Kai.

Vanjibaba Gramin Vikas Mandal’s

Sau. Shantidevi Chavan Institute of

Engineering & Technology(Polytechnic)
Bhoras, Dhule Road, Chalisgaon, Dist: Jalgaon(MS)

Department of Computer Engineering

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“information of array and inserting operation in

array ”
-Submitted To -

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

MUMBAI

For Academic Year

2021-2022
-Submitted By-

1) Mr. ARYAN VIJAY NAGDEV (Enrollment NO : 2110040095)

2) Mr.MADHUR SURESH SONAWANE (Enrollment NO : 2110040071)
3)Mr.GANESH KAILIAS PATIL (Enrollment NO : 2110040089)
 Kai.Vanjibaba Gramin Vikas Mandal’s
Sau. Shantidevi Chavan Institute of
Engineering & Technology(Polytechnic)
Bhoras, Dhule Road,, Chalisgaon, Dist. Jalgaon(MS)

Department of Computer Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the entitled project

“Ecncoder and Decoder ”

has been successfully completed by

1) Mr. ARYAN VIJAY NAGDEV

has been regularly accessed by us and that iss well upto the standard by
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI

For Academic Year 2018-2019.

Prof.N.V.Salunkhe Prof.Mr.N.G.Bagul
(GUIDE) (PRINCIPLE)

Prof.Mr.S.G.Aahirao. Prof.________________
(Head OF DEPARTMENT) (EXAMINER)
 Kai.Vanjibaba Gramin Vikas Mandal’s
Sau. Shantidevi Chavan Institute of
Engineering & Technology(Polytechnic)
Bhoras, Dhule Road,, Chalisgaon, Dist. Jalgaon(MS)

Department of Computer Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the entitled project

“Ecncoder and Decoder”

has been successfully completed by

2) Mr.MADHUR SURESH SONAWANE

has been regularly accessed by us and that iss well upto the standard by
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI

For Academic Year 2018-2019.

Prof.N.V.Salunkhe Prof.Mr.N.G.Bagul
(GUIDE) (PRINCIPLE)

Prof.Mr.S.G.Aahirao. Prof.________________
(Head OF DEPARTMENT) (EXAMINER)
 Kai.Vanjibaba Gramin Vikas Mandal’s
Sau. Shantidevi Chavan Institute of
Engineering & Technology(Polytechnic)
Bhoras, Dhule Road,, Chalisgaon, Dist. Jalgaon(MS)

Department of Computer Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the entitled project

“Ecncoder and Decoder”

has been successfully completed by

3)Mr.GANESH KAILIAS PATIL

has been regularly accessed by us and that iss well upto the standard by
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI

For Academic Year 2018-2019.

Prof.N.V.Salunkhe Prof.Mr.N.G.Bagul
(GUIDE) (PRINCIPLE)

Prof.Mr.S.G.Aahirao. Prof.________________
(Head OF DEPARTMENT) (EXAMINER)
 Kai.Vanjibaba Gramin Vikas Mandal’s.
Sau. Shantidevi Chavan Institute of
Engineering & Technology(Polytechnic)
Bhoras, Dhule Road, Chalisgaon, Dist. Jalgaon(MS)

Department of Computer Engineering

SUBMISSION
We are the student of third year Computer Engineering for the
academic year 2021-2022 humbly submit that we have completed from
time to time the project work on skills and study as per the guidance of
Prof.N.V.Salunkhe.

The following project work have not copied or it's any appreciable
part from any other in convenient of academic ethics.

Date : / /2021

Name of students
1) Mr. ARYAN VIJAY NAGDEV
2) Mr.MADHUR SURESH SONAWANE
3)Mr.GANESH KAILIAS PATIL
 Introduction

Decoder
In a digital system, discrete quantities of information are represented with
binary codes. A binary code of n bits can represent up to 2n distinct
elements of the coded information. A decoder is a combinational circuit that
converts n bits of binary information of input lines to a maximum of 2n
unique output lines. Usually decoders are designated as an n to m lines
decoder, where n is the number of input lines and m (=2n ) is the number of
output lines. Decoders have a wide variety of applications in digital systems
such as data demultiplexing, digital display, digital to analog converting,
memory addressing, etc. A 3-to-8 line decoder is illustrated .

Encoder
An encoder is a combinational network that performs the reverse operation
of the decoder. An encoder has 2n or less numbers of inputs and n output
lines. The output lines of an encoder generate the binary code for the 2n
input variables. Figure 4 illustrates an eight inputs/three outputs encoder. It
may also be referred to as an octal-to-binary encoder where binary codes
are generated at outputs according to the input conditions.
 Abstract
Recently, a coding scheme (turbo-codes) was proposed, that
achieves almost reliable data communication at signal-to-noise
ratios very close to the Shannon-limit .In this paper we show that
the associated iterative decoder can be formulated in a simpler
fashion by passing information from one decoder to the next using
log-likelihood ratios as opposed to channel values that need to be
normalized. Also no heuristically determined correction parameters
are necessary for stable decoding. In addition, we can reduce the
average number of iterations needed for the same BER
performance by determining when further iterations achieve no
more bent. Furthermore, it seems that the trellistermination problem
appears non-trivial and we give a pragmatic suboptimal solution.
 Aknowlegement

