource which is present in unlimited quantity or is constantly being generated by
natural processes or can be generated by us is called renewable resource
 For example wind and sunlight.
 A resource which is limited in supply and cannot be generated once it has been used up
is called non-renewable resources
 For example fossil fuels.

C. Answer with brief explanations.

1. A dam built for hydel power generation has advantages and disadvantages. Why?
 Dam built for hydel power generation has advantages like:
 Such a dam has a reservoir behind it for storing water, this reservoir can supply water
to towns and cities provide water for irrigation and are used for fishing and recreation.
 But dam built for hydel power generation has some disadvantages too; such reservoir
can drown forests, croplands and human settlements. This makes many people and an-
imals homeless, and sometimes destroys valuable ecosystems.
 Dam is very expensive to build. After a few years reserve voice become shallow due to
the silt deposited by the water flowing into them this reduces the capacity to hold wa-
ter. There was also a hazard because it breaks due to the pressure of water collected be-
hind it there can be devastating floods downstream.
 By storing huge amount of water increases the risk of earthquake as well.
2. Why are petroleum and natural gas considered to be better fuels then coal?
 Petroleum and natural gas are considered to be better fuel than coal because they can be
transported easily over long distances through pipelines.
 Their heat generating capacity per unit of weight is much higher than that of coal.
 During power generation, there is very little wastage and less pollution than in case of
coal.
3. Why is nuclear power considered to be a kind of thermal power?
 Thermal power is generated by burning fossil fuels to produce heat, nuclear energy is
used to heat water to make steam, and steam runs generators to produce electricity.
 So nuclear power is the kind of thermal power.
4. Why should we conserve energy resources? Mention some ways of doing so.
 We should conserve energy resources because if we do not conserve them they may
soon be completely exhausted.
 Some ways of conserving energy resources are;
 Judicious and selective mining of exhaustible resources such as coal, petroleum and
natural gas.
 Using improved technology to minimise wastage during mining and power generation.
 Undertaking research to find out new sources of energy and exploration to identify new
deposits.
 Using inexhaustible sources of power instead of exhaustible sources.
 Preventing wastage of power.
 Using energy saving devices like CFL and LED bulbs and appliances marked with en-
ergy Stars.
5. How does the pattern of energy consumption reflect the income and lifestyle of thou-
sand households? Explain with reference to Indian households.
 The overall pattern of household energy consumption show the status and welfare and
also the level of economic development in the country. Generally, as the economy de-
velops and People's income increases, more energy is consumed.
 In Indian villages, fire wood and dung cakes are widely used as a fuel for cook-
ing and heating. Kerosene is often used for lighting.
 Fuels such as LPG and electricity are harder to get therefore; low income
households in villages use smaller amounts and more polluting forms of ener-
gy.
 In cities the income of household is more and therefore there is more use of
electric lighting, refrigeration, air-conditioning and various electrical appliances
so their energy consumption is larger and cleaner forms of energy are used.
 The situation in villages can change with the application of rural electrification
programme.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Thermal
2) nuclear
3) wood
4) Hydel
5) Narmada
6) Rajasthan
7) solar
8) solar power

E. Choose the correct option.

1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c, 5-d, 6-a, 7-d, 8-b, 9-d.
7. Study of continents: Europe.

A. Give short answers.

1. Name the Scandinavian countries.
 Scandinavian countries are Denmark, Sweden, Norway and sometimes Finland and Ice-
land are also considered as Scandinavian countries.
2. What are the fjords? Where in Europe are they commonly found?
 Glaciers have cut deep, narrow Valley in North Western Highlands. Along the coast
these valleys are filled with seawater and are known as Fjords.
 Fjords are especially common along Norway's coast.
3. Name five major rivers of Europe.
 Five major rivers of Europe are Volga, Danube, Rhine, Seine and Don.
4. What are intermontane plains? Name three such plains in Europe.
 At places, materials deposited by rivers have created large plains between the moun-
tains in southern Europe. These plains surrounded by mountains are called intermon-
tane plains.
 The plains of Lombardy in Italy, the Great Hungarian plains and the plains of Walachia
in Romania are such plains.
5. What is Taiga? Where is the European Taiga located?
 To south of tundra lies the region of coniferous forest called Taiga.
 The region, covering parts of Scandinavia and Russia, is the most extensive forest zone
in Europe. It is called Taiga region.
6. How have the Dutch reclaimed land?
 To reclaim the land, the Dutch have built embankments, or dykes, along the coast.
7. Which is the most important food crop of Europe? Name three main producers of this
crop in Europe.
 Wheat is the most important food crop of Europe.
 Russia France and Germany are the three main producers of this crop in Europe.
8. Name three important minerals of Europe.
 The important minerals of Europe are iron ore, coal and petroleum.
9. Name three leading steel producing countries and three important steel using industries
of Europe.
 UK, France and Russia are largest producers of steel in Europe.
 The three leading steel using industries of Europe are automobiles, shipbuilding and
aircraft industry.
 What is tourism?
 Travelling for pleasure and re-creation is call tourism.

