Framework 3 of 92

Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

What radiographic findings are associated with tooth ___?

A. No hard tissue abnormalities.

B. Normal apical periodontal ligament space.
C. Widening of the periodontal ligament space.
D. Widening of the apical periodontal ligament space.
E. Rarefying osteitis.
F. Ankylosis.
G. Sclerosing osteitis/condensing osteitis.
H. Physiologic root resorption.
I. Apical resorption.
J. External resorption.
K. Internal resorption.
L. Perforation.
M. Separated instrument.
N. Extruded obturation material.
O. Vertical root fracture.
P. Horizontal root fracture.
Q. Pulp stones
R. Pulpal calcification.
S. Pulp canal obliteration.
T. Dens invaginatus/dens-in-dente.
U. Dens evaginatus.
V. Dilaceration.
W. Taurodontism.
X. Accessory roots).
Y. Apical scar.
Z. Immature apex.
AA. Developing tooth follicle.
BB. Furcation radiolucency.
CC. Caries.
DD. Calculus.

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Framework 4 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

 What is the reason for the treatment failure of tooth ___?

 What observations can be made when evaluating tooth ___?
 What observation can be made for tooth ___?

A. Acceptable shape, length and fill of obturation.

B. Underprepared canal.
C. Overprepared canal.
D. Inadequate length of obturation.
E. Inadequate density of obturation.
F. Overfilled/extrusion.
G. Missed canals.
H. Missed buccal canal.
I. Missed lingual/palatal canal.
J. Missed mesiobuccal canal(s).
K. Missed mesiolingual canal.
L. Missed distobuccal canal.
M. Missed distolingual canal.
N. Perforation.
O. Lateral perforation.
P. Furcal perforation.
Q. Crestal perforation.
R. Canal transportation.
S. Separated instrument.
T. Silver point.
U. Cast post.
V. Prefabricated fibre post.
W. Prefabricated stainless steel post.
X. Unsuitable post diameter and/or length.
Y. Pins.
Z. Open margins.
AA. Caries.
BB. Vertical root fracture.

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Framework 5 of 92

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What is the entity indicated by the arrows?

A. Normal tooth.
B. Calcifying tooth crown.
C. Hypercementosis.
D. Retained root.
E. Supernumerary tooth.
F. Nose.
G. Nasal septum.
H. Antral septum.
I. Inferior concha.
J. Hamular process.
K. Coronoid process.
L. Zygomatic arch.
M. Zygomatic process of the maxilla.
N. Soft palate.
O. Torus.
P. Osteoma.
Q. Tongue.
R. Calcified stylohyoid ligament.
S. Idiopathic osteosclerosis/dense bone island.
T. Sclerosing osteitis.
U. Benign fibro-osseous lesion.
V. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia.
W. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.
X. Fibrous dysplasia.
Y. Paget disease.
Z. Odontoma.
AA. Enamel pearl.
BB. Antral pseudocyst.
CC. Odontogenic cyst.
DD. Foreign body.
EE. Ghost image.
FF. Soft tissue calcification(s).
GG. Malignant neoplasm.

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Framework 6 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis for the entity indicated by the arrow(s)?
 What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Canine fossa.
B. Intermaxillary suture.
C. Maxillary sinus.
D. Orbit.
E. Greater palatine foramen.
F. Nasolacrimal duct.
G. Pneumatization of the maxilla/sinus.
H. Mastoid air cell(s).
I. Pterygomaxillary fissure.
J. Infraorbital canal.
K. Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect.
L. Post-extraction socket.
M. Rarefying osteitis.
N. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour.
O. Nasopalatine duct/incisive canal.
P. Nasopalatine duct cyst/incisive canal cyst.
Q. Dentigerous cyst.
R. Radicular cyst.
S. Residual cyst.
T. Odontogenic keratocyst.
U. Nonodontogenic cyst.
V. Odontogenic cyst.
W. Benign odontogenic tumour.
X. Osteomyelitis.
Y. Fracture.
Z. Malignant neoplasm.

