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    Kin Notes

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    Thomas Moozhayil
    There are three main types of joints in the human body: fibrous joints which allow no movement, cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement, and synovial joints which allow the most movement. Synovial joints are further classified based on their structure and include ball-and-socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, and ellipsoid joints. Key characteristics of synovial joints include articular cartilage, a joint capsule, a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, bursae, intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. Heavy use of joints over many years can lead to osteoarthritis as articular cartilage is worn down.

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    Kin Notes

    Uploaded by

    Thomas Moozhayil
    23 views4 pages
    There are three main types of joints in the human body: fibrous joints which allow no movement, cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement, and synovial joints which allow the most movement. Synovial joints are further classified based on their structure and include ball-and-socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, and ellipsoid joints. Key characteristics of synovial joints include articular cartilage, a joint capsule, a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, bursae, intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. Heavy use of joints over many years can lead to osteoarthritis as articular cartilage is worn down.

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    Kinesiology

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    Kin Notes (1)

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    There are three main types of joints in the human body: fibrous joints which allow no movement, cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement, and synovial joints which allow the most movement. Synovial joints are further classified based on their structure and include ball-and-socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, and ellipsoid joints. Key characteristics of synovial joints include articular cartilage, a joint capsule, a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, bursae, intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. Heavy use of joints over many years can lead to osteoarthritis as articular cartilage is worn down.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views4 pages

    Kin Notes

    Uploaded by

    Thomas Moozhayil
    There are three main types of joints in the human body: fibrous joints which allow no movement, cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement, and synovial joints which allow the most movement. Synovial joints are further classified based on their structure and include ball-and-socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, and ellipsoid joints. Key characteristics of synovial joints include articular cartilage, a joint capsule, a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, bursae, intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. Heavy use of joints over many years can lead to osteoarthritis as articular cartilage is worn down.

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    of 4

    5.

    5 The Different Types of Human Joints

    ● Joints are the points at which bones connect


    ● The articular system is a term that refers to the joints and the surrounding tissues that make connections,
    and therefore movement, possible

    The Structural Classification of Joints

    ● The structural classification recognizes three main types of joints: fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and
    synovial joints
    ● These correspond more or less to a functional classification: an immovable joint (synarthrosis), a slightly
    movable joint (amphiarthrosis) and a freely movable joint (diarthrosis)

    ➔ Fibrous Joints

    ● Are bound tightly together by connective tissue and allow no movement


    ● These are the joints between the interlocking bones of the skull, known as sutures
    ● After birth, all suture joints become immobile

    ➔ Cartilaginous Joints

    ● With cartilaginous joints, the body of one bone connects to the body of another by means of cartilage, and
    slight movement is possible
    ● The intervertebral "disks" of the spinal column are of this type
    ● These have a hard, elastic outer ring with a soft core, permitting some movement while at the same time
    providing protection against severe jolts, such as landing hard on one's feet

    ➔ Synovial Joints

    ● The joints that allow the most movement-that


    ● Typical synovial joints are the knee, the shoulder, and the ankle. Because synovial joints play such an
    important role in human movement

    The Classification of Joints Based on Anatomical Groupings

    ● Anatomical Groupings
    ○ Articulations of hand
    ○ Elbow joints
    ○ Wrist joints
    ○ Axillary articulations (joints of the shoulder)
    ○ Sternoclavicular joints
    ○ Vertebral articulations
    ○ Temporomandibular joints Uoints of the jaw)
    ○ Sacroiliac joints
    ○ Hipjoints
    ○ Knee joints
    ○ Articulations of foot

    5.6 Types of Synovial Joints

    ● Joints allow the bones coming together to form the joint to move relative to one another in various ways
    and to various extents.
    ● Synovial joints are the only ones that allow significant movement to occur

    Six Types of Synovial Joints

    ➔ Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joints

    ● Most maneuverable of joints, allowing for forward movement, backward movement and circular
    movement.
    ● With this type of synovial joint, the "ball" at one bone fits into the "socket" of another, allowing movement
    around three axes
    ● The most familiar joints of this type are at the hip and the shoulder