B. Give reason for the following.

1. The Netherlands and Luxembourg are called low countries.
 The Netherlands and Luxembourg are called Low Countries because of their low alti-
tudes. In fact, The Netherlands is one of the lowest countries in the world.
2. Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia are called the Baltic states.
 Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia are called the Baltic States because they border the Baltic
Sea.
3. The Ural Mountains and the North Western Highlands of Europe are not very high or
steep.
 In The north Western Europe there are some old mountains and plateaus and the Ural
Mountains are the oldest highlands of Europe.
 They are not very high or steep, as they have been eroded by rivers and glaciers over
millions of years.
4. In western Europe, agriculture is one of the intensive types.
 In Western Europe, the population density is high and less land is available for farming.
 Agriculture is of the intensive type, with small farms, but maximum use of land and
high crop yield per unit area.
5. Europe's rivers are important for transportation.
 Many European rivers are navigable and serve as inland waterways. These have been
interlinked through canals. Therefore European rivers are important for transportation.
6. Fishing is an important occupation in Norway, Iceland, the UK and Russia.
 Rich fishing grounds are located in the Dogger Bank in North Sea and off the coast of
Norway and Iceland.
 Therefore, Fishing is an important occupation in Norway, Iceland the UK and Russia.
7. Forest-based industries are well developed in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
 Forest-based industries are well developed in Norway Sweden Finland and Russia be-
cause it is the most extensive forest zone in Europe.
 It has coniferous forests with softwood trees which supply raw material for forest-based
industries.
8. Tourism is a major industry in Switzerland.
 Switzerland is one of the most popular destinations for tourists. People from all over
the world visit this country in large numbers every year to enjoy its natural beauty and
to avail of the various recreational facilities that it offers.

C. Answer in some detail.

1. Name the four major physical units of Europe.
 The four major physical units of Europe are;
 The North Western Highlands.
 Central lowlands.
 Alpine mountains.
 Central uplands.
2. Describe the location and physical features of the central Lowlands.
 The Central Lowlands are stretching from Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural teens
in the east.
 The lowlands are broadest in the east and tappers towards the west.
 Many large rivers the Rhine, the Seine , the Dnieper, the Elbe and Don etc. drain this
region.
 The lowlands consist of vast fertile plains formed by the deposition of material by riv-
ers, glaciers and wind.
 The northern part of Lowland has large number of lakes formed by the action of glaci-
ers.
 The northernmost part of Europe is a cold desert.
3. Describe the region with young fold mountains in Europe.
 In the south of Europe lies the Alpine Mountain System which consists of series of rug-
ged young fold mountains.
 They contain Europe's highest elevation from west to east these mountain range include
the Sierra Nevada, Canterbury and mountains, Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathian and Cauca-
sus Mountains.
 Mont Blanc is the highest peak of Alps.
 Mt Elbrus the highest mountain of Europe is volcanic mountain in the Caucasus.
 There are many intermontane plains in these mountain ranges.
 The rivers like Danube, Rhone and Po originate from these mountains and cut across
this mountain ranges.
4. Mention the main features of agriculture in Europe.
 Agricultural activities, including crop cultivation, pastoral farming and fishing are high-
ly developed in Europe.
 About one third of the land in Europe is cultivable, the areas which were soils are poor
are used as pastures for cattle and sheep.
 To reclaim the land the Dutch have built embankments and dykes along the coast.
 In Western Europe where the population density is high, intensive farming is practised.
 Mixed farming and crop rotation is commonly practised to make maximum use of the
soil while maintaining its fertility.
 In Russia and other East European countries extensive type of farming is done.
 Europe is also noted for horticulture.
5. Name the main food crops and cash crops.
 The main food crops of Europe are wheat, barley, rye, oats, potato, maize, fruits.
 The main cash crops of Europe are flax and sugar beet.
6. Give an account of the important Agro-based industry of Europe.
 Industries producing dairy products, sugar, wine, vegetable oils etc, are important Agro-
based industries of Europe.
 Most of the world’s beet sugar comes from Europe.
 The dairy industry is well developed in north-west, especially in Denmark, the UK, the
Netherlands, Germany and France.
7. Write about any three places in Switzerland that attracts many tourists.
 Three important places of tourist attraction in Switzerland are:
 the Matterhorn
 The Matterhorn, recognised easily by its steep faces and pointed peaks is one of the
highest and most famous peak of the Alps. It lies on Switzerland's border with Italy.
 Jungfraujoch
 Jungfraujoch is the region lying between several high peaks of the Alps. It is often
called the top of Europe. The Aletsch, Europe's longest Glacier, begins in this region.
 Saint Moritz.
 Saint Moritz is one of the world's top mountain destinations, with glaciers, Jagged
peaks, mirror like lakes and mountain forests.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Eurasia
2) Volga, Caspian
3) Alpine
4) steppes
5) Dykes, polders
6) mixed
7) Britain, France
8) Zurich