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Framework 7 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis?

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis for the entity(ies) indicated by the arrow(s)?

A. Normal tooth.
B. Impacted tooth.
C. Retained root.
D. Calcifying tooth crown.
E. Supernumerary tooth.
F. Hypercementosis.
G. Hyoid bone.
H. Tongue.
I. Cervical spine.
J. Torus (Tori).
K. Osteoma.
L. Sclerosing osteitis.
M. Osteomyelitis.
N. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia.
O. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.
P. Fibrous dysplasia.
Q. Benign fibro-osseous lesion.
R. Paget disease.
S. Cementoblastoma.
T. Odontoma.
U. Idiopathic osteosclerosis/dense bone island.
V. Sialolith.
W. Calcified lymph node.
X. Calcified stylohyoid ligament.
Y. Tonsilloliths.
Z. Phlebolith(s)
AA. Foreign body.
BB. Ghost image.
CC. Malignant neoplasm.

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Framework 8 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis?

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis for the entity(ies) indicated by the arrow(s)?

A. Developing tooth.
B. Mental foramen.
C. Mandibular foramen.
D. Lingual foramen.
E. Mandibular canal.
F. Nutrient canal.
G. Submandibular salivary gland fossa.
H. Sublingual gland fossa.
I. Stafne bone defect/static bone cavity.
J. Postsurgical defect/scar.
K. Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect.
L. Post-extraction socket.
M. Rarefying osteitis.
N. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia.
O. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.
P. Osteomyelitis.
Q. Osteonecrosis.
R. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).
S. Residual cyst.
T. Lateral periodontal cyst.
U. Traumatic bone cyst/simple bone cyst.
V. Dentigerous cyst.
W. Odontogenic keratocyst.
X. Ameloblastoma.
Y. Nonodontogenic cyst.
Z. Odontogenic cyst.
AA. Benign odontogenic tumour.
BB. Malignant neoplasm.
CC. Fracture.

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Framework 9 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis?

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis for the entity(ies) indicated by the arrow(s)?

A. Developing tooth.
B. Supernumerary tooth.
C. Impacted tooth.
D. Retained root.
E. Calcifying odontogenic cyst.
F. Aneurysmal bone cyst.
G. Odontoma.
H. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia.
I. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.
J. Cemento-ossifying fibroma.
K. Cementoblastoma.
L. Fibrous dysplasia.
M. Central giant cell lesion.
N. Odontogenic myxoma.
O. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour.
P. Ameloblastoma.
Q. Ameloblastic fibroma.
R. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour.
S. Hemangioma/vascular malformation.
T. Phlebolith(s).
U. Sialolith(s).
V. Tonsilloliths.
W. Calcified lymph node(s).
X. Malignant neoplasm.
Y. Ghost image.
Z. Idiopathic osteosclerosis/dense bone island.
AA. Rarefying osteitis.
BB. Sclerosing osteitis.
CC. Rarefying and sclerosing osteitis.
DD. Osteomyelitis.

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Framework 10 of 92

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What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Cherubism.
B. Fibrous dysplasia.
C. Familial adenomatous polyposis (Gardner).
D. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin).
E. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.
F. Neurofibromatosis.
G. Hyperparathyroidism.
H. Paget disease.
I. Ectodermal dysplasia.
J. Cleidocranial dysplasia.
K. Osteopetrosis.
L. Amelogenesis imperfecta.
M. Dentinogenesis imperfecta.
N. Dentin dysplasia.