In basic terms, humans communicate through a process

of encoding and decoding. The encoder is the person who develops and
sends the message. As represented in Figure 1.1 below, the encoder must
determine how the message will be received by the audience, and make
adjustments so the message is received the way they want it to be received.
Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. The
encoder uses a „medium‟ to send the message — a phone call, email, text
message, face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level of
conscious thought that goes into encoding messages may vary. The
encoder should also take into account any „noise‟ that might interfere with
their message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences.
The audience then „decodes‟, or interprets, the message for
themselves. Decoding is the process of turning communication into
thoughts. For example, you may realize you‟re hungry and encode the
following message to send to your roommate: “I‟m hungry. Do you want to
get pizza tonight?” As your roommate receives the message, they decode
your communication and turn it back into thoughts to make meaning.
 Index Page

1 Introduction

Aknowlegement
2

3 Abstract

4 Types of application

5 Example figures

6 Input and output

7 Conclusion

8
Reference
 Types of application in encoder and decoder

1). Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors

in Industries
This system is used to synchronize motor speed by using RF technology.
This project is applicable to many industries like steel plants, paper plants,
and textile mills, where the motors are used to design simultaneously. All
these motors used on conveyers are designed to be synchronized.

Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Industries

In this system, one motor output is given as the reference speed for the
other motors to follow the same speed. The proposed system consists of
two blocks: transmitter and receiver blocks, which are built with an encoder
and decoder.

A particular speed is sent by the transmitter with the help of the decoder.
The receiver receives the data and converts the digital format to send the
receiver system, and maintains the same speed as it has received. Thus, if
a particular speed is set by the transmitter, then other motors run with the
same speed by utilizing radio-frequency communication.

2). War- Field -Flying Robot with a Night Vision

Flying Camera
This system with a wireless camera can wirelessly transmit a real-time video
with night vision capabilities using RF technology, which is for remote
operation. This kind of robot can be helpful for spying in War fields.

War Field Flying Robort with NJight Vision Flying Camera

In the transmitting end pushbuttons are used; commands are sent to the
controller for controlling the movement of the robot either in forward,
backward, left, right, directions.

The RF transmitter acts as an RF remote control that has the advantage of

adequate range (up to 200 meters) with a proper antenna, while the receiver
decodes before feeding it to another microcontroller to drive DC motors via
motor driver IC for necessary work. A wireless camera is mounted on the
robot body for spying purposes, even in complete darkness by using
infrared lighting. The basic schematic diagram is shown above.

3). Robotic Vehicle with Metal Detector

The project is designed to develop a robotic vehicle that can sense metals
ahead of it on its path similar to sensing land mines. The robot is controlled
by a remote using RF technology. At the transmitting end, using push
buttons, commands are sent to the receiver to control the movement of the
robot either in forward, backward, and left or right directions. At the
receiving end, two motors are interfaced to the microcontroller where they
are used for the movement of the vehicle.

The RF transmitter acts as an RF remote control that has the advantage of

adequate range (up to 200 meters) with a proper antenna, while the receiver
decodes before feeding it to another microcontroller to drive DC motors via
motor driver IC for necessary work.

Robotic Vehicle with Metal Detector

The RF transmitter acts as an RF remote control that has the advantage of

adequate range (up to 200 meters) with a proper antenna, while the receiver
decodes before feeding it to another microcontroller to drive DC motors via
motor driver IC for necessary work.
 Example figure of encoder and decoder

W0

X2
W1

X1
W2

W3

Fig. (1)
Two to Four Line Decoder
Figure (2)
 Figure (3)

2n n
Input Output
2n×n
Encoder

Fig. (4)
Four to Two line Encoder

W1
X1

W3

X2
W2
Inputs and output of encoder and decoder
INPUTS OUTPUTS
X2 X1 W0 W1 W2 W3
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

Table (1)
Two to Four Decoder Truth Table

DECIMAL OUTPUTS LOGIC FUNCTION

DIGIT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (X)
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 DCB A
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 DCB A
2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 DCB A
3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 DCB A
4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 DCB A
5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 DCB A
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 DCB A
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 DCB A
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 DCB A
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 DCB A

Table (2)
Truth Table of BDC to Decimal Decoder
 INPUTS OUTPUTS
W3 W2 W1 W0 X2 X1
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1

Table (3)
Truth Table of Four to Two Line Encoder.

Table (4)

Inputs Outputs

Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 A2 A1 A0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
 Conclusions

We have shown how the iterative `turbo' decoder can be for mulated
without needing an estimate of the variance of any of the decoder outputs,
furthermore, we have not found any heuristically determined correction
factors that help stability to be necessary as suggested in [3]. The results
claimed in [3] (for N = 65536) can be reproduced except for a attening of the
BER curves -especially for smaller block sizes. It is possible to analyze the
performance of the turbo-codes at high SNR by giving an approximate union
bound for the bit error rate. This involves partial analysis of the inter leaver,
component codes and puncturing. Extensive search for higher information
weight code words remains a challenging task. An interleaver modication
procedure was presented that minimizes this approximate bound and has
resulted in an improvement where the BER curve attens out. Finally, we
have given a simple suboptimal solution to the trellis-termination problem
that remains unmentioned in [3] and show that the degradation due to not
terminating the second trellis is only signicant for smaller block sizes. 7
Acknowledgements The author would especially like to thank Dr. J. Lodge,
D
 Reference

Digital Circuits - Encoders (tutorialspoint.com)

Encoders and Decoders - Introduction and Working with Different Ics

(elprocus.com)

Encoders and Decoders - Introduction and Working with Different Ics

(elprocus.com)