E. Choose the correct option.

1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-b, 5-c, 6-c, 7-d, 8-a.
8. Study of continents: Africa
A. Give short answers.
1. Name the ocean that lies on the east and the west of Africa.
 To the east of Africa lies the Indian Ocean and to the west of Africa lies the Atlantic
Ocean.
2. Which is the highest mountain of Africa? What type of mountain is it?
 Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain of Africa; these mountains are of volcanic origin.
3. Name three large Lakes of Africa.
 Three large Lakes of Africa are Victoria, Malawi and Tanganyika.
4. Name the three deserts of Africa.
 Three deserts of Africa are Sahara desert, Kalahari Desert and Namib Desert.
5. What type of vegetation is found just north and south of equatorial region of Africa?
 To the north and south of the equator tropical rainforest are found these forests of tall,
broad leaved trees are also called Selvas.
 They have mainly evergreen trees which do not shed their leaves at one time, they ap-
pear green throughout the year.
6. Give a few examples of animals found in the African Savannah.
 The African Savannah is home to many kind of plant eating animals such as zebras, an-
telopes, giraffes and elephants.
 Predators such as lion, leopard which hunt plant eating animals are also found here.
7. What are the main cereals grown in Africa?
 Main cereals grown in Africa are maize, millets, wheat and rice.
8. Name four important minerals found in Africa.
 Important minerals found in Africa are diamond, gold, platinum and iron ore.
9. Where did the Cocoa trees originate?
 Cocoa trees have originated in equatorial regions of Americas.
10. When are Cocoa Pods usually harvested?
 Cocoa pods may be harvested throughout the year but most of the pods are harvested in
two seasons one lasting from October to March and other lasting from May to August.

B. Give reasons for the following.

1. Kilimanjaro is capped with snow even though it is situated in a hot zone.
 Kilimanjaro is capped with snow even though it is situated in a hot zone because of its
high altitude.
2. Coastal plains are narrow in Africa.
 Coastal plains are narrow in Africa because the plateau drops sharply down to the sea.
Rivers flow down the steep slopes and fall into the sea immediately, So they do not de-
posit much alluvium.
3. The rivers of the African Plateau region have many waterfalls.
 Most of the rivers of Africa flow through the plateau region. They descend steep slopes
before entering the sea. That is why there are many waterfalls.
4. The Nile does not dry up even though it flows a long distance through the Sahara.
 The Nile originates from Lake Victoria the largest lake in Africa.
 Even though most of its part lies in Sahara desert, the Nile is never a dry as its source
lies in the rainy equatorial region.
 Nile has many tributaries As well.
5. Grasses are usually shorter and less dense in temperate grasslands than in tropical
grasslands.
 The temperate grasslands are colder and somewhat drier than in the tropical grasslands
hence, the grasses here are usually shorter and less dense than those of tropical grass-
lands.
6. Root crops are grown widely in Africa.
 Root crops are widely grown in Africa because they can withstand drought conditions
for longer period.
7. Pastoral farming has not developed well in Africa.
 Pastoral farming has not developed well in Africa because of unfavourable geographical
conditions in many places and the presence of disease-causing tsetse flies has hampered
pastoral farming on a commercial scale.
8. In cocoa plantations, three crops such as banana, palm and rubber are planted in the
spaces between the cocoa of plants.
 In the spaces between the cocoa plants, trees crops such as banana, Palm and rubber are
planted to give shade to the young plants. Because young plants need protection from
strong sunlight.
9. In Africa, cocoa is grown mostly on small plantation.
 In Africa cocoa is grown mostly in small plantations, not more than 2 hectors in area
because this helps prevent large-scale damage by pests and diseases.
10. Cocoa cultivation gives employment to large number of people.
 Cocoa cultivation gives employment to large number of people, because the cultivation
of cocoa needs a large labour force.
 This is because most of the farm work, from the growing of sapling to the transportation
of the crop to the collection centres, is done manually.