Virtual OSCE® Frameworks 13 /97

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Framework 11 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Normal tooth/teeth.
B. Calcifying tooth crown.
C. Developing root apex.
D. Osteodentin cap.
E. Calcified canal(s).
F. Hypercementosis.
G. Attrition.
H. Tooth fracture.
I. Root fracture.
J. Physiologic root resorption.
K. Apical resorption.
L. External resorption.
M. Internal resorption.
N. Dens invaginatus/dens-in-dente.
O. Dens evaginatus.
P. Dentin dysplasia.
Q. Dentinogenesis imperfecta.
R. Amelogenesis imperfecta.
S. Enamel hypoplasia/Turner’s tooth.
T. Molar-incisor hypomineralization.
U. Regional odontodysplasia.
V. Caries.
W. Calculus.
X. Macrodontia.
Y. Microdontia.
Z. Gemination.
AA. Fusion.
BB. Concrescence.
CC. Taurodontism.
DD. Ectopic eruption.
EE. Transposition.
FF. Impaction.
GG. Supraeruption.
HH. Ankylosis/infraeruption.
II. Supernumerary tooth.
JJ. Hypodontia.
KK. Ectodermal dysplasia.
LL. Physiologic resorption.
MM. Retained primary tooth/root.
NN. Rarefying osteitis.

Virtual OSCE® Frameworks 14 /97

© The National Dental Examining Board of Canada 2022

Framework 12 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis?

 What is the most likely radiographic diagnosis for the entity(ies) indicated by the arrow(s)?

A. Inferior concha.
B. Nose.
C. Ear lobe.
D. Soft palate.
E. Coronoid process.
F. Nasolabial fold.
G. Tongue.
H. Epiglottis.
I. Phlebolith(s).
J. Sialolith(s).
K. Calcified lymph node(s).
L. Tonsilloliths.
M. Calcified carotid artery.
N. Calcified stylohyoid ligament.
O. Ghost image.
P. Nasal septum.
Q. Antral pseudocyst.
R. Antral mucositis.
S. Posterior wall of the pharynx.
T. Hyoid bone.
U. Airway space.
V. Foreign body(ies).
W. Benign neoplasm.
X. Malignant neoplasm.

Virtual OSCE® Frameworks 15 /97

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Framework 38 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

Which additional radiographs should be prescribed?

A. Right bite-wing.
B. Left bite-wing.
C. Right and left bite-wings.
D. Right and left bite-wings and anterior periapical(s).
E. Right and left bite-wings and posterior periapical(s).
F. Right and left bite-wings and selected periapicals.
G. Right and left bite-wings and maxillary and mandibular occlusals.
H. Right and left posterior periapicals and panoramic.
I. Right and left bite-wings and panoramic.
J. Maxillary right anterior periapical.
K. Maxillary left anterior periapical.
L. Maxillary right posterior periapical.
M. Maxillary left posterior periapical.
N. Mandibular right anterior periapical.
O. Mandibular left anterior periapical.
P. Mandibular right posterior periapical.
Q. Mandibular left posterior periapical.
R. Selected periapicals.
S. Selected anterior periapicals.
T. Selected posterior periapicals.
U. Full mouth series.
V. Maxillary occlusal.
W. Mandibular occlusal.
X. Panoramic.
Y. Lateral cephalometric skull radiograph.
Z. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).
AA. Soft tissue.
BB. No radiographs indicated.

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Framework 69 of 92

Select ONE correct answer.

 When should new bite-wing radiographs be taken?

 What is the most appropriate interval for taking bite-wing radiographs?

A. 6-12 months.
B. 6-18 months.
C. 12-24 months.
D. 18-36 months.
E. 24-36 months.

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Framework 70 of 92

Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

There is radiographic evidence of caries on the

A. distal of tooth _.3.

B. mesial of tooth _.4.
C. distal of tooth _.4.
D. mesial of tooth _.5.
E. distal of tooth _.5.
F. mesial of tooth _.6.
G. distal of tooth _.6.
H. mesial of tooth _.7.
I. distal of tooth _.7.
J. mesial of tooth _.8.
K. distal of tooth _.8.
L. None of the above.