    ➔ Gliding (or plane or arthrodial) joints

    ● Connects fiat or slightly curved bone surfaces that glide against one another.
    ● Examples of gliding joints include joints in the foot between the tarsals and in the hand among the carpals

    ➔ Hinge (ginglymus) joints

    ● have a convex portion of one bone fitting into a concave portion of another
    ● They allow movement in one plane
    ● The joints between the bones of the fingers (phalanges) and between the ulna ("inner" bone of the forearm)
    and the humerus (upper arm) are examples of hinge joints

    ➔ Pivot (or trochoid) joints

    ● Allows rotation in one plane (uni-axial)-a rounded point of one bone fits into a groove of another
    ● One example of a pivot joint is the atlantoaxial articular joint between the
    ● first two vertebrae in the neck, which allows the rotation of the head

    ➔ Saddle joints

    ● Allow movement in two planes (for example, flexion-extension and abduction-adduction), but do not allow
    for rotation like a ball-and-socket joint.
    ● A key saddle joint is found at the carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb.

    ➔ Ellipsoid joints
    ● Allows movement in two planes
    ● An example of an ellipsoid joint is found between the second metacarpal and the first phalanx of the second
    finger

    ● Another way in which joints are classified is in relation to the number of axes permitted by the joint
    ● A joint that moves mainly in one plane (such as the elbow or knee) is classified as uni-axial
    ● A joint that moves in two planes (such as the wrist or thumb) is bi-axial
    ● One that moves in three planes (such as the ball-and-socket joints of the hip or shoulder) is tri-axial
    ● With uni-axial and bi-axial joints, there can be slight movements in other planes as well

    5.7 Characteristics of Synovial Joints

    ★ Articular cartilage

    ● Located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another
    ● This hyaline cartilage protects the ends of the bone and allows for a smooth contact surface for the bone to
    move about

    ★ The joint capsule

    ● A fibrous structure that consists of the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule.
    ● The synovial membrane allows certain nutrients to pass through while the fibrous capsule keeps synovial
    fluid from leaking

    ★ The joint cavity

    ● located between the two bony articulating surfaces


    ● It is filled with synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant for the joint
    ● This lubricant is essential in reducing friction and providing nutrients for the articulating cartilage

    ★ The bursae

    ● Small, flattened fluid sacs found at the friction points between tendons, ligaments, and bones

    ★ Intrinsic ligaments

    ● Thick bands of fibrous connective tissue help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule.

    ★ Extrinsic ligaments

    ● Separate from the joint capsule and help to reinforce the joint by attaching the bones together (not
    illustrated)

    Wear and Tear on Joints


    ● heavy use of the joints over many years can result in wear and tear on the articular cartilage at the
    ends of bones, leading to the erosion of the surfaces of bones at the articulations where bones
    come together.
    ● This process, known as osteoarthritis, is common in older individuals and it can be a particular
    concern for athletes and physically active individuals as they get older.
    ● Osteoarthritis commonly occurs in the larger weight-bearing synovial joints such as the hips and
    knees, but it also can affect the hands, feet, and even the spine.
    ● results in the decreased effectiveness of articular cartilage both as a shock absorber and lubricated
    surface.
    ● Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease
    ● Treatment involves pain medication and often joint replacement in the case of knees and hips
    ● Because of heavy continual use and the sheer strength of the forces that are generated at joints,
    they are also a common site for injuries to occur
    ● most sports-related injuries involve damage to synovial joints
    ● Common joint injuries resulting from sports and other physical activities include a twisted ankle,
    sprained wrist, overextended elbow, and damaged knee ligaments.
    ● Another common condition resulting from wear and tear on joints is bursitis, characterized by
    inflammation of the fluid sacs (bursae) at the friction points between tendons, ligaments, and
    bones
    ● We can build strength in the joints and minimize the risk of joint injuries by warming up properly
    prior to exercising and then, of course, by exercising correctly and by stretching during recovery.

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