C. Answer in some detail.

1. What do you know about the Great rift Valley of Africa?
 One of the most important physical features of Africa is a chain of Rift Valley is in the
eastern part of the African Plateau.
 The chain of Rift Valley is called the Great Rift Valley. It extends from the river Zam-
bezi in the south to the Red Sea and onwards in the Asia in the north.
 The Rift Valleys have a number of lakes. Tanganyika is the second deepest lake in the
world is located here.
2. Write briefly about the River Nile, explaining its importance.
 The Nile is the most important river of Africa.
 Nile and its tributary together form a large basin.
 The Nile is not only irrigating the dry areas of Sahara along its banks, but also usefulfor
navigation and power generation.
 The Aswan high dam on the Nile is important for irrigation, Flood control and power
generation.
3. In which parts of Ghana is cocoa grown? What are the conditions required for growing
it?
 Most of Ghana's cocoa is grown in a triangular area bounded by the towns of Accra,
Kumasi and Takoradi.
 Geographical conditions for growing cocoa
 Area should be at the altitude of 3m to 300 m above the sea level.
 The temperature should range between 20°C to 28°C.
 The annual rainfall should range between 150 cm and 200 cm, it should be evenly dis-
tributed throughout the year.
4. How are cocoa beans made ready for shipment?
 Cocoa pods are harvested and the outer peel of the pod is split open with a machete.
after opening them, the pulp along with the bean inside is collected, and kept for fer-
mentation
 The fermented beans are dried, with frequent turnings, until they lose all their moisture.
 The dried beans are taken by the farmers to a collection Centre.
 Here the beans are graded, packed in sacks and sent to the nearest port for shipment.
5. How is chocolate made from Cocoa beans?
 After shipment, the beans arrive at the processing centre.
 Here, they are first cleaned of twigs and dirt.
 Then they are roasted to increase the flavour.
 Shells of roasted beans are then cracked and separated with the help of blowers.
 The nibs are broken by grinding this release the fat called butter and paste called choco-
late liquor.
 Chocolate liquor is either moulded or hardened into solid chocolate.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Strait of the Gibraltar
2) Suez
3) Savannah
4) Kariba
5) Chad
6) Yam, cassava
7) Madagascar
8) Tsetse
9) Cote d' ivoire, Ghana
10) beans

E. Choose the correct option.

1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b, 6-b, 7-c, 8-a, 9-c, 10-b.
9. Study of continents: Australia.
A. Give short answers.
1. Name three important landforms of Australia.
 The three important landforms of Australia are
 The Westin Plateau.
 The central Lowlands.
 The Eastern Highlands or the Great Dividing Range.
2. Where in Australia is Uluru located?
 Near Alice spring, roughly in the centre of Australia, lies what is perhaps the world’s
largest single rock, Uluru, also called as Ayers rock.
3. Name any two of Australia's deserts.
 The two deserts in Australia are the Great Victoria Desert and Gibson Desert.
4. Name two rivers of Australia.
 Two major rivers of Australia are River Murray and River Darling.
5. Where does the great barrier reef life?
 Off the north eastern coast of Australia lies the Great Barrier Reef.
6. Name any three animals that are found in the wild only in Australia.
 Some animals that are found in the wild only in Australia are; the kangaroo, the Koala
and the platypus.
7. What is an Emu?
 Emu is a large flightless bird found in Australia, it can run very fast.
8. Name four important minerals of Australia.
 Four important minerals of Australia are gold, diamond, bauxite and iron ore.
9. Mention two major factors responsible for Australia's industrial progress.
 Australia is industrialised country because of:
 Their need to process agricultural products,
 And the rich reserves of iron and coal which are major factors responsible for its indus-
trial progress.
10. Which is the largest city of Australia?
 Sydney is the largest city of Australia.
11. For what purpose are sheep reared in Australia?
 Sheets are reared in Australia for the purpose of wool and meat production.
12. Which part or parts of Australia are most important for sheep farming?
 The Murray Darling basin, parts of southern, eastern and south-western all coasts, large
areas in the interior of the continent of Australia are the sheep farming areas.