Virtual OSCE® Frameworks 75 /97

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Framework 71 of 92

Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

There is radiographic evidence of a defective restoration on the

A. distal of tooth _.3.

B. mesial of tooth _.4.
C. distal of tooth _.4.
D. mesial of tooth _.5.
E. distal of tooth _.5.
F. mesial of tooth _.6.
G. distal of tooth _.6.
H. mesial of tooth _.7.
I. distal of tooth _.7.
J. mesial of tooth _.8.
K. distal of tooth _.8.
L. None of the above.

Virtual OSCE® Frameworks 76 /97

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Framework 72 of 92

Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

There is radiographic evidence of calculus on the

A. distal of tooth _.3.

B. mesial of tooth _.4.
C. distal of tooth _.4.
D. mesial of tooth _.5.
E. distal of tooth _.5.
F. mesial of tooth _.6.
G. distal of tooth _.6.
H. mesial of tooth _.7.
I. distal of tooth _.7.
J. mesial of tooth _.8.
K. distal of tooth _.8.
L. None of the above.

Virtual OSCE® Frameworks 77 /97

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Framework 80 of 92

Select ONE correct answer.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Normal healing extraction socket.

B. Retained root fragment(s).
C. Idiopathic osteosclerosis/dense bone island.
D. Sclerosing osteitis.
E. Bone sequestrum.
F. Alveolar osteitis (dry socket).
G. Osteomyelitis.
H. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).
I. Radiation associated osteonecrosis.
J. Osteonecrosis.
K. Cemento-osseous dysplasia.
L. Cemento-ossifying fibroma.
M. Fibrous dysplasia.
N. Central giant cell lesion.
O. Osteopetrosis.
P. Paget disease.
Q. Squamous cell carcinoma.
R. Osteosarcoma.
S. Metastasis.
T. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma/developing odontoma.
U. Ameloblastoma.
V. Odontogenic keratocyst(s).
W. Radicular cyst.
X. Hyperplastic dental follicle.
Y. Dentigerous cyst.

Virtual OSCE® Frameworks 85 /97

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Framework 81 of 92

Select ONE correct answer.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Osteoma.
B. Alveolar osteitis (dry socket).
C. Osteomyelitis.
D. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia.
E. Fibrous dysplasia.
F. Paget disease.
G. Odontoma.
H. Sialadenitis.
I. Enlarged lymph node(s).
J. Malignant neoplasm.
K. Odontogenic cyst.
L. Eruption cyst.
M. Traumatic bone cyst/simple bone cyst.
N. Buccal bifurcation cyst.
O. Dentigerous cyst.
P. Radicular cyst.
Q. Odontogenic keratocyst.
R. Benign odontogenic tumour.
S. Ameloblastoma.
T. Central giant cell lesion.
U. Cemento-ossifying fibroma.
V. Hemangioma/vascular malformation.
W. Odontogenic infection.
X. Cellulitis.
Y. Fascial spaces abscess.
Z. Buccal space abscess.
AA. Vestibular abscess.
BB. Submandibular space abscess.
CC. Sublingual space abscess.
DD. Salivary gland neoplasm.
EE. Cherubism.

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Framework 82 of 92

Select ONE correct answer. / Select ONE OR MORE correct answers.

Which of the following findings are present on the radiograph(s)?

A. No evidence of fracture.
B. Condylar fracture.
C. Subcondylar fracture.
D. Coronoid process fracture.
E. Mandibular angle fracture.
F. Mandibular body fracture.
G. Mandibular body/parasymphysis fracture.
H. Symphyseal fracture.
I. Fracture of right maxilla
J. Fracture of left maxilla.
K. Alveolar process fracture.
L. Dentoalveolar fracture maxilla.
M. Dentoalveolar fracture right maxilla.
N. Dentoalveolar fracture left maxilla.
O. Dentoalveolar fracture right and left maxilla.
P. Dentoalveolar fracture mandible.
Q. Dentoalveolar fracture right mandible.
R. Dentoalveolar fracture left mandible.
S. Dentoalveolar fracture right and left mandible.
T. Fractured tooth/teeth.
U. Displaced tooth/teeth.

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