Cuddapah Supergroup

Introduction
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the science of description,

correlation and classification of strata in
sedimentary rocks. It also includes the
interpretation of the depositional environment of
rock layers (strata).
Facies: A set of lithological and palaeontological
characteristics of a sedimentary rocks which
indicates its perticular envirmnet of deposition
are called facies.
STRATIGRAPHY
Introduction
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the science of description,

correlation and classification of strata in
sedimentary rocks. It also includes the
interpretation of the depositional environment of
rock layers (strata).
It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and
layered volcanic rocks.
Introduction
Stratigraphic Classification
Stratigraphic classification helps in grouping the

sedimentary,metamorphic and volcanic rocks into
rock formation on the basis of their lithological
characters.
The chronological sequence of rock formations
established in terms of relative ages is
graphically represented in vertical column.
The older formation are shown below the younger
ones.
Geologic Time
 An appreciation of the immensity of geologic time is
central to understanding the evolution of the Earth
and its’ life.
 Geologic time differs from the human perspective of time

 Earth goes through cycles of much longer duration than the
human perspective of time
 The immense span of time encompassed by the Earth's
existence and geological processes sets geology apart
 The geologic time scale is the calendar that geologists use
to date past events in Earth’s history.
Fossil
Geologic Time
An appreciation of the immensity
of geologic time is central to
understanding the evolution of the
Earth and its’ life.
Lecture
STRATIGRAPHY
Introduction
Cuddapah Supergroup
The Cuddapah Basin named after the cuddapah

basin of Andhra Pradesh which is one of the
largest Proterozoic, sedimentary basins in
India.
It is crescent shaped and covers an area of
around 44500 km2 with a maximum length and
breadth of 440 km and 145 km, respectively
The Stratigraphic classification
The succession of the cuddapah super group

has been divided into four groups.
These group are separated from one another
by unconformities.
Each group begins with the coarse sediment
at its base followed by the finer sediments
and carbonate rocks thereby indicating a
cycle of deposition.
Startigraphic Succession of Siwalik Group
Kistna Group (600 m.)
Fossil
Specific conditions are needed for fossilization.

Fossil
Fossil Preservation ?
Fossil
Fossil Preservation •
 Death in an anoxic (oxygen-poor) environment –

Oxygen reacts with organisms and breaks them
down, and scavengers may eat the body.
 Rapid Burial – If an organism dies in an
environment that has a high sedimentation rate, it
may get buried before it rots or is scavenged. •
 The Presence of Hard Parts – Organisms with hard
parts (bones, shells, etc…) take longer to break
down. Soft shelled organisms (e.g. jellyfish) decay
very quickly.
Fossil
Fossil Preservation
Lack of Diagenesis or Metamorphism –

Diagenetic and Metamorphic processes (e.g.
recrystallization) can destroy fossils
 In a typical shallow marine environment,
~30% of organisms have a high preservation
potential (hard, sturdy shells), ~40% have a
low preservation potential (fragile shells), and
~30% have no sturdy parts and will only be
preserved in very
Fossil
Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation
1. Unaltered remains (rare) Soft parts -

entrapment of organisms in amber or oil
seeps Hard parts - unaltered shells, bones,
or teeth
Fossil
2. Permineralization - Minerals deposited in

pore spaces (such as in wood and bone) and
may become permineralized: also called
petrification. Skeletal material may be the
original, replaced, or recrystallized. Common
permineralization agents include calcium
carbonate (CaCO3), silica (SiO2), pyrite
(FeS2), and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2).
Fossil
2. Permineralization - Minerals deposited in

pore spaces (such as in wood and bone) and
may become permineralized: also called
petrification.
Skeletal material may be the original,
replaced, or recrystallized. Common
permineralization agents include calcium
carbonate (CaCO3), silica (SiO2), pyrite
(FeS2), and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2).
Fossil
Replacement - New material replaces the

original skeleton; common replacement
minerals includes calcite, quartz, and pyrite.
Fossil
Mold - skeletal hard part dissolved resulting

in a hole in the rock. Internal molds preserve
the internal structure. External molds
preserve the external structure.
Casts - new material fills in natural molds,
forming a replica of the original skeleton.
Fossil
Carbonization - Heat and pressure degrade

original materials leaving a thin film of carbon
in the shape of the organism, this can
preserve fine details and soft parts.
Fossil
 Trace fossils - Any indirect evidence

of an organism. Records behavior of
organism. ex: tracks, trails, burrows,
coprolites (fossilized feces),
gastroliths (gizzard stones), may
help show the size, living conditions,
or eating habits of the organism.
Trace fossils do not include the
original organism, and are often
difficult to connect to a particular
species.
Fossil
Uses of Fossil ?
Fossil
Uses of Fossil
The fossil are commonly used for correlating

the strata and determining relative ages.
Fossil indicate whether the rock is a fresh
water deposit or a marine deposit.
Fossil give idea about the climate of the time
in which they lived.
The fossil have helped in understanding the
evolution of plants and animal.

Cuddapah Supergroup

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Introduction

Stratigraphy is the science of description,

Stratigraphy is the science of description,

Stratigraphic classification helps in grouping the

 Geologic time differs from the human perspective of time

The Cuddapah Basin named after the cuddapah

The succession of the cuddapah super group

Specific conditions are needed for fossilization.

 Death in an anoxic (oxygen-poor) environment –

Lack of Diagenesis or Metamorphism –

Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation

1. Unaltered remains (rare) Soft parts -

Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation

2. Permineralization - Minerals deposited in

Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation

2. Permineralization - Minerals deposited in

Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation

Replacement - New material replaces the

Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation

Mold - skeletal hard part dissolved resulting

Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation

Carbonization - Heat and pressure degrade

Types of Fossil/ Methods of Preservation

 Trace fossils - Any indirect evidence

The fossil are commonly used for correlating

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