B. Give reason for the following.

1. When it is winter in India, it is summer in Australia.
 Australia lies entirely in southern and eastern hemisphere. Being in the southern hemi-
sphere, it has seasons opposite to those of countries in the northern hemisphere.
 India is a country which lies in Northern Hemisphere, Therefore, when it is winter in
India, it is summer in Australia.
2. The southern part of the central Lowland is most fertile region in Australia.
 The southern part of the lowlands is the drainage basin of rivers Murray and darling.
 Alluvial deposit brought down by these rivers has made this region very fertile.
3. The area around Lake Eyre is an area of inland drainage.
 Lake Eyre are low-lying parts of the Rift Valley which have been filled up by sea water
 or rainwater. Its low altitude is the reason for inland drainage.
4. Water rises automatically in artesian wells.
 The water in the aquifer cannot escape, as there are non-porous rocks above and below
it.
 As water keeps collecting in the aquifer, the water in the upper parts pushes down on
the water below.
 So when well is dug in to an aquifer at any level below the highest level of water in it,
water rushes up to the surface without the use of pumps. Such wells are known as arte-
sian well.
5. The Murray Darling basin is the most important agricultural region in Australia.
 Fertile Alluvial soils are found only in the Murray and Darling basin. Hence it is the
most important region for agriculture.
6. Agricultural production is high in Australia despite unsuitable conditions.
 Agricultural production is high due to the scientific method of farming and a high level
of mechanisation.
 Irrigation facilities have been provided to farmers in areas of insufficient rainfall.
 Farms are generally large this makes it possible to use machines such as tractors, tillers
and harvesters.
7. Air transport is important in Australia.
 Australia is a large country, air transport is essential to link distant places, especially in
the outback, the remote interior of the continent, where there are few roads and rail-
ways. Therefore, Australia has a large domestic air transport network.
8. The pastures in the area interior of Australia remain active even during droughts.
 Pastures are active even during drought, as they have vegetation adapted to arid condi-
tions.

C. Answer in some detail.

1. Name the states and territories of Australia.
 States of Australia are;
 Western Australia
 Northern Territory
 Queensland
 New South Wales
 Victoria
 South Australia
 Australian Capital Territory
 Tasmania
2. Describe the Great Dividing Range in short.
 The Eastern Highlands extend along the entire eastern coast of Australia, from the
Cape York Peninsula in the north to Tasmania in the south. They are also known as the
Great Dividing Range.
 These Highlands are broad and low in north.
 In the south, the highlands are more rugged and high.
 The highest peak is mount Kosciuszko.
 The eastern slopes of the Highland are quite steep. To the west these Highlands slope
more gently towards the central lowlands.
3. How are the coral reefs formed?
 Coral reefs are made of hardened deposits of material secreted by sea creatures called
coral polyps.
 Coral polyps live in shallow seas in the warmer parts of the world.
 When they die, new polyps grow on and add to their deposits.
 Gradually, the deposit pile up to form reefs.
4. Which is the most common type of tree in Australia? How is it useful?
 The most common tree of Australia is the eucalyptus.
 This is an evergreen tree, it is also known as gum tree.
 There are many varieties, some varieties produce oil used for curing cough, cold, head-
ache etc. Some other varieties, like Jarrah and karri are source of timber.
5. Give an account of unusual wildlife found in Australia.
 Australia's rich wildlife includes several kinds of marsupials.
 Kangaroos belong to the family of marsupials.
 Wallabies and Koala are also marsupials.
 The dingo is a wild dog.
 The duckbilled platypus is a queer animal it can swim underwater walk on land and dig
underground tunnels.
 Another egg laying mammal found in Australia is echidna.
 There are some unique birds in Australia like flightless bird emu, beautiful lyrebird,
pink cockatoo, and the kookaburra.
6. Why is water scarce in Australia? What are the important sources of water in the conti-
nent and how are they utilised?
 Australia is one of the driest continents. Rainfall is generally low and most of the water
is lost due to evaporation.
 The most important source of surface water is the Murray-darling river system.
 Several dams and reservoirs have been built to utilise its water effectively.
 The great artesian basin has underground water. Deep artesian well have been dug in
this area to tap this source.
 Water from these wells is distributed through pipes or through channels dug in the
ground.
7. What is a sheep station? Write briefly about the work done by different workers in such
a station.
 In Australia, sheep are reared in large farms called sheep stations.
 Sheep station may be owned and managed by a person and his family.
 The owner is known as grazier or pastoralist.
 The livestock in the station are mustered and looked after by workers called stockmen.
 Workers who do routine jobs are called Station hands.
 Trainees, who are still learning various jobs on a farm, are known as jackaroos if they
are man and jillaroos if they are women.
8. What is sheep shearing? How are sheep sheared?
 Sheep shearing is the process of cutting the woolly coat, or fleece, of a sheep.
 A firm hires a team of professional shearers who come and stay on farm until they have
shared all the sheeps.
 Shearers use modern blades and power driven clippers, and new techniques such as the
Tally-Hi method.
 A skilled Shearer can shear more than 200 sheep a day.

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Canberra
2) senior
 3) bass Strait
4) Mount Kosciuszko
5) kookaburra
6) bauxite
7) sugar cane, cotton
8) outback
9) Road trains
10) Marino
11) jackaroos, jillaroos
12) Shearing.

E. Choose the correct option.

1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-c, 6-b, 7-d, 8-b, 9-c.
10. Study of continents: Antarctica.

A. Give short answers.

1. Who was the first man to reach the South Pole?
 The Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen was the first man to reach the South Pole.
2. Which portion of Antarctica lies north of the Antarctic Circle?
 The only area in the Antarctica continent that lies to the north of the Antarctic Circle is
Antarctic Peninsula.
3. Name an active volcano in Antarctica.
 Mount Erebus on Ross Island in the Ross sea is an active volcano.
4. Name any three countries that have permanent base camps in Antarctica.
 India, the USA and Russia have permanent base camps in Antarctica.
5. Which organisation conducts India's Antarctic expedition?
 The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean research is the organisation which con-
ducts India's Antarctic expedition.

B. Give reason for the following.

1. Antarctica has summer between November and February.
 As Antarctica lies completely in the Southern Hemisphere, seasons are exactly opposite
to that of the countries in the northern hemisphere.
 During November to February Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun and
Northern Hemisphere is away from the sun.
 Therefore, it is winter in Northern Hemisphere during November and February and it is
summer time in Antarctica.
2. We cannot use Antarctica's mineral at present.
 Presently, mining and competing for resources are banned by international agreement
among many countries, therefore, we cannot use minerals of Antarctica.
3. Krill are an important resource in Antarctica.
 The sea around Antarctica has a huge number of Krill.
 Krill are very small but are rich in protein. Whales, seals, penguins and fish feed on
them.
 The protein rich meat is being used for making krill-meat paste.
4. Antarctica is often called the continent for science.
 Today an international treaty ensures that in Antarctica is used only for scientific pur-
poses therefore; Antarctica is often called the continent for science.

C. Answer in some detail.

1. Describe any three landforms of Antarctica.
 The three landforms in Antarctica are; the Antarctic Peninsula:
 It is the only area which lies to the north of Antarctic Circle
 There is a narrow strip of land which comes close to Cape Horn of South America.
 the Queen maud land Plateau:
 The Queen maud land Plateau is a plateau with mountains along the coastal area,it is on
the eastern side of the continent.
 and the Trans Antarctic mountain:
 Trans Antarctic mountain divide the continent into two parts, the smaller and narrower
western part is called as Lesser Antarctica and the larger eastern part is known as
Greater Antarctica.
2. Give an account of the wildlife in and around Antarctica.
 There are many kind of fish and swarms of shrimp like shellfish called krill in the
ocean around Antarctica.
 In summer, many varieties of birds come to feed on these. But they leave in winter. On-
ly male emperor penguins remain to guard their eggs.
 There are different types of seals and Whales in the ocean around this continent.
3. Explain why Antarctica is sometimes called a ‘human void zone’, that is, a place with-
out human beings.
 Antarctica is the cold desert, the climate here is extremely cold and stormy cold winds
called blizzards are experienced here.
 As a result there is no permanent human habitation in this continent. Scientist and tech-
nically skilled personnel visit this continent for research and exploration but they are
the only temporary inhabitants of the continent.
 Therefore Antarctica is called ‘human void zone.’

D. Fill in the blanks.

1) Weddell Sea, Ross Sea
2) Trans Antarctic
3) ice berg
4) Spring
5) Krill
6) Dakshin Gangotri

E. Choose the correct option.

1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d, 5-b, 6-d.